Abstract on the topic of the human skeleton. Lesson summary on the topic "skeleton of the head and torso"

Equipment:

- Ragdoll,
– plastic doll,
- human skeleton,
– cards with the names of parts of the skeleton and parts of the spine: skull, spine, ribs, limb bones, pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx,
– chicken bones for practical work: vertebrae, ribs, tubular bones,

Preparatory work:

– choose one student who will play the role of Znayka during the lesson, prepare a suit for him (glasses, tie, etc.),

– prepare questions to test the material covered (you can assign this task to one of the children),

– prepare chicken bones (boil the chicken and remove the bones),

– prepare message texts for Znayka,

This work is carried out in the form of answers to questions. Questions can be asked by Znayka, who calls the children, children can ask each other, they can be used as “exam tickets” in a role-playing game, etc.

Sample questions:

– Why is a person an organism?

– Name other organisms.

– Are organisms the Sun, wind, viper, swimming beetle, aspen, snow, granite, car? Why?

– What parts does the nervous system consist of?

– What is the brain responsible for?

– What is the role of the spinal cord?

– Which part of the nervous system delivers commands from the brain to muscles, organs, etc.?

The teacher invites the children to put up two dolls: a rag one and a plastic one.

This is only possible with one of the dolls.

– Why couldn’t you place the rag doll? (She is soft. She has no support.)

Conclusion: the frame - the skeleton ensures the position of the body in space.

– Does a person have support? This is what we are talking about today.

The teacher names the parts of the skeleton, shows them on the model and draws up a diagram of the structure of the skeleton on the board.

The skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, spine, chest, limbs and pelvis.

– The spine is the basis of the skeleton. It appeared in animal organisms about 500 million years ago. Then, everything that nature invented, she attached to the spine: the caudal fins of fish and whales; legs-columns of dinosaurs, elephants; massive skull of bison, hippopotamus. The spine is very flexible, like a steel spring. Remember the snake woman who performs in the circus.

– Try making a few movements. Is it easy for you to bend over?

This happens because the spine is made up of individual vertebrae.

Examining the vertebrae on the model and the chicken vertebrae on the desks.

– Why do vertebrae have teeth?

- Why is there a hole inside?

– What is the significance of the spine?

Conclusion: The spine protects the spinal cord and gives the body an upright position.

Teacher:

– The spine consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and

4-5 coccygeal vertebrae.

– It’s interesting that the giraffe, like humans, also has 7 cervical vertebrae.

– . Feel your cervical vertebrae by bending your head. The first upper vertebra is called the atlas. This is the name of the ancient Greek hero who held the vault of heaven on his shoulders. This is how it is written about him in the myth:

“He bent under the weight of the sky, his muscles swelled like mountains, sweat covered his entire body from tension, but superhuman strength and the help of the goddess Athena gave him the opportunity to hold the vault of heaven.” (The Labors of Hercules. Arranged by N. Kuhn.

Twelfth labor)

– Like the first cervical vertebra, the atlas holds the human head. This vertebra weighs 20-30 grams, and the weight of the skull is 6 kilograms. Count how many times the weight of the skull exceeds the weight of the atlas. (6000:20=300 times)

– The skull consists of 24 bones. They are mostly flat and fixedly connected, forming the cranium. The skull is very durable. Why?

– Show on the model whether there are movable bones of the skull. Why are they moving?

Conclusion: The bones of the skull protect the brain, provide nutrition and speech.

Practical work.

Examination of the ribs on the model and on the desk.

– What shape? (Arc-shaped, flat.)

– What are they attached to? (Towards the spine and sternum.)

– What is the significance of the ribs? (Protects the heart and lungs.)

Feeling your ribs and sternum.

Conclusion: rib bones protect internal organs.

Practical work.

Examination of tubular bones on the model and on the desk.

– What shape?

– Are they mobile? Why?

– What is their purpose?

Feeling your scapula, collarbone, radius, and finger bones.

