List of musical genres, directions and styles. Main directions in music

Tutorial intended for students and teachers of pedagogical colleges for use in “Playing Musical Instruments” lessons. Included in the manual theoretical material, introducing students to the main genres of music. The application contains sheet music, which can be used for students to listen to and perform in class.

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Music genres

Translated from French word genre means type, kind, manner. This word refers to a type of work that has its own distinctive features, content, form and purpose. To better understand what a genre is, let's turn to painting. You know well that if a person is depicted in a painting, this painting is called a portrait. If the canvas depicts nature, it is a landscape. The image of fruits and game is called a still life. Portrait, landscape and still life are genres in painting. In literature, this is a story, a novel, a story, an essay.

Music also has its own genres. Let's start with three musical genres: song, dance and march. Wonderful teacher and composer D.B. Kabalevsky compared them to three pillars on which all music rests.Song, dance and marchhave become part of our everyday life and have merged with it so much that sometimes we do not notice or perceive them as art. Who among us thought, when listening to our mother’s lullaby, walking in a sports formation, or dancing at a disco, that a piece of music was being performed? Of course, no one. But they are always with us - song, dance and march.

In opera, in symphony and choral cantata, in piano sonata and string quartet, in ballet, in jazz, pop and folk music, in a word, in any field musical art The support of the “three pillars” awaits us.

Song

Long before there was professional music, folk songs truthfully and artistically reflected the typical features of the national character of a particular people.The birth of a song has long been associated with the lives of people, their labor activity, everyday life. Song , like sobbing or laughter, reflects the state of the human soul, which is why they are so diverse and numerous. The peculiarity of the song is the harmonious combination of words and music

Very often the word “folk” is added to the word “song”. Every folk song has a distinct National character, because people of all nations and all continents sing in their own way. Hard to confuse Russian song from Georgian, Uzbek, Neapolitan or Negro.How gem The song was passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. Each performer contributed something of his own, individuality to it. Therefore, often the same texts were sung in different villages with different tunes. Exist different kinds folk songs: work, games, rituals, family and everyday life, round dances, dances, lyrical, epic and many others.

Most often the song is performed accompanied by a musical instrument. Using folk theme, composers create new song genres, as well as monumental works: cantatas, oratorios, operas and operettas. The song organically entered into symphonic music. And there are many such examples.

Dance - one of the oldest manifestations of folk art. IN

People sought to convey their feelings through rhythmic or smooth movement

moods and thoughts. This is how ritual dances appeared, which became

an indispensable attribute of every holiday. Many peoples have preserved them

And until our time. People dance, sometimes turning their dance into art

- ballet. They dance while participating in ceremonies or having fun in

free evenings and on holidays. Each nation has its own

National traditions of dance with its characteristic music.

French dance chime (courante - “running”, “current”)

Of court origin, but quite fast, different

complex, intricate figures and music corresponding to them.

A completely different dance sarabande - slow, majestic. He was born

in Spain and arose from a solemn mourning rite. This was reflected in

The name (sacra banda in Spanish - “holy procession”).

Zhiga — old dance English sailors, fast, cheerful,

casual. These four dances have long been combined by composers

to the suites.

Many wonderful dances have long existed in Poland. Most

The most famous of them were the polonaise, mazurka, and krakowiak.

The oldest of them is polonaise . In the old days he was called great or

walking dance Its current name comes from the French

polonaise ("Polish"). Polonaise - a parade procession opened

court balls. In addition to the courtier, there was also a peasant

Polonaise, calmer and smoother. Favorite dance was

mazurka , more precisely - Mazury (from the name of one of the regions of Poland -

Mazovia). Folk mazurka with a cheerful, perky, sharply accented

Melody is couples dance, in which there are no pre-conceived figures.

Third dance - Krakowiak differs from the first two in clear size.

All these dances are presented in the works of Chopin, We hear them in

Glinka's opera "Ivan Susanin".

Polka dance belongs to someone else to the Slavic people- Czechs.

Its name comes from the word pulka - “half”, as they danced

his small steps. This is a lively, relaxed dance that

They dance in pairs in a circle. The most beloved of Czech dances, it sounds in

Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride.

