The first nesting dolls. Russian matryoshka for kindergarten

Quite often, people make attempts to determine the nationality of their interlocutor by his appearance, some features characteristic of natives of this particular country. And very often such " character traits“become something like stereotypes, resulting in such beliefs as “all Irish are red-haired” or statements in the spirit of “the gap between the front teeth characteristic of Italians.” But at the same time, many residents of European countries are completely unable to distinguish a resident of one Asian country from another, for them, “all Asians look the same, you can’t understand who he is, Chinese or Japanese, how are they different?” At the same time, the inhabitants of Asia themselves distinguish each other with almost absolute accuracy, although exceptions do occur, since there are still a number of certain differences.

National diversity and unity

When starting a conversation about the differences between one nation and another, you should at least look a little at the history of the countries under discussion. And the fact will immediately emerge that China is a country that is not monolithic in its own way. ethnic composition, and the residents of Beijing and, for example, Taiwan will differ significantly from each other. At the same time, Japan is a mononational country, and the Japanese are more or less similar in appearance to each other. However there are some characteristic features, which will help answer the question: “How do the Chinese differ from the Japanese?”

Characteristic external features

It is not as difficult to distinguish a Chinese and a Japanese standing next to each other as it might seem at first glance. The Japanese, as a rule, are taller than the Chinese by an average of ten centimeters, and such a difference is very noticeable and immediately noticeable. Of all the Asians, the Japanese are the fairest-skinned (and the skin of the Chinese actually has a yellowish tint, which is why Chinese women don’t like to sunbathe so much), they have more elongated faces (as, indeed, do the Koreans).

The eyes of Japanese and Chinese are also different. In the former, they have a wider cut, while the latter have a pronounced single eyelid (by the way, in the nearby South Korea are practiced plastic surgery, thanks to which the “European” double eyelid is achieved, so popular among Asian fashionistas who are ready to do any tricks for it). In addition, the Japanese have a thinner and more prominent nose, while the Chinese have a rather flattened nose. The Japanese have softer hair than the Chinese, and they also have less facial hair.

Video on the topic

Personal care

The differences between the Chinese and Japanese are also noticeable in how they relate to their own appearance. It is believed that the Japanese are very worried about what people around them will think of them and are very worried about their reputation. They care much more about their appearance, unlike the same Chinese. The skin of Japanese women, as opposed to the skin of Chinese women, is almost always much more well-groomed; they may pay a little less attention to their clothes, but their hair and makeup will always be thought out with special care. Chinese women are often reproached for their lack of sense of style, incorrect combination of colors in clothes, lack of makeup, and unkempt hair.

For example, quite often on the street you can meet Chinese woman, dressed in a home suit, or even pajamas. A Japanese woman will never allow herself to do this. The Japanese generally prefer higher quality clothing, often from well-known brands.

Many often note the Japanese love of stockings with displeasure, saying that they emphasize the curvature of Japanese women’s legs. There is an opinion that Japanese women’s legs are somewhat short and crooked, while Chinese women’s legs are quite long and straight. And the calf muscles of the latter are not so large and developed.

Behavior

What distinguishes the Chinese and Japanese apart from their appearance is their manner of behavior. There is this half-joking advice: if you meet a group of Asian tourists and don’t know who they are, then look at their behavior. If they make noise, then they are Chinese, and if they quietly take pictures and look at the sights, then they are Japanese. But in every joke, as you know, there is only a part of the joke, and this expression can also tell you how to distinguish a Chinese from a Japanese.

Due to established cultural characteristics, including the characteristics of their upbringing, the Chinese are distinguished by great noisiness and impulsiveness, if we compare them with the same Japanese, who, on the contrary, from the very beginning early childhood teach modesty and delicacy. Therefore, many Chinese in public places they do things that no Japanese would allow themselves to do, for example, they talk loudly and emotionally, and without the slightest shadow of embarrassment they spit at their feet.

Results

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that there are quite a lot of things by which you can understand how the Chinese differ from the Japanese, especially if you practice in this. Or have the opportunity to communicate with both of them live. It is enough just to remember some external differences, for example, in facial structure, skin color, manner of dressing, and to learn the most characteristic behavioral traits of a particular nation (however, without elevating this set of traits to the rank absolute truth, keeping in mind that these are just general rules).

There is probably no person on earth who has not at least once in his life seen a small, plump doll painted in bright colors. Of course, we're talking about about the Russian nesting doll. In itself, it evokes so much positivity that even foreigners, when coming to Russia, consider the nesting doll a must-have souvenir. Kind and cheerful round face makes you smile, regardless of your mood. And few people know that this is not folk toy. And when the craftsman Vasily Zvezdochkin came up with the Russian nesting doll, almost no one has any idea.