Conclusion: Limb bones provide movement of arms and legs.

– It’s interesting that the skeleton of the hand consists of 30 bones. Of these, 26 bones form the hand.

Examining bones on a cast.

These are bones fused together. They allow you to sit and protect your internal organs.

Work in a notebook.

Designation of parts of the human skeleton. (Work on page 4)

Working with the textbook.

Read the article on pages 9-10.

– What parts does the skeleton consist of? Show on a dummy.

– What is the significance of these bones?

Textbook pages 9-10 retell, page 11 – answers to questions.

Summary of direct educational activities for children of senior preschool age
"Skeleton and muscles"

Target: Expanding the ideas of older preschool children about the human body (skeleton and muscles).

Tasks:

1. Introduce children to the structure of the human skeleton and muscles.

2.Improve children’s knowledge about the rules for preventing fractures and dislocations.

3. Cultivate a sense of caring for your body.

Equipment: Cut-out pictures, tomography photographs, cardboard men, poster “Human Skeleton and Muscles.”

Educator:

Guys, all living creatures move, run, run. Thanks to the mobile skeleton and muscles, a person is able to move. He can walk. Sitting down, picking up objects, opening and closing your mouth, eating, talking and doing a thousand other different movements. The human skeleton consists of approximately two hundred and eight bones. Surely you have seen how the stems of cucumbers stretch towards the sun, clinging to the supports. The organs of the human body also need support, it is created by the skeleton. The bones of the legs, arms, and fingers are movably connected - these are levers, and they also need a solid base, and the bones also create protection for the organs.

(the teacher accompanies the story by showing illustrations “Skeleton and Muscles”).

Educator:

The skull protects the human brain.

(showing a tomography image).

The spine forms the basis of the skeleton and protects the spinal cord. The ribs are flat, curved bones. They protect the heart and lungs. Humans have 12 pairs of ribs.

(showing a tomography image).

Educator:

Children, what do you think the human body would be like without a skeleton?

Children: (children's answers).

Educator:

That's right, without a skeleton, the human body would be shapeless, and the internal organs would have no protection.

Poem:

If you play sports

Constantly for many years

Means. Will strengthen

Our muscles and skeleton!

Let the skeleton be just bones.

He serves as our support.

Without him, neither in the forest, nor on a visit

You won't go anyway!

After all, the skeleton keeps its posture,

The muscles are attached to it.

It is like a rod for the body,

And the muscles add volume.

Our strength is hidden in our muscles,

We call it a muscle.

The man is beautiful then

When built and settled.

(E. Tsvetkova).

Educator:

Muscles are made of elastic tissue that, like a rubber band, can lengthen and shorten. There are more than 600 muscles in our body. They support the skeleton and make it move. And our brain gives them orders. When we extend the arm, the muscle contracts and pulls the bone along with it, and the arm extends.

Physical education minute

We clap our hands (children clap their hands)

We stomp our feet (2 times), (children stomp their feet)

We shake our heads. (children shake their heads)

We raise our hands, (children raise their hands)

We give up. (children give up)

We raise our legs, (children raise their legs)

Then lower them (2 times). (children put their feet down)

And we jump merrily (children jump)

Shaking my head. (children shake their heads)

Educator:

Guys, a person should take care of his skeleton, why do you think?

Children: (children's answers).

Educator:

Today we must make rules to keep our skeleton and muscles healthy and strong.

Each of you has cut-out pictures on your tables.

(pictures depicting various situations that comply with the rules:

1. Maintain safety when skating.

2. You cannot lift weights.

3. You need to do physical exercise and sports.

4.Eat more foods containing calcium.

5.Sit correctly at the table.

6.Be careful and attentive so as not to get hurt.

7.You cannot jump from a height.

8. Do not push each other during the game, etc.)

You each collect your own picture and come up with a rule based on the picture:

(Each child makes a picture from the parts, and comes up with a rule based on the picture, then everyone takes turns saying their rule).

