Craftswomen of folk art in Bashkiria. Negative factors affecting the life of bees
Russian Federal Republic is multinational state, representatives of many nations live, work and honor their traditions here, one of which is the Bashkirs living in the Republic of Bashkortostan (capital Ufa) on the territory of the Volga Federal District. It must be said that the Bashkirs live not only in this territory, they can be found everywhere in all corners of the Russian Federation, as well as in Ukraine, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Bashkirs, or as they call themselves Bashkorts, are the indigenous Turkic population of Bashkiria, according to statistical data in the territory autonomous republic About 1.6 million people of this nationality live, a significant number of Bashkirs live in the territory of Chelyabinsk (166 thousand), Orenburg (52.8 thousand), about 100 thousand representatives of this nationality are located in the Perm Territory, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions. Their religion is Islamic Sunnism. Bashkir traditions, their way of life and customs are very interesting and differ from other traditions of the peoples of Turkic nationality.
Culture and life of the Bashkir people
Until the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, but gradually became sedentary and mastered agriculture, the eastern Bashkirs for some time practiced going on summer nomads and in the summer they preferred to live in yurts, over time, and they began to live in wooden log houses or adobe huts, and then in more modern buildings.
Family life and celebration national holidays Almost until the end of the 19th century, Bashkirov was subject to strict patriarchal foundations, which in addition included the customs of Muslim Sharia. The kinship system was influenced by Arab traditions, which implied a clear division of the line of kinship into maternal and paternal parts; this was subsequently necessary to determine the status of each family member in matters of inheritance. The right of minority was in effect (superiority of the rights of the youngest son), when the house and all the property in it after the death of the father passed to youngest son, the older brothers were supposed to receive their share of the inheritance during the life of the father, when they got married, and the daughters when they got married. Previously, the Bashkirs married their daughters quite early; the optimal age for this was considered to be 13-14 years (bride), 15-16 years (groom).
(Painting by F. Roubaud "Bashkirs hunting with falcons in the presence of Emperor Alexander II" 1880s)
The rich Bashkorts practiced polygamy, because Islam allows up to 4 wives at the same time, and there was a custom of conspiring with children while still in their cradles, the parents drank bata (kumiss or diluted honey from one bowl) and thus entered into a wedding union. When marrying a bride, it was customary to give a bride price, which depended on the financial status of the newlyweds’ parents. It could be 2-3 horses, cows, several outfits, pairs of shoes, a painted scarf or robe; the mother of the bride was given a fox fur coat. IN marital relations ancient traditions were respected, the levirate rule was in effect ( younger brother must marry the elder's wife), sororate (a widower marries younger sister his late wife). Islam plays a huge role in all spheres of public life, hence the special position of women in the family circle, in the process of marriage and divorce, as well as in inheritance relations.
Traditions and customs of the Bashkir people
Major festivities Bashkir people held in spring and summer. The people of Bashkortostan celebrate the Kargatuy “rook holiday” at the time when the rooks arrive in the spring, the meaning of the holiday is to celebrate the moment of nature’s awakening from winter sleep and also an occasion to turn to the forces of nature (by the way, the Bashkirs believe that it is the rooks that are closely connected with them) with a request about the well-being and fertility of the coming agricultural season. Previously, only women and the younger generation could participate in the festivities; now these restrictions have been lifted, and men can also dance in circles, eat ritual porridge and leave its remains on special boulders for rooks.
The plow festival Sabantuy is dedicated to the beginning of work in the fields; all residents of the village came to the open area and participated in various competitions, they wrestled, competed in running, raced horses and pulled each other on ropes. After the winners were determined and awarded, a common table was set with various dishes and treats, usually a traditional beshbarmak (a dish of crumbled boiled meat and noodles). Previously, this custom was carried out with the aim of appeasing the spirits of nature so that they would make the land fertile and it would give a good harvest, but over time it became common spring holiday, marking the beginning of heavy agricultural work. Residents Samara region revived the traditions of both the Rook's holiday and Sabantuy, which they celebrate every year.
An important holiday for the Bashkirs is called Jiin (Yiyyn), residents of several villages took part in it, during it various trade operations were carried out, parents agreed on the marriage of their children, and fair sales took place.