Developmental constructor

And how the little one rejoices when he picks up this wooden miracle! For children, this is also not just a doll, but also a kind of construction set. Indeed, thanks to its characteristics, the Russian folk matryoshka develops children's thinking.

The secret lies in its design. The fact is that this doll is collapsible. It consists of two parts, when you separate them, you will see inside exactly the same fat woman, only smaller in size. Sometimes there are as many as 48 such “clones”! One can imagine the joy of a child when such a treasure is discovered - many miniature toys.

In addition, according to experts, this form of presentation trains the child’s intellect, showing him that everything in life goes from small to large, and vice versa.

Craftsmanship and sophistication

Adults are amazed by the sophistication of turning and artistic work, especially in dolls with a lot of nesting. After all, the smallest Russian nesting doll (pictures of which accompany us all our lives) sometimes does not exceed a few millimeters in height. However, it is hand painted. Exactly the same as the big one.

Despite the simplicity and unpretentiousness of the toy, as soon as you pick it up, you feel like a part of the ancient Russian ethnic group. An interesting fact is that the doll was invented and made relatively recently. And although historians find it difficult to say when the craftsman Vasily Zvezdochkin invented the Russian nesting doll, it is certain that this miracle appeared in the 90s of the 19th century.

Legends around the origin story

The history of the Russian nesting doll, according to the widespread version, began in a workshop-shop " Children's education", which belonged to the family of A. I. Mamontov (brother of the world-famous industrialist and philanthropist Savva Mamontov). There is a legend according to which Anatoly Mamontov’s wife brought from Japan, where she traveled for a long time, an amazing toy figurine of the Japanese god Fukorokoju. In Russia it was called Fukuruma. It is curious that in Japanese such a word does not exist, and most likely the name Fukuruma is already Russian version The toy figurine was named after interesting secret. It was divided into two halves, and inside there was a smaller copy of it, also consisting of two parts.

Co-authorship

The beautiful god delighted the famous modernist artist Sergei Malyutin. Admiring the curiosity, Malyutin suddenly caught fire interesting idea. To implement it, he hired turner Vasily Petrovich Zvezdochkin, a hereditary toy maker. Malyutin asked the master to make a small wooden block, which was made in a matter of minutes. Transferring the blank into the hands of the artist, the turner did not yet understand the meaning of the idea. Without wasting time, Malyutin, having selected paints, painted the wooden block with his own hands.

Imagine Zvedochkin’s surprise when he saw that the result was a small, plump girl in a simple peasant sundress with a rooster in her hands. It consisted of two halves, inside of which was the same young lady, but smaller in size. There were eight of them in total, each of them holding a different object in their hands. There was a harvest sickle, a basket, and a jug. Interestingly, the last figurine depicted a very ordinary baby.

However, historians and biographers who studied the activities of Malyutin are quite skeptical about this beautiful legend. The Russian matryoshka, pictures of which (at least in sketches) were not found in the artist’s heritage, could not have been invented in a second. And to communicate with the turner, sketches and drawings were needed.

Why is the doll called matryoshka?

Historians almost unanimously claim that the name Matryona is the most common in the villages of Russia at the end of the 19th century. It is possible that this is what prompted the authors of the toy. But here is another assumption: when the Russian matryoshka was invented, its name came from the word “matrona”, i.e. mother large family. They say that this is how the creators of the doll wanted to emphasize the peace and kindness of their invention. And they gave her a very affectionate and gentle name.

And one more version

The toy turner himself claimed that the first Russian nesting doll was made according to a drawing from some magazine. He cut out a “deaf” figure (that is, it did not open). she looked like a nun, and she looked hilarious. Having made the figurine, the master then gave it to the artists for painting. This version can also serve as a kind of answer to the question of when the craftsman Vasily Zvezdochkin invented the Russian nesting doll.

There is, however, a possibility that the figurine was actually painted by Sergei Malyutin. Because at that time he actively collaborated with Mamontov’s publishing house and was engaged in illustrations for children’s books. In other words, these two people were quite close to each other at one time. Nevertheless, there is still no reliable version of when the craftsman Vasily Zvezdochkin came up with the Russian nesting doll. It is only known that the doll does not have ancient roots.

How the nesting dolls were put on stream

Mamontov liked the idea of ​​a folding doll, and mass production was soon established in Abramtsevo, where his main workshop was located. Photos of Russian nesting dolls confirm that the first prototypes of folding figurines were quite modest. The girls are “dressed” in simple peasant dresses, not particularly elaborate. Over time, these patterns became more complex and brighter.

The number of nested figures also changed. Vintage photos of Russian nesting dolls show us that at the beginning of the twentieth century, the production of 24-seater toys, and in exceptional cases, 48-seater ones, was considered standard. In 1900, the Children's Education workshop closed, but the production of nesting dolls did not stop. It is transferred to Sergiev Posad, 80 km north of Moscow.

