Research work "the problem of human moral quest in Russian literature." Essay “Moral issues of modern prose

Karnaukhova Anna

We already live in the 21st century... in difficult and interesting times. It is in recent decades that perhaps the most significant changes in history have occurred in the way of life of mankind. Everywhere a person faces a choice. To the extent that he understands the importance of moral values ​​and morality in life, he feels responsible for his actions. I was interested in what our youth now thinks about this, how modern and ancient literature reflects the problems of humanity, the Russian people.

Therefore, the purpose of the research work is to trace how the problem of moral quest, the problem of honor, dignity, and national pride of the Russian person is revealed in Russian literature.

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Research

The problem of human moral quest in Russian literature

Completed by: student of grade 11 “A”

Municipal educational institution of secondary education

School No. 12 of Nizhneudinsk

Karnaukhova Anna Vladimirovna

Head: Russian teacher

Language and literature

Selezneva Olga Konstantinovna.

1. Introduction . Relevance of the topic. Goal, tasks.
2. Main part. The problem of human moral quest in Russian literature.

1. The theme of honor and national pride in Russian folklore
2. The problem of moral choice

A) in ancient Russian literature (Galician-Volyn Chronicle)

B) in literature of the 19th century (“The Captain’s Daughter”)

C) in the literature about the Great Patriotic War.

3. My contemporary. Who is he?

III. Conclusion. Bottom line. Analysis of the work done.

Introduction.

We live in the 21st century... in difficult and interesting times. It is in recent decades that perhaps the most significant changes in history have occurred in the way of life of mankind. Right now, in an era of change, understanding honor, pride, and dignity is important for the formation of the younger generation. The recent anniversary dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Great Victory, the war in Chechnya and Iraq - all this is directly connected by one link - man. A person is always faced with a choice; it determines how he will behave in extreme situations. To the extent that he understands the importance of moral values ​​and morality in life, he feels responsible for his actions. This is what got me interested. What do our youth think about this now, how do modern and ancient literature reflect the problems of humanity, the Russian people. This was the object of this work.

Purpose of the research work:

To trace how the problem of moral quest is revealed in Russian literature,

The problem of honor, dignity, national pride of the Russian people.

Common tasks in the work have also emerged:

1. Deepen your knowledge of ancient Russian literature, literature of the war years, and modern literature.
2. Compare how the attitude towards moral values ​​is shown in ancient Russian literature and the literature of our days.
3. Analyze how Russian literature of different years reflects the role of man in society at turning points.
4. Find out how the heroes of modern literature perceive the priorities of our ancestors.
5. To trace how the Russian national character is revealed in Russian literature of different years.

The main method is literary research.

The work was carried out for a year.

The problem of human moral quests has its roots in ancient Russian literature and folklore. It is associated with the concepts of honor and dignity, patriotism and valor. Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Honor and dignity are professional duty and moral standards of business communication; moral qualities and human principles worthy of respect and pride; personal non-property and inalienable benefits protected by law, meaning a person’s awareness of his social significance. 1

Since ancient times, all these qualities have been valued by man. They helped him in difficult life situations of choice.

To this day, we know the following proverbs: “In whom there is honor, there lies truth,” “Without a root, not a blade of grass grows,” “A man without a homeland is a nightingale without a song,” “Take care of honor from a young age, and take care of your dress again.” The most interesting sources on which modern literature relies are fairy tales and epics. But their heroes are heroes and fellows who embody the strength, patriotism, and nobility of the Russian people. These are Ilya Muromets, and Alyosha Popovich, and Ivan Bykovich, and Nikita Kozhemyaka, who defended their Motherland and honor, risking their lives. And although the epic heroes are fictional heroes, their images are based on the lives of real people. In ancient Russian literature, their exploits are certainly fantastic, and the heroes themselves are idealized, but this shows what a Russian person is capable of if the honor, dignity and future of his land are at stake.

The approach to the problem of moral choice in ancient Russian literature is ambiguous. The Galician-Volyn Chronicle... It is considered one of the most interesting monuments of ancient Russian literature, dating back to the period of the struggle of Russian principalities with foreign invaders. A very interesting fragment of an ancient Russian text concerns the trip of Prince Daniil of Galitsky to bow to Batu in the Horde. The prince had to either rebel against Batu and die, or accept the faith of the Tatars and humiliation. Daniel goes to Batu and feels trouble: “in great sorrow,” “seeing the trouble is terrible and menacing.” Here it becomes clear why the prince grieves in his soul: “I will not give my semi-patrimony, but I am going to Batu myself...” He goes to Batu to drink mare’s kumiss, that is, to take the oath of service to the khan.

Was it worth it for Daniel to do this, was it treason? The prince could not drink and show that he did not submit and die with honor. But he does not do this, realizing that if Batu does not give him the label to rule the principality, this will lead to the inevitable death of his people. Daniil sacrifices his honor to save his homeland.

Fatherly care, honor and pride force Daniel to drink the “black milk” of humiliation in order to ward off trouble from his native land. The Galicia-Volyn Chronicle warns against a limited and narrow view of the problem of moral choice, of the understanding of honor and dignity.

Russian literature reflects the complex world of the human soul, tossing between honor and dishonor. Self-esteem, the desire to remain a Man in any situation with full right can be placed in one of the first places among the historically established traits of the Russian character.