Bashkirs also honor and celebrate everything Muslim holidays, traditional for all adherents of Islam: this is Uraza Bayram (the end of fasting), and Kurban Bayram (the holiday of the end of the Hajj, on which it is necessary to sacrifice a ram, a camel or a cow), and Mawlid Bayram (famous for the Prophet Muhammad).
Master classes on crafts were held in Ufa. An amazing miracle awaits those who decide to study ancient and eternally young crafts.
The Chamber of Crafts of the Republic of Belarus, thanks to the support of the Administration of the Urban District of Ufa and the Ufa City Fund for the Development and Support of Small Business, conducted six master classes in various areas of craft art.
The main goal of organizing training events was the preservation and development of trades and crafts, including through the transfer of knowledge and skills by craft bearers to all interested people!
When learning the basics of music or foreign language, suddenly there comes a moment when previously unfamiliar notes-signs turn into a wonderful melody or letters- in Shakespeare's sonnets.
The same amazing miracle awaits those who decide to study ancient and eternally young crafts: weaving, patchwork, felting, folk toy and many others.
169 people attended the master classes. This is an organization interested entrepreneurial activity youth, unemployed population, teachers working with children and adolescents, active older women.
All participants expressed a wish to continue training.
On the second master class taught the basics of patchwork sewing.
A master class on the basics of patchwork was held at the Ufa Vocational Lyceum No. 10. Its organizers were the Chamber of Crafts of the Republic of Belarus, the administration of Ufa and the Ufa City Fund for Support of Small Business. The lesson was conducted by Stella Markova, a member of the Union of Artists of Russia.
In 1985, Stella Yulievna graduated from the art and graphic department of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University. She works in various techniques artistic textiles (patchwork, quilt, applique). The artist shared the secrets of her craft with the event participants and taught the basics of this fascinating craft. Markova's style is characterized by a traditionally simple but strictly verified composition.
Patchwork - enough ancient look crafts, but not as much as weaving. It is available in all countries of the world. It was because of the thrift of the peasants that patchwork was preserved, said Stella Markova. – People did not throw away used items and preserved pieces of fabric, but often used them, for example, sewing blankets. Previously, such blankets in villages were considered a sign of poverty.
Today, patchwork and quilting are perceived as original, complex art. Compared to the traditions of European sewing, the Russian tradition has the simplest assembly. These are squares and triangles, selected in a certain color scheme. Modern Russian products have their own “face”; the breadth of the Russian soul is visible in them. Unfortunately, today few authentic examples of ancient patchwork products have survived.
Once you start quilting, it is very difficult to stop. I myself have been doing this business for more than ten years, but every time I discover new sewing technologies. It is impossible to master the technique in one day. This is a painstaking task. On average, it takes at least two to four months to produce a product,” said Stella Markova.
Many residents of Ufa came to the patchwork master class. Among them were women of different ages. This means that this interesting type of creativity is popular.
Source "Education. Way to success"
As part of the crafts training program in Ufa, a master class “Folk ritual doll” was held
The making of the “Angel” souvenir doll was demonstrated by the master artist of decorative and applied arts Elena Oskotskaya.
Here's what she says about herself:
I am an interior and landscape designer, a bit of an artist, and recently I have become interested in making dolls. Or rather, I made dolls as a child from papier-mâché and scraps. It turned out a little rough, but, unlike store-bought ones, they had individuality. Then I grew up, graduated from school, entered the chemistry department of Bashkir State University and for a long time forgot not only about dolls, but also that I could draw.
A discovery for me was a material that recently appeared in our country called “plastic” or polymer clay. This unique material allows you to make very fine details and conveys features well. human skin. It is especially interesting for me to make dolls with portrait resemblance. I try to capture in a person not so much the proportions of his face, but rather those characteristic features that reveal his essence. At the same time, my dolls are always kind and cheerful, because you can find cute and charming features in every person, which is probably why their “originals” like them.
I also really like to see a person’s reaction when they first meet their little copy. If I am not present, the person who ordered the doll usually tells me what impression the gift made. The reaction is sometimes completely unexpected: for example, one stern lady, who occupies a rather large position in the bank, shed tears when presenting a gift, and the employees who later entered her office saw her playing with a doll like a little girl. The not very sentimental young man reacted in the same way. But mostly, of course, people laugh, and the giver of the doll, in my opinion, feels no less pleasure from his gift than the recipient.
