Heroes of literary fairy tales invented by writers. Creation of a separate genre

Amazing stories, beautiful and mysterious, full extraordinary events and adventures, are familiar to everyone - both old and young. Who among us did not empathize with Ivan Tsarevich when he fought with the Serpent Gorynych? Didn’t you admire Vasilisa the Wise, who defeated Baba Yaga?

Creation of a separate genre

Heroes who have not lost their popularity for centuries are known to almost everyone. They came to us from fairy tales. No one knows when and how the first fairy tale appeared. But since time immemorial, they have been passed down from generation to generation fairy tales, which over time acquired new miracles, events, and heroes.

Charm old stories, fictional, but full of meaning, A.S. Pushkin felt with all his soul. He was the first to bring a fairy tale out of second-rate literature, which made it possible to highlight Russian fairy tales folk writers into an independent genre.

Thanks to the imagery, logical plot and figurative language, fairy tales have become a popular teaching tool. Not all of them are educational and training in nature. Many perform only an entertainment function, but, nevertheless, the main features of a fairy tale as a separate genre are:

• installation on fiction;
• special compositional and stylistic techniques;
• targeting a children's audience;
• combination of educational, educational and entertainment functions;
• the existence in the minds of readers of bright prototypical images.

The genre of fairy tales is very wide. This includes folk tales and author's, poetic and prose, instructive and entertaining, simple single-plot fairy tales and complex multi-plot works.

Fairy tale writers of the 19th century

Russian fairy tale writers have created a real treasury amazing stories. Starting from A.S. Pushkin, fairy tale threads reached out to the works of many Russian writers. The origins of the fairy-tale genre of literature were:

• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin;
• Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov;
• Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov;
• Sergey Timofeevich Aksakov;
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal;
• Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky;
• Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky;
• Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky;
• Mikhail Larionovich Mikhailov;
• Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov;
• Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin;
• Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin;
• Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
• Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky;
• Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin-Sibiryak.

Let's take a closer look at their work.

Tales of Pushkin

The great poet’s turn to fairy tales was natural. He heard them from his grandmother, from the servant, from his nanny Arina Rodionovna. Experiencing deep impressions from folk poetry, Pushkin wrote: “What a delight these fairy tales are!” In his works, the poet widely uses folk speech, putting them into artistic form.

The talented poet combined in his tales the life and customs of Russian society of that time and the wonderful Magic world. His magnificent tales are written in simple, lively language and are easy to remember. And, like many fairy tales of Russian writers, they perfectly reveal the conflict of light and darkness, good and evil.

The tale of Tsar Saltan ends with a cheerful feast glorifying goodness. The tale of the priest makes fun of church ministers, the tale of the fisherman and the fish shows what greed can lead to, the tale of dead princess talks about envy and anger. In Pushkin's fairy tales, as in many folk tales, good triumphs over evil.

Writers and storytellers contemporaries of Pushkin

V. A. Zhukovsky was a friend of Pushkin. As he writes in his memoirs, Alexander Sergeevich, fascinated by fairy tales, offered him a poetry tournament on the theme of Russian fairy tales. Zhukovsky accepted the challenge and wrote tales about Tsar Berendey, Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf.

He liked working on fairy tales, and over the next years he wrote several more: “The Little Thumb Boy,” “The Sleeping Princess,” “The War of Mice and Frogs.”

Russian fairy tale writers introduced their readers to the wonderful stories of foreign literature. Zhukovsky was the first translator of foreign fairy tales. He translated and retold in verse the story of “Nal and Damayanti” and the fairy tale “Puss in Boots”.

An enthusiastic fan of A.S. Pushkin M.Yu. Lermontov wrote the fairy tale “Ashik-Kerib”. She was known in Central Asia, in the Middle East and Transcaucasia. The poet translated it into poetry, and translated each unfamiliar word so that it became understandable to Russian readers. Beautiful oriental tale turned into a magnificent creation of Russian literature.

The young poet P. P. Ershov also brilliantly put folk tales into poetic form. In his first fairy tale, “The Little Humpbacked Horse,” his imitation of his great contemporary is clearly visible. The work was published during Pushkin’s lifetime, and the young poet earned the praise of his famous fellow writer.

Tales with national flavor

Being a contemporary of Pushkin, S.T. Aksakov began writing at a late age. At the age of sixty-three, he began writing a biography book, the appendix of which was the work “The Scarlet Flower.” Like many Russian fairy tale writers, he revealed to readers a story he heard in childhood.

Aksakov tried to maintain the style of the work in the manner of the housekeeper Pelageya. The original dialect is palpable throughout the work, which didn’t hurt “ To the scarlet flower"become one of the most beloved children's fairy tales.

Rich and live speech Pushkin’s fairy tales could not help but captivate the great expert on the Russian language, V. I. Dahl. The linguist-philologist tried to preserve the charm of everyday speech in his fairy tales, to introduce meaning and morality folk proverbs and proverbs. These are the fairy tales “The Bear-Half-Maker”, “The Little Fox”, “The Girl Snow Maiden”, “The Crow”, “The Picky One”.