The problem of moral quest has always been fundamental in Russian literature. It was closely connected with other deeper questions: how to live in history? what to hold on to? what to be guided by? Such a test for A.S. Pushkin was

________________

1. – Search site www.yandex.ru

Decembrist uprising. The Tsar asked a direct question: would the poet himself have participated in the uprising if he had been in St. Petersburg. To which I received the same direct answer: “Certainly, sir, all my friends were in the conspiracy, and I could not help but participate in it...”

And nowhere in The Captain's Daughter does honor contradict conscience. Following the ancient Russian scribes, A. S. Pushkin exclaims: “Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.”

His hero, Pyotr Grinev, is placed in the same conditions as Prince Daniil. Peter must choose: kiss the hand of the false emperor and live, benefiting the Motherland, or be hanged. More than once Grinev resorted to the help of the traitor Pugachev: salvation from the gallows, and a ticket issued by Pugachev for free travel through the rebellious lands, and the impostor’s help in rescuing Masha Mironova from the “arrest” of Shvabrin. But Grinev will never betray his Motherland: “Kiss the hand, kiss the hand!” - they said around me. But I would prefer the most brutal execution to such vile humiliation,” Grinev says to himself during the oath to the false emperor.

Others faced the same difficult choice. Ivan Kuzmich, Vasilisa Egorovna, Ivan Ignatich... They could not swear allegiance to Pugachev, for them it was a great sin, because they had already sworn allegiance to the sovereign, but it was impossible for them a second time. And these people did not see another fate for themselves, they could not even imagine that there was one, another, after another oath: “To die, to die like that: it’s a service,” says Ivan Kuzmich, rushing to attack the rebels. And they died, not wanting another life, with the words: “You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, do you hear!”

But Pugachev was also a Russian man. Many times he saves Peter’s life only because he once prevented him from freezing by taking a hare’s sheepskin coat from his shoulder. Here is the comparison: a hare sheepskin coat and a human life. The honor and conscience of the Russian Pugachev did not allow him to forget about a trivial, but important service for himself: “Ah! I happened to forget to thank you for the horse and for the sheepskin coat. Without you, I would not have gotten to the city and would have frozen on the road... The debt is redundant..."

But it also happens that human dignity and honor are the only weapons in the conditions of the cruel laws of existence on this earth. This helps to understand the short work of the 20th century Soviet writer M. Sholokhov, “The Fate of Man,” which opens the topic of fascist captivity, which is forbidden in Soviet literature. The work raises important questions about national dignity and pride, about a person’s responsibility for his moral choice.

There were many obstacles on the life path of Andrei Sokolov, the main character of the story, but he proudly carried his “cross”. The character of Andrei Sokolov manifests itself in conditions of fascist captivity. Here is both patriotism and the pride of the Russian people. A call to the concentration camp commandant is a difficult test for the hero, but he emerges victorious from this situation. Going to the commandant, the hero mentally says goodbye to life, knowing that he will not ask for mercy from the enemy, and then one thing remains - death: “I began to gather my courage to look into the hole of the pistol fearlessly, as befits a soldier, so that the enemies would not They saw […] that it was still difficult for me to part with life...”

Andrei does not lose pride in front of the commandant himself. He refuses to drink schnapps for the victory of German weapons, and then he could not think about the glory of the enemy, pride for his people helped him: “So that I, a Russian soldier, would drink for the victory of German weapons?! Is there something you don't want, Herr Commandant? Damn it, I have to die, so get lost with your vodka.” Having then drunk to his death, Andrei snacks on a piece of bread, half of which he leaves whole: “I wanted to show them, the damned, that although I am disappearing from hunger, I am not going to choke on their handout, that I have my own, Russian dignity and pride and that they didn’t turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried,” this is what the original Russian soul of the hero says. The fascists were challenged. A moral victory has been won.

Despite his thirst, Andrei refuses to drink “to the victory of German weapons”, does not drink the “black milk” of humiliation and keeps his honor unsullied in this unequal battle, evoking the respect of the enemy: “...You are a real Russian soldier, You are a brave soldier,” says Andrey the commandant, admiring him. Our hero is a bearer of national character traits - patriotism, humanity, fortitude, perseverance and courage. There were many such heroes during the war years, and each of them performed his duty, and therefore a life feat.

The words of the great Russian writer are true: “Over the course of their history, the Russian people have selected, preserved, and raised to the level of respect such human qualities that cannot be revised: honesty, hard work, conscientiousness, kindness... We know how to live. Remember this. Be human". 1

The same human qualities are shown in Kondratiev’s work “Sashka”. In this story, the events, as in “The Fate of Man,” take place in wartime. The main character, soldier Sashka, is truly a hero. Not the least qualities for him are mercy, kindness, and courage. Sashka understands that in battle a German is an enemy and very dangerous, but in captivity he is a man, an unarmed man, an ordinary soldier. The hero deeply sympathizes with the prisoner, wants to help him: “If it hadn’t been for the shelling, they would have turned the German on his back, maybe the blood would have stopped...” Sashka is very proud of his Russian character, he believes that this is what a soldier, a man, should do. He opposes himself to the fascists, rejoices for his Motherland and the Russian people: “We are not you. We don’t shoot prisoners.” He is sure that a person is a person everywhere, and should always remain so: “...Russian people do not mock prisoners.” Sashka cannot understand how one person can be free over the fate of another, how one can control someone else’s life. He knows that no one has a Human right to do this, that he will not allow this to happen to himself. What is invaluable about Sashka is his enormous sense of responsibility, even for things for which he should not be responsible. Feeling that strange feeling of power over others, the right to decide whether to live or die, the hero involuntarily shudders: “Sashka even somehow felt uneasy... he’s not the type to mock prisoners and the unarmed.”