I make my dolls from photographs (full face, profile, three-quarters and full length) from polymer plastic and wire frames. I make clothes from fabric. For my hair I buy chignons, Chinese “hairy” hairpins, and sometimes I have to invent something special. For example, gray curly hair was made from synthetic rope, sometimes woolen threads or fur are used. Together with the customer, we come up with clothes and surroundings, because it is not interesting if the doll just stands or sits. Therefore, you have to become a furniture maker, a hairdresser, a guitar maker, you can’t even list who else. The most difficult thing is to figure out how and what to make, for example, a bath basin or a car steering wheel. Or, for example, you have to surf the Internet to study in detail what hockey skates or a microphone look like.
On average, it takes two weeks to make a doll. It happens that the resemblance does not come out right away and I redo the head two or three times.
I am proud that my dolls live with Yuri Shevchuk, Ksenia Sobchak, as well as several dozen other people and, I hope, bring them joy.
The participants of the master class also received real joy when their “own angels” appeared in their hands.
Materials from the Internet newspaper BASHVEST were used.
Including different areas of creative activity aimed at making artistic products household, ritual and ceremonial purposes - clothing, shoes, household utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, etc.
Types of decorative and applied art differ in the material used (wood, ceramics, bones, leather, metal, textiles) and manufacturing techniques (chasing, burning, embroidery, carving, painting, casting).
Objects of decorative and applied art are associated with spiritual and material culture Bashkirs, their way of life, customs, traditions, surrounding nature. Decorative and applied arts are divided into traditional folk art, including crafts, crafts and professional art masters Until the 20th century, the Bashkirs practiced mainly traditional folk art.
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The origins of Bashkir decorative and applied art are connected with the ancient traditions of nomadic culture Turkic peoples, the way of their life in which they were created household items, such as: utensils, clothing, shoes, horse attire and rider equipment, religious and cult items, etc. The needs of the Bashkirs were embodied in the emergence of decorative and applied arts associated with weaving, embroidery, wood and metal processing, and the design of Bashkir clothing, home decoration.
Items of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs were exhibited at art exhibitions held in 1997, 2002, 2008 in the Republic of Bashkortostan, they are exhibited in art galleries Republic, National Museum of the Republic Bashkortostan, Art Museum them. M. V. Nesterova, Salavat Museum of History and Local Lore, etc.
In the 21st century, the artistic design of felt products was carried out by A. A. Bayramgulova, G. T. Mukhamedyarova and others. In this case, needle-punched technology is used, borrowed from the production of non-woven tapestry.
Much attention is paid decoration, designing and modeling clothes. masters A.D. Kirdyakin ( Leather Products, shawls), V. M. Shibaeva (patchwork), E. B. Efimovskaya (multi-layering), etc.
In the 80s, interest in manufacturing arose in Bashkortostan art dolls. Dolls are made from clay, earthenware, elegant suits. The following masters are engaged in the creation of dolls: Bayburin N. G. (dolls "Mayankhylyu", "Khuzha", "Khuzhabika"), Sakhno Z. A. ("Clown"), Kuznetsova V. G. and others.
Literature
- Yanbukhtina A.G. Folk traditions in the decoration of a Bashkir house. Ufa, 1993;
- Yanbukhtina A. G. decorative arts Bashkortostan. 20th century: from tamga to avant-garde. Ufa, 2006;
- Professional arts and crafts of Bashkortostan: cat. 1 3 rep. vyst. Ufa, 1997–2008.
- Molchaeva A.V. Folk arts and crafts of Bashkortostan - Ufa: Bashkir publishing house "Kitap", 1995.
- Native Bashkortostan: textbook for 6th grade / Aznagulov R.G., Amineva F.Kh., Gallyamov A.A. - 2nd ed. - Ufa: Kitap, 2008.
- Khisametdinov F. G. History and culture of Bashkortostan: Textbook. A manual for students of secondary special education. head - 2nd ed. - additional - Ufa: Galem 2003 - 350 p.
- Shitova S.N. Folk art: felts, carpets and fabrics of the southern Bashkirs ( Ethnographic essays). - Ufa: Kitap, 2006.
- Decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs / Author: K.R. Igbaev, R.A. Khafizova, A.R. Khusnullin. Ufa: RIAZ, Informreklama, 2003.
- Kuzbekov F. T. History of Bashkir culture / F. T. Kuzbekov. – Ufa: Kitap, 1997.
- Khismatullina N. Kh. Ornamental and coloristic basis of Bashkir folk art/ N. Kh. Khismatullina. Ufa, 2000.
- Magadeev D. D. The Urals and Bashkortostan from ancient times to the end of 1917 / D. D. Magadaev. Ufa, 2000.
- Omsk Scientific Bulletin No. 2. 2012. Salavatova G. A. St. Study of folk arts and crafts of the Bashkir people.
- Bikbulatov N.V., Farkhutdinova G.G. Bashkir ornament.// Bashkortostan: short encyclopedia. - Ufa: Bashkir Encyclopedia, 1996. - P. 451-452. - 672 s. - ISBN 5-88185-001-7.
Fossil wealth of Bashkiria, especially non-ferrous metals, iron and Construction Materials, have long been widely used in the economy of the local population. The Bashkirs knew many ore deposits; they were familiar with primitive methods of metal processing. Information has been preserved that in the first quarter of the 18th century. the Bashkirs of the Nogai road smelted cast iron and iron; Bashkirs living along the river. Ai, they were developing silver ore, from which they made jewelry for horse harnesses. The Iletsk salt deposit was discovered by the Bashkirs even before joining the Russian state. In a number of areas of the Southern Urals, the population was searching for gold placers. However, the exploitation of natural resources was on a very small scale and barely went beyond domestic crafts.
More intensive development of mineral resources in Southern Urals began in the middle of the 18th century. In the 40s of the 18th century. Russian entrepreneurs built the Voskresensky (Tabynsky) plant - the first industrial enterprise on the territory of Bashkiria. Following Voskresensky, Preobrazhensky, Verkhotorsky, Arkhangelsky, Verkhniy and Nizhny Avzyano-Petrovsky, Beloretsky, Tirlyansky, Zigazinsky and other plants appeared. They were worked mainly by Russian peasants, brought by the factory owners from the central provinces of Russia. At the same time, the Bashkir population also played a significant role in the development of the mining industry. Entire Bashkir villages in the northern pre-Ural regions were involved in prospecting and mining work. From among the Bashkirs, a kind of industrial group of ore miners emerged, whose services were used by entrepreneurs and factory owners. The development of some ore deposits was entirely in the hands of the Bashkirs. They sold the mined ore to nearby factories. For example, the Bashkirs of the Taininsky volost concentrated in their hands the supply of copper ore to the neighboring Polevskoy plant. History has preserved the name of the Bashkir mine owner Izmail Tasimov, who gained fame with his petition in 1771 to the Senate to open a school in the Southern Urals to train mining specialists. The semi-nomadic pastoral population of the south and east was drawn into the commercial life of the region to a lesser extent, but in these areas, as nomadic cattle breeding declined and the bulk of the population was ruined, latrine trades associated with various auxiliary factory work began to develop.
The reforms of the 1860s, which cleared the way for capitalism, contributed to more intensive industrial development of Bashkiria. The expansion of mining and metallurgical production, which required wood fuel, led to the emergence of the timber industry. Since the end of the 19th century. The amount of timber harvested made it possible not only to meet the needs of local factories, but also to export it far beyond the Urals.
The factory industry associated with the processing of agricultural raw materials began to develop at a rapid pace. Small flour mills, distilleries, vodka, tanneries, lard refineries and other factories arose everywhere.
The development of industry was accompanied by the formation of the working class. Its basis was made up of Russian peasants, freed from serfdom and previously assigned to factories. Gradually, tens of thousands of bankrupt peasants from neighboring villages and among them there are many Bashkirs. Bashkirs most often worked in the timber industry, in mines and gold mines, in much to a lesser extent in the metallurgical industry and in small enterprises for processing agricultural raw materials. At factories, Bashkirs were used mainly for various auxiliary jobs that did not require qualifications: charcoal burning, transportation of ore, firewood, etc.
