Ethnographic reference book of world population pdf. "peoples of the world ethnographic essays

] Edited by S.A. Tokareva, N.N. Cheboksarova.
(Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1964. - Series “Peoples of the World: Ethnographic Essays”)
Scan: AAW, processing, Djv format: mor, 2010

• CONTENT:
  Preface (5).
  Introduction (11).
  Population of foreign Europe (12).
  Anthropological types (35).
  Demarcation marks (35).
  Minor races (36).
  Types and local options (36).
  Characteristics of anthropological types of individual peoples (37).
  Paleontropological data (43).
  Main stages of ethnic history (44).
  Religions and beliefs of the peoples of foreign Europe (68).
  POLES
  General information about the people and country (75).
  Essay on ethnic history (76).
  Socio-economic essay (91).
  Industry and the working class (93).
  Agriculture (97).
  Fishing and hunting (104).
  Rural crafts and home production (107).
  Settlements and housing (110).
  Urban settlements and housing (110).
  Rural settlements (1140.
  Peasant dwelling (116).
  Food (125).
  Clothes (127).
  Social and family life (131).
  Religion (139).
  Folk art (144).
  Oral poetry (144).
  Folk music (146).
  Folk dances (148).
  Arts and crafts (149).
  Cultural life (158).
  CZECHS AND SLOVAKS
  General information about the people and the country (175).
  Essay on ethnic history (176).
  Czechs (188).
  Industry (189).
  Agriculture (192).
  Crafts and home production (196).
  Settlements and housing (199).
  Clothes (208).
  Food (213).
  Family and social life (215).
  Folk art (220).
  Slovaks (224).
  Industry (225).
  Agriculture (227).
  Home production and folk crafts (231).
  Settlements and housing (235).
  Clothes (246).
  Food (254).
  Family and social life (256).
  Folk art (260).
  Religion in Czechoslovakia (263).
  Cultural life in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (266).
  LUSIAN (279).
  BULGARIANS
  General information about the country and people (301).
  Essay on ethnic history (303).
  Agriculture (310).
  Fishing and hunting (316).
  Craft and home production. Arts and Crafts (317).
  Industry (321).
  Transport (324).
  Settlements and buildings (326).
  Utensils and food (334).
  Clothing (337).
  Family and social life (340).
  Religious Beliefs and Practices (349).
  Folk art (353).
  Applied Arts (353).
  Oral folk art (355).
  Folk music (359).
  Folk dances (362).
  Cultural life (362).
  PEOPLES OF YUGOSLAVIA
  General information about the country and population (373).
  Brief ethnic history (377).
  Socio-economic essay (395).
  Serbs (401).
  Farming (402).
  Settlements and buildings (407).
  Food (413).
  Clothing (414).
  Social and family life (418).
  Religion, beliefs, calendar holidays (423).
  Folk art (425).
  Croats (430).
  Farming (431).
  Settlements and buildings (435).
  Food (441).
  Clothes (441).
  Family and social life (4440.
  Religion, beliefs, calendar holidays (447).
  Folk art (448).
  Slovenes (453).
  Farming (453).
  Settlements and buildings (455).
  Food (458).
  Clothing (459).
  Social and family life (461).