Educator:

Tell me, guys, what new and interesting things did you learn in our lesson today?

Children: (children's answers).

Educator:

You each have little people on your table. (from cardboard - silhouette of a person).

If you liked the lesson and you learned a lot of new things, place your little man on the playground, and if you didn’t like it, and you weren’t interested and didn’t learn anything new, put your little man on the bench to be sad.

(musculoskeletal system or musculoskeletal system) - a complex of formations that gives shape and provides support to the human body, providing protection to internal organs and movement of the body in space. The system is formed by the skeleton and.

Skeleton The human body forms the basis of the body, determines its size and shape, and together with the muscles forms the cavities in which the internal organs are located. The skeleton consists of approximately 200 bones. Bones act as levers driven by muscles and protect organs from injury. Bones participate in the exchange of phosphorus and calcium.

The human skeleton includes six departments:

1. spine (axial skeleton),
2. upper limb belt,
3. lower limb belt,
4. upper limbs,
5. lower limbs.

Composition and structure of bones.

The composition of bone tissue includes inorganic And organic substances. Living human bones contain 22% water, 5% protein, 21.8% inorganic substances and 15.7% fat. Organic substances that make up bones (mainly ossein and osseomucoid) provide bones with flexibility and elasticity , and minerals (mainly calcium carbonate and phosphate) - hardness and strength . With age, the ratio of organic and mineral substances in the bone changes. So, children have more organic matter in their bones, so their skeleton is elastic; Older people's bones, which contain more minerals, are harder but brittle, making them more likely to fracture at this age.

Externally, the bone is fused with periosteum(ensures bone growth in thickness), consisting of dense connective tissue and penetrated by a large number of blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves. It provides nutrition to the bone, as well as growth of bone thickness. Bone contains two types of bone substance : outside - dense compact, and inside - spongy. The structural unit of compact bone tissue is osteon. Each osteon consists of 5-20 cylindrical bone plates inserted one into the other. In the center of the osteon there is central (Haversian) canal, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. Spongy substances The bone consists of a network of thin mutually intersecting bone crossbars, between which there are small cavities filled with red bone marrow. The location of the crossbars reflects the direction of greatest stretching and compression of the bone. The distribution of compact and spongy substances in different bones depends on the function that these bones perform in the body.

There are tubular, spongy, flat and mixed bones. Tubular bones(humeral, femoral) look like a tube with a cavity filled with yellow bone marrow. The ends of these bones are thickened and filled with spongy tissue containing red bone marrow. Tubular bones can withstand heavy loads. Flat bones (scapulae, ribs, pelvis, cranial) consist of two plates of dense substance and a thin layer of spongy substance between them.

Types of bone connections

Movable The connection of bones is ensured by joints, which are formed by a depression at the end of one of the articulating bones and a head at the end of the other. The joints are strengthened by intra-articular ligaments, and the articular surfaces are covered with cartilage and enclosed in an articular capsule. The synovial fluid inside the joint acts as a lubricant that reduces friction.

Semi-moving joint provided by cartilage layers between the bones. For example, between the vertebrae there are cartilage discs. The ribs are also connected to the sternum through cartilage. These connections provide relative mobility.

Fixed connections are formed due to the fusion of bones and the formation of bone sutures ( skull bones).

Human skeleton

The following sections are distinguished in the human skeleton: axial skeleton And limb skeleton(upper and lower). The axial skeleton, in turn, is divided into (spine and rib cage).

Scull consists of the brain and facial sections. The bones of the skull (with the exception of the lower jaw) are motionlessly articulated with each other. In newborn babies, the space between the bones is filled with connective tissue (fontanelles), making the skull very elastic. The formation of sutures between bones is completed by 3-5 years.

Spine(vertebral column) - the support of the body, it consists of 33-34 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused into a single sacrum) and 4-5 coccygeal. The vertebra consists of a body, an arch that closes the vertebral foramen, and seven processes: spinous, two transverse, two upper articular and two lower articular.