However, the involvement of the Bashkir population in industrial production was hampered by the long-term preservation of a semi-nomadic way of life over a large territory, and most importantly, the remnants of feudal-patriarchal relations. Even at the beginning of the 20th century. on permanent jobs Only 13.5 thousand Bashkirs were employed in industry. True, every year, under the pressure of need and hunger, the Bashkirs were hired for seasonal work: logging and rafting of timber, transportation of ore, and gold mining. The timber harvesters Pimenovs and Shchetinins alone recruited up to 5-6 thousand workers from Bashkir villages along the banks of the Ika and Sura.
The situation of workers in factories in Bashkiria was extremely difficult. Workers at South Ural enterprises earned two to three times less than workers at metallurgical plants in southern Russia. The money earned was barely enough to pay fines and cover debts to shopkeepers. Factory and especially mine workers lived with their families in old dugouts or planked barracks; Only some factories had small village-type settlements. In an even worse situation were the Bashkir workers, who were subjected not only to capitalist exploitation, but also to national oppression. Illiteracy, ignorance of the Russian language, and in many cases the temporary nature of the work allowed entrepreneurs to cruelly exploit Bashkir workers. While rafting timber, the Bashkirs had to stand in water, work 14 hours a day. There were no housing at summer logging sites. People died from exhaustion and hunger, but could not leave work, since they were obliged to work off the deposit they received from the entrepreneur in the spring. At the factories, the Bashkirs’ working day lasted 16-17 hours. “A Bashkir,” we read in one of the reports to the Orenburg governor-general, “becomes a serf in the hands of the factory administration, from whom it tries to extract as much benefit as possible, without caring whether his physical strength will bear the labor imposed on him or not.” "Difficult working conditions and cruel exploitation determined the strong solidarity of the Bashkirs with Russian workers, which was repeatedly manifested in many joint actions against the tyranny of factory owners.
Industrial development of Bashkiria in late XIX- early 20th century d its scale and direction were determined, on the one hand, low level the development of capitalism in Russia, on the other hand, the peculiar position of the Urals as an internal colony of tsarism. The existence of mining factories and mines in the Southern Urals, the emergence of the timber, light and food industries did not turn Bashkiria into a developed industrial region of Russia: the share of industry in the total economic output of Bashkiria before the revolution was only 13%.
With the victory of the October Socialist Revolution, broad prospects opened up for the most rational use natural resources of Bashkiria. All plants, factories, and mines passed into the hands of the working people. From now on, the free worker became not only a creator, but also an owner. material assets. However, the young Bashkir Republic inherited from the past an economy destroyed by the war. In the Southern Urals, which became the arena of the struggle against the counter-revolutionary gangs of Dutov, Kolchak and local nationalists, almost all factories and factories were stopped, mines and shafts were flooded, and the surviving equipment was taken away by the White Guards during the retreat. The republic's industry actually had to be created anew. The pre-war level of industrial development in Bashkiria was achieved in 1928.
The Communist Party and the Soviet government, the Russian people provided the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with enormous assistance in the matter of industrialization. In just a decade, starting from 1929, the republic’s economy received about 2 billion rubles from the all-Union budget, most of which was used in industry and transport. The construction of many large industrial enterprises, in particular the Ufa cracking plant, was declared public construction projects of all-Union significance. The country's large factories supplied them necessary equipment and machines, sent their engineers and technicians; skilled workers arrived in Bashkiria from Moscow, Leningrad and other cities. At the same time, many Bashkirs were trained at enterprises in central cities. .Thanks to everyone's help Soviet people Bashkiria already in the pre-war years turned into a developed industrial republic.
Modern Bashkiria is one of the country's large industrial regions. The industrial appearance of the republic is determined by the petrochemical industry. IN post-war period Dozens of new oil fields were discovered here, including such large ones as Shkapovskoye, Belebeevskoye, Arlanskoye, Sergeevskoye. In terms of oil production, Bashkiria was far ahead of oil-producing Azerbaijan and became the center of the “Second Baku.” The republic ranks first in the Soviet Union in oil refining. Large quantities of chemical products are produced by the large Novo-Ufa and Novo-Ishimbay oil refineries and the Sterlitamak soda-cement plant. In the general plan of the struggle for “big chemistry”, adopted by the May Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1958, Bashkiria was given one of the first places. Already in 1962, the republic completed the construction of the first stage of the petrochemical giant - the Sterlitamak synthetic rubber plant, the construction of the Ufa synthetic alcohol plant was completed, and a number of production facilities were launched at the Salavat petrochemical plant.