  Religion, beliefs and calendar holidays (462).
  Folk art (464).
  Macedonians (466).
  Farming (467).
  Settlements and buildings (469).
  Clothing (473).
  Family and social life (474).
  Religion, beliefs and calendar holidays (475).
  Folk art (477).
  Montenegrins (480).
  Housekeeping (480).
  Settlements and buildings (483).
  Food (486).
  Clothing (487).
  Social and family life (488).
  Religion (491).
  Folk art. Culture (492).
  Yugoslav Muslims (494).
  Culture and cultural life of the country (500).
  ALBANIANS
  General information about the people and the country (515).
  Brief historical sketch (517).
  Farming (523).
  Settlements and housing (533).
  Utensils and food (540).
  Clothing and jewelry (541).
  Social and family life (546).
  Beliefs (550).
  Folk art (552).
  Cultural life (558).
  GREEKS
  General information about the people and the country (565).
  Farming (572).
  Food (578).
  Settlements and housing (579).
  Clothing (583).
  Social and family life (586).
  Beliefs (589).
  Folk art (591).
  Cultural life (594).
  ROMANIANS
  General information about the people of the country (599).
  Ethnogenesis and historical development of the Romanian people (602).
  Agriculture (611).
  Logging and rafting (621).
  Hunting and fishing (622).
  Crafts, home production and applied arts (624).
  Industry (628).
  Food (630).
  Settlements and housing (631).
  Clothing (642).
  Family and Social Life (646).
  Beliefs and cults (655).
  Folk art (656).
  Cultural life (660).
  HUNGARIANS
  General information about the people and the country (667).
  Historical sketch (669).
  Socio-economic essay (676).
  Industry and crafts (676).
  Agriculture (679).
  Hunting, fishing and gathering (687).
  Transport (690).
  Class composition of the population (692).
  Settlements and buildings (695).
  Food (708).
  Clothes (710).
  Social and family life (715).
  Religion (722).
  Folk art (724).
  Applied arts (724).
  Hungarian folk poetry (728).
  Folk music (734).
  Folk dances (735).
  Cultural life (736).
  GERMANS
  General information about the people and country (743).
  Ethnic history (745).
  Industry (762).
  Crafts and small industry (766).
  Agriculture (768).
  Fishing and hunting (779).
  Food (782).
  Settlements and buildings (785).
  German folk costume (800).
  Family and Social Life (808).
  Social Life (811).
  Beliefs and religious life (815).
  Folk art (822).
  Folklore (822).
  Folk dances (828).
  Folk musical instruments with (830).
  Applied arts (831).
  Cultural life (839).
  AUSTRIANS
  General information about the people and the country (853).
  Ethnic history (855).
  Crafts and industry (859).
  Agriculture (863).
  Food (870).
  Settlements and housing (872).
  Clothing (878).
  Family and Social Life (882).
  Religion and Beliefs (888).
  Folk art (8900.
  Applied arts (890).
  People's Theater (894).
  Folk dances (894).
  Folk songs (895).
  Literature and Music (896).
  GAGAUZ, TURKS, JEWS, GYPSIES (899).
  APPLICATIONS
  References (913).
  Glossary (923).
  List of illustrations (945).
  List of cards (956).
  List of intros and endings (957).
  Index (958).