The interesting fate of the Austrian peasant dance Ländler. Doubles

A circle dance that takes its name from the Austrian region of Landl, it is

At the beginning of the 19th century, it migrated from villages to cities in Austria and Germany. His

they began to dance at balls, and gradually he became well-known and

everyone's favorite waltz.

In Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsodies" and Brahms's "Hungarian Dances"

characteristic melodic turns, sharp, rhythmic figures. They

immediately recognizable by ear, reminiscent of Hungarian folk dance Czárdáše.

Its name comes from the word csarda - “tavern”, “tavern”.

Hungarian taverns have long served as original clubs, where

the surrounding residents gathered. In them or on the platform in front of them and

danced. Chardas arose at the beginning of the 19th century, and not in the peasant

Wednesday, but in the city. This dance consists of two parts: slow,

pathetic and moving, fire dance.

The city of Toronto is located in southern Italy. He gave the name

national dance tarantella.

The dances of Spain are very colorful. Khota - favorite Spanish dance

The provinces of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia are characterized by a fast pace,

sharp rhythm, which is emphasized by the clicking of castanets. This is a doubles

dance performed to the accompaniment of a guitar or mandolin. The originality of the

Glinka was captivated during his trip to Spain. His orchestral

"Aragonese Jota" was written on a genuine folk theme.

Another common dance is bolero (in Spanish volar - “to fly”)

more moderate, with a rhythm reminiscent of the polonaise.

In Russia it is purely instrumental dance music didn't get that much

widespread: Russians have long loved to sing, and all dances - and

fast cheerful dances and smooth round dances - usually accompanied

singing. The most popular lively dance in the 19th century"Lady" even

It got its name from the chorus of the song “Madam-lady”. Among

dances of other nations are known to Ukrainian Cossack , fast, perky

Moldovenyaska.

Caucasian dance has gained enormous popularity lezginka Music

Lezginki - with a clear rhythm and energetic movements - attracted

attracted the attention of many composers. Stormy, full of elemental force and

Lezginka passions are heard in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by Glinka, in the ballet

"Gayane" by Khachaturian.

March. French word marche means "walking". In music, this is the name given to pieces written in a clear, energetic rhythm that is comfortable to march to. Although the marches differ from each other, they have one thing in common: the march is always written in an even size - two or four quarters, so that those walking do not lose their feet. But every rule has exceptions. Listen to the song by A. Alexandrov based on the verses of V. Lebedev - Kumach “Holy War”. It is written in three-part time, and yet it is a real march, under which the soldiers went to the front. The march is an important organizing, unifying principle. It is no coincidence that many revolutionary songs are written in a march rhythm. These are the famous “Marseillaise”, “Internationale”, “Varshavyanka”. The king of the march was called Soviet composer AND ABOUT. Dunaevsky. He wrote many famous marches: “March of Enthusiasts”, “March of Athletes”, “Sports March”. There are several types of marches: drill, counter, concert, funeral.

Chaikovsky. March of the Wooden Soldiers;
Funeral of a Doll ("Children's Album");
"Wedding March" by Mendelssohn;

Marches from operas: M. Glinka “Ruslan and Lyudmila”;
G. Verdi "Aida"; C. Gounod "Faust";
F. Chopin. Sonata in B flat major;
L. Beethoven. Finale of the Fifth Symphony;
V. Agapkin. "Farewell of the Slav";
V. Alexandrov. "Holy war";
I. Dunaevsky. March from the movie" Funny boys ".

Determination of genre in works of classical music.

Music genres They also differ in the method of execution. INsymphonic musicit is a symphony, a concerto, a suite.

Symphony - a piece of music for orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Concert - a work for one or (less often) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as public performance of musical works.

Seasons Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi - the first four violin concertos from his eighth opus, which is a cycle of 12 concertos, one of his most famous works, also one of the most famous musical works in the Baroque style. Written in 1723, first published two years later. Each concert is dedicated to one season and consists of three parts corresponding to each month. The composer prefaced each of the concerts with a sonnet - a kind of literary program. It is assumed that the author of the poems is Vivaldi himself. It should be added that the paradigm artistic thinking is not limited to a single meaning or plot, and involves secondary meanings, hints, and symbols. The first obvious illusion is the four ages of man, from birth to death (the final part contains an unambiguous hint of the last circle of Dante's hell). Equally overt is the allusion to the four regions of Italy, according to the four cardinal directions and the path of the sun across the sky. This is sunrise (east, Adriatic, Venice), midday (sleepy, hot south), magnificent sunset(Rome, Latium) and midnight (cold foothills of the Alps, with their frozen lakes). But in general, the content of the cycle is much richer, which was clear to any enlightened listener of that time. At the same time, Vivaldi here reaches the heights of genre and direct depiction, without shying away from humor: the music contains the barking of dogs, the buzzing of flies, the roar of a wounded animal, etc. All this, coupled with an impeccably beautiful form, led to the recognition of the cycle as an indisputable masterpiece .