Industrial sectoral centers of the republic have been identified. In the east (Beloretsk, Tilyan) ferrous metallurgy is developing. The center of the coal industry is the south. The oil refining industry covers the central, western and northwestern regions. The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the northern and eastern regions - along the banks of Ufa and Belaya. The main mechanical engineering and chemical enterprises are located in the cities of the central zone: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Ishimbay, Salavat, Blagoveshchensk. The products of Bashkortostan enterprises go to almost all economic regions Soviet Union and to many foreign countries. By 1962, the gross output of large industry increased 214 times compared to 1913.
The extensive use of local energy resources contributes to the great achievements in industry. A large amount of energy is provided by thermal power plants operating on gas fuel; in 1960, the construction of the Pavlovskaya hydroelectric power station on the river was completed. Ufa is one of the largest power plants in the Urals. Currently, Bashkiria produces twice as much electricity as in 1913 throughout Tsarist Russia.
The development of a powerful industry is accompanied by an increase in local workforce. By 1958, more than 800 thousand workers and employees were employed at the enterprises, of which almost 30% were representatives of indigenous nationalities. The influx of the Bashkir population into industry especially intensified in last decade. Accordingly, the proportion of the Bashkir population in the cities and workers' settlements of the republic is growing rapidly. Bashkirs work in the most important areas of the national economy: in factory shops, oil fields, mines, construction teams, etc. Many of them head individual production areas, workshops and laboratories. A great achievement is the formation of a national! technical intelligentsia. Many Bashkir engineers and technicians, trained by higher and secondary educational institutions of the country, work at factories, factories and construction sites.
Over the years Soviet power Working conditions at industrial enterprises changed dramatically. A regulated seven-, and in hazardous industries, a six- and five-hour working day, widespread use of technology, the introduction of comprehensive automation and dispatch, strictly< соблюдение санитарно-гигиенических условий намного повысили культу ру производства, значительно облегчили труд. Автоматизация основные процессов на многих нефтяных промыслах позволила при сохранении кру глосуточного производства организовать основные работы в дневное время
At the enterprises of Bashkiria there is a growing movement of innovators, fighters for technical progress. I regularly study many workers! technical literature, study in schools of advanced labor methods in correspondence and evening departments of technical schools and institutes. In recent years, a struggle has developed among workers for the title of shock workers of communist labor collectives. More than 3 thousand work brigades of the republic were involved in this struggle, hundreds of them have already been awarded this honorary title; The movement is growing rapidly, taking over entire enterprises and even cities.
The life of workers has changed radically. Workers and their families live in bright, comfortable apartments. Non-family residents live in factory dormitories, in spacious rooms for two to four people. Great help Working families are provided with consumer services, canteens, factory nurseries, and kindergartens. Factories and factories have clubs and libraries. In their free time from work, workers study in various educational institutions, I visit] people's cultural universities, current politics circles, creative circles, sports sections.
Home production and crafts
Before the revolution, most Bashkir crafts did not go beyond home production. Weaving, knitting, sewing shoes and clothes, processing hides, dressing leather, wool. Almost every Bashkir household was engaged in the production of leather (in the southern steppe regions) or wooden (in forest areas) utensils. Only women sewed clothes and shoes. The production of leather and wooden utensils was the work of men.
In the Bashkir cattle breeding farm great place was engaged in the processing of livestock products. With the transition to agriculture, these crafts gradually lost their former importance. The Bashkirs processed the skins in the same way as many other pastoral peoples: they were cleared of the remains of meat and dried in the sun in a stretched form, then rubbed with fresh cheese (yesh king) and fermented for several days. Sheepskins for sewing outerwear were smoked for two weeks in special dugouts from two rooms connected by chimneys; in one room (sokor) pieces of rotten wood were smoldering, in another (ydtyk) skins were hung. Leather was treated in a similar way. The Bashkirs did not use tanning. Leathers for making dishes were sewn together, filled with ash and dried. After the vessels were acquired a certain form, they were smoked. The leather from which shoes and belts were made was also treated with smoke.