From the preface: In the multi-volume series “Peoples of the World”, published by the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a special volume is dedicated to the peoples of foreign Europe. It consists of two half-volumes - “The Peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe” and “The Peoples of Western Europe”. The first half volume included the entire introductory part - demographic, historical, ethnographic and anthropological essays - and a description of the peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe, i.e. countries located between the state border of the USSR and the line of the western borders of Germany, Austria and Yugoslavia. The rest of Europe - its northern, western and southwestern parts - will be included in the second half...

Peoples of the world: historical and ethnographic reference book/Ch. ed. N 28 S. W. Bromley. Ed. board: S. A. Arutyunov, S. I. Brook, T. A. Zhdanko and others - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1988.- 624 p.: ill., 6 l. color kart. KETS 211 Ref.: Ethnic groups of insular Southeast Asia, ed. by F.M. Le Bar, v. 1, New Haven, 1972. M. A. Chlenov. KETS, Ket (self-named “person”), Keto, Ostyaks, Yeniseiskiy eostyaks, Yeniseis (obsolete), people in the USSR. They live in the RSFSR in the lower part. flow of the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk region). Number 1122 people They speak Ket. (the last surviving member of the Yeniseian family of languages). Dialects (possibly separate languages): Imbat, Sym (Yug). Russian is also widespread. language Ancestors of modern K. were apparently formed during the Bronze Age in the south between the Ob and Yenisei rivers as a result of the mixing of ancient Mongoloids with Caucasians from the South. Siberia. Later (in the 1st millennium AD) they entered into ethnic relations. contacts with the Turkic, Samoyed and Ugric-speaking populations. In traditional K.'s culture combined elements of the culture of taiga hunters and river fishermen (dugouts, methods of preparing food, fur parka, cults of game animals, fish, etc.) and the southern Sib. and Central Asian, nomads (plague, robe-like clothing, blacksmithing, shamanism, etc.) - Main. traditional Activities included hunting fur-bearing animals (squirrel, sable), game and fishing. Reindeer husbandry (transport) spread in the 2nd half. 17-18 centuries only part of K. Tradits. summer home - konich. birch bark tent, in winter - a dugout with a frame of inclined logs. They migrated from summer fishing grounds to taiga hunting areas on boats (including those with birch bark-covered living quarters). In winter fishing they used hand-made reindeer sleds and skis covered with fur underneath. National clothing (men's and women's) - cloth robe and quilted robe lined with hare skins; hunters wore a short parka made of whole deer skin. Food - boiled and fried fish, game. Food was cooked over a fire, unleavened flatbread was baked from flour in the ashes of a fire or in an oven. In the summer, the diet was supplemented with berries, kl\tbni, and herbal decoctions, which replaced regular tea. There was a dual-exogamous division, a patrilineal account of kinship, a special role of consanguineous ties in production, life, distribution of spoils, and inheritance of land. Preserved traditions. beliefs and ideas, shamanism, etc. The owners of game animals, fish, family guardians, and the pantheon of gods were also revered. The hunt for a bear was accompanied by a cycle of ritual actions and entertainment (a bear festival). K. folklore is characterized by myths about the hero Albe and legends about the people. the hero Balne, fairy tales about Kaigus, who sent fishing luck, improvised songs, riddles. Contacts with Russians from the beginning. 17th century From the 17th century Orthodoxy spread. From the end 18th century K. were united into councils (volosts), within which they lived in camps of several. families. Over the years of the Sov. power, K.'s life changed radically. All K. settled down. Ownership is growing. intelligentsia. New branches of farming are being developed on state farms - fur farming, gardening, and dairy farming. Lit.: D o l g i x B. O., Kety, Irkutsk-M., 1934; A lek s e enko E. A., Kety. Historical and ethnographic essays, Leningrad, 1967; Ket collection. Anthropology, ethnography, mythology, linguistics, Leningrad, 1982. E. A. Alekseenko.

