Musical terminology in Russian. A brief dictionary of musical terms

Accompaniment-musical accompaniment of a soloist (singer, instrumentalist, ensemble, dance, gymnastic exercises, etc.
Chord(consonance) - the simultaneous sound of three or more sounds, different in pitch and name.
Accent(accent) - emphasizing a sound or chord. A. has various graphic symbols: >, V, ^, sf, etc. They are placed in vocal (solo and choral) parts above the staff (in the absence of text); in instrumental works. A. can be placed between the musical lines or above each one separately, depending on the performer’s expressiveness.
Alteration- raising or lowering the sound by a semitone or tone using the following signs: # (sharp) raises by a semitone; b (flat) lowers by a semitone; - (bekar) cancels sharp or flat, etc.
Ensemble(together). 1. Musical work for several performers: duet(two performers), trio or tercet(three), quartet(four), quintet(five), etc. 2. A single artistic group. 3. Unity and consistency of choral performance.
Fingering- designation in notes of the correct alternation of fingers for the convenience of playing musical instruments.
Arpeggio- sequential execution of sounds in a chord one after another.
Volta- graphic designation of repetition of the previous musical passage, which is designated as follows:

Gamma- scale - the sequential sound of the degrees of a scale in ascending and descending movements. The most common rhythms are diatonic (7 steps) and chromatic (12 steps).
Harmonization- instrumental accompaniment of the melody, written in folk or other styles.
Harmony. 1. Consistent, natural combination of consonances in the conditions of mode and tonality. 2. Academic subject in music theory.
Range- the sound capabilities of a singing voice or any instrument, the volume between the highest and lowest sounds of the voice (instrument).
Dynamics(strength) - the use of amplification or weakening of sound as an expressive means of performance. Basic graphic designations of D.: f (forte) - loud, p (piano) - quiet, mf (mezzo forte) - moderately loud, mр (mezzo piano) - moderately quiet, crescendo (crescendo) - intensifying, diminuendo (diminuendo) - weakening, etc.
Duration- a property of sound that determines its length. The main designation of duration is a whole note, equal to two half notes, four quarter notes, eight eighth notes, etc.

Share- a unit of musical time (sound), divided into strong (stressed) and weak (unstressed).
Dissonance- consonance in which sounds are not combined, causing a feeling of consistency.
Genre- a concept that defines the content, character, direction of a musical work, for example, the genre of opera, symphony, vocal, chamber music. Genre music is usually called music that is closely related to everyday life (march, dance, etc.).
Zatakt- the beginning of a piece of music with a weak beat.

Musical sound- vibration of a sounding body that has basic properties: pitch, duration, timbre, dynamics (strength).
Scale- sequence of main steps of the mode: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si.
Improvisation - creative activity directly during performance, i.e. coming up with your own versions of songs, dances, marching, etc.
Interval- the distance between two sounds of different heights, of which the lower one is called the base, the upper one is called the top, for example prima(repeating the same sound) second, third, quart, fifth, sixth, seventh, octave etc.
Intonation- melodic turn, the smallest musical structure that has independent expressiveness.
Key - a sign that determines the pitch and name of a sound and is placed at the beginning of a musical note. The most common:

violin bass

(salt- on the second line), (fa - on the fourth line).

Consonance- consonance in which sounds merge and seem to complement each other.
Lad- ratio, relationship between stable and unstable sounds.
Legato- connected performance of several sounds.
League- a graphic image in the form of an arc (concave or curved), which indicates the connected performance of several sounds of different heights, an increase in the duration of one sound, the combination of sounds performed in a song on one syllable.

Melismas-original musical decorations of one sound:

Major- modal sound, most often conveying the bright, joyful mood of the music.
Melody- a monophonic sequence of sounds united by semantic content.
Meter- sequential alternation of strong and weak beats in a bar.
Minor- modal sound, most often conveying the pensive, sad mood of the music.
Polyphony- a consonant combination of several independent melodic lines (voices).
Modulation- a logical, intonation transition to another key.
Motive- the smallest musical structure, usually containing one strong beat.
Musical certificate- basic knowledge of music theory.
Note- graphic image of sound.
Staff(staff) - a graphic image of five horizontal parallel lines for writing notes.
Nuance- a shade that emphasizes the character of the sound of music.
Pause- a sign that interrupts the musical sound for a certain period of time and corresponds to the duration of the notes.

Semitone- the smallest distance between two sounds that differ in pitch.
Size- the number of strong and weak beats of a certain duration that form a measure; is depicted as a fraction, the denominator of which indicates the duration of one beat, and the numerator - the number of such shares. It is set at the beginning of the piece, on each staff separately, after the key signs, and the value remains until the end of the piece or until the old time signature is changed and a new one is established. For example: 2/4, ѕ, 6/8, etc.
Register— determines the sound range of a musical instrument, a singing voice and is distinguished into high, medium and low.
Rhythm- sequential alternation of sounds (of varying heights and durations) that have semantic and expressive meaning.
Syncope- shift of sound stress from the strong beat of the bar to the weak one.
Staccato- a performing technique characterized by a short, abrupt sound.
Fret steps- sounds with the following designations:

Tact- a small segment of a piece of music, concluded between two strong beats (starts with the strong and ends before the strong) T. is divided on the musical line by a bar line (vertical line).
Pace— speed of movement, alternation of metric units. The T designations are placed at the beginning of the piece above the first line of notes in Russian and Italian, for example: moderate - moderate (moderato), fast - allegro (allegro), drawn out - adagio (adagio).
Tone- the distance between two sounds, including two semitones.
Tonality is the specific pitch of the sounds of a certain mode, characteristic of a particular work. T. has its own key signs and is determined by the position of the tonic on one or another level of the scale.
Transposition(transposition) - performance of a work (song, play) in a different key.
Triad- a chord in which three sounds are arranged in thirds (for example, do-mi-sol). T. can be major or minor and thus determine the mode.
Texture— a combination of various means of musical expressiveness: melody, accompaniment, individual voices, echoes, theme, etc.
Fermata- graphic designation of additional prolongation, sound for the purpose of greater expressiveness.

Musical form- in a broad sense, combines expressive means: melody, rhythm, harmony, structure. In the narrow sense, f. is the structure of a work, for example, two-part and three-part forms.
Chromatism- semitone change in the pitch of sounds using accidental signs.

Vocal and choral art

A cappella- polyphonic, predominantly choral song without instrumental accompaniment.
Vocalization- a singing, performing technique of chanting to vowel sounds.
Vocal music- intended for singing. There are three main types of singing: solo (one performer), ensemble (duets, trios, etc.), choral (collective performance, single or polyphonic, with accompaniment or a cappella).
Vocal art- singing skills.
Detonation- incorrect, inaccurate sound.
Range- sound volume of the singing voice.
Diction- clear, intelligible, expressive pronunciation of words.
Chorus- the beginning of a solo or choral song.
Cantilena- melodious, smooth, manner of performance.
Chorus- part of a song (in verse form), performed to the same text.

Dance

Bulba- Belarusian folk song-dance of a lively, cheerful character, having a two-beat meter.
Waltz- ballroom dance of a smooth, moderately fast nature, having a three-beat size.
Gallop— ballroom dance, the tempo is rapidly fast; two quarter size.
Gopak- Ukrainian folk dance, fast, impetuous, based on large jumps; two quarter size.
Krakowiak- Polish folk dance, lively in nature; size two quarters; rhythm with characteristic syncopations.
Lyavonikha- Belarusian folk song-dance of a lively, cheerful character with emphasized footsteps at the end of each musical phrase; the pace is fast; two quarter size.
Mazurka- Polish folk dance with a characteristic sharp rhythm; trilobed size.
Minuet- an ancient French ballroom dance of a smooth, somewhat flirtatious nature; three quarter size; the pace is accelerated.
Polka- Czech folk couples dance of a cheerful, light, lively nature; bipartite size; the pace is fast.
Round dance- a mass game, with singing and movements in a circle.

Elements of dance movements

Runner I. p.: feet in basic stance (heels together, toes apart). Push off with your left foot and make a small jump forward with your right foot (count “one”), gently lowering yourself onto it; then move forward at an easy run: with your left foot (count “and”), right foot (count “two”). After this, start the same movements with the left leg (jump, run, etc.).
Side canter- an element of dance, learned to count: “one and, two and.” I. p.: main stand. The movements are light and springy. For “one” - a small step with the right foot jumping to the side (from the toe, slightly bending the knees); on “and” - land on the left; on “two and” - repeat the movements.
Fractional step. I. p.: feet parallel, knees slightly bent. It is performed rhythmically, in place, on the entire foot with rapidly alternating footsteps: right, left, right, etc.
Picker- element of dance. I. p.: legs in basic stance. Performed on the count of “one and, two and.” On “one and” - a small jump on the left leg, at the same time take the right leg to the side, touching the toe to the floor, turn the slightly bent knee inward; on “two and” - make a second jump on your left foot, place your right foot on your heel, turn your knee outward.
Pas de basque- element of dance. I. p.: legs d main stance. Performed on the count of “one and two.” On “and” - a small jump, push your left leg, take your right leg forward and to the right (not high above the floor); for “one” - land on your right leg, bend your left, knee out; on “and” - step with the left foot, slightly bending the knee, raise the right; on “two” - step with the right foot, slightly bending the knee, lift the left one and bend it slightly.
Russian variable step. I. p.: main stand. Performed on the count of “one and two and” On “one” - step forward with the right foot from the toe; on “and” - a small step with the left foot on the toe (the heel is raised low); on “two and” - a small step with the right foot forward from the toe. Then the movements are performed from the left leg.
Russian round dance step. I. p.: legs in third position (the heel of the right foot is placed in the middle of the left foot). The movements are a smooth alternating step with each foot from a cosco.
Waltz step(gymnastic). I. p.: toe stand. Performed on the count of “one two three.” For “one” - step forward with the right foot from the toe to the entire foot, slightly bending the knee (gently springing); on “two, three” - two small steps forward with the left then the right foot on the toes (legs straight).
Waltz step(dance). I. p.: toe stand. It is performed like the previous step, but while running, quickly.
Polka step. I. p.: legs in third position. Performed on the count of “and one, and two” On “and” - a small sliding jump forward on the left leg, slightly lifting the right one forward; on “one” - step forward with the right toe; on “and” - place your left foot behind your right (third position); on “two” - step forward with your right foot.
Drop step. I. p.: legs in basic stance. Performed on the count of “one and two.” On “and” - raise your right leg to the side, to the right; for “one” - take a small step from the toe to the entire foot, slightly bending the knee, at the same time raise the left leg, bent at the knee; on “and” - straightening your legs, stand on the toes of your left foot (behind your right), take your right one to the side; on “two and” - repeat the movements.
Step with a flood. I. p.: feet parallel, knees slightly bent. Performed on the count of “one, two.” On “one” - a small step with the right foot hitting the floor, on “two” - the same step with the left foot.

Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are or can be located in thirds.
Accent- forceful selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-1. Low female voice (in choir). 2. A bowed string instrument, similar in appearance to a violin, but slightly larger and lower in sound.
Alto clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that the note up to the first octave is on this line. Notes for a bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, terzetto or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). An orchestra is also a type of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a musical work for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- playing the sounds of a chord not simultaneously, but sequentially, one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed in front of the chord.
Baritone-1. Average male voice. For baritone, for example, the roles of Ruslan in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera “Prince Igor” by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. A brass instrument that is part of a brass band.
Bass-1. Low male voice. For example, the roles of Susanin in the opera “Ivan Susanin” by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera “Boris Godunov” by M. Mussorgsky, and Gremin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the bass. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of the small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural-refusal is a sign that cancels the effect of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) is a sign that lowers the sound by a semitone.
Variations- an instrumental piece based on a song and dance theme. What follows is a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
Introductory sounds-sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the VII degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are minor (if the seventh is minor) and diminished (if the seventh is diminished).
Leading tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic of the mode; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
Vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, and choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a musical work with a different ending. Indicated by numbers 1,2
Gamma- sounds of a scale located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- major with a lowered VI degree.
Harmonic minor- minor with an increased VII degree.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Progressions of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main steps of the fret- first degree (tonic), fifth degree (dominant) and fourth degree (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: the tonic triad - on the 1st step, the dominant triad - on the 5th step and the subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma)-melodic figure of four notes. It is performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in bars- distribution of notes into groups depending on the size of the bar.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through octave). A decima is called major if it consists of eight tones. A decima is called minor if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is designated b. 10, small-m. 10.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a scale in which not a single degree is repeated in a form changed through alteration.
Diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main degrees of diatonic modes (pure, major, minor and tritones).
Diatonic modes- modes without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in degrees (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
Diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example mi - fa, do - peb.
Diatonic tone-tone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example do - re, fa - salt.
Sharp (#) - a sign that raises the sound by a semitone.
Dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in sound volume during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- director of the orchestra and choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, and shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- fifth degree of the mode.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the V degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- a seventh chord, built on the 5th degree of the mode, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor VI by a raised degree, which is called the Dorian sixth.
Double-flat (bb-double flat) is a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Double-sharp (X- double sharp) is a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-1. An ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3 bars- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual modes, instruments, any musical works or excerpts thereof.
Alteration signs- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five alteration signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Abbreviations for musical notation- signs through which musical notation is simplified. The most common are: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody successively in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds taken sequentially or simultaneously. The bottom sound of an interval is called its base, the top sound is its top.
Cadence- conclusion of a musical thought.
Cadence complete perfect- ending the construction on a tonic note in the melody.
Cadence complete imperfect- ending the construction at the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Half cadence- stopping in the middle of the construction on an unstable sound of the scale, most often on one of the sounds of the dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tonal) magnitude of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in an interval.
Quart-interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clear quart is indicated by part 4.
Kvartdecima-an interval that contains fourteen steps (a seventh through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-1. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextaccord- the second inversion of a triad, with a fifth at the bottom, is designated 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A perfect fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (octave after octave). Quintdecima is designated -15.
Circle of fifths- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in perfect fifths.
Quintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextchord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a third tone at the bottom, designated 5/6
Clavier- arrangement of an opera or symphonic score for performance on the piano (or for singing with the piano).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of a sound on the staff and, depending on it, all other sounds.
Key signs- alteration signs displayed next to the key.
Code- the final part of a musical work (completes it as a whole).
Quantitative (or step) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure fourth.
Imperfect consonances- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: major and minor thirds, major and minor sixths.
Concert- a major work for a solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment.
Lad- organization of musical sounds around a reference sound called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- transition of unstable sounds of an interval into the nearest stable sounds of a mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural major IV by a raised degree, which is called the Lydian quart.
Major mode- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor third or a major third and a perfect fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. pronounced on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. Consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh or two minor thirds and a major third.
Melismas- melodic figures that decorate individual sounds of a melody.
Melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
Melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps are increased.
Melody- a musical thought expressed monophonically, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- a device for accurately determining tempo.
Mezzo-soprano- low female voice. The roles of Carmen in the opera “Carmen” by J. Bizet, Marfa in the opera “Khovanshchina” by M. Mussorgsky and others were written for mezzo-soprano.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. Differs from natural major VII by a lowered degree, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
Minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a minor triad.
Minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and major third or a minor third and a perfect fifth.
Modulation- transition from one key to another.
Mordent (melism)- a melodic figure of three notes. It is performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is placed, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
Natural major- major, in which the degrees are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale is tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
Natural minor- minor, in which the degrees are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random alteration signs.
Unstable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). A nona is called major if it consists of seven tones. A nona is called minor if it consists of six and a half tones. The major none is indicated by b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign used to record the pitch and duration of a sound.
The staff is the five horizontal parallel lines on which the notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see stave.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
Overtones- overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones, when sounded, form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the fundamental tone): pure octave, pure fifth, pure fourth, major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( major) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Reversing intervals- moving the bottom sound of an interval up an octave or the top sound down an octave. The result is another interval, which adds up to an octave with the original one.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the bottom sound is the third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Reversal of triads- a type of triad in which the bottom sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonics (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-1. An interval that contains six tones. The pure octave is indicated by part 8. 2. Group of sounds from before until every next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other forms of art (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a musical work for choir, orchestra and solo singers (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized to perform music together.
Basic divisions of sound duration- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to the next two shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from dividing into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel keys- major and minor keys that have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
Score- musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate line of notes is allocated for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. A voice in the score, performed by one of the ensemble members (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic scale- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII degrees in natural major and without II and VI degrees in natural minor).
Variable mode- a mode in which there are two tonics. Most often, the tonics of the alternating mode are triads of a major and its parallel minor, or vice versa. There are also other types of alternating fret.
Variable sizes- dimensions in which the number of beats changes throughout the entire work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes, you, Kalinushka”.
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-1. Polyphonic music with an independent meaning for each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a musical work. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, designated part 1.
Simple Intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
Simple sizes- two- and three-beat sizes, having two or three beats with one accent (2/4,3/4,3/8)