Sheep wool was used to make woven ornamented carpets (balads), cloth, knitted products, felt for shoes, stockings and hats, felt bags (keye$). Felt was felted by hand, placing wool between two mats. In the southern regions, mats were tied around a shaft into which a horse was harnessed, and rolled along the ground until the felt fell off.
Wool was used for weaving, as well as threads obtained from plant fibers: nettle, wild hemp, and later from cultivated hemp and fiber flax. On looms with two or more healds, which moved with the help of footrests, cloth and carpets, simple and patterned canvas were woven. They sewed clothes from homespun canvas and motley fabrics, made towels, curtains, tablecloths and napkins.
Wooden products, especially dishes, occupied a large place in Bashkir culture. Pottery was not known to the Bashkirs. Ladles, bowls, spoons, scoops, etc. were hollowed out from birch growth and burl roots. They also made dishes with an inserted bottom: vessels of various sizes for storing food, tubs and buckets.
The Bashkirs have long been familiar with metal processing. The products of Bashkir blacksmiths and gunsmiths found distribution among the population of surrounding villages. Bashkir blacksmiths were engaged not only in forging metal, but also in fine jewelry work. Individual household items, metal parts of horse harness, and weapons, skillfully decorated with chasing, engraving and blackening, have been preserved. But from the 16th century, when the tsarist government, frightened by the popular movement in the Southern Khral, forbade the Bashkirs to have forges, the jewelry craft began to disappear, and in the 19th century. rare Bashkir jewelers were engaged only in the manufacture of simple women's jewelry from silver and coins.
In the 19th century under the influence of the industrial development that began in the region, crafts related to wood processing became widespread: charcoaling, tar racing, tar smoking, making rims, arches, sleighs, carts, wheels, weaving mats. From the second half of the 19th century, when cattle breeding lost its former role in the Bashkir economy, forestry became the main occupation of the Bashkir population in many villages in the mountainous regions.
Penetration into a Bashkir village commodity-money relations led to the development in certain areas of a rather narrow specialization of handicraftsmen. Yes, in the village. Tokyo Ufa district 103 yards were engaged exclusively in cooperage, selling products to visiting buyers. The eastern part of the Sterlitamak district and the Birsky district of the Ufa province became centers for the production of wooden utensils. These products were sold at local fairs and entered central Russian markets through buyers. At the beginning of the 20th century. Bashkir handicraftsmen appeared, engaged in carpentry. Harvesting timber and logs for building houses and selling them to treeless areas of Bashkiria have become almost the only means of subsistence for many Bashkir families along the banks of the river. Inzer and in the upper reaches of the Belaya.
During Soviet times, factory products - clothing, shoes, fabrics, household utensils, furniture - gradually replaced household and handicraft products. Now it is difficult to find leather workers, woodcarvers, and jewelers in Bashkir villages. Despite the fact that many Bashkir women know how to sew clothes, preference is given to factory-made products. At the same time, a strong place in the Bashkir folk life continue to be occupied by artistic weaving items. In the north of the republic they weave decorative towels, tablecloths, and curtains; in the west and south - mainly carpets, in the southeast - shawls. There is an Art Factory in Ufa that produces pile and lint-free carpets, panels, and runners. Artists and craftswomen of the plant widely use Bashkir in their work. folk ornament. Folk motives are also reflected in the products of the Ufa factory of stitched embroidered products. In the south of Bashkiria, in the Zianchurinsky district, a workshop has been created where folk knitters and weavers are busy making down and woolen shawls.
Knitting is still widely developed. Socks, mittens, scarves, and scarves are knitted from goat down and sheep's wool. Further development received trades related to wood processing. In the mountainous forest areas there are many workshops producing rims, wheels, sleighs, and carts. Joiners and carpenters are united into collective farm construction teams. A factory of Bashkir souvenirs has been created in Birsk, producing wooden (birch burl) carved and painted honey jars, boxes, snuff boxes, women's jewelry, etc.