There, during the war, he understood the meaning of the word “must”. “It’s necessary, Sashok. You see, it’s necessary,” the company commander told him, “before ordering anything, and Sashka understood that it was necessary, and did everything that was ordered, as it should.” The hero is attractive because he does more than is necessary: ​​something ineradicable in him forces him to do it. He does not kill a prisoner on orders; wounded, he returns to hand over his machine gun and say goodbye to his brother soldiers; he himself accompanies the orderlies to the seriously wounded person, so that he knows that that person is alive and saved. Sashka feels this need within himself. Or is it the conscience that commands? But another conscience may not command - and confidently prove that it is clean. But there are not two consciences, “conscience” and “another conscience”: conscience either exists or it does not, just as there are not two “patriotisms”. Sashka believed that a Man, and especially he, a Russian, must preserve his honor and dignity in any situation, and this means remaining a merciful person, honest to himself, fair, true to his word. He lives according to the law: he was born a man, so be real inside, and not an outer shell, under which there is darkness and emptiness...

More than half a century has passed since then... Not so much. But what happened to

modern man?! Did he really get lost among the bustle, forgot who he was, stopped

to believe in what, throughout the entire existence of mankind, has been his gift, his power?

________

1.- V.M. Shukshin./ “Literature at school” No. 6, 2003

The hero of the story “Young Russia” by V. Rasputin watches young people flying on an airplane: “Almost everything is in the “package”: leather, jeans, sneakers, carelessness imprinted on their faces, sharp movements, eyes with quick aimed glances. A strange similarity was also noticed in the women: glossy faces with black-rimmed eyes, well-fed tall bodies, no more than two styles of equipment - everything was dressed, uniform.” These people simply forgot about their purpose. The purpose of their existence is well-being during life. This is what “enjoying life” means. Then you begin to understand why old people often have such an attitude towards young people. Yes, because they forgot everything. All! What they could have lost was left behind as unnecessary. The main thing is to live well financially; there is no more incentive for them. The author exclaims: “Lord!.. After all, these are them, our breadwinners, the saviors of the Fatherland...” You understand so much just from this one phrase.

Rasputin is amazed by the licentiousness and swagger of modern society. No morals, no values. Next to the hero on the plane they play cards, ostentatiously discussing unimportant problems. There is swearing everywhere... and it becomes scary: “Everything has been thrown overboard - both “no smoking” and “no drinking.” They also forgot about honor, dignity, about Russia... Among these people there is no brotherhood, no feelings, no faith in their land... and why do they need it?! When there is so much fun, new, bringing joy around and without any debts or moral values. This can be clearly seen when, during a break between flights, the young people started a game: The winner was the one who got into the narrow neck of the bottle with his spit... And they closed their eyes and gave up... And everyone rejoiced and laughed! There is no Russia here, just as there is no Russia for two passengers traveling home from their son: “There is nowhere to look for shelter due to blood relations!!”

In pursuit of novelty and fashion, these young people completely forgot about those values ​​that from ancient times were considered honorable, important, indestructible. “He who does not remember his past is condemned to relive it,” said J. Santayana. These people will in due time be faced with misunderstanding, with ignorance, and will learn the price of the happiness they lost... After all, this is where wars, and fears, and broken destinies come from!

Modern man seemed to have moved away from history, torn away from the past: “The holiday of will has come, the unheard-of triumph of everything that was previously under the guardianship of moral rules broke out - and immediately the porcupine hidden in man openly declared itself the leader of life...” 1

When a person lives without meaning, without purpose, forgetting about moral values, caring only about his own well-being, a desert comes to that place where there is only sand. And when a storm arises in this desert, chaos ensues, with no end in sight: “There is a tailoring for any human organization, be it a national state or an interethnic settlement somewhere in Siberia or the Balkans, created with moral goals. As soon as the goal is neglected, the seams come apart..." 2

This idea is clearly revealed in the work “Senya Rides” by V. Rasputin. This short story raises the same problem of morality and youth education. The blossoming society is already, so to speak, “attacking from all fronts,” in particular from television. Again, morality has been forgotten, and the younger generation is being “infected.” I don’t feel sorry for anyone, I don’t need anyone... The main character stands up to defend his country, because it’s unbearable to see how it is collapsing from the inside, collapsing with our hands!

____________

1. 2. – V. Rasputin. Roman-newspaper No. 17 (1263) - 1995

We see that in the modern world completely different “values” are glorified than in the past; instead of honor and pride, vulgar openness has come, instead of a sense of duty and conscience - the wild morals of primitive contemporaries. It was as if there was no past, everything “unnecessary” was cut off and left in old dusty books. Where will all this lead the country?.. What kind of Russia will twelve-year-old mothers and their children be like? What will happen to everyone?! Is it possible to live like this? And are these people who destroy themselves: “What kind of people are these? But where are yours then? Where are they? Why, like the Serpent-Gorynych, do they give and give away their little daughters unscrupulously?” - Senya exclaims. The ending of the work is significant and optimistic. The Russian people will finally wake up. After all, he knows the price of happiness, and most importantly, he understands who he is and why he lives. He will “come”...