"New" fairy tales

V.F. Odoevsky is a contemporary of Pushkin, one of the first to write fairy tales for children, which was very rare. His fairy tale “The City in a Snuffbox” is the first work of this genre in which a different life was recreated. Almost all fairy tales told about peasant life, which Russian fairy tale writers tried to convey. In this work, the author talked about the life of a boy from prosperous family living in abundance.

“About the Four Deaf People” is a fairy tale-parable borrowed from Indian folklore. The writer’s most famous fairy tale, “Moroz Ivanovich,” is completely borrowed from Russian folk tales. But the author brought novelty to both works - he talked about the life of a city home and family, and included children in boarding schools and schools in the canvas.

The fairy tale by A. A. Perovsky “The Black Hen” was written by the author for his nephew Alyosha. Perhaps this explains the excessive instructiveness of the work. Need to mark, fabulous lessons did not pass without a trace and had a beneficial effect on his nephew Alexei Tolstoy, who later became famous prose writer and playwright. This author penned the fairy tale “Lafertovskaya Poppy Plant”, which was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Didactics is clearly visible in the works of K. D. Ushinsky, the great teacher-reformer. But the moral of his tales is unobtrusive. They awaken good feelings: loyalty, sympathy, nobility, justice. These include fairy tales: “Mice”, “Fox Patrikeevna”, “Fox and Geese”, “Crow and Crayfish”, “Kids and the Wolf”.

Other 19th century tales

Like all literature in general, fairy tales could not help but tell about the liberation struggle and revolutionary movement 70s of the XIX century. These include the tales of M.L. Mikhailova: “Forest Mansions”, “Dumas”. He also shows the suffering and tragedy of the people in his fairy tales. famous poet ON THE. Nekrasov. Satirist M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his works exposed the essence of landowner hatred towards to the common people, spoke about the oppression of peasants.

V. M. Garshin touched upon the pressing problems of his time in his tales. Most famous fairy tales writer - “The Frog Traveler”, “About the Toad and the Rose”.

L.N. wrote many fairy tales. Tolstoy. The first of them were created for school. Tolstoy wrote short fairy tales, parables and fables. Great connoisseur human souls Lev Nikolaevich in his works called for conscience and honest work. The writer criticized social inequality and unjust laws.

N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky wrote works in which the approach of social upheaval is clearly felt. These are the fairy tales “Three Brothers” and “Volmai”. Garin visited many countries of the world and, of course, this was reflected in his work. While traveling throughout Korea, he recorded more than a hundred Korean fairy tales, myths and legends.

Writer D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak joined the ranks of glorious Russian storytellers with such wonderful works as “ Gray Neck", the collection "Alenushkin's Tales", the fairy tale "About Tsar Pea".

Later fairy tales of Russian writers also made a significant contribution to this genre. List wonderful works The twentieth century is very great. But fairy tales XIX centuries will forever remain an example of classic fairy-tale literature.

Fairy tales accompany our lives from the cradle. Children do not yet know how to talk, but mothers and fathers, grandparents are already beginning to communicate with them through fairy tales. The child does not yet understand a word, but listens to the intonation of his native voice and smiles. There is so much kindness, love, and sincerity in fairy tales that it is understandable without any words.

Storytellers have been revered in Rus' since ancient times. After all, thanks to them, life, often gray and miserable, was painted in bright colors. The fairy tale gave hope and faith in miracles and made children happy.

I would like to know who these wizards are who can cure melancholy and boredom with words, and ward off grief and misfortune. Let's meet some of them?

Creator of Flower City

Who has not at least once in their life heard of such a bright and controversial character as Dunno? Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov is the creator of this interesting and cute little guy.

The author of the wonderful Flower City, where every street was named after a flower, was born in 1908 in Kyiv. The father of the future writer was pop singer, And a little boy I enthusiastically went to the concerts of my beloved dad. Everyone around predicted a singing future for little Kolya.

But all the boy’s interest faded after they bought him the long-awaited violin that he had been asking for for so long. Soon the violin was abandoned. But Kolya was always interested in something and was interested in something. He was equally passionate about music, chess, photography, chemistry, and electrical engineering. Everything in this world was interesting to him, which was later reflected in his work.

The first fairy tales he composed were exclusively for his little son. He composed for his son Petya and his friends, and saw a response in their children's hearts. He realized that this was his destiny.

The creation of our favorite character Dunno Nosov was inspired by the writer Anna Khvolson. It is among her little forest people that the name Dunno is found. But only the name was borrowed from Khvolson. Otherwise, Dunno Nosova is unique. There is something in him from Nosov himself, namely, love for wide-brimmed hats and brightness of thinking.

“Chebureks... Cheboksary... But there is no Cheburashka!...

The author of the unknown animal Cheburashka, so beloved throughout the world, Uspensky Eduard Nikolaevich, was born on December 22, 1937 in the city of Yegoryevsk, Moscow region. His love for writing manifested itself already in student years. His first book, Uncle Fyodor, Dog and Cat, was published in 1974. The idea for this fairy tale came to him while working as a librarian at a children's camp.