Five step fret- see pentatonic scale.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of sounds united by some characteristic, mainly timbre. Each voice or instrument has three registers: high, middle and low.
Reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a musical work. 2. Restatement of topics with some changes.
Recitative- musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if chanting.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of sound durations in a piece of music.
Related keys- tones that have the largest number of common sounds. Related tonalities include: parallel tonality, dominant tonality and its parallel, subdominant tonality and its parallel, as well as the tonality of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the tonality of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic nature.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme that is repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic turn from different degrees of the scale or at a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called major if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth - m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a tertian tone at the bottom is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet-musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a great second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is designated 6.2, the minor second is m.2.
Second accord- the third inversion of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord- a chord of four sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A seventh is called major if it consists of five and a half tones. A septima is called minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is indicated by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several movements (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the beat accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often of a lively, humorous nature. A scherzo can be an independent piece of music or part of another larger work.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the G note of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- dimensions formed from the merging of two or more identical simple dimensions.
Random accidentals- accidental signs placed immediately before the note.
Mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part thereof) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that promote the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
Sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which the themes presented in the exhibition are further developed; 3) reprise, that is, a re-statement of the main themes with some changes.
Sonatina- the sonata is small in size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The roles of Tatiana in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Lisa in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for soprano.
Compound Intervals- intervals wider than an octave, staccato - abrupt execution of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below the notes.
stage- ordinal designation of the sounds of the mode. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, varied in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one downbeat to the next.
Bar line-vertical line separating bars from each other. The bar line is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the character of sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered tuning- a system in which each octave is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
Tenor- high male voice. The roles of Lensky in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Herman in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the tenor.
Tenor clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that on this line there is a note up to the first octave. Notes are written in the tenor key for cello, bassoon, and trombone.
Tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV degrees form the first or lower tetrachord, and V, VI, VII, VIII degrees form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sexta through an octave). A tercidecima is called major if it consists of ten and a half tones. A tercidecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. The major tercidecima is designated b.13, the minor tercdecima is designated m.13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third-an interval that contains three steps. A third is called major if it consists of two tones. A third is called minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is designated b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Third quarter chord - second inversion of a seventh chord with a fifth at the bottom, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tonality is distinguished by its key alteration signs, which determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the 1st degree of the mode.
Transposition- transferring a piece of music or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, rapid alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- rapid repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triplet- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritones include the augmented fourth and diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- a triad, which consists of two major thirds, the extreme sounds forming an augmented fifth. Occurs in harmonic minor at the third degree and in harmonic major at the sixth degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of ​​the entire work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a programmatic nature, for example, the “1812” and “Romeo and Juliet” overtures by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished opening seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the VII degree of harmonic major or harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- a triad, which consists of two minor thirds, the extreme sounds forming a diminished fifth. Occurs in natural major at the VII degree and in harmonic major or minor at II and VII degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a fourth through an octave). Undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they are included in the tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. Main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a musical work.
Piano- a general name for instruments whose sound is produced by striking a hammer on a string when pressing a key.
The grace period is long- melisma, which consists of one sound performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
The grace note is short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds played before the main sound.
Phrasing- clear identification of musical phrases when performing musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
degrees in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor- increased and decreased intervals resulting from an increase in VII
degrees in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Choir-1. A large group of singers. There are choirs for children, women, men and mixed. 2. A piece of music for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as alteration signs.
Chromatic scale- a scale consisting of halftones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do # , mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- a tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely noticeable pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa # -la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonically equal sounds- sounds are the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si # )
Enharmonically equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones they contain, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, do - mi b=do - re # , do - fa # =do - salt b) .
Enharmonically equal tonalities- tonalities are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the tonalities up to seven signs in the key that occur in musical practice, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C major, F # major = G b major, C # major = D major) and three cases in minor (G # minor = A b minor, D # minor = E b minor, A # minor = b minor).

A CAPELLA (Italian: a cappella) – choral singing without instrumental accompaniment. A large number of examples of vocal polyphonic music (for professional choirs, cappella) have been written in the A Capella style. Unaccompanied choral singing is widespread in folk art.

ADAGIO (Italian adagio - slowly) – 1) Slow tempo. 2) In classical dance - a slow part (usually of a lyrical nature).

ACCOMPANEMENT (French accompagnement, from accompagner to accompany) – a) harmonic and rhythmic accompaniment of the main melodic voice; b) accompaniment by one or more instruments, as well as by an orchestra, of a solo part (singer, instrumentalist, choir, etc.).

CHORD (from Late Lat. accordo - agree) - 1) A combination of several sounds of different heights, perceived by the ear as a sound unity. The structure of the Chord is determined by modal-harmonic laws. A chord of three unlike sounds is a triad. The chord is the main element of harmony. 2) String chord – a set of strings for a given instrument.

ACT (from Latin actus - action) or action is a completed part of a theatrical play (drama, opera, ballet, etc.), separated from another similar part by a break (intermission). The number of Acts is from 2 to 5 (there are also one-act plays). Often the Act is divided into pictures. In the theater, sometimes one Act follows another without an intermission (like paintings).

ACCENT (from Latin accentus - emphasis) - highlighting, emphasizing a sound or chord, mainly by strengthening it, as well as by rhythmically lengthening it, changing harmony, timbre, direction of melodic movement, etc.

ALLEGRO (Italian allegro - cheerful, lively) - 1) Fast tempo and the associated lively (initially cheerful) nature of the performance. 2) Sonata Allegro – see Sonata form. 3) In classical dance - a fast part or an extended mass final dance of an act.

ARRANGEMENT (from the French arranger, literally - to put in order, to arrange) is an arrangement (adaptation) of a musical work written for another instrument (voice) or a composition of instruments (voices) for performance on another instrument or by another composition (expanded, reduced).

ARIETTA (Italian arietta, diminutive of aria) is a small aria, usually distinguished by its simplicity of presentation and the songlike nature of the melody (typical of French comic opera).

ARIOSO (Italian arioso, from aria) – 1) A small aria of free construction with a melody of a melodic-declamatory nature. Often Arioso is part of a scene of a recitative nature. 2) Singing, like an aria (about the nature of the performance).

ARIA (Italian aria, the main meaning is air) is a completed episode (number) in an opera, oratorio or cantata, performed by one singer accompanied by an orchestra. In the dramatic development of the opera, the Aria occupies a place corresponding to the monologue in the drama, but is used much more often. Usually, each of the main characters in the opera (partially also from the secondary ones) has one or more Arias. As a rule, the Aria is distinguished by its wide chanting. It is often preceded by a recitative. Varieties of Aria - arietta, arioso, cavatina, etc. Arias also exist as independent concert pieces (in the nature of an operatic Aria). Aria is also called some instrumental works of a melodious nature.

ARS NOVA (lat. Ars nova - New art) is a progressive direction in musical creativity of the early Renaissance (14th century). Its main centers are Paris and Florence. It got its name from the treatise “Ars nova” (20s of the 14th century), the author of which is considered to be the music theorist and composer Philippe de Vitry. The largest representative of Ars Nova in French music is Guillaume de Machaut, in Italian music - F. Landino. Ars Nova is characterized by: an appeal to secular vocal-instrumental chamber genres, a rapprochement with everyday song lyrics, and the widespread use of musical instruments. Musical themes and melodies became more prominent. The characteristic genres of Ars Nova are the motet, the ballade (in France), the ballad and the madrigal in their early forms (in Italy).

BALLET (French ballett, from Latin ballo - I dance) is a type of synthetic art; a work of art, the content of which is embodied in stage musical and choreographic images. Ballet combines in a single theatrical action, based on a general dramatic plan (scenario), music (symphonic, as an exception - and vocal), dance, pantomime (facial expressions and plastic gestures), as well as visual arts (scenery, costumes, etc.). ). Music in Ballet not only accompanies dance and pantomime, but expresses dramatic content. Dances in Ballet are usually distinguished into classical and characteristic (the latter are close to folk). The main system of expressive means of Ballet is classical dance.

BALLAD (French ballade, from Latin ballo - dancing) - originally (in the Middle Ages) in the countries of the Romance language a folk dance song, later among Western European peoples it was also a song of a narrative nature. The Ballad genre was revived and flourished in professional music during the era of Romanticism.

BARD (French barde, from Celtic bard) is a wandering poet and singer among the Celts, who lived mainly in the territory of what is now Ireland and Scotland.

BOLERO (Spanish bolero) - Spanish pair dance, moderate-fast tempo, three-beat meter. Performed to the sound of a guitar, sometimes accompanied by singing.

BLUES (English blues, from blue devils - melancholy, despondency, melancholy, sadness) is a solo song genre of African-American music, formed at the beginning of the twentieth century. (samples published from 1912). Possessing his own range of expressive means (the so-called blues form, harmony, mode, intonation, etc.) and plot motifs, he most clearly expressed the spirit and worldview of blacks in the United States. Having played the most significant role in the formation of jazz at the beginning of the twentieth century, it further developed in line with its traditions (including in the form of an instrumental, mainly piano, genre of music). Among the leading performers are B. Smith, E. Fitzgerald. In the 50s - 60s. influenced (also in the form of rhythm and blues) the emergence and development of American and especially British rock music.

WALTZ (French valse, through German Walzer, from walzen, here - to spin) is a ballroom dance consisting of a smooth forward movement in pairs. Musical time signature: 3/4. The pace is usually fast or moderately fast. Appeared in the 2nd half of the 18th century. in urban life, gradually developing from folk dances of Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Spread throughout Europe in the 19th century. The Viennese Waltz became especially popular. The waltz has also become widespread in piano, orchestral, etc. plays, as part of a major work and as the basis of a romance or aria.

VARIATION – 1) Modification of the musical theme, melody or its accompaniment. 2) In ballet, a short solo classical dance, usually technically advanced, performed at a lively, fast pace.

VIENNA CLASSICAL SCHOOL is a direction in music that developed in Vienna in the 2nd half of the 18th century. Its founders are J. Haydn and W. Mozart, whose work is ideologically connected with the advanced ideas of the Enlightenment of the 18th century. H. Gluck, who began his operatic reform in Vienna, is affiliated with the Vienna Classical School. The last and turning point of the school is the work of L. Beethoven. In the art of the Vienna Classical School, the genres of classical symphony, sonata, concerto, quartet, etc., classical sonata and variation forms are finally crystallized, a new type of opera and symphony orchestra is defined, and a reform of opera genres is carried out. The Vienna Classical School constituted an era in the history of music.

VIRTUOSO (Italian virtuoso, from Latin virtus - valor, talent) is a performing musician who has perfect command of the technique of his art.

VAUDEVILLE is a light comedy with couplets and songs, usually based on an everyday story. It originated in France and actively developed in Russia. Vaudeville of the early 19th century attracted attention with its unpretentious jokes, cheerful, perky and apt couplets. Reliance on the intonations of urban romance, folk songs and popular dances (polka, waltz) gave vaudeville a national, democratic character, and elements of satire received a distinct modern address. The most prominent Russian composers of that time (A. Alyabyev, A. Verstovsky) acted as authors of music for vaudevilles.

VOCAL ART is a type of musical performance based on mastery of the singing voice. Vocal performance can be solo (single), ensemble (group) and choral (mass). VOCAL ART is widely used in concert practice and in the theater (opera, operetta, etc.).

VOCAL MUSIC – music intended for singing (with or without accompaniment on musical instruments).

GALLOP (French galop, from Gothic hlaupan - to run) is a ballroom dance performed in a rapidly fast, jump-like movement. The musical size is bipartite 2/4. Appeared in French. around 1825, became widespread throughout 19th-century Europe. Used in operas, operettas and ballets.

HARMONY (Greek - connection, harmony, proportionality) is an area of ​​expressive means of music, based on the natural combination of tones into consonances and on the connection of consonances in their sequential movement. Harmony covers not only intra-tonal relationships, but also the relationships between the tones themselves. The main type of consonance is the chord. There are different types of chords - consonant and dissonant. Harmony is based on modal-functional relationships. Depending on its location in the scale, a chord has one or another functional meaning. Harmony arises in the process of movement of voices in polyphonic music of any type - homophony, polyphony. In homophonic music, the melody is accompanied by harmonic accompaniment (other voices). Every melody potentially contains Harmony. Harmonization is based on this. The origins of Harmony are in folk music. In the course of the development of musical art, Harmony is modified, enriched with new means and techniques. Harmony is based on objective laws determined by acoustic, physiological and psychological prerequisites. The doctrine of Harmony is one of the most important, widely developed sections of music theory.

CITY SONG originated in the 18th century. based on an old folk song, uses music. features of an ancient song, but is simpler in composition, has a chordal harmonic accompaniment and is related in theme to urban life.

DIES IRE (lat. Dies irae - day of wrath) - a medieval Catholic chant (sequence), one of the sections of the requiem. The tune of Diez Ire, which has a dark, ominous character, has been used by many composers.

CONDUCTING is the art of directing the collective performance of a musical work (orchestra, choir, etc.). The art of conducting is based on a specially developed system of gestures and facial expressions, through which the conductor directs the performance of a musical group.

DISSONANCE (French dissonance, from Latin dissono - sounding out of tune) is a consonance that causes a feeling of inconsistency and increased irritation of the ear.

SACRED MUSIC – music of religious content, performed in a temple, church or in everyday life.

GENRE (French genre) – a type of musical work. In a broad sense, this term is applied to various branches of music: operatic genre, symphonic genre, etc. A more narrow understanding of this term, applied to varieties of basic industries, is more correct. Opera genres - comic opera, grand opera, lyric opera, etc.; Genres of symphonic music - symphony, overture, suite, poem, etc.; Genres of chamber music – romance, sonata, quartet, etc. The concept of Genre also defines one or another character of creativity and the manner of performance associated with it, for example, salon Genre, light Genre (hence – genre songs).

JIG. – 1) The everyday name of a medieval stringed musical instrument. 2) English ancient folk dance of Celtic origin (Ireland, Scotland). Giga is a pair dance (solo for sailors). By the XVII – XVIII centuries. The jig becomes a salon dance. Later it was preserved mainly as a folk dance. As a musical form, the Gigue acquires stable features in the instrumental suite of the 17th - 18th centuries, usually in musical time signatures of 6/8, 9/8 or 12/8.