GENERAL ISSUES

Amelin V.V. Challenges of mobilized ethnicity. Conflicts in the history of Soviet and post-Soviet statehood. M., 1997. Anthropology of violence / Rep. ed. V.V. Bocharov and V.A. Tishkov. St. Petersburg, 2001. Arutyunov S.A. Peoples and cultures. M., 1984. Arutyunov S.A. Modern life of the Japanese. M., 1968. Belik A. Psychological anthropology: history and theory. M., 1993. Bromley Yu.V. Essays on the theory of ethnicity. M., 1983. Bromley Yu.V. Modern problems of ethnography. M., 1981. Bromley Yu.V. Ethnicity and ethnography. M., 1973. Gumilyov L.N. Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. L., 1990. Research in general ethnography. M., 1979. Its R.F. Ethnogenetic studies. (On the significance of various sources within the framework of an integrated approach) // Races and Peoples. 1987. No. 17. P. 11-28. Kabo E.O., Kabo V.R. Methodological role of the statistical method in ethnographic research // Scientific reports of higher education. Philosophical Sciences, 1964, No. 6. Kozing A. Nation in history and modernity. M., 1978. Kozlov V.I. Dynamics of the number of peoples. Research methodology and main factors. M., 1969. Kozlov V.I. Ethnic demography. M., 1977. Kozlov V.I. Ethnic ecology: the formation of the discipline and the history of problems. M., 1994. Kozmin V.A. Ethnographic source and field ethnography // Historical ethnography. St. Petersburg, 1993. pp. 152-159. Kon I.S. Ethnography of childhood. Problems of methodology // SE. 1981. No. 5. Krupnik I.I. Arctic ethnoecology. M., 1989. Kryvelev I.A. History of religion: essays. T.1 and 2. M., 1975. Kubbel L.E. Essays on potestar-political ethnography. M., 1988. Lebedeva A.N. Social psychology of ethnic migrations. M., 1993. Levi-Strauss K. Structural anthropology. M., 1983. Migrations and diasporas in post-Soviet states. M., 1996. Morgan L.G. Ancient society or a study of the lines of human progress from savagery through barbarism to civilization. L., 1934. Mylnikov A.S. On the ethnographic study of culture: source study aspect // SE. 1987. No. 4. Pimenov V.V. Problems of applied ethnography // SE. 1986. No. 5. Pimenov V.V. Systematic approach to ethnicity (to the formulation of the problem) // Races and Peoples. Issue 16. M., 1986. Problems of typology in ethnography. M., 1979. Problems of ethnography and anthropology in the light of the scientific heritage of F. Engels. M., 1972. Puchkov P.I. Modern geography of religions. M., 1975. Semenov Yu.I. Origin of marriage and family. M., 1974. Soldatova G.U. Psychology of interethnic tension. M., 1998. Statistics in ethnography. M, 1985. Typology of the main elements of traditional culture. M., 1984. Tishkov V.A. Essays on the theory and politics of ethnicity in Russia. M., 1997. Tokarev S.A. Early forms of religion and their development. M., 1964. Tokarev S.A. Religions in the history of the peoples of the world. M., 1976. Values ​​and symbols of national identity in a changing society. M., 1994. Cheboksarov N.N., Cheboksarova I.A. Peoples, races, cultures. M., 1985. Cheshko S.V. The collapse of the Soviet Union: Ethnopolitical analysis. M., 1996. Chistov K.V. Folk traditions and folklore. Essays on theory. L., 1986. Ethnic ecology. M., 1991. Ethnographic aspects of the study of modernity. L., 1980. Ethnicity in pre-class and early class society. M., 1982. Ethnosocial problems of the city. M., 1986.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Averkieva Yu.P. History of theoretical thought in American ethnography. M., 1979. Current problems of ethnography and modern foreign science. L., 1979. Belik A. Psychological anthropology: history and theory. M., 1993. Concepts of foreign ethnology. Critical studies. M., 1976. Nikishenkov A.A. From the history of English ethnography: Critique of functionalism. M., 1986. Ways of development of foreign ethnology. M., 1983. Modern American ethnography. M., 1963. Tishkov V.A. Soviet ethnography: overcoming crises/Ethnographic review. 1992, N 1. Tokarev S.A. Origins of ethnographic science. M., 1978. Tokarev S.A. History of foreign ethnography. M., 1978. Tokarev S.A. History of Russian ethnography. M., 1973. Engels F. Origin of the family, private property and state. Marx K. and Engels F. Soch., T. 21. Ethnography in the countries of socialism. Essays on the development of science. M., 1975. Ethnography abroad. Historical essays. M., 1979. Ethnological studies abroad. Critical Essays. M., 1973.