In the new story “Ivan’s Daughter, Ivan’s Mother,” V. Rasputin collected all the disparate motives of prayers, despair, pain and grains of hope related to our younger generation. This work allows us to look at ourselves from the outside, and shows that we are alive at the same time.

Ivan, one of the main characters of the story, is ready “not to surrender to the mercy of someone else’s established life...” In his person, Rasputin shows the youth who, with their strong shoulders, will lift the country and keep it from new moral declines. Ivan leads an ordinary life, like all his teenage friends lead, but in many ways he differs from them: “some kind of strong core, strengthened into bone, was felt in him.” “First, cool down, then decide on sweeping actions,” the guy taught himself.

This work shows us that Ivan is “the main, hopeful shoot of the entire family tree,” that he is the Russian man who was there both in wartime and much earlier. His connection with the previous generation is visible: he is Ivan, named after his grandfather Ivan, named after his Russian name. And when he goes to finish building the church in his native place

mother and grandfather, Ivan Savelich says: “Well, you cheered me up, guy! Today I’ll go and give an announcement to my estate... that I’ve changed my mind about giving up,... I’ve decided to live as long as I can hold my legs.”

The past of our country belonged to the old Ivan, the future belonged to the young one.

Ivan Savelich, once telling a story to his children, clearly showed us how firm and strong the people used to be, “when the peasant was bent by the ram’s horn.” This story is about one immigrant who, despite general poverty, built and grew rich, lived and survived in spite of everyone, no matter how many rumors there were about him, that in the midst of emptiness he could create everything, endure everything, overcome everything! And from the words of the same Ivan Savelich we learn about our today’s generation of people. How did it break away from its native roots, and yet the proverb says: “Without a root, not a blade of grass grows,” which means that a generation does not grow and does not move? “Why is it that among our people the blood is so silent... so sluggish in relation to kinship... There is a serious tug of war going on inside us: who will win,” says the man who has seen both sorrow and joy in his life, choosing the words to explain precisely our strength and our weakness. Indeed, modern man faces a choice between his own “I” and the “I” imposed from the outside. When Ivan watched the drama that played out in the Pioneer cinema, he thought for a very long time who could consider himself right and necessary: ​​the skinheads who came to destroy the cinema with a den for drug addicts, or those drug addicts who were mercilessly attacked by skinheads and beaten, and kill them, degenerate people. Ivan justifies the activities of skinheads, which should have been carried out by the state, but not the violence they committed: “And someone should shake out this dirt and take upon themselves the curses raining down from all sides? Maybe this is just the case and it’s worth taking a closer look at skinheads, rather than moving aside with convenient excuses?” - the hero thinks. You can see how he is looking for answers to questions that haunt his soul, but does not find here what interested him, since he did not want to be a skinhead, although he partially approved of them, but about those “pioneers” choking on drugs and losing her human form,” I didn’t even think about it. Therefore, Ivan goes to the market - “the kingdom of Chinese abundance.” And here again is a sick society in need of help. People who are alien to the laws of morality gather here. There are people of different ages and nationalities here, their goal is the thirst for profit and “quick” happiness: all kinds of non-human people who deceive, cheat, corrupt and “kill” people. Ivan gets involved in a fight between the warring Caucasians and Cossacks, not identifying himself with any side. He got involved “because he was biting and stinging inside with pain from inaction and lack of will...” He felt that he could not forgive himself for what was happening around him, he sincerely wanted to change it, so he left the city to be alone, to think...

From an early age, Ivan was independent and knew how to insist on his own, which is very important in life. Perhaps Rasputin placed his deepest hopes and new insights on Ivan. He, the hero, thinks about the future of society, sees that he needs help, only until he imagines and thinks of himself as one of

"saviors". “He was in time for something unknown, some new sensual currents were breaking through in him,” says Rasputin, when Ivan continues his quest and finds them at the dacha, on Lake Baikal. The hero understands how painful modern society is and does not want to be like that: “How many of them are dumb and deaf, forgotten in unknown corners, in need of awakening!” Ivan gets acquainted with the Old Russian, Church Slavonic language and recognizes the very old and strong thing that sits in him: “No, this cannot be left in the background, this seems to be the root of the strength of the Russian person. Without this, like twice two, he is capable of getting lost and losing himself.” Ivan will feel his strength after he serves in the army and leaves to build a church. He will lay the foundation for a new generation that will “cure” Russia from a progressive and terrible disease. The moral values ​​sung in ancient Russian literature will regain their strength.

Conclusion:

Since ancient times, valor, pride, and mercy in man have been revered. And from then on, the elders passed on their instructions to the young, warning against mistakes and serious consequences. Yes, how much time has passed since then, and moral values ​​do not become obsolete; they live in every person. Since those times, a person was considered a Human if he could educate himself and possessed the following qualities: pride, honor, good nature, firmness. “Kill neither the right nor the wrong and do not order him to be killed,” Vladimir Monomakh teaches us. The main thing is for a person to be worthy of his life. Only then will he be able to change something in his country, around him. Many misfortunes and troubles can happen, but ancient literature teaches us to be strong and keep “your word, for if you break your oath, you will destroy your soul.” 1 , teaches not to forget about your brothers, to love them as relatives, to respect each other. And the main thing is to remember that you are a Russian person, that you have the strength of heroes, nursing mothers, the strength of Russia. Andrei Sokolov did not forget about this in captivity, did not turn either himself or his Motherland into a laughing stock, did not want to give up HIS Russia, his children Senya from Rasputin’s story, to desecration.