SOLO - 1) The beginning of a choral song performed by one or more singers (leaders), after which the song is picked up by the entire choir. In some cases, the first phrase or half of a song melody. In folk songs, the chorus often varies during the verse repetition of the melody. 2) The beginning of an epic, usually not related to its main content.

ZATKT - an incomplete beat (weak part of the beat), with which a piece of music or a separate musical phrase or melody often begins. The beat forms an inextricable whole with the strong part of the next measure.

SOUND – mechanical vibrations propagating in elastic media (gases, liquids and solids), perceived by the ear. The source of Sound can be a string, metal, stretched leather, a column of air, etc. The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations with frequencies ranging from approximately 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second. The higher the frequency, the higher the Sound. A sound that has a certain pitch (as opposed to noise) and is part of a naturally organized musical system is called musical Sound. The composition of Sound includes partial tones on which timbre depends. Each Sound has a certain volume (strength).

SINGSPIEL (German Singspiel, from singen - sing and Spiel - play) is a German comic opera in which singing and dancing alternate with spoken dialogue. It emerged as a national German genre of musical and theatrical art. The Singspiel was usually based on a play with everyday content, often with fairy-tale elements.

ZNAMNY CHANT – a system of ancient Orthodox cult chants. The name comes from the ancient Slavic “banner” - a singing sign. Banners (or hooks) were used to record chants. The Znamenny Chant has various variants associated with the forms of church service. The text could be sung using various melodic techniques, which provided significant creative initiative to church choristers.

IMITATION (from Latin imitatio imitation) – 1) Imitation of someone or something, reproduction; fake. 2) In polyphonic music, an exact or modified repetition in one voice of a melody that was previously heard in another voice. Many polyphonic forms are based on imitation, including canon and fugue.

INVENTION - (from Latin invetio - invention, invention) - a small 2- or 3-voice instrumental piece written in an imitation style. Often close in structure to a fugue or fugetta. Found in the works of J. S. Bach, who wrote the Inventions for his students as preparatory exercises for mastering the technique of performing fugues on the clavier.

INTERLUDE (from Latin inter - between and ludus - game) is a small intermediate episode between two more important parts of a musical work, most often between individual variations.

INTERMEDIA (from Latin intermedius located in the middle) – 1) A small, mostly comedic piece, performed between the actions of a dramatic play (often including musical and ballet numbers), musical drama or opera. 2) A musical episode between the theme in the fugue.

INTONATION (from Latin intono - I pronounce it loudly) - in a broad sense: the embodiment of an artistic image in musical sounds. In the narrow sense: 1) melodic turn, the smallest part of the melody that has expressive meaning. 2) reproduction of a musical sound or interval in one of its pitch intervals or when performing a melody in a singing voice or on instruments with an unfixed sound frequency. 3) accuracy, evenness of sound of each tone of the scale of a musical instrument in terms of height, timbre and volume.

INTRODUCTION (from Latin introductio - introduction) - 1) A short introduction, an introduction, usually at a slow tempo, sometimes preceding the presentation of the main part in instrumental works of large form. 2) A type of operatic overture. 3) Vocal ensemble or choral scene at the beginning of the opera.

CAVATINA (Italian cavatina, from cavare, lit. - to extract) is a small operatic aria, usually of a lyrical-narrative nature, distinguished by the relative simplicity of its form and song structure. Cavatina is also sometimes called a short instrumental piece with a melodious melody.

CADENCE (Italian cadenza, from Latin cado - falling, ending) - 1) Cadence, a harmonic or melodic turn that completes a musical work, its part or a separate structure. 2) Free improvisation of a virtuoso nature, performed solo and part of a large musical work, mainly an instrumental concert.

CACOPHONY (from Greek - bad sound) is a chaotic, chaotic accumulation of sounds.

CANON (Greek - norm, rule) is a musical form based on strict, continuous imitation - the sequential implementation of the same melody in all voices of a polyphonic work. The voices participating in the Canon repeat the melody of the leading voice, entering before this melody ends with the previous one.

CANTATA (Italian cantata, from cantare - to sing) is a work of a solemn or lyrical-epic nature, consisting of several completed numbers and performed by solo singers, as well as a choir accompanied by an orchestra.

CANTUS FIRMUS (Latin cantus firmus, literally - a strong, unchanging melody) is the leading melody of a polyphonic work, performed repeatedly in an unchanged form.

CAPELLA (late Latin capella) – 1) Catholic or Anglican chapel: a small separate building or room in the temple (in the side nave, in the choir bypass) for prayers of one family, storage of relics, etc.; 2) choir of singers (from the name of the chapel or church aisle where the choir sang); a group of instrumental performers. Since the 18th century also a mixed ensemble of singers and musical instrument performers.

Kapellmeister (German: Kapellmeister) – 1) In the XVI-XVIII centuries. – director of choral, vocal or instrumental chapels. 2) In the 19th century. conductor of theater, military, symphony orchestras. 3) modern K. is the leader of a military orchestra.

QUARTET from lat. quartus fourth) is a musical ensemble of 4 performers, as well as a piece of music for this ensemble.

QUINTET (from Latin quintus fifth) is a musical ensemble of 5 performers, as well as musical works for this ensemble.

CLASSICS (from Latin classicus - exemplary) - exemplary, classical works, the golden fund of world musical culture. Musical classics (classical music) include the works of outstanding composers, mainly of the past (the best examples of the musical heritage), but also of the present.

CODA (Italian coda, lit. tail) is an additional final section of a musical work, establishing the main tonality and summarizing the previous musical development.

COMPOSITION (from Latin compositio - composition) – 1) The structure of a musical work, musical form. 2) A piece of music, in a certain sense, is a product of creativity.

CONSONANCE (French consonance, from Latin consono according to sound) is a euphonious, coordinated combination of sounds at the same time. The opposite concept is dissonance.

COUNTERPOUNT (lat. punctum contra punctum - lit.: point against point) - a polyphonic combination of 2 or more independent melodic voices, forming a single artistic whole.

COUPLET (French couplet) is a section (part) of a song, consisting of one passage of the entire melody and one stanza of poetic text. When performing subsequent stanzas of the verse song, the melody is repeated exactly or with variation changes. The verse often begins with a chorus and ends with a chorus.

LAD is a system of interrelations of musical sounds, determined by the dependence of unstable sounds on stable reference ones). Modal organization is one of the most important foundations of musical art. According to modal laws, a melody is built, sounds are combined in harmony, voices are coordinated in polyphony, and tonal relationships are formed between sections of the musical form.

LEITMOTHIO (from German Leitmotiv, lit. - leading motive) - a bright, figurative melodic turn, sometimes an entire theme), used in music to characterize a person, idea, phenomenon, experience and repeated many times in a work as the plot develops.

LANDLER (German: Landler, from Landl – region in western Austria) is a peasant paired circle dance in Germany and Austria. Musical time signatures are 3/4 and 3/8. Until the 19th century danced in slow motion. One of the dances from which the waltz originated.

LIBRETTO (Italian libretto, literally – little book) – 1) Verbal text of a vocal musical and dramatic work, mainly stage. 2) Literary script for ballet, pantomime. 3) A brief summary of the plot of an opera, ballet, drama, or film, published as a separate booklet or placed in a theater program.

HUNT – a vocal melody performed by a singer.

MAJOR (from Latin major - larger) is a mode whose stable sounds (1st, 3rd, 5th degrees) form a major (major) triad. The dominant importance of the major triad in music is explained not only by its consonance, but also by its closest correspondence to the acoustic nature of sound.

MAZURKA (Polish mazur) is a Polish folk dance. Originated among the Masurians (an ethnographic group of Poles); later became a favorite Polish dance. Musical time signature is 3/4 or 3/8. Mazurka melodies are distinguished by a sharp rhythmic pattern; there are often sharp accents, moving from the strong beat to the weak beat of the bar. They dance in pairs in a circle.

MELODY (from the Greek - singing, canticle, melody) is an artistically meaningful sequential series of sounds of different heights, organized rhythmically and modally. The melody largely determines the harmony, texture, vocal performance, and instrumentation of the work.

MENUET (French menuet, from menu – small, small) – French dance. Musical time signature: 3/4. Derived from the folk round dance of the province of Poitou. At the end of the 17th century. became one of the main ballroom dances of court circles; entered opera and ballet performances.

MASS (French messe, from late Latin missa) is a polyphonic cyclic work based on the text of the Catholic liturgy. In the process of development, the Mass acquired a concert, oratorio character, approaching opera in style. The funeral Mass is called the Requiem.

METER (French metre, from Greek - measure) - the order of alternating supporting and non-supporting equal-duration time shares; system for organizing musical rhythm. Rhythm expresses the relationship of sounds in time. The meter serves as a measure of these relationships and creates a standard for measuring rhythmic movement.

MINOR (Italian minore, from Latin minor - smaller) is a mode whose stable sounds (1st, 3rd, 5th steps) form a small (minor) triad. The minor triad together with the major triad is the basis of harmony. These triads are equivalent in consonantal and modal terms, since they consist of the same consonant intervals (but in reverse combination) and as the tonic of the corresponding mode they have equal significance.

POLYVOCALITY is a harmonic structure of music based on a combination of several independent voices or on a combination of melody with accompaniment or chord accompaniment. Mixed polyphonic-homophonic vocabulary is also often found.

THE MIGHTY HANDLE is a creative community of Russian composers that formed in the late 1850s and early 1860s; also known as the Balakirevsky circle, the New Russian music school. The name “Mighty Handful” was given to the circle by its ideologist - critic V.V. Stasov. The “Mighty Handful” included: M.A. Balakirev (leader), A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, Ts.A. Cui and N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. K ser. 70s The “Mighty Handful” ceased to exist as a cohesive group. The activities of the “Mighty Handful” became an era in the development of Russian and world musical art.

MOTET (French motet, from the word mot) is a genre of polyphonic vocal music. Originated in France in the 12th century. The early motet is based on a liturgical chant in one of the voices, to which other voices join, often with a variant of the same text or with another text. The highest examples belong to Guillaume de Machaut, Josquin Depres, Palestrina, G. Schutz, I.S. Bahu.

MUSICAL FORM is a complex of expressive means that embody a certain ideological and artistic content in a musical work.

Structure, structure of a musical work. In each work, the musical form is individual, but there are its relatively stable types of different scales: period, simple and complex two-part, simple and complex three-part forms, variations, rondo, sonata form, etc. The smallest semantic and structural unit of a musical form is the motive; two or more motives form a phrase, phrases form a sentence; two sentences often form a period (usually 8 or 16 bars). The themes of a piece of music are usually stated in period form. Basic principles of form-building: presentation of thematic material (exposition), its exact or varied repetition, development, comparison with new topics; repetition of previously presented material after a section developing it or based on new material (reprise). These principles often interact.

NOCTURNE (French nocturne, literally - night) - 1) In the 18th century. a chain of small pieces for an ensemble of wind instruments or in combination with strings; performed in the evening or at night like a serenade. 2) Since the 19th century. - a musical piece of a melodious nature, as if inspired by the silence of the night, night images.

OVERTONES (German Oberton, from ober - upper and tone) - partial tones included in the sound, in addition to the main tone; otherwise, the components of a complex sound vibration, isolated during its analysis and having higher frequencies than the main component (which has the lowest frequency). The composition of the overtones of a complex sound determines its qualitative coloring, or timbre.

OPERA (Italian opera, literally - composition, work, from Latin opera - work, product) - a type of synthetic art; a work of art, the content of which is embodied in stage musical and poetic images. Opera combines vocal and instrumental music, drama, visual arts, and often choreography into a single theatrical performance. In the Opera, various forms of operatic music are embodied in many ways - solo singing numbers (aria, song, etc.), recitatives, ensembles, choral scenes, dances, orchestral numbers.

OPERA BUFFA (“buffoon’s opera”) – Italian. The opera is predominantly based on an everyday realistic plot. Originated in Naples in the 1st half of the 18th century. Its characteristic feature is a continuous musical development, in contrast to French comic opera or German Singspiel, in which musical numbers alternate with spoken dialogues.

OPERA SERIA (“serious opera”) - developed in the 18th century. in Italy, the genre of grand opera of an exalted nature on heroic-mythological, legendary-historical and pastoral subjects, meeting the requirements and conventions of courtly aristocratic aesthetics. A characteristic feature is the “numbered” structure, i.e. alternation of solo musical numbers connected by recitatives, with the absence or minimal use of choir and ballet.

ORATORY (Italian oratoria, from Latin oro - I say, I pray) is a large musical work for a choir, solo singers and symphony orchestra, usually written on a dramatic plot, but intended not for stage performance, but for concert performance.

OSTINATO (Italian ostinato) is a melodic or rhythmic turn repeated many times in a row.

RHAPSODY (from Greek - singing or recitation of epic songs) is an instrumental work, most often free-form, written to folk tunes (songs or dances). It differs from fantasy by greater freedom in the presentation of themes and their treatment.

PANTOMIME (from Greek - reproducing everything by imitation) - 1) The art of expressing feelings and thoughts through facial expressions and gestures. 2) A type of theatrical performance accompanied by music, in which an artistic image is created without the help of words, by means of expressive movement, gesture, and facial expressions. 3) One of the main elements of ballet art. Pantomime is included in a ballet performance in organic combination with dance or as a plot game scene.

PARTY SINGING - singing in parts, in voices. Each voice freely leads its own line. This style of polyphonic singing replaced the medieval znamenny style. Works of this style are distinguished by their light major sound, harmonic fullness and richness, lively melody and rhythm. Party games were written with 8, 12, 24 and sometimes even 48 votes.

PARTITA (Italian partita, lit. divided into parts) - in the music of the 17th-18th centuries. a type of organ variations on a chorale melody, as well as a type of suite.

Score (Italian partitura, lit. - division, distribution) - a musical notation of a polyphonic musical work for an orchestra, choir, chamber ensemble, etc., in which the parts of all individual voices (instruments) are combined.

PASSACAGLIA (from Spanish pasar - to pass and calle - street) - 1) An ancient (17th - 18th centuries) dance of Spanish origin. 2) A musical piece for organ, clavier in the form of variations, with a constantly repeating melody in the bass. Passacaglia's character is majestically concentrated, often tragic. Size 3/4 or 3/2. Passacaglia is related to chaconne.

PERIOD (from the Greek - detour, a certain circle of time) - a structure in which a more or less complete musical thought is presented. Sometimes a whole work (some romances, preludes, etc.) or small plays are built in the form of a Period.

SONG is the simplest and most widespread form of vocal music, combining a poetic image with a musical one.

POLYRHYTHM (from the Greek - many and rhythm) is a simultaneous combination in music of two or more rhythms with an uneven number of time beats in a bar or with an unequal division of these beats.

POLYPHONY (from poly... and Greek phone sound, voice) is a type of polyphony, based on the simultaneous combination of 2 or more independent melodies (as opposed to homophony). Types of polyphony are imitative (Imitation), contrasting (counterpointing different melodies) and subvocal (a combination of a melody and its subvocal variants, characteristic of some genres of Russian folk song). There are 3 periods in the history of European polyphony. The main genres of the early polyphonic period (IX-XIV centuries) are organum, motet. Polyphony of the Renaissance, or choral polyphony of a strict style, is characterized by reliance on diatonics, smooth melody, non-dynamic, smoothed rhythmic pulsation; The main genres are mass, motet, madrigal, chanson. Free style polyphony (XVII-XX centuries) is predominantly instrumental with an orientation towards the secular genres of toccata, ricercar, fugue, etc. Its features are associated with the evolution of harmony, tonality, in the XX century. also with dodecaphony and other types of compositional techniques.