Skeleton chest formed by the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and thoracic vertebrae. The ribs are flat, arched bones that pass into cartilage in front. Posteriorly they are articulated with the thoracic vertebrae. In front, 7 pairs of upper ribs (true ribs) are directly connected by the sternum, a flat bone lying along the midline of the chest. The next three pairs (false ribs) with their cartilages join the cartilages of the above ribs. The last two pairs (oscillating ribs) do not have cartilage and are freely located in the muscular wall of the body. By rising and falling, the ribs provide changes in the volume of the chest during breathing.

Skeleton upper limbs consists of the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free upper limbs (arms). The shoulder girdle consists of two paired bones - the scapula and the clavicle. The scapula is a flat, triangular-shaped bone adjacent to the back of the chest and articulates with the humerus and collarbone. The clavicle (a thin, curved bone) is connected to the sternum at one end and to the scapula at the other. The skeleton of the free upper limb consists of the shoulder, forearm and hand. The humerus, which forms the shoulder, is connected to the scapula (shoulder joint) and the bones of the forearm (elbow joint). The forearm consists of two bones - the ulna and the radius. The hand consists of 8 short bones of the wrist, 5 long bones of the metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers (the thumb has two phalanges, all the others have three). The lower end of the radius bone with the three upper carpal bones form the wrist joint.

Skeleton lower limbs consists of the pelvic girdle and the skeleton of the free lower limbs (legs). The pelvic girdle is formed by a pair of massive pelvic bones, which are motionlessly articulated with the sacrum at the back, and connected at the front with a semi-joint (the pubic symphysis). Each pelvic bone is formed by three fused bones (ilium, ischium and pubis). On the sides of the pelvic bones there are round depressions for articulation with the heads of the femurs. The skeleton of the free lower limb consists of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The femur is formed by a large, massive femur, the head of which, together with the pelvic bone, forms the hip joint. The lower leg consists of the tibia and fibula. The tibia articulates with the femur to form the knee joint. In front of the knee joint, in the thickness of the tendons, there is a small triangular patella (patella). The bones of the lower leg form the ankle joint with the talus of the tarsus. The foot consists of 7 short tarsal bones, 5 long metatarsal bones and phalanges of five toes (the first toe has two phalanges, the rest have three). The foot has the appearance of an arch.

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Date: Lesson No. Class:

Administration signature:____________________

Topic: “Human skeleton. Building, etc. types of bone connections."

Lesson objectives: introduce students to the structure of the skeleton and types of bone connections

Lesson objectives:

Educational - to form ideas about the relationship between the skeleton and muscles in the coordinated work of the body, to reveal the structural features and connections of bones in the skeleton.

Developmental – systematize students’ knowledge about the role of joints and skeleton in the functioning of the entire human body.

Educational – to cultivate the need for a healthy lifestyle (HLS), to introduce an active lifestyle and physical education.

Lesson type: combined

During the classes:

Organizational part.

Checking students' preparation for the lesson.

Repetition of the material covered (solve the crossword puzzle - slide 1).

For correct answers, students receive a colored token.

From the course of botany and zoology you already know that a living organism consists of cells, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems and the whole organism. The human body is no exception. It is made up of 8 main organ systems. Today we are getting acquainted with the musculoskeletal system.

Learning new material .

The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and muscles (slide 2) . It allows a person to perform various movements, and also protects internal organs from damage. Skeleton determines the shape of the body, muscles are attached to it. In the human body there are more than 220 bones that form the skeleton of the head, torso, upper and lower limbs and their girdles. In men, the mass of skeletal bones is 18% of body weight, and in women – 16%.