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Averkieva Yu.P. Indians of North America from tribal to class society. M., 1974. Australia and Oceania. History, economics, ethnography.. M., 1978. American ethnographic collection. Proceedings of IE. T. 58. M., 1960. Andrianov B.V. The world's unsettled population. Historical and ethnographic research. M., 1985. Africa. Encyclopedic reference book. T. 1. M., 1988. Africa: interaction of cultures. M., 1989. Africa: culture and society / Ed. R.N. Ismagilova. M., 1992. Berndt P.M., Berndt K.H. The world of the first Australians. M., 1981. Bogina Sh.A. Immigrant population of the USA. L., 1976. Bogina Sh.A. Ethnocultural processes in the USA. The end of the 18th – the beginning of the 19th century. M. 1986. Butinov A.A. Polynesians of the islands of Tuvalu. M., 1982. Butinov N.A. Peoples of Papua New Guinea. St. Petersburg, 2000. Butinov N.A. Papuans of New Guinea. M., 1968. Gerasimov O. Saudi Arabia. M., 1977. Guseva N.R. Hinduism. History of formation. Cult practice. M., 1977. Guseva N.R. Artistic crafts of India. M., 1982. Davidson B. Africans. Introduction to cultural history. MM., 1975. Dzeniskevich G.I. Athapaskan of Alaska. M., 1987. Eremeev D.E. Ethnogenesis of the Turks (origin and main stages of ethnic history). M., 1971. Ivanova E.V. Essays on the culture of the Thais of Thailand. M., 1996. Ismagilova R.N. Ethnic problems of modern Tropical Africa. M., 1973. Kabo V.R. Tasmanians and the Tasmanian problem. M., 1975. Calendar customs and rituals in the countries of Foreign Europe / Ed. S.A. Tokarev. M., 1973, 1977, 1978, 1983. Kiselev G.S. Hausa. Essays on ethnic, social and political history (before the 19th century). M., 1981. Kozlov S.Ya. Fulbe Djallona. M., 1976. Kochakova N.B. The birth of African civilization. Ife, Oyo, Benin, Dahomey. M., 1986. Kryukov M.V., Malyavin V.V., Sofronov M.V. Chinese epic in the Middle Ages. M., 1984. Kryukov M.V., Sofronov M.V., Cheboksarov N.N. Ancient Chinese: problems of ethnogenesis. M., 1978. Kubbel L.E. Songhai power. M., 1974. Cuban ethnography. Articles and materials. M., 1983. Culture and life of the peoples of foreign Europe. Ethnographic research. M., 1967. Lyapunova R.G. Aleuts. 1987. Maretina S.A. Andamanese: On the problem of pre-agricultural societies. St. Petersburg, 1995. Markov G.E. Nomads of Asia. M., 1976. Midt M. Culture and the world of childhood. M., 1988. Morgan L.G. Homes and home life of American Indians. L., 1934. Morgan L.G. League of Hodanesaunee, or Iroquois. M., 1983. National problems of Canada. M., 1972. National processes in Central America and Mexico. M., 1974. Nitoburg E.D. Blacks of the USA. XVII - early XX centuries. Historical and ethnographic essay. M., 1979. Community in Africa. Problems of typology. M., 1978. Main problems of African studies. M., 1973. Hunters of the American North. M., 1991. Popov V.A. Ethnosocial history of the Akans in the 16th - 19th centuries. Problems of genesis and stage-formational development of ethnopolitical organisms. M., 1990 Rose F. Aborigines of Australia. M., 1989. Sedlovskaya A.N. Small peoples of Bihar. (Historian-ethnographic essay). M., 1976. Semashko I.M. Bhils. Historical and ethnographic research. M., 1975. Modern ethno-national processes in Western European countries. M., 1981, Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck). Sailors of the sunrise. M., 1950. Types of rural housing in foreign European countries. M., 1968. Types of traditional rural housing of the peoples of Southeast, East and Central Asia. M., 1979. Traditional and syncretic religions of Africa // Series: Religions in the 20th century. M., 1986. Fainberg L.A. Indians of Brazil. M., 1975. Fedorova I.K. Easter Island. M., 1993. Formation of nations in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Historical and historical-cultural aspects. M., 1981. Heerdahl Tour. Adventures of one theory. L. 1969. Evans-Pritchard E.E. Nuer. Description of the methods of life support and political institutions of one of the Nilotic peoples. M., 1985. Ellenberger V. The tragic end of the Bushmen. M., 1956. Elkin A. Indigenous people of Australia. M., 1952. Ethnic processes in the countries of Foreign Europe. M., 1970. Ethnic processes in the Caribbean. M., 1982. Ethnic processes in the countries of Southeast Asia. M., 1974. Ethnic processes in the countries of South America. M., 1981. Ethnography of childhood. Traditional forms of raising children and adolescents among the peoples of Western and South Asia. M., 1983.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA AND NEAR ABROAD