POLKA (Czech – half) is an old Czech folk dance. Performed in pairs in a circle. Musical size 2/4. Lively and cheerful in character.

PRELUDE, Prelude (Late Latin preludium, from Latin praeludo - I play in advance, I make an introduction) - an instrumental piece. Initially, a short introduction of an improvisational nature. Since the 15th century became widespread in the performing practice of harpsichordists and organists. The character and structure were freely determined by the composer.

COURT SINGING CAPELLA, ST. PETERSBURG ACADEMIC CAPELLA named after. M.I. Glinka, originates from the so-called choir founded in Moscow in 1479. sovereign singing clerks, from 1701 Court Choir (transferred to St. Petersburg in 1703), from 1763 Court Singing Chapel, from 1922 State Academic Chapel.

CHORUS, refrain - part of a song performed with the same text at the end of each verse.

PLAY (from Late Latin pecia - piece, part) - 1) A dramatic work intended for performance in the theater. 2) A solo or ensemble piece of music, usually of small size.

REFRAIN (French refrain - to break) - 1) In a verse song there is a chorus. 2) In a rondo, the main theme is repeated many times, alternating with various episodes.

REPRISE (French reprise, from reprendre to resume, repeat) – repetition of any section of a musical work (for example, in sonata form).

RECITATIVE (from Italian recitare - to recite, Latin recito - read aloud) is a type of vocal music close to melodious recitation. Recitative is based on expressive, emotionally charged speech intonations, raising and lowering the voice, accents, pauses, etc. The recitative melody does not form a closed musical form and is largely subject to the syntactic division of the text.

RHYTHM (from the Greek - proportionality, harmony) is a natural alternation of musical sounds, one of the main expressive and formative means of music. Musical intonation, as the smallest expressive turn of a melody, necessarily includes a rhythmic element. Sometimes Rhythm acts as the most striking element of the theme, acquiring a special expressive meaning.

RICHERCARE (from Italian ricercare - to search) is a genre of instrumental music that arose in the 16th century. in the West Europe. Initially, improvisational pieces were predominantly of a chord type, later polyphonic, multi-themed (close in form to a motet) and single-themed (prepared the form of a fugue). Among the authors: A. Gabrieli, Ya.P. Sweelinck, G. Frescobaldi, I.Ya. Froberger, I. Pachelbel, I.S. Bach, in the twentieth century. I.F. Stravinsky.

ROMANCE (Spanish romance, from Late Latin romanice, lit. “in the Roman style,” i.e. in Spanish) is a musical and poetic work for voice accompanied by piano or guitar, harp, etc. Initially, Romance was an everyday song in the native “Roman” language. The poetic text of the Romance finds various musical embodiments. Romance is the main genre of vocal chamber music.

RONDO (from the French rondeau, from rond - circle) is a musical form based on repeated repetition of the main theme, alternating with episodes of different content.

RUSSIAN MUSICAL SOCIETY (RMS) is a concert organization created by A. Rubinstein in 1859 for the purpose of widespread propaganda of musical art.

SYMPHONY (from the Greek symphonia consonance) is a piece of music for a symphony orchestra, written in a cyclic sonata form; the highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. The classical type of symphony developed at the end. 18 start 19th centuries (J. Haydn, W.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven). Among romantic composers, lyric symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn) and program symphonies (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt) became of great importance. Western European composers of the 19th and 20th centuries made an important contribution to the development of symphonies. (I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvorak, J. Sibelius, etc.). The significant place of the symphony in Russia (A.P. Borodin, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.K. Glazunov, A.N. Scriabin, S.V. Rachmaninov, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, S.S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian and others) music.

SCHERZO (Italian scherzo, lit. joke) – 1) In the 16th-17th centuries. designation of a vocal-instrumental work based on humorous texts, as well as various instrumental pieces (by C. Monteverdi and others). 2) Part of a suite (for example, by J.S. Bach). 3) Part of a sonata-symphonic cycle, from the end of the 18th century. gradually replacing the minuet (symphonies by L. Beethoven, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, D. D. Shostakovich, etc.). Characterized by sharp changes in contrasting images, fast tempo, and 3-beat meter. 4) Since the 19th century. an independent instrumental work close to capriccio (Piano Suites by F. Chopin, R. Schumann, etc.).

SONATA (Italian sonata, from sonare to sound) is a musical genre, a work for one or more instruments, written in the form of a sonata cycle (see Cyclic forms). The classical type of sonata (2-4 movements) developed in the late 18th century. in the works of J. Haydn and V.A. Mozart; high examples of sonatas, varied in figurative structure and compositional principles, were created by L. Beethoven. The genre received significant development in Western European music of romanticism (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, etc.), Russian music (P.I. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Scriabin, N.K. Medtner, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, etc.).

SONATA FORM is the most developed non-cyclic form of instrumental music. The sonata form is based on a contrasting comparison of various themes (exposition), their motivic and tonal development (elaboration), repetition of the main themes more often in the main key (reprise). The main sections of sonata form can be joined by an introduction and a coda. The sonata form can be used in any part of the cyclic form (in the sonata, more often in the 1st), as well as in one-movement works.

SUITE (French suite, lit. row, sequence) is an instrumental cyclic musical work of several contrasting parts. The suite is distinguished from the sonata and symphony by the absence of strict regulation of the number, nature and order of parts, and by its close connection with song and dance. Suite XVII-XVIII centuries. consisted of an allemande, chime, sarabande, gigue and other dances. In the XIX-XX centuries. orchestral non-dance suites are created (P.I. Tchaikovsky), sometimes program ones (“Scheherazade” by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). There are suites composed of music from operas, ballets, as well as music for theatrical productions.

TACT (from Latin tactus, literally - touch) - a unit of meter.

DANCE (from German Tanz) is a type of art in which artistic images are created by means of plastic movements and rhythmically clear and continuous changes in the expressive positions of the human body. Dance is inextricably linked with music, the emotional and figurative content of which is embodied in its choreographic composition, movements, and figures.

TAPER (French tapeur, from taper, literally - clap, knock) - a pianist who accompanies dancing at evenings and balls. A pianist who illustrated silent films with music was also called a pianist.

THEME is a musical structure that expresses the main idea of ​​a work or part of it and usually serves as the subject of further development. Sometimes, however, different musical images arise on the basis of significant transformations of one Theme, which occurs in the so-called characteristic variations, as well as in some large forms.

TIMBRE (French timbre) – “color” or “character” of sound, the quality by which sounds of the same pitch differ and due to which the sound of one instrument or voice differs from another. Timbre depends on the shape of sound vibrations and is determined by the number and intensity of harmonics (partial tones).

TOCCATA (Italian toccata, from toccare - to touch, touch) is a virtuoso musical piece for piano or organ, sustained in fast, measured, clearly rhythmic movement, most often with a predominance of percussion chord technique. In the 16th – 18th centuries. The toccata was written in a free improvisational form, close to a prelude or fantasy.

TONALITY - the height of the sounds of a mode, determined by the position of the main tone (tonic) on one or another step of the scale of the musical system. The concept of mode expresses only the ratio of the steps of a given scale in height and their functional relationship; The specific pitch of the sounds of a mode is determined by the concept of Tonality.

TONIC – 1) The main stable sound of a mode, causing a feeling of completion when the melody or part of it ends on it. 2) The main chord of the scale (usually a major or minor triad built on the 1st degree of the scale), which usually evokes a similar feeling in polyphonic music.

TREESON - the main type of chord, formed from three unlike sounds, which are located or can be located in thirds.

TREPAK (from Old Russian tropat - stomp with feet) is an old Russian dance. Musical size 2/4. The pace is lively. The main dance movements are improvised by the performers. Trepak is characterized by fractional steps and stomping. It is performed cheerfully, with daring and enthusiasm.

TUTTI (Italian tutti - all) - performance of music by the entire orchestra.

OVERTURE (French ouverture, from ouvrir - to open) - an orchestral piece that is an introduction to an opera, ballet, oratorio, drama, etc.; also an independent concert work in sonata form. The overture prepares the listener for the upcoming action, concentrates his attention, and introduces him to the emotional sphere of the performance. As a rule, the Overture conveys in a generalized form the ideological concept, dramatic conflict, the most important images, or the general character and flavor of the work.

UNISON (Italian unisono, from Latin unis - one and sonus - sound) - the simultaneous sound of two or more sounds of the same height, as well as the same sounds in different octaves.

FACTURA (Latin factura - processing) is a set of means of musical presentation (melody, chords, polyphonic voices, etc.), forming the technical structure of the work. The texture is determined by the content of the work, compositional principles, as well as the expressive capabilities and technical features of musical instruments or voices.

FANTASY (Greek – imagination) – a musical piece in free form. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Fantasies for organ and clavier were written in a polyphonic manner and were close to the toccata. Since the 19th century many Fantasies are based on a free, more than variational development of melodies from songs, dances, romances, operas, and ballets.

FUGA (from Latin fuga - running, flight) is a form of polyphonic works based on the imitation of one, less often two or more themes in all voices according to a certain tonal-harmonic plan. Fugue is the highest form of polyphony. There are simple Fugues (on one topic) and complex ones (on two, three or more topics). The theme in a Fugue is usually an expressive, memorable short melody. In the process of development of the Fugue, its original artistic image is enriched with new shades, although only in rare cases does this lead to a specific rethinking. The fugue was formed in the 17th century. based on the polyphonic forms that preceded it (canzona, ricercara, motet) and acquired especially great importance in the 1st half of the 18th century. from Bach and Handel. Fugue samples from I.S. Bach, G.F. Handel, V.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, P. Hindemith, D.D. Shostakovich and others

FUGATO (Italian fugato, literally - like a fugue) is an episode in a musical work, structured like a fugue exposition, and occasionally an independent piece.

HABANERA (Spanish habanera, from Habana - Havana) - Spanish folk dance - song; originated on the island of Cuba and later spread to Spain. The musical size is 2/4, with a characteristic rhythmic figure, emphasis on the last beat of the measure, the tempo is slow. Habanera is accompanied by singing, the movements are improvisational in nature.

CYCLIC FORMS (from the Greek - circle, cycle) - musical forms that combine in a single concept several more or less independent parts, different in figurative content and structure. The most important cyclic musical forms are the suite and sonata form.

CHACONA (Spanish: chacona) is an ancient dance, known in Spain since the end of the 16th century. It was performed at a lively pace, accompanied by singing and playing castanets. Musical time signature: 3/4. Chaconne became most widespread in the 17th-18th centuries. like a piece constructed in the form of variations on a small theme that is invariably repeated in the bass. The character of the instrumental Chaconne is majestic, the tempo is slow, and the time signature is usually 3/4. In its character and structure, Chaconne is close to passaclier.

EXPROMT (from Latin expromtus - always ready) is a piano piece that appears as if suddenly, as a result of improvisation. Usually distinguished by direct lyricism and impetuosity.

ELEGY (from Greek - plaintive song) is a play of a thoughtful, sad, mournful nature.

EPISODE (from Greek - insertion) - a section of a large musical form, built in a special key on a new theme, sometimes at a different tempo. In a rondo - each of the sections alternating with the main section (refrain).

ETUDE (French etude, literally - study, exercise) is an instrumental piece based on the use of a certain technical technique of playing and intended to improve the performer's skills.

HUMORESKA (German Humoreske, from Humor - humor) is a small musical play of an intricate, usually playful, humorous nature.

AVANT-GARDISM(fr. avant-gard- vanguard) is a conventional name for various movements in contemporary art, which is characterized by a rejection of the traditions of the art of the past.

ALEATORICA(lat. alea- accident) - a trend in modern music that arose in the 50s. XX century in Germany and France; based solely on the application of the principle of chance both in the process of creating a work and its execution.

ALLEMANDE(fr. allemande– German) is an ancient dance of German origin (known since the 16th century). It sounds at a moderate tempo, with a smooth, rounded melody in a bipartite meter. A. entered the dance suite as the first piece.

ARIA(it. aria- air) – a genre of vocal music, a completed episode in an opera, oratorio or cantata with a melody of a predominantly song type. Performed by a soloist accompanied by an orchestra.

BALLET(lat. ballo- I dance) – a type of stage art, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. Combines music, choreography, literary basis, visual arts (scenery, costumes, lighting). It originated in Italy at the end of the 15th century, but was formed as an independent genre by the 70s. XVIII century

BALLAD(lat. ballo- dancing) - originally among the Romance peoples, a single-voice dance song, originating from folk choral songs. One of the most important musical and poetic genres in the art of troubadours and trouvères. In the 19th century vocal B. is associated with Austrian and German poetry, with the work of the composer F. Schubert, Russian B. - with the work of A. Verstovsky, M. Glinka. In the 19th century B. also appears as an instrumental piece.

BELYAEVSKY CIRCLE- a group of composers who gathered at musical evenings on Fridays in the house of M. Belyaev in St. Petersburg in the 80s and 90s. XIX century (N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, N. Cherepnin, etc.).

EPICAL- a genre of Russian heroic epic - a tale, consistent with the character of an improvisational narrative. The epics tell about the military exploits of heroes and outstanding events in people's life. Epic melodies are in many ways reminiscent of smooth chanting speech; The basis of its musical structure is made up of short, repeatedly repeated tunes.

WALTZ(fr. valse) is one of the most common ballroom dances of moderate or fast movement in a three-beat size, with a characteristic smooth whirling of dancing couples.

VARIATIONS(lat. variatio– change, variety) – a musical form in which the theme is presented repeatedly with changes in texture, okay, tonality, harmony, the ratio of counterpointing voices, timbre, etc.

VIRGINAL- a type of small harpsichord common in England in the 17th century.

VIRTUOSO(lat. virtus- strength, valor, talent) - a musician who is fluent in the technique of his profession.

VOCALISE(lat. vocalis– vowel) – a piece without words, performed on any vowel (usually “a”). It was composed primarily for educational purposes.

GALLIARD(it. gagliarda, fr. gaillarde- cheerful, cheerful) - an old Italian cheerful dance in moderately fast movement with characteristic jumps of the dancers. It was widespread in the XVI-XVII centuries. in Italy and France. Used in instrumentals suites, often after pavans.

HARMONY(gr. harmonia- connection, order, proportionality) - an area of ​​expressive means of music, based on the combination of tones into consonances and their coherent sequence in harmony. The most important meaning of harmony is to accompany and decorate the melody, to create a colorful overall sound.

HOMOPHONY(gr. homos– identical + phōnē– sound) is a type of polyphony, characterized by the division of voices into the main and accompanying ones.

GREGORIAN CHORAL- the general name of cult tunes in Catholic church music, strictly legalized (canonized) by Pope Gregory I at the turn of the 6th–7th centuries.

G. x. – strictly diatonic chant, narrow range executable in unison male choir.

BEEP- Russian string instrument. It consists of an oval or pear-shaped wooden body and a short neck without frets. It has 3 (4) strings along which the bow-shaped bow moves. In this case, the melody is performed only on the first string; the rest, tuned to a fourth or fifth, play the same sound (bourdon). When playing, G. is held vertically.

GUSLI – Old Russian stringed instrument. Known since the 6th century. Early examples were a wooden flat box in the shape of a trapezoid with several strings. New guitars are rectangular in shape with 13-14 strings. Keyboards are also used.

RANGE(gr. dia pason (chordōn) – through all (strings)) – the sound volume of a singing voice, musical instrument, melody. Determined by the distance from the lowest to the highest sound.