Suite - a work for one or two instruments from several dissimilar pieces connected by a common concept.

IN chamber music genres are distinguished: trio, quartet, sonata, prelude.

Trio (from Latin tria - "three") - musical ensemble of three performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Quartet - musical ensembleof four performing musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Sonata - a piece of music consisting of three or four movements of varying tempo and character.

Prelude (from Latin - before and game) is a short piece of music that does not have a strict form.

In vocal music- romance, oratorio, cantata.

Romance - a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mainly love; chamber musical and poetic work for voice with instrumental accompaniment.

Oratorio - major piece of music for choir, soloists and orchestra. In the past, oratorios were written only on subjects from Holy Scripture. Differs from opera in the absence stage action, and from the cantata - by larger sizes and branching of the plot.

Cantata (Italian cantata, from Latin сantare - to sing ) is a vocal-instrumental work for soloists, choir and orchestra.

To musical and theatrical genresinclude opera, operetta and ballet.

Opera - a work for the theater, which is performed by artists - singers and orchestra. In this musical genre, poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

The literary basis of the opera is the libretto. Often the basis of the libretto becomes some literary or dramatic work. For example, the opera “The Stone Guest” by Dargomyzhsky was written in full text"A Little Tragedy" by Pushkin. But usually the libretto is reworked, since the text should be concise and concise.

Almost every opera begins with an overture - a symphonic introduction, which general outline introduces the listener to the content of the entire action.

Music in opera reveals the innermost feelings of the characters, their character,

talks about their thoughts. IN dramatic performances this is transmitted to

monologues of actors. In the opera, the role of a monologue is played by an aria (translated from

Italian - “song”). The arias are characterized by wide chanting. To more

The hero is fully shown; several of his arias are introduced into the opera. In the opera P.I.

Tchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" Lensky performs the aria "Where, where have you gone", which shows his emotional experiences, excitement,

uncertainty about the coming day. Lensky's Arioso “I love you, Olga” -

A small aria of free construction of a lyrical nature.

Another important component operas - ensembles. During the simultaneous

Singing several soloists, we not only hear the voice of each

The performer, but we also feel the beauty of such a joint sound.

The largest ensemble, without which not a single opera can do, is the chorus.

The orchestra plays an important role in opera. He not only accompanies the entire opera,

but it is also unique actor, since the music performed

orchestra, reveals the idea of ​​the work, reveals thoughts, feelings,

relationships between characters, determines dramatic development plot.

An important component of the opera is the dance scenes. In the opera M.I.

Glinka's "Ivan Susanin" the second act is almost entirely based on

dancing. This is a peculiar characteristic of an arrogant, confident in her

victory of the Polish gentry. That's why they dance the polonaise at this ball,

krakowiak, mazurka, presented by the composer not as folk, but

Knightly dances.

Operetta (from the Italian operetta, literally small opera) -

A theatrical performance in which individual musical numbers

Alternate with dialogues without music. Operettas are written in

Comic plot , the musical numbers are shorter operas in general

operetta music has a light, popular character, but inherits

directly to the traditions of academic music.

Ballet (from Italian ballo - dancing) - type of stage performance art;

performance, the content of which is embodied in musical

choreographic images. Most often, the basis of ballet is

a certain plot, dramatic concept, libretto, but there are also

plotless ballets. The main types of dance in ballet

are classic and character dance. An important role here

A pantomime is played, with the help of which the actors convey the feelings of the characters, their

“conversation” among themselves, the essence of what is happening. In modern ballet

Elements of gymnastics and acrobatics are also widely used. Ballet

requires endurance and endurance from any person engaged in it.