We see what a person, son and protector should be like, using the example of Prince Daniel, he gave everything so that his Motherland, country, people would not perish, but would survive. He agreed to the condemnation that awaited him after accepting the Tatar faith, he fulfilled his duty, and it is not for us to judge him.

Ivan, the hero of V. Rasputin’s story, also has a difficult life path ahead, but he has already found the path to it. And each of us has our own road, which we must definitely go out on, and everyone goes out on it, only someone realizes too late that they are going along it in the other direction...

Conclusion.

Honor, dignity, conscience, pride - these are the moral qualities that have helped Russian people at all times to defend their land from enemies. Centuries pass, life in society changes, society changes, and people change. And now our modern literature is sounding the alarm: the generation is sick, sick with unbelief, godlessness... But Russia exists! And that means there is a Russian person. Among today's youth there are those who will revive faith and return moral values ​​to their generation. And our past will be a support and help in all situations; it is from it that we need to learn, moving towards the future.

I didn’t want the work to turn out to be an essay, read and forgotten. I set the following condition: if, after reading my thoughts and “discoveries,” at least someone thinks (really thinks!) about the meaning of this work, about the purpose of my actions, about questions and calls for us - for modern society - then I tried not to in vain, it means that this creativity will not become “dead” weight, it will not gather dust somewhere in a folder on a shelf. It is in the thoughts, in the mind. Research work is, first of all, your attitude to everything, and only you can develop it and give impetus to further transformations, first in yourself, and then, perhaps, in others. I gave this push, now it’s up to each of us.

Topic: Moral problems in the works of Russian writers
Goals: Understanding the problem of morality.

Evaluate the actions and relationships between loved ones.

Form an idea of ​​the personality of the heroes.
Tasks:

1. Form:

• 
  the idea of ​​goodness, kindness, good, good deeds;
• 
  the ability to correctly evaluate oneself and others, teach to see positive qualities in people, heroes, characters.

3. Learn to analyze literary texts.

4. To cultivate in children such personality qualities as kindness, generosity, responsiveness;

Lesson script:

1. 
   Org. Moment
2. 
   Psychological attitude
3. 
   Cryptographer
4. 
   Introduction to the lesson topic and goal setting

Let's turn to the dictionary to interpret the word - morality. I am certainly a moral person." It turns out that many people have certain problems with spiritual and mental qualities. This is exactly what our lesson today is about.

Formulate the topic of our lesson?

Moral problems in the works of Russian writers.

What goals do we set for ourselves?

5. “Tree of Predictions”

In order for our lesson to be successful, what can you suggest for today’s work?

Pay attention to our tree and use the leaflet to rate your attitude towards work.

6. Work on the topic of the lesson

Today in our lesson “Virtual Guest. This - Vasily Alexandrovich Sukhomlinsky. Sincere love for children, romantic aspirations of the individual, passion and conviction distinguished the outstanding teacher Vasily Aleksandrovich Sukhomlinsky. A wonderful teacher - an innovator, a passionate publicist, he primarily cared about the problems of children and adolescents. Over two decades, he published 35 books and hundreds of scientific articles - reflections. We have already studied his stories - parables this fall. (“I want to have my say”) Until his last day, he remained the director of the Pavlysh school, an ordinary rural school where ordinary village children studied.

Today we will get acquainted with another story - the parable “Birthday Dinner”. Before you anticipate what this story is about, let's find out what a parable is. (" Parable- this is a short instructive story in the literary genre, containing moral or religious teaching (wisdom). Close to a fable. In the parable there is no depiction of characters, indications of the place and time of action, or showing phenomena in development: its purpose is not to depict events, but to report about them.”

What do you think: what is this parable about? (children's answers)

Let's read and clarify your assumptions.

(Reading by teacher with interruption)

Rating after initial listening

Not at ease - awkward.

To not believe your eyes is to be very surprised.

No good - very bad

Grabbing your head - becoming horrified, in despair

Whatever it is, it doesn’t matter

So-so – neither bad nor good

Select and point to the selected phraseological unit.

Remember your choice, it will be useful to us when summing up the results.

7. Radio play

Let us now read the text by role in groups. There are 4 of you: 2 authors, mom and Nina. 1 author reads to the words: Nina’s birthday is coming soon.

Let's listen to the second part of the story with the words “Guests have arrived...”

8. "Six Hats"

Now let's start the discussion. 6 hats will help us with this.

The hats are on your desks, you know what to do. Let's repeat the algorithm for working in groups. We started work.

We listen to the speakers' answers. Additions only after the leaders speak.

Let's return to phraseological units, have your opinions changed when assessing Nina's actions?

Define Nina’s action in one word. (betrayal)

9. Results of the work

- Diagnostics

- Put + - yes, - if no.

- Mark on the tree of predictions.

10. Assessment in the route sheet

11. Homework

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Problems of morality in works of Russian literature Arguments for an essay

2 slide

Slide description:

Morality - This is a system of rules of personal behavior, first of all, answering the question: what is good and what is bad; what is good and what is evil. This system is based on values ​​that a given person considers important and necessary. As a rule, such values ​​include human life, happiness, family, love, welfare and others. Depending on what kind of values ​​a person chooses for himself, it is determined what the person’s actions will be - moral or immoral. Therefore, morality is an independent choice of a person.