DIVERTISSEMENT(fr. divertissement– entertainment) – a musical work of an entertaining nature, as well as a collection of such works. As a musical genre, it combines the features sonatas And suites, closer to a sonata.

DYNAMICS(gr. dynamikos– strong) – varying degrees of sound (loudness), has only relative significance. Denoted by Italian terms: “piano” (‘quiet’), “forte”

(‘loud’), etc.

DODECAPHONIA(gr. dōdeka– twelve + phōne– sound) – serial-dodecaphonic system – a method of musical composition in which modal connections (gravity) between sounds are denied and each of the 12 tones of the chromatic scale is considered equal, without distinguishing tones into stable and unstable.

DUET(lat. duo- two) – ensemble of 2 performers (vocalists or instrumentalists).

GENRE(fr. genre– genus, species) – a multi-valued concept that characterizes historically established genera and types of musical works in connection with their origin and life purpose, method and conditions of performance and perception, as well as with the characteristics of content and form.

JIGA(fr. gigue, English jig, German Gigue) – a fast, ancient folk dance of English origin, with a rapid tempo and triplet movement. J. entered the dance room suite XVII century as a final piece.

SINGSPIEL(German) singen– sing + Spiel- game) is a national German and Austrian type of comic opera, with spoken dialogues between musical numbers.

BANNERS – signs in ancient Russian non-linear notation. Znamenny chant is a set of ancient Orthodox cult chants based on the ancient Russian system of modes - voices (octagonal).

IMITATION(lat. imitatio- imitation, mimicry, copy) – exact or inaccurate repetition in one voice of a melody that was heard immediately before in another voice.

IMPROVISATION(lat. inprovisus- unforeseen, unexpected) – a special type of artistic creativity found in a number of arts, in which a work is created directly in the process of performance. Musicians who improvise on any instruments are called improvisers.

INTERMEZZO(it. intermezzo– intermediate, middle) – 1) a small instrumental, mainly piano piece; 2) in opera and instrumental cyclic work - a section of connecting meaning.

CANON(gr. kanōn– rule, prescription, sample) – a genre of polyphonic music based on continuous imitation votes. Moreover, not only the theme itself is consistently repeated in all voices, but also its anti-addition.

KANT(gr. cantus- singing, song) – a type of everyday polyphonic song, widespread in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in the 17th – 18th centuries. Initially they were created on religious themes and were used by the clergy. In the 18th century their themes expand, patriotic, everyday and love themes appear.

CANTATA(Italian сantare- sing) - a work for solo singers, choir and orchestra, of a solemn or lyrical-epic nature. The structure is close to oratorios And opera, from which it differs in smaller size, uniformity of content and

lack of a dramaturgically developed plot. They are divided into spiritual and secular.

CANTOR(lat. cantor– singer) – originally a church choirmaster who took part in Catholic worship. Protestants have a teacher and conductor of the church choir, an organist.

CAPELLA(lat. capella– chapel) is a professional choral group that performs choral works with and without accompaniment (a capella). K. is also the designation of an orchestra of a special composition (military orchestra, jazz orchestra, etc.), as well as the name of some large symphony orchestras.

Kapellmeister(German) Kapelle– choir, orchestra + Meister master, leader) initially, in the 16th–18th centuries, - leader of a choir or instrumental chapels. In the 19th century - conductor of a symphony orchestra or choir.

CAPRICCIO, CAPRICCIO(Italian capriccio – whim, caprice) – a free-form instrumental piece performed brilliantly and virtuoso. A bizarre change of episodes and moods is typical for him.

QUARTET(lat. guartus– fourth) is a work for 4 performers (instruments or voices), the leading genre of chamber music. Quartets of homogeneous instruments (2 violins, viola, cello) and mixed instruments (strings with winds or piano) are common. Czech composers of the 1st half of the 18th century were the first to use it.

QUINTET(lat. guintus- fifth) – piece for 5 performers (similar to quartet with the addition of a piano part).

HARPENTER, CHEMBALO(lat. clavis- key, cymbalum– string pluck. instrument cymbal) – plucked keyboard musical instrument. Known since the 16th century.

CLAVICHORD(lat. clavis– key + chordē– string) – string keyboard percussion musical instrument with tangential mechanics. At the end of the key of the clavichord there is a metal pin with a flat head - a tangent, which, when the key is pressed, touches the string and remains pressed against it, dividing the string into two parts.

CLAVIR(German) Klavier) – general name for stringed keyboard musical instruments in the 17th–18th centuries.

COMIC OPERA(lat. comicus– comic + opera) – comedy opera. In addition to the French, K.o. had other names: in Italy - opera buffa, in England - ballad opera, in Germany and Austria - Singspiel, in Spain - tonadoglia.

CONCRETE MUSIC – direction in musical art of the 20th century. , the composition technique of which is to combine various physical sounds recorded on tape, for example nature (the cries of animals, birds, the sound of the sea), human voices or sounds made by machines or some objects. Sounds can be mixed and combined in recordings, and playback does not require performers. The name and techniques of concrete music were developed in the mid-20th century. P. Schaeffer (France) based on the ideas of noise music by the Italian futurist Russolo.

CONCERTO GROSSO(it. concerto grosso – big concert) is a multi-movement composition for orchestra, based on the opposition (competition) of a group of solo instruments to the entire orchestra. Form K.g. arose and developed at the end of the 17th – beginning of the 18th centuries. and was the forerunner of modern concert for solo instrument with orchestra.

CONCERT(from lat. сoncertare- compete ) – a major work of a virtuosic nature for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra. It was first used in the works of Italian composers of the 17th century. In the 2nd half of the 18th century. a classical type of concert was formed, consisting of 3 parts (in the works of Haydn and Mozart).

ACCOMMOPERATOR(German) Konzertmeister) – the first violinist of the orchestra, sometimes replaces the conductor, checks the tuning of all musical instruments of the orchestra. K. is also a musician who leads each of the groups of stringed musical instruments of an opera or symphony orchestra, or a pianist who helps performers learn parts and accompanies them at concerts .

KURANTA(fr. courante– running) – court French salon dance of the 15th – 17th centuries. Initially it was size 2/4 (movement, jump), later size 3/4 (sliding movements). The French style (moderate tempo, solemn, smooth movements) and the Italian style (fast pace, motor movement) are well known. K. was part of suite, following allemande.

LAD– a system of interconnection of musical sounds, caused by the attraction of unstable sounds to stable (reference) ones. Each of the steps of the fret has a special function. The main foundation is the tonic, which determines the tonality of the mode. In European music, diatonic scales of 7 degrees are common, especially major and minor. There are also modes with fewer steps, such as the pentatonic scale.

LIBRETTO(it. libretto- little book) - verbal text of a musical and dramatic work. In the 17th century were issued for theater visitors in the form of small books. L. is a literary script for the play, a summary of the content operas, operettas, ballet.

LYRICAL TRAGEDY(gr. lyrikos musical, chanted and tragōdia) – a term adopted in France to refer to something created in the 17th century. composer J.B. Lully operas of a sublime nature on historical and mythological subjects, meeting the requirements of courtly aristocratic aesthetics.

LUTE(floor. lutnia) is an ancient plucked string instrument, especially common in the 15th–16th centuries. In some countries of the East, L. was known as early as two millennia BC. e. In the 16th century L. was known with 5–7 paired strings and one single. The European L. has 6 strings, tuned like the strings of a guitar.

MAGNIFICAT(lat. Magnificat- the first word of the chant in Lat. lang.) – song of praise to the text of the words of the Virgin Mary from the Gospel. In the Catholic Church, the culmination of Vespers.

MADRIGAL(lat. mater– mother) – the song is in the native, “mother” language. A secular musical and poetic genre of the Renaissance, mainly of love content. A compositional feature is the absence of strict structural canons.

MAZURKA(floor. mazurek) - dance of the Masurians who lived in Polish Mazovia. Later M. became a favorite Polish national dance. M. is a fast, dynamic dance in three-beat time with accents on the weak beats. In the 19th century M. has become a popular ballroom dance in many European countries.

MELODY(gr. melōdia- singing, song) is a monophonically expressed musical thought, the main element of music. M. is a series of sounds organized in modal intonation and rhythmically, forming a certain structure.

MASS(fr. messe- Catholic service) is a musical genre, a cyclic vocal-instrumental work based on the text of certain sections of the main service of the Catholic Church. Done in Latin. The Mass has 5 main parts, corresponding to the initial words of the prayers: “Lord, have mercy”, “Glory”, “I Believe”, “St. Blessed be," "Lamb of God."

METER(gr. metron– measure) – the order of alternation of strong and weak beats, the system of rhythm organization. Meters are simple (2- and 3-beat); complex, consisting of several groups of simple ones (4-, 6-, 9- and 12-beat); mixed (eg 5-beat) and variable.

MISERERE(lat. Miserere- the first word of execution in Latin. lang.) – Catholic church hymn.

MOTET(fr. mot- word) – a genre of polyphonic vocal music. Until the 16th century - the most important genre of sacred and secular polyphonic music in Western Europe. XX century spiritual motets are created in which the traditions of ancient church music are combined with the use of new expressive means.

MUSICAL COMEDY(gr. music– art, music and kōmōdia) – musical and stage work , built on a comedy basis. Musical theater emerged as an independent genre in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Unlike operetta, the music of M.K. is not so closely connected with the development of the action; it rarely contains detailed musical scenes with intertwining ensembles, arias, and choirs.

MUSICAL(eng. musical, musical comedy - musical comedy) - synthetic musical and dramatic performance

(variety operettas), often based on plots related to literary classics or social issues. Formed in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century.

NOCTURNE ( fr . nocturne nocturnal) – originally – in Italy genus divertissemento, close to instrumental serenade(for performance outdoors at night). Later - a melodious lyrical piece of a dreamy nature.

OPERA(it. opera- action, work) – a type of musical and dramatic works. Based on a synthesis of vocal and instrumental music, poetry, dramatic, choreographic and visual arts. In opera, music is the carrier and driving force of action. It requires a holistic, consistently developing musical and dramatic concept. The most important integral element of opera is singing. Through the different systems of vocal intonations in the opera, the individual psychological make-up of each character is revealed. Consists of actions and pictures. Basic opera forms – aria, duet, ensemble, choir.

OPERA BUFFA(it. opera buffa- buffoon opera) – Italian variety comic opera, which developed in Naples in the 30s. XVIII century due to the growth of national democratic elements in Italian culture. Vivid images of opera buffa include wide-ranging intrigue, elements of satire, everyday and fairy-tale-fantasy scenes. Its origins are in the comedic operas of the Roman school of the 17th century, in the comedies dell'arte.

OPERA SERIA(it. opera series- serious opera) is a genre of grand Italian opera that developed in the 17th century. in the works of composers of the Neapolitan opera school (A. Scarlatti). Characteristic is the dominance of heroic-mythological, legendary-historical and pastoral subjects, as well as the predominance of the “numbered” structure, that is, the alternation of solo arias connected by recitatives in the absence or minimal use of the choir and ballet.

OPERETTA(it. operetta) – one of the types of musical and dramatic works. A musical stage performance in which musical-vocal and musical-choreographic

Physical numbers are interspersed with conversational scenes, and the basis of musical dramaturgy is formed by forms of mass everyday and pop music. O. was born in France in the middle of the 19th century. in the works of J. Offenbach and F. Herve.

ORATORIO(it. oratore- orator) is a large musical work for a choir, solo singers and a symphony orchestra. Formed in the 17th century. Oratorios were written on dramatic (biblical, heroic-epic) subjects and intended for concert performance.

ORGAN(lat. organum– instrument) – a keyboard-wind musical instrument, consists of numerous rows of wooden and metal pipes of different shapes and sizes of a complex device.

PAVANA(lat. pavo– peacock) is a dance common in Europe in the 16th century. The name is associated with the solemn and proud nature of the dance. Musical features: slow tempo, chord presentation, 4-beat meter (4/4, 4/2).

PARTY CONCERT(lat. partes– voices and concert) is a genre of Russian polyphonic choral art of the 17th – 18th centuries, based on a homophonic-harmonic structure. The number of voices ranged from 3 to 5 (sometimes up to 24 and even 48), and there was no instrumental accompaniment. The texts were borrowed mainly from church services.

PARTITA(it. partita– divided into parts) – from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th centuries. in Italy and Germany - a designation of variation in a cycle of variations. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. P. was equivalent suite.

PASSACAGLIA(Spanish) paser– pass + calle- Street) – originally a Spanish song with guitar accompaniment. Later - a dance at a slow tempo and 3-beat time signature. It was popular in France in the 18th century. and entered into opera And ballet. Based on the passacaglia, an instrumental piece was developed in a polyphonic variation form on a sustained bass.

PASSIONS, PASSIONS(it. passion- passion) – vocal-dramatic works for choir, soloists and orchestra based on the Gospel text (about the betrayal of Judas, the captivity and crucifixion of Christ). The most famous passions belong to J.S. Bahu.

POLYPHONY(gr. poly– a lot + phōne- sound) – a type of polyphony based on the combination and simultaneous development of several independent melodic voices (melodies).

POLONAISE(fr. polonaise– Polish) – an ancient Polish ballroom dance-procession of a ceremonial nature in 3-beat time. From the 16th century became widespread in many European countries. Since the 17th century P. is known both as an instrumental piece as part of suites and as an independent piece.

PRELUDE(lat. praeludere - play before, in advance) – a type of instrumental piece, usually for one instrument. Initially it was a short introduction to the play, i.e. it served as a test of the instrument. In the 19th century preludes began to be created as independent plays.

OPPOSITE – a melody formed “against” the voice presenting the theme.

POINTILLISM(fr. point- dot) – the principle of constructing musical fabric from individual sound “points”, separated by pauses and scattered across different registers. The term is used in music by analogy with painting.

RHAPSODY(gr. rhapsōdia) - a kind of instrumental fantasy, mainly on folk themes of song and dance type with a characteristic comparison of slow and fast sections.

REALISM(from lat. realis– material) – an artistic method based on a truthful, objective reflection of reality. A movement in art whose representatives reflect life in authentic images.

REGENT(lat. regentis– ruling) – director of the choir in the Russian Orthodox Church.

REQUIEM(lat. requies- peace, rest) – mourning requiem mass dedicated to the memory of the deceased.

RECITATIVE(it. recitare- recite) – a declamatory form of singing based on the desire to approach the intonations of natural speech. Widely used in operas, preceding arias.

RHYTHM(gr. rhythmos) – temporary organization of musical sounds and their combinations. Since the 17th century In the art of music, timed, accented rhythm was established, based on the alternation of strong and weak accents. The rhythm organization system is meter.

ROMANCE(fr. roman– Romanesque) – a vocal work for voice with instrumental accompaniment, predominantly of a lyrical nature. R. is the main genre of chamber vocal music, revealing both the general character of the poetic text and its individual specific images. R. became widespread in the 18th–19th centuries. from foreign and Russian composers.

RONDO(fr. rond- circle) – one of the most common musical forms. It is based on the principle of alternating the main, unchangeable theme-refrain (chorus) and constantly updated episodes.

SARABANDE(Spanish) zarabanda) – An ancient Spanish dance, known since the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th century. became a court dance and acquired a majestic and solemn character, and from the middle of the 17th century - part of the instrumental dance suites, in which it takes place before the final giguey.

SERENADE(Spanish) sera- evening, evening song) – originally an appeal song to a beloved. The origin is the evening song of the troubadours. S. is also a solo instrumental piece, reproducing the characteristic features of a vocal serenade, and a cyclic ensemble instrumental work, akin to cassation, divertissemento And nocturne.