The human skeleton consists of bones. There are long (bones of the shoulder, forearm, thigh, lower leg), short (bones of the hand and foot) and flat (bones of the skull, scapula) bones. On top of the bones are covered with a dense membrane - periosteum, through the small openings of which blood vessels pass that feed the bone. Thanks to the periosteum, the growth of bones in thickness and the fusion of bones during a fracture are ensured. The ends of the bone are covered with cartilage. Due to the division of cartilage cells, the bone grows in length. Behind the periosteum there is a compact, dense substance impregnated with calcium salts, and underneath it is spongy bone, which consists of many intersecting bone plates that give them strength. The cavities are filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. Long tubular bones have a cavity inside filled with yellow bone marrow (slide 3) .

Study of the chemical composition of bones , on the desk there is handout material table. No. 1

Discussion of the issue - bone strength and what it depends on.

The connection of bones in the skeleton is divided into three types: fixed (the seam) , semi-mobile and mobile (joint) . The fixed connection is represented by the bones of the skull, the semi-mobile connection is the connection of the vertebrae or ribs with the sternum, carried out with the help of cartilage and ligaments. Finally, they are movably connected joints . Each joint consists of articular surfaces, a bursa and fluid located in the articular cavity. Joint fluid reduces bone friction when moving. Joints are most often strengthened by ligaments, which limit the range of motion (slide 4) .

Assignment: “Let’s test ourselves”, on slide 5 picture of a skeleton, find and show all the joints and name the parts of the joint.

Let's see what movements are possible in the joints you indicated

Practical work.

I invite you to take your places near the desk, stand at arm's length from each other - we begin gymnastics

After all, it is physical education that will help your body grow and develop correctly, have beautiful posture and figure. The causes of poor posture are poorly developed muscles (slide 7,8,9) . People involved in sports have excellent internal organ function, good health, a cheerful, cheerful mood. 10 -15 minutes is enough. a day and you are in shape.

Begin

First block of exercises for arms (2 min.).

Warm-up (any activity should begin with a warm-up because you need to warm up the body and prepare it for physical activity) - walking in place (1 min.).

Flexion and extension of the fingers (repeat the exercise 5 - 7 times).

Bending and turning the wrists (repeat the exercise 5 - 7 times).

The second block of exercises is for the torso (4 min.).

Swing your legs towards your head (5 times).

Tilts of the torso (5 times each), to the right, left, forward, backward with bending of the torso.

Circular movements of the body.

The third block of exercises is for the legs (2 min.).

Lifting on toes alternately (5 times).

Walking “heel-toe” to the right side up to 7 and back.

Raise the bent leg at the knee to the opposite side (right leg – left shoulder and vice versa) – 5 times.

Staggering with relaxed arms, legs bent at the knees.

Jumping in place with alternating legs.

Well done! Everyone was charged with health and energy for the rest of the day.

Discussion of the question: Why do you need to do gymnastics and what is its significance for the coordinated functioning of the musculoskeletal system?

As a result of a decrease in motor activity and the strength of muscle contraction, a special disease may develop, accompanied by a violation of various body functions - physical inactivity . Typical manifestations of physical inactivity are excess weight and sexual dysfunction. Physical inactivity is becoming more and more common among modern people, which is associated with the increasing role of road transport and modern means of communication in his life. Guys who are friends with physical education get sick less, have more endurance, get tired less, and study better. I am handing out brochures with a set of exercises to maintain and correct your posture. It also has a test on how to check your posture. (Appendix 2) . The swimming pools of our city are listed - task, find them and write down the addresses, also find the sports complexes of our city, if possible, sign up for the pool or sports section.

5. Summing up.

Today's lesson was very fruitful. Everyone got grades. Those who have 3 tokens receive “5”, those who have 2 tokens “4”, one token “3”.

Reflection. Let's evaluate our work together in the lesson - those who liked the lesson clap their hands, those who don't like it - stomp.

Homework Ioption - works in the style of “Brainstorming” and prepares a poster - the call “Movement is life!”;IIoption - answer questions orally and 4*, 10* in writing in a notebook, Thank you for your attention!

The lesson is over!