3 slide

Slide description:

PROBLEMS OF MORALITY: The problem of a person’s moral quest has its roots in ancient Russian literature and folklore. It is associated with such concepts as: honor, conscience, dignity, patriotism, valor, honesty, mercy, etc. Since ancient times, all these qualities have been valued by man; they helped him in difficult life situations with choices. To this day, we know the following proverbs: “In whom there is honor, there lies truth,” “Without a root, not a blade of grass grows,” “A man without a homeland is a nightingale without a song,” “Take care of honor from a young age, and take care of your dress again.” The most interesting sources on which modern literature relies are fairy tales, epics, short stories, stories, etc.

4 slide

Slide description:

Problems of morality In literature: In literature there are works that touch on many problems of morality.

5 slide

Slide description:

The problem of morality is one of the key problems in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy is a novel about the spiritual quest of the main characters, moving towards the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrei Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of words, learning from him the highest truths.

6 slide

Slide description:

The problem of morality in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor”. The main character is a simple Russian woman who “didn’t chase after things”, was trouble-free and impractical. But it is precisely these, according to the author, who are the righteous on whom our land rests.

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The problem of a person’s attitude to his homeland, his small homeland The problem of his attitude to his small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story “Farewell to Matera”. Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, and strangers are ready to desecrate the graves, burn down huts, which for others, for example, for Daria, are not just a home, but a home where parents died and children were born.

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The problem of a person’s relationship to his homeland, small homeland The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in the work of I.A. Bunina. Having left Russia, he wrote only about it until the end of his days. The work “Antonov Apples” is imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov apples became for the author the personification of his homeland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies

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The problem of loneliness in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky It seems to me that sometimes it is the person himself who is guilty of loneliness, having separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky’s novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open and kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov and gives hope for the future.

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The problem of mercy and humanism. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, find themselves at the bottom of their lives or in a difficult situation. The lines of A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Station Warden,” telling about Samson Vyrin, for the first time in Russian literature showed that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what level of the social ladder he is at.

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The problem of mercy and humanism in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The soldier’s “ash-sprinkled” eyes saw the little man’s grief; the Russian soul was not hardened by countless losses and showed mercy.

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The problem of honor and conscience In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person and make him better. For example, in the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev goes through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.”

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The problem of honor and dishonor In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov challenged Dolokhov to a duel, defending his honor and dignity. Dining at the table with Dolokhov, Pierre was very tense. He was worried about the relationship between Helen and Dolokhov. And when Dolokhov made his toast, Pierre’s doubts began to overcome him even more. And then, when Dolokhov snatched the letter intended for Bezukhov, a challenge to a duel occurred.

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The problem of honor, conscience The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in V.G. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember.” A meeting with her deserter husband becomes both joy and torment for the main character, Nastena Guskova. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying both herself and her unborn child.

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The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth The hero of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov, is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?” - he asks a question. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that not cruelty, but love and mercy can save a person.

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The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel “Crime and Punishment” is an acquirer, a business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction who puts only money first. This hero is a warning to us living in the 21st century that forgetting eternal truths always leads to disaster.

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Problems of cruelty and betrayal in the modern world The heroine of the story by V.P. Astafieva “Lyudochka” came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and her close friend betrayed her and did not protect her. And the girl suffers, but finds no sympathy from either her mother or Gavrilovna. The human circle did not save the heroine, and she committed suicide.

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The problem of cruelty in the modern world and people. The lines of Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, “blood according to conscience,” invented by Raskolnikov, are absurd, because only God can give life or take it. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to transgress the great commandments of goodness and mercy means to destroy one’s own soul.

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The problem of true and false values. Let us remember the immortal lines of “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol, when Chichikov at the governor’s ball chooses who to approach - the “fat” or the “thin”. The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the “fat people”, where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice that determines his future fate.

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The problem of kindness and sincerity in the work of L.N. Tolstoy Kindness in a person must be cultivated from childhood. This feeling should be an integral part of the personality. All this is embodied in the image of the main character of the novel “War and Peace” Natalya Rostova.

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The problem of the moral soul, the inner spiritual world It is the moral qualities of a person that make the inner world truly rich and complete. Man is part of nature. If he lives in harmony with it, then he subtly feels the beauty of the world and knows how to convey it. Such an example could be Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

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The problem of self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy Sonya Marmeladova, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment” is the embodiment of humility and Christian love for one’s neighbor. The basis of her life is self-sacrifice. In the name of love for her neighbor, she is ready for the most unbearable suffering. It is Sonya who carries within herself the truth to which Rodion Raskolnikov must come through painful searching. With the power of her love, the ability to endure any torment, she helps him overcome himself and take a step towards resurrection.

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Problems of self-sacrifice, love for people; indifference, cruelty In the story of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky “Old Woman Izergil” the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. He led people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But during the journey, weak people began to lose heart and die. Then they accused Danko of mismanaging them. And in the name of his great love for people, he tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road, forgetting their hero, and Danko died.

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Problems of fidelity, love, devotion, self-sacrifice. In the story “Garnet Bracelet” by A.I. Kuprin consider this problem through the image of Zheltkov. His whole life revolved around Vera Sheina. As a sign of his fiery love, Zheltkov gives the most precious thing - a garnet bracelet. But the hero is by no means pitiful, and the depth of his feelings, the ability to sacrifice himself deserves not only sympathy, but also admiration. Zheltkov rises above the entire society of the Sheins, where true love would never arise.