There are a great variety of musical genres and trends. If you start listing genres of music, the list will simply be endless, because at the borders different styles Dozens of new musical movements appear from year to year. This is due to the development music technology, new developments in the field of sound production, sound production, but first of all - with people’s need for a unique sound, with a thirst for new emotions and sensations. Be that as it may, there are four broad musical styles, which one way or another gave rise to all other styles. There are also no clear boundaries between them, and yet the production of a musical product, the content of songs and the structure of arrangements are noticeably different. So what are the genres? vocal music at least the main ones?

Pop

Pop music is not only a movement, but also an entire mass culture. The song is the only form that is acceptable in the pop genre.

The key points in creating a pop composition are the presence of the most simple and memorable melody, construction according to the verse-chorus principle, and the rhythm and human voice. The purpose for which pop music is created is purely entertainment. A pop performer cannot do without show ballet, stage performances and, of course, expensive video clips.

Pop music is a commercial product, so it constantly changes in sound depending on the style at the peak of popularity. For example, when jazz was in favor in the United States, performers like Frank Sinatra became popular. And in France, chanson has always been honored, so Mireille Mathieu and Patricia Kaas are unique French pop icons. When there was a wave of popularity of rock music, pop artists widely used in their compositions guitar riffs (Michael Jackson), then there was the era of mixing pop and disco (Madonna, Abba), pop and hip-hop (Beastie Boys), etc.

Modern world stars (Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyonce, Lady Gaga) picked up the wave of rhythm and blues and develop it in their work.

Rock

The lead in rock music is given to the electric guitar, and the highlight of the song is usually the expressive solo of the guitarist. The rhythm section is weighted, and musical drawing often complicated. Not only powerful vocals are welcome, but also mastery of the technique of splitting, screaming, growling and all kinds of roars.

Rock is a sphere of experimentation, expression of one's own thoughts, and sometimes revolutionary judgments. The subject matter of the texts is quite broad: the social, political and religious structure of society, personal problems and experiences. It's hard to imagine a rock performer without own group, since performances are carried out only live.

The most common rock music genres - list and examples:

• rock and roll (Elvis Presley, The Beatles);
• instrumental rock (Joe Satriani, Frank Zappa);
• Hard rock ( Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple);
• glam rock (Aerosmith, Queen);
• punk rock (Sex Pistols, Green Day);
• metal (Iron Maiden, Korn, Deftones);
• (Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, 3 Doors Down), etc.

Jazz

Describing modern genres music, the list would be worth starting with jazz, since it had a huge influence on the development of other directions, including pop and rock. Jazz is a music based on African motifs brought to the United States from West Africa by black slaves. Over the century of its existence, the direction has significantly transformed, but what remains unchanged is the passion for improvisation, free rhythm and widespread use. Jazz legends include: Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, etc.

Electronic

The 21st century is the era of electronics, and the electronic direction in music today occupies one of the leading positions. Here the bets are placed not on live instruments, but on electronic synthesizers and computer sound emulators.

Here are the most popular and in-demand electronic music genres, a list of which will give you a general idea:

• house ( David Guetta, Benny Benassi);
• techno (Adam Beyer, Juan Atkins);
• dubstep (Skrillex, Skream);
• trance (Paul van Dyk, Armin van Buuren), etc.

Musicians are not interested in adhering to the boundaries of style, so the relationship between performers and styles is always quite arbitrary. Genres of music, the list of which is not limited to the above areas, in Lately tend to lose their characteristics: performers mix musical genres, there is always room for amazing discoveries and unique finds in music, and the listener is interested in getting acquainted with the latest musical novelties every time.

We are surrounded by millions of sounds - the chirping of birds, the sound of water, the howling of the wind. Merging into a single tandem, they form a unique melody, irresistible and bewitching. That is why man, evolving and becoming more intelligent, began to imitate sounds - improvising and creating something unique and new. In this article we have collected into a single list styles of music, both existing since the formation of society, and those that emerged from oblivion in last decades.

1. Folk simplicity and wisdom

There are more than 1,000 different nationalities all over the world, each with its own culture, mentality and traditions. And if you consider each tribe or group of people separately, you will notice how they are all radically different in musical instruments, songs and dances.

Folk music primarily reflects the very essence and character of people. She talks about what cared about them, made them happy, and made them sad. Some people sing about the wind, a girl, the steppe and galloping horses, while others, on the contrary, talk about forests, swallows and hot bread. Folklore that is why it opens a list of music styles. The description of this branch proves that it is an integral part of our society. Folk music influenced the formation of new styles that are so popular these days.