23.07.2017 09:00:00
Since the beginning of the year, I have called several dozen villages in search of craftsmen in the Tuymazinsky, Sharansky district and was quietly horrified. There is no one left. I call numbers in old notebooks. Everyone died, more than 20 people. Simple, bright people.
“What about their students, children?” - I ask sadly into the phone. “Who needs this now?” - they answer me.
Together with folk crafts, the unique spirit of the Ural-Volga ethnic groups melts away. I remember the masterpiece Kandrinsky, Nizhny Trotsk maple sleds (letkas), which a teenager could lift, without a single nail, tied together with leather and bast. 26 letok, seized by the district police officer in 2003 and handed over to the forestry department (they were made from poached wood). When the confiscated goods were sold to pay for damages, people from all over Russia began to come to this craftsman for tap holes. One thing is consoling: someone took over the secrets of maple molding, copied it, and passed it on to others.
Gafurovsky, Nizhny Troitsk embroidered felt boots are a separate story! They even had thicker knurled soles. Trimmed with Russian, Mari, Tatar ornaments. Embroidered wire rods stuck splinters into the hearts of beauties. But the masters left, the unique secrets sank into oblivion. Attempts to make a remake on the Internet do not contain the main thing - the age-old soul and genius folk simplicity. In the villages, for example, of the Tuymazinsky and Sharansky districts, there are not even those left who know how to weave bast shoes and goose nests, or linden carvers. Look it up. You won't find it. Not a single inter-district center of folk crafts, at least some serious public organization? Apart from dance and song groups (they will not disappear), there is nothing in the western part of Bashkiria. I remember Evgeny Kravchenko (co-author of the Kalashnikov assault rifle) from Serafimovka. People from Komsomolskaya Pravda came to photograph its carved window frames in the 80s. He left no disciples. His houses with outbuildings and tiles, reminiscent of architectural monuments, were demolished.
Once, in a friend’s bathhouse, I was plunged into aesthetic shock by a simple oak ladle. Comfortable, sleek and durable: an insert handle with simple carvings in a hollowed out bucket. A friend was cracking nuts with this ladle. When I asked to sell the masterpiece, the ladle was varnished and placed on a shelf at home. The businessman’s soul woke up: “The only memory is from my grandfather. In! The men were there before! “I did it with a knife and a hatchet in one winter day,” he told me. “I’ll try too.”
A Tuymazinsky horse breeder entrepreneur opened a kumys workshop. He calls me, they say, did you know any kumys makers? “No way,” I say. - God cleaned it up. Now search all over Bashkiria.”
He needed a recipe not for Kazakh or Mongolian, but for Bashkir kumiss from the Bashkir breed of horses. WITH with great difficulty I found a 76-year-old woman who owned her grandfather’s recipe for making sourdough... In Mordovia. They seem to have reproduced the taste of the Bashkir kumiss starter. This required barrels made of certain types of wood and leather bags. According to rumors, the first batch of the original Bashkir strong-sour kumis (there are also slightly acidic ones) in a barrel was sold for foreign currency to an anti-tuberculosis sanatorium in Kazakhstan.
The erosion of national authenticity and its replacement with Western glamor is like mold infecting the fruit from the edges. In many villages they have forgotten how to weave, knit, embroider, lay out and paint stoves, and do not know how to bake bread.
Today the Japanese can reproduce the katana sword using 12th-century technology, and we are looking for a recipe for the original Bashkir kumiss starter in Mordovia. The Germans will teach us how to make on-board Bashkir honey (they learned from us and introduced it at home).
What will we show foreigners in 30-40 years? Disposable kitsch made in a soulless industrial way? They are already rowing it on the Arbat. What do we have left? Ufa Association of Folk Crafts “Agidel” on Tramvaynaya Street. That's something. It’s good that they thought of transferring it to government funding in the early 2000s. Otherwise, unique masters would have been lost long ago in the bankruptcy muck. Because they do not have hairy hands with claws as support, some are already over 50 years old.
It is necessary to immediately implement at least some semblance of a state program to revive folk crafts. So that not only journalists, but also a group of saddlers, carpenters, honey makers, weavers, braiders would travel to all the villages, record and distribute unique recipes and techniques that have been tested for centuries. Otherwise, we will get a generation that believes that Nadezhda Babkina’s songs are folklore, and that the best honey is made in Germany.