Initially, in the book, Uncle Fyodor was supposed to be an adult forester. He had to live with a dog and a cat in the forest. But not less famous writer Boris Zakhoder suggested that Eduard Uspensky make his character a little boy. The book was rewritten, but many adult traits in the character of Uncle Fyodor remained.

An interesting moment is observed in chapter 8 of the book about Uncle Fyodor, where Pechkin signs: “Goodbye. Postman of the village of Prostokvashino, Mozhaisk district, Pechkin.” This refers, most likely, to the Mozhaisky district of the Moscow region. In fact locality with the name “Prostokvashino” is only available in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The cartoon about the cat Matroskin, the dog Sharik, their owner Uncle Fyodor and the harmful postman Pechkin also became very popular. Another interesting thing about the cartoon is that the image of Matroskin was drawn after the animator Marina Voskanyants heard the voice of Oleg Tabakov.

Another cute and cute character of Eduard Uspensky, who became loved all over the world thanks to his charm, is Cheburashka.

Such an awkward name appeared thanks to the author’s friends, who called their clumsy daughter, who was just starting to walk, that way. The story of the box with oranges in which Cheburashka was found is also taken from life. Once Eduard Nikolaevich in the Odessa port saw a huge chameleon in a box with bananas.

The writer is national hero Japan, thanks to Cheburashka, who is very loved in this country. The interesting thing is that in different countries differently relate to the author's characters, but without a doubt they are loved by everyone. For example, the Finns are very sympathetic to Uncle Fyodor, in America they adore the old woman Shapoklyak, but the Japanese are completely in love with Cheburashka. There are no people in the world who are indifferent to the storyteller Uspensky.

Schwartz as an ordinary miracle

Generations grew up on Schwartz's fairy tales - “The Tale of Lost Time”, “Cinderella”, “ An ordinary miracle" And Don Quixote, directed by Kozintsev from a script by Schwartz, is still considered an unsurpassed adaptation of the great Spanish novel.

Evgeny Schwartz was born into an intelligent and wealthy family of an Orthodox Jewish doctor and midwife. WITH early childhood Zhenya constantly moved with his parents from one city to another. And finally, they settled in the city of Maykop. These moves were a kind of exile revolutionary activity father of Evgeny Schwartz.

In 1914, Evgeniy entered the law faculty of Moscow University, but after 2 years he realized that this was not his path. He was always attracted by literature and art.

In 1917, he was drafted into the army, where he received a shell shock, which is why his hands trembled all his life.

After demobilization from the army, Evgeny Schwartz devoted himself entirely to creativity. In 1925, he published his first book of fairy tales, which was called “Stories of the Old Balalaika.” Despite great censorship oversight, the book had big success. This circumstance inspired the author.

Inspired, he wrote fairy tale play“Underwood”, which was staged at the Leningrad Youth Theater. His subsequent plays, “Islands 5K” and “Treasure,” were also staged there. And in 1934, Schwartz became a member of the USSR Writers' Union.

But in Stalin’s times, his plays were no longer performed; they were seen as having political overtones and satire. The writer was very worried about this.

An old man lived with his old woman
By the bluest sea;
They lived in a dilapidated dugout
Exactly thirty years and three years.
The old man was catching fish with a net,
The old woman was spinning her yarn.
Once he threw a net into the sea -
A net arrived with nothing but mud.
Another time he cast a net -
A net came with sea grass.
For the third time he cast the net -
A net came with one fish,
With not just a simple fish - a gold one.
How the goldfish prays!
He says in a human voice:
"Let me go to sea, old man!
Dear, I will give a ransom for myself:
I'll buy you anything you want."

Tales of Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak - Twelve Months

Do you know how many months there are in a year?

Twelve.

What are their names?

January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.

As soon as one month ends, another begins immediately. And it has never happened before that February came before January left, and May overtook April.

The months go one after another and never meet.

But people say that in the mountainous country of Bohemia there was a girl who saw all twelve months at once.

How did this happen? That's how.

In one small village there lived an evil and stingy woman with her daughter and stepdaughter. She loved her daughter, but her stepdaughter could not please her in any way. No matter what the stepdaughter does, everything is wrong, no matter how she turns, everything is in the wrong direction.

Fairy tale by Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky - Aibolit

Good Doctor Aibolit!
He is sitting under a tree.
Come to him for treatment
And the cow and the she-wolf,
And the bug and the worm,
And a bear!
He will heal everyone, he will heal everyone
Good Doctor Aibolit!

And the fox came to Aibolit:
"Oh, I was bitten by a wasp!"
And the watchdog came to Aibolit:
"A chicken pecked me on the nose!"
And the hare came running
And she screamed: “Ay, ah!
My bunny got hit by a tram!
My bunny, my boy
Got hit by a tram!
He ran along the path
And his legs were cut,
And now he's sick and lame,
My little bunny!"
And Aibolit said:
"No problem! Bring it here!"