2. Uplifting classic

Another style of music on the list is classical. The first compositions began to appear hundreds of years ago, but they are still loved. Unlike folklore classical music features thoughtful, spiritual and uplifting melodies.

There is no place for jokes and simple-minded melodies. The classics are much more important and valuable than the simple folklore of each tribe. This kind of music is truly masterpiece and unique.

Scientists have proven that classical music can calm the mind, tune in to work, and activate the areas of the brain responsible for learning and creativity. There's no need to be professional musician to find out " Moonlight Sonata"Beethoven or "Carmen" by Bizet. Mozart, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Chopin, Schubert - these are just a small part of the names that were given to us magnificent works, considered cultural heritage peace.

3. Spirituality

We included spiritual melody in the list of music styles because it has developed since ancient times and continues to exist to this day. For example, in Christianity this trend is accompanied by choral singing, and sometimes by the inclusion of wind and string instruments. The same can be found among Catholics who enjoy temple music created on the organ.

In the East, percussion and mouth instruments are used to create a spiritual melody. As a rule, each nation has its own music. The list of styles can therefore be continued endlessly, but we will move on to the penetrating and soulful blues.

4. Deep blues

Essentially, blues is an offshoot that arose due to the popularity of jazz.

In our list of music styles with examples, we called the blues deep because they are more lyrical, melodic, touching and soulful compositions. With this kind of music you want to sit back, relax, dim the lights in the room and just think about the meaning of life.

As a rule, the blues is an ideal tandem, formed as a result of the unity of such musical instruments, like piano (piano, grand piano), guitar, drums, cello and saxophone.

5. Jazz energy

If you study more closely modern list styles of music, then we will find jazz in the general list.

Jazz really gives energy, because it often reflects state of mind person. If you listen closely, you will notice that any melody contains an uneven, free rhythm. Sometimes jazz was created literally on the fly, and for this style of music we can thank African-American folklore, which also gave the world thoughtful blues.

Examples of jazz musicians: Frank Sinatra, Guy Buddy, James Brown and others.

6. Pop culture

Pop culture is famous for producing popular music. In other words, these are the compositions that everyone around them adore. They often have a simple motive and far from deep text.

A distinctive feature of pop music is the presence of several verses and the same chorus. This style does not have to be sad and lyrical. Often the resulting music is clubby, danceable, relaxing and energetic.

Pop music can be heard everywhere, from music TV channels to radio and ringtones for mobile phones.

7. Loud and extravagant rock

Let's take a look at the list of rock music styles. Today, several people who are called “rockers” may prefer completely different and dissimilar compositions:

• Rock'n'roll. Many people won’t believe it, but people most often dance to this music. Moreover, the style itself will soon turn 70 years old! You are probably familiar with Elvis Presley or by The Beatles.
• Metal. This is heavier rock performed with electric guitars. In such compositions one can often find obscene words, sharp slogans and shouts, a daring and defiant motive. Such music is born or was born by such groups as Metallica, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden and others.
• Rap rock. This style speaks for itself, since musicians most often simply read the lyrics to the song. This style is the most popular, as it unites fans of two directions at once. For example, songs in the rap-rock style can be found by Linkin Park. Hollywood Undead, Limp Bizkit.

8. Fearless hip-hop

Hip-hop can be a dance, a lifestyle, and a genre of music. As a rule, this branch originates in each culture and proceeds differently. While some are enjoying the light funk, singing together about love and wonderful world, others, on the contrary, rebel and call to stand up against the world system.

Wherever you go, you will be surrounded by hip-hop. If you look into the ghetto, or areas located on the periphery of the city, you will become familiar with gangsta rap. If you want to hear combined rock with hip-hop, then you will have to go to a concert where musicians like Insane Clown Posse sing gothic, mystical and terrifying horrorcore.

9. Robot Life

We present to your attention a list of styles electronic music, which appeared almost half a century ago. But first, some facts:

Electronic music itself began to gain popularity closer to 2010. Now all the compositions are the most loved by fans from all over the world, they can be heard at concerts, parties, in cars and headphones.