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Problems of compassion, mercy, self-confidence The heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Sonya Marmeladova with her compassion saves Rodion Raskolnikov from spiritual death. She gets him to turn himself in and then goes with him to hard labor, helping Rodion with her love to find his lost faith.

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The problem of compassion, mercy, fidelity, faith, love Compassion and mercy are important components of the image of Natasha Rostova. Natasha, like no one else in the novel, knows how to give people happiness, love selflessly, giving all of herself without a trace. It is worth remembering how the author describes her in the days of separation from Prince Andrei: “Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and sad, walked around the rooms...”. She is life itself. Even the trials endured did not harden the soul, but strengthened it.

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The problem of a callous and soulless attitude towards a person The main character of A. Platonov’s work “Yushka” was subjected to cruel treatment. He is only forty years old, but to those around him he seems like a very old man. An incurable disease made him old before his time. Callous, soulless and cruel people surround him: children laugh at him, and adults, when they have trouble, take out their anger on him. They mercilessly mock a sick person, beat him, humiliate him. By scolding for disobedience, adults scare children with the fact that when they grow up, they will become like Yushka.

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The problem of human spirituality Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” is precisely an example of a spiritual person. He went to prison because of his faith, but did not abandon it; on the contrary, this young man defended his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not a single day passed without reading the Gospel, copied into an ordinary notebook.

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Problems of bribery and philistinism. A striking example is the heroes of N. V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General”. For example, the mayor Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, a bribe taker and embezzler who deceived three governors in his time, was convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to “splurge”

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The problem of morality has existed ever since man realized himself as a being not only thinking, but also feeling. Currently, due to various processes taking place in the country and the world as a whole, it has acquired a special meaning and become unusually acute. With the development of civilization, the discovery of more and more new technologies, and the cult of material values, people gradually forget about moral duty, perceive it as something abstract, and sometimes completely unnecessary.

Since the middle of the last century, this problem began to occupy the minds of almost all Russian writers, who, on the pages of their works, began an active search for possible solutions to it. The authors of many stories, novels and novellas tried to define a new scale of moral values, realizing that this was simply necessary, otherwise society would degrade. The moral standards of past years were outdated and required rethinking, as did the specific events that occurred in history and constituted its essence. People, having realized their mistakes, will begin to act wisely in the present and build a worthy future. And it is writers who can provide the main assistance in this realization.

The works of modern authors clearly reflect the essence of the problem of morality, which has become so urgent. V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, Ch. Aitmatov, Yu. Bondarev, V. Rozov and many other writers of modern times wrote about this topical issue. Such works as “Fire”, “The Sad Detective”, “The Scaffolding”, “The Game”, “The Hog” tell about values ​​that are eternal, no matter what is said on this subject.

What are these values? First of all, love. Writers put it on a pedestal, firmly believing in the invincibility and power of a great feeling. In the last decades of the 20th century, society’s attitude towards the Motherland was also a subject of particular interest. The authors of many works reflected a reverent attitude towards the place where a person was born, where he grew up and was formed as a person. The nature close and familiar from childhood should not be forgotten by a person, and, ever returning to his native land, he should not remain indifferent, cold, indifferent.

According to modern writers, a significant place on the scale of eternal values ​​should be occupied by the culture and history of a nation. Also, great attention should be paid to the qualities that one would like to observe in each individual representative of society. This is humanism, the ability to sympathize and the desire to help. In contrast to these values, the thirst for profit, cruelty, refusal of compassion, and the desire to humiliate the weak were described as reigning around.

Considerable attention in the works of modern authors is paid to revealing the essence of the political system, which largely determined the moral decline. Writers of our time opposed this model, when concepts of morality are imposed on society by violent means, through the suppression of personal qualities. Such methods are too cruel, and cruelty cannot in any way be combined with morality.

The problem of morality is remarkably revealed in V. Rasputin’s work “Fire”. Using the example of a tragic event, the author shows the disunity of interests of a separate human group, in which each representative fights only for himself. In the conditions of the elements, the sad elements of reality are clearly indicated: broken equipment for extinguishing a fire, disorder in the location of goods, hidden previously scarce products... When extinguishing a fire, each person tries to grab something for his personal needs, and most characters do not pass the test of moral durability.

Against the background of general immorality, a person stands out who did not show negative traits in a spontaneous situation. Ivan Petrovich Egorov, the main character of the story, with whom the author obviously sympathizes, speaks out against the vices of society sharply and accusatoryly: “... We stood up against someone else’s enemy, our enemy, like our own thief, is more terrible.”

The image of the main character is contrasted with a society in which everyone preaches their personal principles and fights for individual goals. Egorov understands what a common misfortune is, he does not reject the sorrows of those around him, and, like them, does not follow the principle “my house is on the edge.” By portraying Ivan Petrovich, Rasputin wanted to show that not all values ​​have been lost by humanity; explain that spiritual rebirth is quite possible if each of us believes in it and becomes an active participant.

Every modern person is obliged to make a choice between morality and immorality, between external well-being with internal squalor and the wealth of nature with a modest existence.

The considered work by V. Rasputin reveals the problem of the moral choice of the entire society as a whole, while V. Astafiev’s novel “The Sad Detective” reveals the social catastrophe of an individual. The ideological meaning of the novel lies in the author’s emphasized depiction of the conditions of reality in which the existence of both individuals who have lost their human appearance and completely normal people is possible. What prompts the former to absorb all conceivable and inconceivable vices and make them part of their “I”? The lack of a moral core, as V. Astafiev shows, becomes the main problem of society, and ignorance of the reasons for the emergence of this terrible reality only aggravates the situation.