SERIAL EQUIPMENT(lat. series– row and gr. technike- skillful) - a method of creating a musical work using a series, which is a series of 12 (sometimes fewer) sounds of varying heights. In a broader sense, harmony can be realized in rhythmic structures, texture, construction of the harmonic vertical, timbre structures, composition, etc.

SYMBOLISM(gr. symbolon– sign, symbol) – literary, artistic and philosophical-aesthetic movement in European art of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

SYMPHONY POEM(gr. symphonos– consonant creation) – a one-movement program symphonic work created in the era of romanticism by F. Liszt. Indicates the close connection of music with the plot of the literary source.

SYMPHONY(gr. symphonia– consonance) – a major piece of music for an orchestra, mainly a symphony. It arose in the 2nd half of the 18th century (the era of Viennese classicism). It is written, as a rule, in a sonata-cyclic form, which consists of 4 parts, contrasting in character and tempo, but united by a common artistic concept.

SCHERZO(it. scherzo- joke) is an instrumental piece of a cheerful nature, with a sharp, clear rhythm, based on bright contrasting comparisons.

SONATA(it. sonare- sound) – one of the main genres of solo or chamber ensemble instrumental music. By the 2nd half of the 18th century. (the era of Viennese classicism) developed as a cyclic form consisting of 3 parts.

SONORICA(lat. sonorus- sonorous, sonorous, noisy) is a type of modern compositional technique based on the use of colorful harmonies in which the pitch of the sounds does not matter. Colorful sound is the main element in the construction of a musical work.

SOPEL– Russian longitudinal whistle wooden flute. The sound is hoarse, sharp and whistling in the upper register. Known since the 11th century. as a military instrument, it was used by buffoons, and later by shepherds.

STYLE(gr. stylos- a writing rod) is a system of thinking, ideological and artistic concepts, images and means of musical expression that arises on a certain socio-historical basis and is associated with a certain worldview.

PASSIONS – cm. passions.

SUITE(fr. suite – series, sequence) is one of the main types of multi-part cyclic forms of instrumental music. Originated in Italy in the 16th century. Ancient S. - sequence of dances. Symphonic S. XIX century. based on the alternation of contrasting plays of various genres.

TIMBRE(fr. timbre) – the quality of sound, its coloring, which makes it possible to distinguish sounds of the same pitch, performed on different instruments and in different voices. T. depends on which overtones accompany the main tone.

PACE(lat. tempus– time) – speed of repetition of metric counting units. Basic tempos (in ascending order): largo, lento, adagio (slow tempos); andante, moderato (moderate tempos); allegro, vivo, presto (fast tempos). A metronome has been created to accurately measure tempo.

TEMPERATURE(lat. temperatio – correct ratio, proportionality) - alignment of interval relationships between the steps of the pitch system in a musical structure.

TOCCATA(it. toccare- touch, touch) – in the Renaissance - festive fanfare for brass bands and timpani (brass carcass). T. is also a virtuoso piece of music for keyboard instruments.

TRIO(it. trio– three) – a piece for 3 instruments. One of the types of chamber ensemble. The composition can include both homogeneous instruments (violin, viola, cello) and instruments belonging to different groups (clarinet, cello, piano). The most widespread is the piano band, which consists of the violin, cello, and piano (piano band).

OVERTURE(fr. ouvrir– open) – instrumental introduction to a theatrical performance with music ( opera, operetta, ballet), to a vocal-instrumental work ( oratorio, cantata), to the movie.

UNISON(lat. unus- one and sonus– sound) – 1) monophony, formed by two or more voices; 2) simultaneous (synchronous) performance of the same musical text by two or more musicians.

FANTASY(gr. phantasia- imagination) – a genre of instrumental music expressed in deviation from the usual norms of construction for its time. F. is also an auxiliary definition, indicating some freedom in the interpretation of various genres (waltz-F., overture-F., etc.).

FOLKLORE(English) folk– folk) – oral folk art. Musical music includes song and instrumental

creative creativity of the people. Passed on from mouth to mouth over the centuries, folk melodies were constantly enriched and modified. The main area of ​​musical folklore is folk song (ritual, satirical, labor, play, lyrical, etc.). Folk songs from different countries have specific features.

FUGA(it. fuga– running, fast singing) – a genre and form of polyphonic music based on an imitative presentation of the main theme with its further implementation in different voices, with imitative and contrapuntal processing, as well as tonal-harmonic development and completion.

CHORAL(lat. choralis- choral) – the general name for traditional single-voice hymns of the Western Christian Church (also their polyphonic arrangements). Performed in church, it is an important part of the worship service.

CHACONA(Spanish) chacona) – originally a folk dance, known in Spain since the 16th century. Close to passacaglia.

IMPROMPTU(lat. expromptus- ready-made, available at hand) - an instrumental, mainly piano piece of an improvisational nature. The genre of impromptu was formed in the piano art of the 19th century.

ETUDE(fr. etude– teaching, study) – a piece of music designed to improve technical skills in playing various instruments. E. is close to exercises, but is distinguished by its completeness of form, melodic-harmonic development and expressive character.

ECOSEZ(fr. écassaise– Scottish) – an ancient Scottish dance accompanied by bagpipe playing, initially of a serious nature at a moderate tempo. In the 16th century - court pair and group dance in England.

School Music Dictionary

It is customary to create dictionaries for many school subjects. Usually they are made simply - a regular notebook or notebook is lined into two columns - the first narrow one for writing the word, and the second wider column for writing the meaning of the word. For example, teachers of Russian language and literature suggest writing down new words that are difficult to spell and pronounce or simply incomprehensible in specially lined notebooks/dictionaries. Chemistry and physics teachers suggest creating dictionaries to record complex terms and even formulas. Foreign language teachers consider a dictionary compiled by the children themselves an indispensable attribute of their classes.

It is simply necessary to have dictionaries in music classes. This is where there are a lot of incomprehensible and complex, as well as foreign and innovative words! After all, most musical terms came to us from Italy and France.

The structure of a musical dictionary could be, for example, like this:

A music teacher can successfully use the contents of the small musical dictionary proposed below in his lessons, for example, analyze 3-5 words in each lesson and write down their explanations.

Accompaniment - musical accompaniment. The word comes from the French " accompagner" - accompany. The accompaniment may vary. Accompaniment of the soloist singer is entrusted to either one instrument - piano, guitar, accordion, or orchestra.

A chord is a simultaneous combination of several (at least three) sounds of different pitches.

Accordion is a keyboard wind instrument, a type of chromatic harmonica. Its body consists of two boxes, connecting bellows and two keyboards - a push-button one for the left hand and a piano-type keyboard for the right. Like the button accordion, the accordion has rich timbre and dynamic capabilities. The push-button keyboard has 6 (sometimes 7) rows: the first and second contain individual bass sounds, the rest contain “ready-made” chords (hence the name of the instrument.)

An act is a completed part of a theatrical work (drama, opera, ballet), separated from the previous and subsequent parts by breaks. The name comes from the Latin " actus" - action.

Accent - emphasis, especially loud emphasis on a particular sound or chord. In musical notation, accents are indicated by various symbols: V, sf etc. These signs are placed above or below the note or chord to which they relate.

Viola is a bowed string instrument of the violin family. The viola is slightly larger than the violin. Early examples of this instrument date back to the 16th century. In the search for the best viola design, the outstanding Italian master A. Stradivari played a major role. The instrument's four strings are tuned in fifths, a note lower than those of the violin. Compared to the violin, the viola is a less flexible instrument. Its timbre is dull and dull, but soft and expressive. The viola has long been used in string quartets and symphony orchestras to fill the middle, melodically “neutral” voices in overall sound harmony. Interest in the original expressive capabilities of the viola as a solo instrument arose in the mid-19th century, during the heyday of romanticism.

Ensemble - this word has two interpretations. An ensemble is a vocal or instrumental work intended for a small group of performers - two, three, four, etc. Such works include a duet, trio, quartet, quintet, etc. An ensemble is also a group of musicians performing this kind of music. The expression “good ensemble” indicates a high degree of coherence and consistency in the performing arts. The word comes from the French " ensemble" - together. In recent decades, the word “ensemble” is often used in relation to large performing groups, for example, the ensemble “Beryozka” and others.

Intermission is a break between acts of a theatrical performance or sections of a concert. Derived from the merger of the French words " entre" - between and " acte" - act, action. An intermission is also called an orchestral introduction to one of the acts (except the first) in any type of theatrical performance - opera, drama, ballet. (The orchestral introduction to Act 1 goes by different names - overture, prelude, introduction, introduction). The symphonic intermission “Three Miracles” in Korsakov’s opera “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is widely known.

Full house - an announcement notifying that all tickets for a given concert or performance are completely sold out. The expression “Today is sold out” (or “The concert was sold out”) is often used, wanting to emphasize the great interest of the public in the concert, performance, or lecture.

Aria is a completed episode in an opera (cantata, oratorio). The aria is performed by a singer accompanied by an orchestra. An aria, as a rule, is characterized by wide chanting. In Italian " aria" - not only "song", but also "air", "wind". To complete the characterization of the hero, several arias, different in figurative content, are usually introduced into the opera. The structure of arias also varies. Very often a 3-part form is used, in which the third part is an exact repetition of the first. An example of this is, for example, Susanin’s aria from the opera “Ivan Susanin”. The aria is often preceded by an orchestral introduction or recitative. A simpler definition of an operatic aria is a large song by the main character. A small aria may be called an arietta or arioso.

An artist is a performing musician (singer, conductor or instrumentalist) who constantly performs on the opera stage or concert stage. In the broadest sense of the word, artists are all artists, including composers.

The harp is a plucked string instrument of ancient origin. The simplest harps were known back in Ancient Egypt in the 3rd millennium BC. e. In the Middle Ages, the harp was a favorite instrument of troubadours and minnesingers.

Balalaika is a Russian folk plucked instrument. It consists of a triangular body and a neck on which three strings are stretched. The sound on the balalaika is produced by a number of techniques: “rattling” - hitting the fingers with quick swings of the hand, plucking. The balalaika originated from an instrument called domra and became widespread from the beginning of the 18th century. The organizer of the first orchestra of Russian folk instruments played a major role in its improvement and introduction into concerts.

Ballet is a musical and dance performance. The word comes from the Italian " ballo" - dance, dance. At first, ballet was an integral part of court entertainment. Ballet became an independent genre at the end of the 18th century. Exceptionally high achievements in ballet music belong to the Russian composer, who created three ballets that have become classics: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker. In the 20th century The works “Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella” and “The Stone Flower” became ballet classics.

Barcarolle - the boatman's song. The name comes from the Italian word " bArsa" - boat. Pieces with this name have a calm, melodious character; the accompaniment often imitates the splash of waves.

The bayan is a keyboard wind instrument that has become widespread in Russia since the end of the 19th century. An improved version of the harmonica. The instrument is named after a slightly modified name of the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan.

Bolero is a Spanish folk dance that was performed accompanied by guitar or singing. His music repeats rhythmic figures that are tapped with castanets or finger snaps. The bolero is often seen in operas and ballets. The play “Bolero” by composer M. Ravel is widely known.

The Bolshoi Theater is the oldest Russian theater, founded in Moscow in 1776 to stage musical performances - operas and ballets.

The tambourine is a percussion musical instrument, it is a wooden hoop covered with leather, to which steel bells are attached. It is played with two techniques - hitting and shaking. Widely distributed in Spain and Italy.

Bylina is a Russian folk song-tale telling about the exploits of heroes and outstanding events in people's life.

The horn is a brass instrument that originates from an ancient hunting horn. German word " waldhorn" means forest horn. The horn is a long tube coiled into a spiral. Its timbre is soft and melodious. Three horns depict the appearance of hunters in the fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf.”

Waltz is one of the most popular ballroom dances, during which the dancers spin smoothly. It arose on the basis of folk dances of Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany. The largest composers created plays written in the form of waltzes:, I. Strauss,.

Variation is a repeated repetition of the main melody with some changes.

The cello is a bowed string instrument, larger than the violin and viola, but smaller than the double bass. Its timbre - warm and expressive - is often compared to the human voice, which is why many outstanding musical works have been written for the cello.

Vaudeville is a fun theatrical play with several musical numbers.

Vocal music is music intended for singing.

Prodigy - translated from German as “miracle child”. In the history of music, there are known cases of exceptionally early manifestation of musical talent: V.-A. Mozart, brothers A. G. and, .

Pitch is one of the properties of musical sound. Music creation is based on the human ear's ability to detect pitch. The pitch of a musical sound can be written using notes.

Harmonica (accordion, accordion) is a musical instrument equipped with bellows and a push-button keyboard. Was popular in many countries. Among the varieties are Tula, Saratov, Siberian, Cherepovets, etc.

Harmony is a means of musical expression based on the combination of many voices.

The guitar is a plucked string instrument, known back in the Middle Ages. The flat wooden body, reminiscent of a figure eight, is equipped with a neck with 6-7 strings. Currently, it is one of the most popular musical instruments.

The oboe is a woodwind instrument, an indispensable participant in military and symphony orchestras. The main melody of “Dance of the Little Swans” is performed by two oboes. The oboe also performs the duck theme in the symphonic tale "Peter and the Wolf".

Volume is the strength of sound. Another name is dynamics. To indicate dynamics, musical signs are used, which are called “dynamic shades”. Basic dynamic shades - forte(loudly) and piano(quiet).

Woodwind instruments are a group of symphony orchestra instruments that includes the flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, previously made of wood.

Jazz is a type of music often of an entertaining, dance nature. The origins of jazz are in black folk music, which was borrowed by US orchestras in the 20s. XX century A native of Russian emigrants, the American composer D. Gershwin studied black melodies for a long time, on the basis of which he created a number of works that brought jazz features to classical music (“Rhapsody in Blue”, the opera “Porty and Bess”).

Range - breadth, volume of sound of a musical instrument or voice. For example, the sound range of a piano is eight octaves, and the developed human voice is about three. Songs for singing by young children are usually written in the so-called “primary range”, which includes only 4-6 adjacent sounds.

A conductor is a musician, leader of a choral or instrumental group. With the help of gestures, he indicates the introduction and end of the sound, the tempo and strength of the sound, the introduction of soloists and individual groups. The conductor must have keen hearing, a high sense of rhythm, good musical memory, and knowledge of the characteristics of each instrument of the orchestra.

The duration of the sound is the length of the sound. It is impossible to write a melody if all the sounds in it are of the same duration - all long or all short. In each motive, some sounds are long, others are shorter, which is indicated by special signs when writing them. When recording sounds with notes, each of them has its own duration - whole, half, quarter, eighth, etc.

Drum roll is a technique of playing the drum with two sticks with a quick and clear sequence of hits. Fractions are often used when it is necessary to emphasize the particularly tragic nature of a moment or to draw the listener’s attention to some episode.

A brass band is an orchestra consisting of two groups of instruments - wind (mainly brass) and percussion. The number of participants is from 12 to 100 people. Thanks to its ringing, jubilant sound, the brass band is a constant participant in holidays and parades.

A duet is an ensemble of two performers.

Zhaleika is a Russian folk wind instrument. Previously it was made from reeds. The timbre of the pitiful sound is shrill and harsh.

Genre is a type of musical work. Genres are divided by character, theme, means of expression, and performers. The main musical genres are song, dance, march, on the basis of which opera, ballet, and symphony were subsequently created.

The chorus is the beginning of a choral song, which is performed by one or more singers. After the lead singer, the song is picked up by all members of the choir; the leading singer of the choir is usually called the lead singer.