The most popular styles of electronic music are dubstep, techno, trance, house and, as written above, drum and bass. Branches also began to appear - minimal, psychedelic, harddance, ambient. All styles have one thing in common - the process of creating a melody using the famous drum machine.

But each branch differs in beat speed, volume and dynamics, the use or absence of any words and phrases, the addition of instrumentals and the presence of structure, rhythm, tempo.

Musical genres.

Music(Greek μουσική, adjective from Greek Μούσα - muse) - art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, specially organized in time.

Musical genre- a type of music, musical works, distinguished by special, unique stylistic features. The concept of genre in music stands on the border between the categories of content and form and allows one to judge the objective content of a work based on the complex of expressive means used. Characterizes, as a rule, historically established genera and types of musical works. In musicology, various systems for classifying a musical genre have developed, which depend on which of the factors determining the genre is considered as the main one. Often the same work can be characterized from different points of view, or the same genre can be classified into several genre groups. We can also distinguish “genres within genres,” for example, the various genres of vocal and instrumental music included in opera. Opera is essentially a synthetic genre that combines various types of art. Therefore, when classifying, it is necessary to keep in mind which factor or combination of several factors is decisive. Genre features can be intertwined: for example, song and dance genres. The composition of performers and the method of performance determine the most common classification of genres. This is, first of all, a division into vocal and instrumental genres. Some genres have complex history, making their classification difficult. Thus, a cantata can be either a chamber solo work or a large composition for a mixed composition (xop, soloists, orchestra).

Genre- a kind of model with which specific music relates. It has certain conditions of execution, purpose, form and nature of content. So, the purpose of a lullaby is to calm the baby, so “swaying” intonations and a characteristic rhythm are typical for it; in the march - everything means of expression music are adapted to a clear step.

The simplest classification of genres is by method of execution. These are two large groups:

instrumental(march, waltz, etude, sonata, fugue, symphony);

vocal genres(aria, song, romance, cantata, opera, musical).

Another typology of genres is related with the performance environment. It belongs to A. Sokhor, a scientist who claims that there are genres of music:

1. Ritual And cult(psalms, mass, requiem) - they are characterized by generalized images, the dominance of the choral principle and the same mood among the majority of listeners.

Psalm(Greek: "song of praise") - hymns of Jewish and Christian religious poetry and prayers from the Old Testament.

Mass- the main liturgical service in the Latin rite of the Catholic Church. Consists of the opening rites, the Liturgy of the Word, the Eucharistic Liturgy and the closing rites

Requiem(lat. “rest”) - funeral service (mass) in the Catholic and Lutheran churches, corresponds to the funeral liturgy in the Orthodox Church.

2. Mass household genres(varieties of song, march and dance: polka, waltz, ragtime, ballad, anthem) - characterized by a simple form and familiar intonations;

3. Concert genres(oratorio, sonata, quartet, symphony) – typically performed in concert hall, lyrical tone as the author’s self-expression;

Oratorio- a major musical work for choir, soloists and orchestra. It differs from opera in the absence of stage action, and from cantata in its larger size and branching plot.

Sonata(Italian: sound) is a genre of instrumental music, as well as a musical form called sonata form. Composed for chamber instruments and piano. Typically solo or duet.

Quartet- a musical ensemble of 4 musicians, vocalists or instrumentalists.

Symphony(Greek “consonance”, “euphony”) - a piece of music for orchestra. As a rule, symphonies are written for a large orchestra of mixed composition (symphonic), but there are also symphonies for string, chamber, wind and other orchestras; The symphony may include a choir and solo vocal voices.

Folk music, musical folklore, or folk music (English folk music) is the musical and poetic creativity of the people, an integral part of folk art (folklore), existing, as a rule, in oral (unwritten) form, passed on from generation to generation.

Spiritual music - musical works, associated with texts of a religious nature, intended for performance during a church service or in everyday life.

Classical music(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - exemplary musical works of outstanding composers of past years that have stood the test of time. Musical works written according to certain rules and canons in compliance with the necessary proportions and intended for performance by a symphony orchestra, ensemble or soloists.

Latin American music(Spanish música latinoamericana) - a generalized name for musical styles and genres of Latin American countries, as well as music of people from these countries who live compactly in the territory of other states and form large Latin American communities (for example, in the USA).