Alexandrov V. A. Rural community in Russia (XVIII - early XIX century). M., 1976. Alekseenko E.A. Chum salmon. L., 1967. Anokhina L.A., Shmeleva M.N. Life of the urban population of the central zone of the RSFSR in the past and present. M., 1977. Antropova V.V. Culture and life of the Koryaks. M., 1971. Bayburin A.K. Dwelling in the rituals and beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. L., 1983. Bgazhnokov B.Kh. Essays on the ethnography of communication between the Circassians. Nalchik, 1983. Belitser V.N. Essays on the ethnography of the Komi peoples. M., 1958. Bernshtam T.A. Youth in the ritual life of the Russian community in the 19th-20th centuries. M., 1988. Bernshtam T.A. Russian folk culture of Pomerania in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Ethnographic essays. L., 1983. Bikbulatov N.V. Bashkir kinship system. M., 1981. Bogoraz V.G. Material culture of the Chukchi. M., 1991. Boguslavskaya I.Ya. Russian folk art. L., 1968. Boyko V.I. Social development of the peoples of the Lower Amur. Novosibirsk, 1977. Budina O.R., Shmeleva M.N. The city and Russian folk traditions. M., 1989. Life of Great Russian peasant farmers. Description of materials from the Ethnographic Bureau of Prince V.N. Tenishev (using the example of the Vladimir province), St. Petersburg, 1993. Everyday culture of the Chuvash. Cheboksary, 1985. Vainshtein V.A. Historical ethnography of Tuvans. M., 1972. Vasilevich G.M. Evenks. L., 1969. Vasiliev V.I. Problems of the formation of the Northern Samoyed peoples. M, 1979. Vinokurova I.Yu. Calendar customs, rituals and holidays of the Vepsians (late 19th – early 20th centuries). St. Petersburg, 1994. Vladykin V.E. Religious and mythological picture of the world of the Udmurts. Izhevsk, 1994. Volkova N.G., Javakhishvili G.N. Everyday culture of Georgia in the 19th - 20th centuries: traditions and innovations. M., 1982. Questions of the ethnic history of the Estonian people. Tallinn, 1956. East Slavic ethnographic collection. M., 1956. . Vyatkina K.V. Essays on the culture and life of the Buryats. 1969. Gagen-Thorn N. Women's clothing of the peoples of the Volga region. Materials for ethnogenev. Cheboksary, 1960. Gadzhieva S.Sh. Kumyks. M., 1961. Gadlo A.V. Ethnography of the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia. St. Petersburg, 1998. Gardanov V.K. Social system of the Adyghe peoples. M., 1967. Geography and culture of ethnographic groups of Tatars in the USSR. M., 1983. Gromyko M.M. Traditional norms of behavior and forms of communication of Russian peasants of the 19th century. M., 1986. Gromyko M.M. The world of the Russian village. M., 1992. Guboglo M.N. Modern ethnolinguistic processes in the USSR. Main factors and trends in the development of national-Russian bilingualism. M., 1984. Gurvich I.O. Culture of the northern Yakut reindeer herders. M., 1977. Dmitrieva S.I. Folklore and folk art of Russians of the European North. M., 1988. Dolgikh B.O. The clan and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century. M., 1960. Drobizheva L.M. Spiritual community of the peoples of the USSR. Historical and sociological essay on interethnic relations. M., 1981. Zherebtsov L.N. Historical and cultural connections of the Komi with neighboring peoples. M., 1982. Zelenin D.K. East Slavic ethnography. M., 1991. From the history of the St. Petersburg province. New in humanities research. St. Petersburg, 1997. History and culture of the Itelmens. L., 1990. History and culture of the Koryaks. L., 1990. History and culture of the Udege. L., 1989. History and culture of the Chukchi. L., 1987. Iskhakov D.M. Tatars (popular essay on ethnic history and demography) // Tatars. Naberezhnye Chelny, 1993. P. 3-50. Iskhakov D.M. From medieval Tatars to the Tatars of the New Time (an ethnological view of the history of the Volga-Ural Tatars of the 15th - 17th centuries. Kazan, 1998. Kaloev B.A. Agriculture of the peoples of the North Caucasus. M., 1981. Kaloev B.A. Ossetians. M., 1967. Karlov V.V. Evenki in the 17th - early 20th centuries. M., 1982. Kimeev V.M. Shorts. Who are they? Kemerovo, 1989. Kobychev V.P. Settlement and housing of the peoples of the North Caucasus (XIX-XX centuries .). M., 1982. Kovalevsky M. M. Law and custom in the Caucasus. M., 1980. Kozlov V. I. Nationalities of the USSR. Ethnodemographic review. M., 1982 Kozlova K. I. Essays on the ethnic history of the Mari people. M., 1978 Konakov N.D. Komi hunters and fishermen in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 1983. Krashennikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka. M., 1949. Krupyanskaya V.Yu., Polishchuk N. .S. Culture and life of workers of the mining and factory Urals (late XIX - early XX centuries). M., 1971. Kuzeev R. G. Historical ethnography of the Bashkir people. Ufa, 1978 Kuzeev R. G. Peoples of the Middle