Improvisation is composing music while performing it. In folk art, singers often decorate their performances with improvisations. This technique is also used in jazz music.

Instrumentation is the arrangement of a musical composition for performance by orchestra instruments. You can even guess from the instrumentation which composer the piece you heard for the first time belongs to. For example, the orchestration by Korsakov is clearly individual.

Chamber music is instrumental or vocal music intended to be performed in a small room. Translated from Italian " camera" means "room". Chamber music includes duets, trios, quartets and other works designed for a small number of performers.

A tuning fork is an instrument in the form of a two-pronged fork, which is used to tune musical instruments or give tuning to a choir before its performance. A tuning fork producing the sound “A” of the first octave is taken as a sample.

Kant is a type of ancient 3-voice verse song, common in Russia in the 16th-18th centuries. There were cants of different genres - solemn, lyrical, comic. The cant style was used to create his famous chorus “Hail!” in the finale of the opera “Ivan Susanin”.

A cantata is a vocal-symphonic work in several parts. Usually performed by choirs, soloists and orchestra.

A quartet is an ensemble of four performers.

Quintet is an ensemble of five performers.

Clavier is an arrangement of an orchestral composition (score) for performance on the piano. Claviers give musicians the opportunity to get acquainted with many works - symphonies, operas, ballets.

A key is a special lever used in musical instruments to produce sound. When a key is pressed, a hammer strikes a string (as in a piano) or a metal plate (in celesta, bells.) The word comes from the Latin “ clavis" - key. This meant a “key” that led to the opening of the organ pipe valve. Keys are made of wood, plastic, but sometimes they are metal (for example, on a button accordion).

Keyboard instruments are a group of musical instruments whose sound is produced using keys. Keyboards include some strings (harpsichord, piano), some wind instruments (organ, accordion, button accordion, accordion) and individual percussion instruments (celesta, bells).

The clarinet is a musical instrument from the woodwind group, like the oboe, originating from the shepherd's pipe. An indispensable member of the symphony orchestra. For clarinet he wrote the cat theme in his symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf”.

Classic is a term applied to exemplary, perfect works of art. Derived from the Latin word " classicum" - exemplary. The field of musical classics includes not only the works of great composers, but also the best examples of folk music. Classical works are distinguished by their richness of content and beauty and perfection of form. One can always say about classical works that they are modern, since they usually have existed on earth for several centuries and always bring pleasure to their listeners. This is eternal music.

Classicism is an artistic movement in the culture of European countries in the 17th-18th centuries. Representatives of classicism in painting, sculpture and architecture took as a model the best works that were created in Ancient Greece. Classical musicians strove to create clear and harmonious in form, sublimely noble heroic works on subjects of ancient art. In music, the most famous was the so-called “Viennese classical period”, during which the composers Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven worked.

Key - treble clef, bass clef, alto clef, tenor clef, etc. This is a conventional sign placed at the beginning of the staff and indicating the place where a certain sound is recorded. This provides the “key” to writing and reading other sounds on a given staff.

A peg is a small rod for tensioning and tuning strings in musical instruments. As the peg rotates, the string is either pulled tighter or loosened, causing the sound to become higher or lower. Wooden pegs are made for bowed instruments; metal pegs are used for the harp, piano, and dulcimer.

Bells are a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, used in orchestras to imitate the ringing of bells. It is a set of metal tubes or plates freely suspended on a crossbar.

Bells are a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, consisting of a series of loosely attached metal plates. The sound is produced either by striking sticks (simple bells) or by using a keyboard mechanism similar to a miniature piano (key bells). The timbre of the instruments is clear, sonorous, brilliant. Sometimes bells are called metallophones.

Coloratura is the decoration of a vocal melody with virtuoso, technically difficult passages. The word comes from the Italian " coloratura" - decoration. The coloratura style of singing became widespread in Italian opera of the 18th-19th centuries. The highest female singing voice is called the coloratura soprano. Usually, parts are written for this voice that require virtuosity in performance, as they are richly decorated with difficult passages. The role of the Snow Maiden in Korsakov's opera “The Snow Maiden” was written for coloratura soprano.

Composer is the author, creator of musical works. The word comes from the Latin " compositor" - compiler, writer. Professional composition classes require from a musician, in addition to creative talent, great culture and versatile musical theoretical knowledge.

Composition is composing music, a type of artistic creativity. In addition to general culture and talent, composing requires knowledge of many special disciplines: music theory, harmony, polyphony, analysis of musical works, orchestration. These disciplines are studied by future composers in conservatories and schools. Often, composition refers to the structure of a musical work, the relationship and arrangement of its individual sections. Latin word " composition” means not only “composition”, but also “composition”. In this sense, when studying a piece of music, they say about it “harmonious composition”, “clear composition” or, conversely, “loose composition”.

The Conservatory is a higher musical educational institution. Italian word " conservatorio" means "shelter". The first conservatories appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. in major European cities, and before that they existed only in Paris. There are conservatories in all music centers around the world. The oldest Russian conservatories are St. Petersburg, founded in 1862, and Moscow, founded in 1866. Currently, higher musical institutions are called not only conservatories, but also music academies, higher music schools, institutes, etc.

The double bass is the largest in size and lowest sounding instrument in the bowed string family. The ancestors of the double bass are ancient bass viols, from which it borrowed many of the features of its design. In appearance, the double bass is similar to the cello, but is significantly larger in size. Double basses are widely used in pop ensembles and orchestras, where they are usually played with plucking - pizzicato.

Contralto is the lowest sounding female singing voice. Sometimes composers in operas assign this voice to male roles - Vanya in the opera Ivan Susanin, Lel in the opera The Snow Maiden by Korsakov.

A concert is a public performance of musical works. Depending on the type of performance, there are different types of concerts: symphonic, chamber, solo, pop, etc. This word comes from two sources: from the Latin “ concertare" - compete and from Italian " concerto"- harmony, agreement. A concerto is also called a virtuoso work for a solo instrument, accompanied by an orchestra.

The concertmaster is the first, “main” musician in any group of the orchestra. For example, the accompanist of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, etc. Leading the members of his group, the accompanist shows them the techniques of performance, and he is usually entrusted with a responsible solo. An accompanist is also called a pianist who helps performers (singers, instrumentalists) in learning the repertoire and performs with them at concerts.

A concert hall is a special room designed for holding public concerts. The first concert halls appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Previously, concerts were held in churches, theaters, salons, palaces and private homes.

Krakowiak is a Polish folk dance. Krakowiaki is the name of the inhabitants of the Krakow Voivodeship in Poland; This is where the name of the dance comes from. Krakowiak originated from an ancient war dance, so it has retained its temperament and pride; women dance smoothly, gracefully, and men dance with sharp stamps and shouts. In the 19th century Krakowiak was widespread as a ballroom dance and was often found in operas and ballets. Very popular is, for example, Krakowiak, which is heard in the “Polish” action of his opera “Ivan Susanin”.

The xylophone is a percussion instrument with a specific pitch. It is a set of wooden blocks of various sizes. The Greek word " xylon" means tree, wood, " phone" - sound. Trapezoid-shaped bars are placed on straw rollers or special mats with rubber pads. The sound is produced using two wooden sticks. When playing loudly, the sound is dry, clicking; when playing quietly, the sound is gurgling, soft. The xylophone came to Europe from Asia in the Middle Ages. The xylophone is often used as a solo instrument (accompanied by a piano); he is often a member of a symphony orchestra or pop ensemble.

Climax is an episode of a musical work where the highest tension and greatest intensity of emotions are achieved. From the Latin word " culmen" - "top". Usually composers try to emphasize the climax of the work with a loud sound and special musical effects.

Couplet - section of the verse form. Usually the melody of a verse remains the same when it is repeated in other verses. However, the verbal text of each verse is different. The word comes from the French " couplet" - stanza. If a song has a verse and a chorus, then the verse is the part whose lyrics change when repeated.

The verse form is a common form of vocal works in which the same melody is repeated unchanged or slightly varied, but each repetition is performed with new lyrics. In verse form, the melody should reflect the general character of the song and fit the text of all verses. Most folk songs are verses - Russian, German, Italian, etc. d.

Mode is the relationship of musical sounds, their coherence, consistency with each other. The sounds that make up a melody composed on a modal basis have varying degrees of stability in relation to each other, and the ear reacts to them differently.

Laureate is an honorary title awarded to a musician for outstanding achievements in performing and creative activities. Since ancient times, winners of competitions and competitions have been called laureates. The word comes from the Latin - “ laureatus" - crowned with a laurel wreath. In modern music competitions, the title of laureate is given to performers who take 6-7 first places.

Lezginka is a folk dance of the Lezgins living in Dagestan. It is performed at a fast tempo, swiftly, requires great dexterity and strength, the music is rhythmic and clear. Lezginka is found in original music. For example, it sounds in the scene that takes place in the Chernomor castle in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”.

Leitmotif is a musical theme or part of it that characterizes any image, idea, phenomenon. It is used in large musical forms - operas, ballets, symphonies, repeating itself when a given image appears. For example, the leitmotif of the Snow Maiden in the opera is Korsakov’s “The Snow Maiden”.

Libretto is a literary text underlying a musical and stage work, mainly an opera. The word “libretto” is often used to describe a retelling of the summary of an opera or ballet. From Italian " libretto"- a little book.

The lyre is the oldest plucked string instrument.

Timpani are a group of percussion instruments with a certain pitch. Each timpani is a copper hemisphere mounted on a special stand, covered with leather. The sound is produced by striking a small mallet with a ball-shaped felt tip.

Spoons are a Russian folk instrument that consists of two wooden spoons. When the spoons hit each other, a clear “dry” sound is produced.

Major is one of the two (along with minor) most common modes in music. The most common opinion is to assign a decisive, strong, strong-willed character to music written in a major mode. In Italian the word "major" is represented by " dur", which means hard.

Mazurka is a Polish folk dance. The name comes from the word “Masurians” - this is the name given to the inhabitants of Mazovia. The mazurka dance is characterized by jumping, tapping with heels and spurs. When composing a mazurka, composers use dotted rhythmic figures.

A snare drum is a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch. Like the big drum, it has been known since ancient times. The size of the drum is approximately 3 times smaller than a large one. It is a cylindrical frame with leather stretched on both sides. The snare drum has strings stretched over the skin. This gives the sound a rattling tone. The drum is played using two thin sticks.

March - a piece in a clear rhythm to accompany military campaigns, demonstrations and other processions. The word comes from the French " marche" - walking. Often national anthems are written in the genre of marches. Many popular songs were written in the march genre, for example, the composer’s “Song of the Motherland.”

A music lover is a passionate lover of music and singing. In the past, music lovers were people who were ardently interested in music, but essentially not very deeply.

Minuet is a dance of French origin, popular in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries. Performed in small steps (the name comes from the French “ menu" - small).

Meter is a continuous alternation of strong and weak beats in a melody, thereby creating the desired musical genre - a march, dance or song. The name of the term comes from the Greek word " metron" - measure. The main cell of the meter is a segment of music concluded between two strong beats, which is called a beat.

Mezzo-soprano is a female singing voice, intermediate between contralto and soprano. In terms of sound character and timbre coloring, this voice is close to contralto. Many leading roles in famous operas were written for mezzo-soprano, for example Carmen in the opera of the same name by J. Bizet.

Minor is one of the two (along with major) most common modes in music. The coloring of the minor mode is soft elegiac. In Latin it is denoted by the word " moll", which means "soft". But a large amount of cheerful, joyful, humorous music is also written in the minor scale.

A motive is the smallest element of a musical form, any smallest segment of melody that has a clear, definite musical content. Sometimes, based on the motive, we can remember a famous musical piece or talk about its character.

Musical literacy - basic information on music theory, names and rules for writing notes and other musical symbols. The study of elementary music theory begins with the basics of musical literacy.

Musical literature is an academic discipline that aims to introduce students to the works of major composers and provide initial information on the history of the musical culture of various countries and peoples.

Amateur musical activities are systematic musical activities that are widespread in our country among music lovers. For such activities there are houses of culture and clubs. The forms of amateur music are very different - from small circles to large associations. Many famous singers, including soloists of the Bolshoi Theater, began their first steps in amateur music.

Musical form - the construction of a musical work, the relationship of its parts.

Music competitions are competitions of musicians held according to a specific, pre-announced program. The best participants in the competition are named by the jury.

Musical sound is a sound that has (unlike noise) a clearly defined pitch that can be determined with absolute accuracy and repeated on a musical instrument. The main material for creating music is musical sounds.

Musical ear is a person’s ability to perceive music, remember and be aware of it.

A musician is a person professionally engaged in any type of musical activity: composing, conducting, performing.

A musicologist is a musician who specializes in the field of musicology. The activities of a musicologist cover various spheres of musical and social life: scientific and theoretical research, pedagogy, editorial work, etc.

A chant is a small vocal melody. In everyday life it is often replaced by the word “motive”.

Folk musical instruments are musical instruments created by the people, firmly rooted in their musical life. Russian folk instruments include domra, gusli, balalaika, button accordion; for Ukrainian - bandura; to Caucasian ones - tar, kamancha, etc. Just like among professional instruments, among folk instruments there are plucked, stringed, wind, etc.

Folk dances are dances created by the masses, widespread in folk life. For example: trepak (Russian), hopak (Ukrainian), mazurka (Polish), czardas (Hungarian).

A thread is a horizontal line that replaces the staff in the parts of many percussion instruments.

Nocturne is a dreamy, melodious piece inspired by images of the night. The nocturne is written mainly for piano. Comes from the French " nokturn" - night.

A note is a conventional graphic sign located on a musical staff and indicating the height and relative duration of a sound. The note consists of a white or shaded head and a small stick - a tail, going up or down. The word comes from the Latin " nota" - a written sign.

Notation is a way of recording music using special graphic symbols. The word comes from the Latin " notatio" - recording.

A one-part work is a work in which there is no division into independent parts.

Opera is a type of theatrical art in which stage action is closely related to music - vocal and orchestral. Translated from Italian " orerA" - composition. The first operas were created in Italy at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. In the 19th century Russian music, in which the composer laid the foundations of national opera, took one of the leading places in world art. The traditions were brilliantly developed by his successors - composers - Korsakov, as well as composers of the 20th century -,.

Operetta is a musical comedy. A musical and stage work of comedic content with vocal and dance scenes accompanied by an orchestra and conversational episodes.

Opus is a term used to sequentially number a composer's works. Derived from the Latin word " opus"- work, work. In Russian it is often used in abbreviation: op. or Op. Sometimes an opus may contain not one, but several works. For example, a collection of 12 plays “Children’s Music” was published under one opus - op. 65.

Oratorio is a vocal-symphonic work of many parts. An oratorio usually consists of an alternation of choral episodes, symphonic fragments and vocal numbers - arias, ensembles, recitatives. It differs from the cantata in its larger scale and development of the plot. It arose at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. The oratorio genre is close to works called “Requiem”. Samples of Russian oratorio arose at the beginning of the 19th century; this genre became quite popular in the 20th century. They address him (oratorio “On Guard of the World”), (“Song of the Forests”), (“Requiem”).

The organ is a keyboard wind instrument, distinguished by its enormous size and richness of timbre and dynamic shades. Its name comes from the Latin word " organum" - tool. The largest musical instrument.

An orchestra is a large group of instrumental musicians performing works specially designed for a given composition. Sometimes orchestras consist of homogeneous instruments, but more often they are composed of different instrumental groups. Depending on the composition, orchestras have different expressive, timbre and dynamic capabilities and have different names - wind, chamber, folk instruments, symphonic, pop.