It can be assumed that in the life of every person there comes a period when he has to solve the problem of choice: to continue to live according to his own moral principles or to become like the unspiritual majority. In the second case, a person consciously abandons moral standards, so it is not surprising that sooner or later he ends up committing a crime. Positive qualities will gradually be replaced by negative ones, good people will lose their authority, and eventually the formation of the villain will end, and he will appear before society “in all his glory.”

The main character of V. Astafiev’s work in his life has to deal with many negative qualities present in other people.

This “thinker from the railway village” fights for his morality, and, probably, in him the author reflects his own path to spiritual perfection. We are faced with a situation of moral choice: when, in response to a question about the reasons for the crime committed (three were killed), the former commander hears the impudent: “But I didn’t like the hari,” he decides to carry out lynching, without any grounds other than moral ones. Most readers will probably approve of the hero's decision, although according to the law it is cruel and immoral. What pushes young people to commit cruel and unjustified acts? This question is asked by the author of the novel and he himself answers it: this is facilitated by Russian reality, the atmosphere of the 70s and 80s, in which inaction, rudeness and vice “breed” with incredible speed

In the works of many modern authors, the key theme is the problem of morality and the need for spiritual adherence. The special significance of works on this topic is that they lack aesthetic distortion or grotesquery; the description is realistic and makes you see life exactly as it is. Probably, when creating their creations, the authors set themselves a single goal: to draw people’s attention to the essence of their existence, to see themselves from the outside.

Moral problems in the works of modern Russian writers. Our life, the life of our state, its history is complex and contradictory: it combines the heroic and dramatic, creative and destructive, the desire for freedom and tyranny. The general crisis in which our country finds itself has led to an understanding of the need for a radical restructuring in the field of economics and politics, education, science, culture, and the spiritual world of man.

The path of democracy, the path of reform, the path of reviving human dignity has no alternative, but it is difficult, thorny, associated with searches and contradictions, struggle and compromises.

A decent life is not given from above and does not come by itself, without labor and effort. And only when every person lives and works with honor and conscience, the life of the entire country, the life of the entire people will become better and happier. Who can reach everyone's soul? The delivery was clear: literature, art. It is no coincidence that in the works of a number of our writers a new hero has long emerged, thinking about the meaning of life and morality, searching for this meaning, understanding his responsibility in life. Thinking about the problems and vices of society, thinking about how to correct them, such a hero begins with himself. V. Astafiev wrote: “You must always start with yourself, then you will reach the general, national, universal problems.” Today the problem of morality is becoming a leading one. After all, even if our society manages to transition to a market economy and become rich, wealth cannot replace kindness, decency, and honesty.

Many writers reflect on moral problems in their works: Ch. Aitmatov, F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, V. Rasputin, V. Belov and others.

Leonid Soshnin from the novel reflects on the reasons for cruelty, immorality, selfishness and rejection of the good, the kind.

V. Astafiev “Sad Detective”. All his life Soshnin has been fighting evil, which is embodied in specific people and their actions. Astafiev, together with his hero, want to understand “the truth about the nature of human evil”, to see “the places where the most terrible, self-devouring beast, hidden under the cover of thin human skin and fashionable clothes, matures, gains stench and grows fangs.” In the fight against criminals, the hero of the novel becomes disabled. Now he is deprived of the opportunity to fight evil as a guardian of order. But he continues to reflect on the nature... of evil and the causes that give rise to crime, and becomes a writer.

The pictures of evil, violence, and cruelty depicted in the novel shock us with their everydayness and realism. Only the selfless devotion to duty of people like Soshnin gives reason to hope for the victory of good over evil.

In V. Rasputin’s short story “Fire” we see a special situation. A fire broke out in a Siberian village: Orsovo warehouses caught fire. And in its flame the soul and high morality of the hero Ivan Petrovich Egorov, as well as the positions of other residents of the timber industry village of Sosnovka, are highlighted. The fire in the story seems to divide people into two groups: those who, forgetting about the danger, strive to save the dying goods, and those who are looting. V. Rasputin develops here one of his favorite themes: about the roots of man, about his connection with the place where he was born and raised, that the absence of moral roots leads to moral degeneration.

Two documentary stories were written almost simultaneously about the Chernobyl disaster and its consequences - “Chernobyl Notebook” by G. Medvedev and “Chernobyl” by Yu. Shcherbak. These works shock us with their authenticity, sincerity, and civic responsiveness. And the philosophical and journalistic reflections and generalizations of the authors help us understand that the causes of the Chernobyl disaster have a direct connection with moral problems.

“Don’t live by a lie!” - this is what A. Solzhenitsyn called his appeal to the intelligentsia, youth, and all compatriots, written in 1974. He addressed each of us, our conscience, our sense of human dignity with a passionate reminder: if we ourselves do not take care of our soul, no one will take care of it. The cleansing and liberation of the social organism from the power of evil can and should begin with our own cleansing and liberation - with our firm determination to never support lies and violence in anything, by ourselves, of our own will, consciously. Solzhenitsyn’s word still retains its moral meaning today and can be a strong guarantee of our civic renewal.

Writers are intensely searching for answers to the most burning questions of our lives: what is good and true? Why is there so much evil and cruelty? What is the highest duty of man? Reflecting on the books we read, empathizing with their characters, we ourselves become better and wiser.