Volga region and Southern Urals : Ethnogenetic view of history. M., 1992. Culture of life support and ethnicity. Experience of ethnocultural research (based on materials of Armenian rural culture). Yerevan, 1983. Culture and life of the peoples of the North Caucasus. M., 1968. Lashuk L.P. Formation of the Komi people, M., 1972. Lukina N.V. Formation of the material culture of the Khanty. Tomsk, 1985. Markov G.E. Essay on the history of the formation of the northern Turkmens. M., 1961 Maslova G.S. Folk clothing in East Slavic traditional customs and rituals of the 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 1984. Moldovans. Chisinau, 1977. Molchanova L.A. Material culture of Belarusians. Minsk, 1968. Mordva. Historical and ethnographic essays. Saransk, 1981 Mukhamedova R.G. Mishar Tatars. M., 1972. Mukhametshin Yu.G. Kryashen Tatars. M., 1977. We live on the same land: The population of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region / Comp. and scientific editor. K.V. Chistov. St. Petersburg, 1992. Peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. Historian-ethnographic essays. The peoples of the North Caucasus from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. T.I.M., 1988. Naulko V.I. Ukrainians. Kyiv, 1980. Nosova T.D. Paganism in Orthodoxy. M., 1975. Pimenov V.V. Veps. Essay on ethnic history and the genesis of culture. M.-L., 1965. Pimenov V.V. Udmurts. Experience in component analysis of ethnicity. L., 1977. Potapov L.P. Altai shamanism. L., 1991. Nature and man in the religious ideas of the peoples of Siberia and the North. 1976. Cisural Tatars. Kazan, 1990. Propp V.Ya. Russian agricultural holidays. Experience of historical and ethnographic research. L., 1983. Propp V.Ya. Russian heroic epic. M., 1958. Rozhdestvenskaya S.B. Russian folk artistic tradition in modern society. M., 1981. Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays. M.-L., 1955. Russians. Family and social life. M., 1989. Russians. Ethnosociological essays. M., 1992. Rural settlements of the Baltic states. M., 1971. Family life of the peoples of the USSR. M., 1990. Family and family life of the Baltic peoples. Proceedings of IE. XXVII. M., 1962. Sepeev G.A. Eastern Mari: Historical and ethnographic study of material culture (mid-19th - early 20th centuries). Yoshkar-Ola, 1975. Seroshevsky V.L. Yakuts. Yakutsk, 1993. Simchenko Yu.B. The culture of deer hunters in Northern Eurasia. ethnographic reconstruction, M., 1976. Smirnova Ya.S. Family and family life of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Second half of the XIX-XX centuries. M., 1983. Smolyak A.V. Traditional economy and material culture of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin. M., 1984. Smolyak A.V. Ulchi. M., 1996. Sokolova Z.P. Social organization of the Khanty and Mansi in the 18th-19th centuries. Problems of phratry and clan. M., 1983. Sokolova K.V. Spring-summer calendar rituals of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians in the 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 1979. Social and national. Experience of ethnosociological research based on materials from the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. M., 1973. Surkhasko P.Yu. Karelian wedding rituals (late XIX - early XX centuries). L., 1977. Taxami Ch.M. The main problems of ethnography and history of the Nivkhs. L., 1975. Taroeva R.F. Material culture of Karelians (KASSR). Ethnographic essay. M.-L., 1965. Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals. M., 1967. Tokarev S.A. Religious beliefs of the East Slavic peoples. XIX - early XX centuries. M., 1957. Tultseva L.A. Modern holidays and rituals of the peoples of the USSR. M., 1985. Ukrainians / Rep. ed. N.S. Polishchuk, A.P. Ponomarev. M., 2000. Fedorova E.G. Historical and ethnographic essays on the material culture of Mansi. St. Petersburg, 1994. Fedorova E.G. Historical and ethnographic essays on the material culture of Mansi. St. Petersburg, 1994. Khomich L.V. Nenets. L. 1966. Khomich L.V. Nenets. M., Leningrad, 1964; 2nd ed. St. Petersburg, 1995. 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Thus, the boundaries of large geocultural regions of the world are the result of the interaction of natural, economic and historical-cultural (civilizational) components. Prominent Russian geographer V.V. Volsky defined the concept as follows: “ civilizational macroregion": “a historically established complex of neighboring peoples belonging to the same regional civilization and developing interdependently in certain geographical conditions,” while identifying 11 civilizational regions: Western and Central-Eastern Europe, Russian-Eurasian region, North Africa and the Middle East, South, East and Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North America, Latin America, Australia and Oceania.