Orchestration is the arrangement of a piece of music for orchestra.

An orchestra of Russian musical instruments is an orchestra consisting mainly of domras and balalaikas, including zhaleikas, gusli, horns and other instruments of folk origin.

A score is a musical notation of a polyphonic work for a choir, orchestra or chamber ensemble. The score brings together the parts of individual voices and instruments. The score is a thick, voluminous, hard-bound book, which is placed on the conductor's stand when a piece of music is performed. The parts in the score are arranged one above the other, line by line. The word comes from the Italian " partitura"- division, distribution.

A part is an integral part of a musical work, assigned to an individual voice, instrument, or a group of similar voices or instruments.

A pedal is a special lever device in musical instruments that is controlled by the feet. The word comes from the Latin " pedalis" - foot. Using the pedal, you change the tuning of an instrument (harp, timpani), stop or prolong the sound, and reduce the sound strength (piano).

Singing is the performance of music using a singing voice. Singing differs from spoken speech in the precision of pitch intonation and is one of the most expressive means of musical art. Singing can be choral, solo, ensemble (duet, trio). Singing is the basis of opera, romance, and song genres.

The first violins are a group of violins in a symphony or chamber orchestra that are assigned a more significant role: playing the upper leading voice, they are the main carriers of the most expressive melody in the overall orchestral sound. The number of first violins in a large orchestra reaches 20 pieces.

Arrangement, arrangement - reworking of a musical work written for certain voices or instruments in order to adapt it to performance by other means, for example, arrangement of a symphony for performance on the piano, choral arrangement of a one-voice song, etc. The word “arrangement” comes from the French “ arranger" - process.

A songbook is a collection of popular songs containing the lyrics of these songs and the musical notation of the melody. Songbooks are also commonly called notebooks of singing lovers with recordings of the lyrics of their favorite songs.

Song is one of the forms of vocal music, widespread in folk music, musical everyday life, as well as in professional music. Nowadays, the song can be pop, choral, mass, folk and is addressed to a wide range of music lovers.

Piano is a string-keyboard musical instrument, a type of piano. The piano was invented at the end of the 18th century. A characteristic feature of the piano is a vertically positioned frame with strings (in a grand piano, the strings are stretched in a horizontal position), which makes the instrument more compact in size. Italian word " piano"means small" piano" In turn, the Italian " piano" is an abbreviation for the word "piano".

Polonaise is a dance of Polish origin. The polonaise has the character of a brilliant procession. The dancers move smoothly, majestically, slightly crouching at the 3rd quarter of each beat. The word comes from the French " polonaise" - Polish dance.

The chorus is part of the verse form. Usually in a song the chorus comes after the chorus. But when the chorus is repeated, its words and melody do not change.

Program music is instrumental music based on a program, that is, a specific plot. The programmatic nature of the music can be stated in its title (for example, the suite “Pictures at an Exhibition”, the overture “Romeo and Juliet”), in the epigraph (Kovich’s Seventh Symphony: “Dedicated to my hometown Leningrad, our future victory over fascism”) or in a special program , which talks in detail about the content of the music (“Fantastic Symphony” by G. Berlioz).

The console is a stand for music in the form of an inclined frame on a long leg, sometimes on two. To adjust the height, the remote control is equipped with a retractable stand.

A play is a completed musical work of small size. This term is usually used in relation to instrumental music.

A music stand is a stand for music, built into a piano or organ.

Repertoire is a selection of musical works performed in concerts or theatre, as well as plays that constitute the “creative baggage” of a soloist.

Rehearsal is a preparatory trial performance of a piece of music. To achieve perfection, a number of rehearsals are usually carried out before a performance. From Latin " repetito" - repetition.

Refrain is the main section of the rondo, which is repeated several times, alternating with other sections - episodes. In verse form, the refrain is the same as the chorus. Translated from French the word " refrain"That's what it means - chorus.

Rhythm is the alternation of different durations of sounds in music, short and long. One of the main elements of melody expressiveness. The word comes from the Greek " rhythmos" - proportionality.

Romance is a work for voice with instrumental accompaniment. The genres of romance are varied - lyrics, satire, storytelling, etc. Romance became widespread in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Classic examples of romances were created by composers - Korsakov,.

Romanticism is an artistic movement in culture at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries, which is characterized by ardor and sublime aspiration of ideas. Romanticism became the progenitor of new musical genres - ballad, fantasy, poem. The greatest romantic musicians: F. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. Liszt.

Rondo is a musical form consisting of the repeated construction of a main section - a refrain, with which other episodes alternate. Rondo begins and ends with a refrain, forming a circle. It comes from the French word " rond" - round dance, walking in a circle.

Grand piano is the name of the main type of piano that has taken root in Russia. The wing-like shape of the body, characteristic of a grand piano, is due to the difference in the length of the strings. The name of the instrument comes from the French word " royal" - royal. Indeed, it is customary to say about the piano that this instrument is the king of the orchestra.

A symphony orchestra is a musical group that is the most advanced and rich in its expressive capabilities. Large symphony orchestras have more than 10 musicians. The capabilities of this orchestra are very great. A modern orchestra consists of four main groups: a string group, a woodwind group, a brass group and a percussion group. The symphony orchestra is an indispensable participant in musical performances (operas, ballets, operettas), as well as cantatas and oratorios.

A symphony is a work for orchestra, written in the form of a sonata cycle. There are symphonies in the form of an extended cycle - up to 6-7 parts, and in the form of an incomplete cycle - up to one-part ones. The word comes from the Greek " symphonia" - consonance. The symphonies of V.-A. are widely known. Mozart, L. Beethoven, . Some symphonies are programmatic - “Fantastic” by G. Berlioz, “Pathetique”, “Pastoral” by L. Beethoven.

Syncope is a sound that begins on the weak beat of a measure and is sustained on the following strong beat. This term comes from the Greek " sinkope"- omission of something. Syncopation is characteristic of the Polish mazurka, as well as jazz music.

Scherzo is the name of various sharp-character plays - humorous, grotesque, fantastic. The word comes from the Italian " scherzo" - joke. Pieces created in the scherzo genre can be of different sizes - from a funny miniature to part of a symphony. Thus, the Russian composer used the scherzo genre to create the second part of his famous “Bogatyr Symphony”.

Skomorokh is a wandering musician, actor, singer and dancer in medieval Russia. The “amusement” buffoons usually accompanied their performances by playing the bagpipes, pipes, and harp.

The treble clef is one of the main clefs used in musical notation. The treble clef is a Latin letter distorted over time. G. The treble clef is most convenient for recording sounds in the middle and high register.

The violin is a bowed string instrument, the highest in sound, the richest in expressive and technical capabilities among the instruments of the violin family. It is believed that the immediate predecessor of the violin was Lira da Braccio, which, like a violin, was also held at the shoulder (in Italian the word “ braccio" means shoulder). The techniques of playing it were also similar to those of the violin. The body of a modern violin has an oval shape with notches on the sides. The violin is a predominantly single-voice instrument. The timbre of the violin is rich, melodious, and in terms of expressiveness it approaches the human voice.

The bow is a thin wooden stick with a stretched “ribbon” of horsehair. Used to extract sound from bowed string instruments (violin, cello). The length of a modern bow is about 75 cm.

Soloist is a performer of a piece of music intended for one voice or instrument. In opera, the soloist is the performer of a responsible role.

Solo - an episode in a vocal-symphonic, chamber, or choral work, performed by one singer or instrument. The word comes from the Italian " solo" - the only one, one.

Sonata is a work for one or two instruments, written in the form of a sonata cycle. The word comes from the Italian " sonare" - play any instrument.

Soprano is the highest female singing voice. In musical practice there are dramatic, lyric and coloratura sopranos. The word comes from the Italian " sopra"-at the top, above.

A string is an elastic, tightly stretched thread used in many instruments (piano, violin, harp, balalaika, etc.) and serves as a source of sound. The pitch of a string depends on its length, tension force and density of the material from which it is made. Strings are made of metal, animal veins, and also silk.

A stage is a specially equipped part of a theater room intended for the performance of artists, singers, and dancers. The word “scene” also refers to a part of an act or picture of a musical stage performance, which is a relatively complete fragment.

A measure is a short segment of a piece of music contained between downbeats. Starting on a downbeat, the measure ends before the next downbeat; depicted by vertical lines crossing the staff. The word comes from the Latin " tactus" - action.

Theme is a melody, usually short, that expresses the main idea of ​​the work and is material for further development. In Greek " theme" - what lies at the core.

Timbre is a specific coloring of sound characteristic of a given musical instrument or voice. The character of timbre depends on the overtones accompanying the sound and their relative strength. The timbre can be dull, ringing, clear, etc.

Tempo - speed of movement. The pace of the work depends on its character, mood, content. Deviation from the correct tempo leads to distortion of the content. The word comes from the Latin " tempus" - time.

Tenor is the highest sounding male singing voice. There are two main types of tenor: lyric - soft in timbre, gentle, and dramatic - more juicy, strong. In addition to the singing voice, tenor is also called a brass instrument of the middle register, characterized by a warm and rich timbre.

Trill is a rapid alternation of a given sound and the adjacent upper degree of the fret. In Italian " trillare" - rattle.

Trepak is a Russian folk dance, fast, perky, rhythmically clear, with dashing steps. The main figures are improvised by dancers showing their dexterity and ingenuity. The trepaka dance genre was used by classical composers. For example, “Russian Dance” in the ballet “The Nutcracker” was written in this genre.

The triangle is a percussion instrument with an indefinite pitch. It is a rod made of silver steel, bent in the shape of a triangle. When playing the triangle, it is suspended from a string or strap and vibrated by touching a metal stick.

A trio is an ensemble of three performers with an independent part for each of them. Trios are also called works for such an ensemble. Vocal trios are called terzets and exist as a chamber genre. The word "trio" also means the middle part in some musical pieces of the 3-part form - dances, marches, scherzos.

The trumpet is a brass wind instrument, the simplest examples of which are known long before our era. A modern pipe is a pipe bent several times and ending in a small bell. The narrow end is equipped with a mouthpiece.

Troubadour - a traveling poet and singer in France during the Middle Ages. The word comes from the Provençal " trobar" - invent, compose poetry. The main themes in the art of troubadours are the singing of love, deeds, and the beauty of nature.

The troupe is a creative team of theater artists.

Touche is a short musical “greeting” of a fanfare type. It is usually performed at ceremonies.

An overture is an orchestral piece performed before a theatrical performance and introduces the ideas and moods of the upcoming spectacle. In French the word " ouverture" - means "opening".

The bassoon is a low-sounding woodwind instrument invented in the 16th century. It is a long tube, its channel length is 2.5 m, folded several times. The word comes from the Italian " fagotto"- bunch, bundle. The theme of the grandfather in the musical fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf” was written for the bassoon.

Falsetto is the sound of a particularly high register of male voices with a characteristic timbre colorlessness; differs in low sound strength and some artificiality. The word comes from the Italian " falso" - false, false. Occasionally falsetto is used as an expressive artistic device.

Fanfare is a wind musical instrument such as a bugle. Fanfare is also called a trumpet signal of an inviting and ceremonial nature. Fanfare intonations are used in works of various forms and genres.

Finale is the last part of a cyclic musical work (symphony, concert, quartet, sonata), as well as the final scene of an opera, ballet or individual act. The word comes from the Italian " final" - final, final.

The flute is a woodwind instrument, one of the most ancient in origin. The ancestors of the flute are various kinds of reed pipes and pipes. The primary sample of the flute is the longitudinal flute, which was later replaced by the transverse flute sample. A modern flute is a narrow tube, closed at one end, with special holes for blowing air into it. The name comes from the Latin " flatus" - wind, blow. The flute is an indispensable participant in symphony ensembles, brass bands and chamber ensembles. The flute, as a moving instrument, is usually entrusted with the performance of fast, winding melodic phrases, light and graceful passages. The part of the bird in the musical fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf” was written for flute. The flute performs the leitmotif of the Snow Maiden in Korsakov's opera of the same name.

Folklore - oral folk art (Old English word " folklore" - means "folk wisdom"). Musical folklore includes the song and instrumental creativity of the people, reflecting their history, way of life, aspirations, and thoughts. The main area of ​​musical folklore is folk song.

Piano ( t.zh. piano) is a stringed keyboard instrument that has gained exceptional importance in musical practice due to its enormous range and universal technical capabilities. The first examples of this instrument were imperfect: their sound was harsh and their range was limited. Having undergone a number of improvements, the piano by the end of the 18th century. replaced the harpsichord and clavichord. An important step towards the rich dynamic capabilities of the piano was the invention of pedals. At the beginning of the 19th century. Two main types of pianos became established - the upright piano and the grand piano. They are still widespread today. A large number of musical works have been created for the piano. In the history of music, the names of outstanding pianists-performers are known - Stein, etc.

A fugue is a polyphonic work with many voices, in which the main theme is heard in different voices. Translated from Latin the word " fugue" means " run" The fugue reached its highest development in the work of the German composer J.-S. Bach. Often the fugue is performed in combination with other musical pieces - prelude, toccata, fantasy.

Habanera is a Spanish dance of Cuban origin. The name comes from the word Havana- capital of Cuba. Performed at a slow tempo, much of the movement is freely improvised. Habanera is the predecessor of tango, which is characterized by the same rhythm of accompaniment. The habanera genre was used by composer J. Bizet in his opera Carmen.

A choir is a singing group that performs vocal music, mostly polyphonic. There are single (male and female), mixed and children's choirs. The word comes from the Latin " chorus" - crowd, meeting. According to the manner of performance, choirs are divided into academic and folk.

The choirmaster is the conductor of the choir. Typically, a choirmaster is an assistant choir director who works with the group when learning the repertoire. The responsible leader of a choral group in an opera house is also called a choirmaster.

Jota is a Spanish folk dance, performed at a fast pace, accompanied by playing the guitar, mandolin, and the clicking of castanets. The jota genre was used in the creation of his Spanish overture “Aragonese jota”.

Csardas is a Hungarian folk dance. The name comes from the Hungarian word " csarda" - tavern. Consists of slow and fast parts. Czardas is often found in musical literature.

Chastushki are Russian folk songs based on the repeated repetition of a small verse. Appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. The word "ditty" comes from the word "frequent", repeated many times. According to the content, ditties can be satirical, mischievous, lyrical, etc. Slow love ditties are usually called suffering.

The barrel organ is a mechanical wind instrument that became widespread among wandering musicians in Europe at the beginning of the 18th century. A barrel organ is a small box, inside of which there is a mechanism made of a tube, fur and a roller. When the handle is rotated, a piece of music sounds, usually very simple in melodic pattern. The piece is “programmed” into the organ, so playing it does not require any special skills.

Noise sound is a sound that does not have (unlike musical) a clearly defined pitch. Noise sounds include hum, crackling, ringing, rustling, etc. Some noise sounds have found application in music: drumming, clicking of castanets, hitting cymbals, etc.

Plucked instruments are a group of ancient stringed instruments, the sound of which is produced by plucking, that is, by hooking the strings with a finger, as well as by a mediator, a special device for hooking strings. Plucked instruments include harp, domra, mandolin, etc.

Elegy is a play of a sad and thoughtful nature. In Greek " elegeia" - complaint.

A pop orchestra is a name rooted in our country for an orchestra that performs “light” music. Such an orchestra includes a group of wind instruments, a set of drums, piano, guitars, and sometimes several violins.

Humoresque is a short play of a humorous, whimsical nature. In music, musical plays called “Humoresque” by composers A. Dvorak, E. Grieg, etc. are popular.