Blues- This musical style, which was created by black musicians living in the United States of America. The blues first began to be played at the end of the nineteenth century in the southern states, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River Delta. The music of this style is very diverse; many musicians have created their own style of performance.

Jazz(English jazz) is a form of musical art that arose in the late 19th - early 20th centuries in the USA as a result of the synthesis of African and European cultures and subsequently became widespread. The characteristic features of the musical language of jazz initially were improvisation, polyrhythm based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of techniques for performing rhythmic texture - swing. The further development of jazz occurred due to the development of new rhythmic and harmonic models by jazz musicians and composers.

Country(English country from country music - rural music) is the most widespread type of North American folk music, equal in popularity in the United States to pop music.

Romance in music- a vocal composition written on a short poem of lyrical content, mainly love.

Electonic music(German Elektronische Musik, English Electronic music, colloquially also “electronics”) is a broad musical genre denoting music created using electronic musical instruments and technologies (most often using special computer programs).

Rock music(eng. Rock music) - a general name for a number of directions popular music. The word “rock” - (translated from English as “pump, sway, sway”) - in in this case indicates the rhythmic sensations characteristic of these directions associated with a certain form movements, similar to “roll”, “twist”, “swing”, “shake” and so on. Some distinctive features of rock music, for example, the use of electric musical instruments or creative self-sufficiency (rock musicians typically perform their own compositions) are secondary and often misleading.

Reggae(English reggae; another spelling is “reggae”) is Jamaican popular music that appeared in the 1960s and has become popular since the 1970s.

Pop music(eng. pop-music from popular music) - direction modern music, kind of modern popular culture. It is a separate genre of popular music, namely an easy-to-remember song.

We immediately warn you that it is very difficult to answer in one article the question of what genres of music there are. Over the entire history of music, so many genres have accumulated that it is impossible to measure them with a yardstick: chorale, romance, cantata, waltz, symphony, ballet, opera, prelude, etc.

For decades, musicologists have been trying to classify musical genres (by the nature of content, by function, for example). But before we dwell on the typology, let’s clarify the very concept of genre.

What is a musical genre?

Genre is a kind of model with which specific music is correlated. He has certain conditions execution, purpose, form and nature of content. So, the purpose of a lullaby is to calm the baby, so “swaying” intonations and a characteristic rhythm are typical for it; c – all expressive means of music are adapted to a clear step.

What are the genres of music: classification

The simplest classification of genres is based on the method of execution. These are two large groups:

• instrumental (march, waltz, etude, sonata, fugue, symphony)
• vocal genres (aria, song, romance, cantata, opera, musical).

Another typology of genres is related to the performance environment. It belongs to A. Sokhor, a scientist who claims that there are genres of music:

• ritual and cult (psalms, mass, requiem) - they are characterized by generalized images, the dominance of the choral principle and the same mood among the majority of listeners;
• mass household (varieties of song, march and dance: polka, waltz, ragtime, ballad, anthem) - characterized by a simple form and familiar intonations;
• concert genres (oratorio, sonata, quartet, symphony) – typically performed in a concert hall, lyrical tone as the author’s self-expression;
• theatrical genres (musical, opera, ballet) - require action, plot and scenery.

In addition, the genre itself can be divided into other genres. Thus, opera seria (“serious” opera) and opera buffa (comic) are also genres. At the same time, there are several more varieties that also form new genres (lyric opera, epic opera, operetta, etc.)

Genre names

You could write a whole book about what names music genres have and how they come about. Names can tell about the history of the genre: for example, the dance’s name “kryzhachok” is due to the fact that the dancers were positioned in a cross (from the Belarusian “kryzh” - cross). Nocturne (“night” - translated from French) was performed at night in the open air. Some names originate from the names of instruments (fanfare, musette), others from songs (Marseillaise, Camarina).

Often music is given a genre name when it is transferred to another medium: e.g. folk dance- to ballet. But it also happens the other way around: the composer takes the theme “Seasons” and writes a work, and then this theme becomes a genre with a certain form (4 seasons as 4 parts) and the nature of the content.

Instead of a conclusion

When talking about what genres of music there are, one cannot fail to mention a common mistake. There is confusion in concepts when classical, rock, jazz, hip-hop are called genres. It is important to remember here that genre is a scheme on the basis of which works are created, and style rather indicates features musical language creations.