Within large historical and geographical regions, there are historical and cultural areas of lower rank, down to local cultural areas. For example, within the Western European region the following historical and cultural areas can be distinguished: Northern, Central, Western (Atlantic), Southern (Mediterranean). However, as some authors believe, in conditions of mixing of cultures, the division of geospace into historical and cultural worlds has generally lost all meaning.

Where are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites located?

More than half of all World Cultural Heritage sites are represented in Europe, which clearly reflects the contribution of Western civilization, as well as Christianity as a world religion, to the treasury of humanity. The top three in terms of the number of objects are Italy, Spain and China. About a quarter of all heritage sites are located in Asia, where the ancient and medieval civilizations of the East were formed, the cultural basis of which was religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, as well as traditional religions. It is obvious that each ethnic group represents a certain cultural value, since it has contributed to the global “treasury” of civilizations. The achievements of non-European cultures are no less significant for world progress than those of “civilized Europeans.”

Information sources

1. Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. Fundamentals of regional policy. St. Petersburg, 1998.

2. Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. Regional studies. M., 2000.

3. Dugin A.G. Fundamentals of geopolitics. M., 1997.

4. Mashbits Ya.G. Basics of regional studies. M., 1995.

5. Peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book / ch. ed. Yu.V. Bromley. M., 1988.

6. Toynbee A.J. Comprehension of history. M., 1991.

7. Toynbee A.J. Civilization before the court of history. M., 1996.

8. Cheboksarov N.N., Cheboksarova I.A. Peoples, races, cultures. M., 1985.

9. Spengler O. Decline of Europe: Essays on the morphology of world history. M., 1993.

10. Yakovets Yu.V. History of civilizations. M., 1997.

Questions and tasks

1. What are the reasons for the differences in approaches to zoning the cultural map of the world among different authors?

2. Which civilizations include several ethnic groups within their borders? Which civilizations have one ethnic community at their core?

3. Give examples when religion united different ethnic groups into a single civilization.

4. Using additional literature, using the example of your region (region, republic, territory), highlight historical and cultural areas and tell us about their cultural identity.

Russian civilizational space

§ 3. Russian people

The first written information about the Russians can be found in the “Tale of Bygone Years” (XII century), in which the author talks about the Slavic tribes related to the Russians. However, the formation of the Russian ethnic group began in the 9th–12th centuries, when the tribes of the Eastern Slavs (Polyans, Drevlyans, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Ilmen Slovenes, etc.) consolidated within a single state - Kievan Rus - in ancient Russian people. Further consolidation of this nation was prevented by the feudal collapse of Kievan Rus, and subsequently by the unification of disparate principalities under the rule of several states (the Principality of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), which laid the foundation for the formation of three modern Slavic peoples: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians . It is within the borders of the Moscow Principality that, on the basis of the unity of language and Orthodox culture, the Russian people, united by a single identity and territorial community. Later, in the 17th – 19th centuries, in conditions of active territorial expansion, Russian nation.