Is there a deep meaning in the image of a matryoshka doll?

If we talk about the possible prototype from which the history of the Russian nesting doll began, then we need to return to the figurine of the Japanese god Fukurokuju. What does this god represent? The ancient sages believed that a person has seven bodies: physical, ethereal, astral, cosmic, nirvana, mental and spiritual. Moreover, each state of the body had its own god. Based on this teaching, an unknown Japanese architect made his figurine precisely “seven-seater.”

It seems to be completely similar to the samples and photos of the Russian nesting doll known to us? Indeed, was it not from such motives that Zvezdochkin himself and other masters proceeded when creating this amazing doll? Maybe they wanted to show the versatility of the original Russian woman, who can handle any job?

Enough to remember various items, which every Russian nesting doll holds in their hands. The story would be very instructive for children. But this version is unlikely. Because Master Zvezdochkin himself never in his life remembered any Japanese gods, especially with such complex names. Well, the subsequent large “nesting” of Russian nesting dolls does not fit at all with the Japanese prototype. The number of internal dolls was measured in dozens. So the story of the seven bodies of the Japanese god is most likely just beautiful legend.

and matryoshka

And yet in eastern mythology there is another character whose descendant could be the Russian nesting doll. The story for children also invites you to get acquainted with the monk Daruma. This is an analogue of the character Bodhidharma, famous from Chinese folklore, the founder of the famous Shaolin Monastery.

According to ancient times, Daruma decided to achieve perfection by immersing himself in meditation. For 9 years he looked at the wall without taking his eyes off, but soon realized that he was just sleeping. And then Daruma cut off his eyelids with a knife, throwing them to the ground. And after a little time, the monk lost his arms and legs from sitting in one position for a long time. That is why the figurines with his image were made armless and legless.

However, the hypothesis of the origin of the Russian doll in the image of Daruma is very imperfect. The reason lies on the surface. The fact is that the Daruma doll is not dismountable and is made like our tumbler. Therefore, although we see that the customs are similar, the origin stories of both dolls are clearly different.

Make a wish and entrust it to the matryoshka doll

An interesting belief is associated with the eyes of Daruma. They are usually depicted on the doll as very large and without pupils. The Japanese buy these figurines and make a wish so that it will come true. At the same time, symbolically coloring one eye. A year later, if the wish is fulfilled, the doll’s second eye is “opened.” Otherwise, the figurine is simply taken to the temple from which it was brought.

Why so much attention to ancient Japanese beliefs? The answer is simple. Not only does the photo of the Russian nesting doll show us the similarity, but also similar rituals are performed with it. It is believed that if you put a note with a wish inside the doll, it will certainly come true.

Another interesting fact is that the quality of fulfillment of a wish directly depends on the artistic complexity of the nesting doll. The more “nested” the matryoshka has, and the more skillfully it is painted bright colors, the higher the chances of the wisher to receive the secret.

But still...

By the way, the history of the emergence of collapsible dolls is rooted precisely in the Russian past. Also in Ancient Rus' the so-called Easter eggs were known - artistically painted Easter eggs made of wood. Sometimes they were made hollow inside and a smaller egg was placed inside. It seems that it was these Easter eggs that became indispensable attributes in Russian folk tales, where Kashchei’s death was necessarily in the egg, the egg in the duck, and so on.

It is strange to realize that the Russian nesting doll, pictures of which are presented in this article, is shrouded in so many legends regarding its origin. However, this is true. Which once again proves: whoever made the nesting doll and no matter what he was guided by, this person (or was able to touch people to the quick. After all, only something that is very popular and is constantly heard is surrounded by so many fabulous assumptions. Russian nesting doll - a souvenir that can be enjoyed by both young and old. This is a fact.

Museum exhibits

A toy museum has been organized in Sergiev Posad. There, among other things, presumably the first doll is on display. The one painted in a colorful sundress, and with a rooster in her hands. There are seven attachments, that is, this doll has eight seats in total: the top girl, then three sisters, a brother and three more sisters with a toddler. The Russian Matryoshka Museum is also organized in Moscow, in Nizhny Novgorod, in Kalyazin, etc.

But nesting dolls are so popular that modern design You can meet not only a beautiful girl. Cartoon characters, politicians, all kinds of animals, made in the form of a collapsible toy, look very interesting.

Sometimes they say that the first doll still had 7 attachments. Although Zvezdochkin himself claimed that the nesting dolls he made were three- and six-seater. In general, it is absolutely clear that we will not get to the bottom of the truth. We look at the toys displayed in the windows with pleasure and, when we learn their history, we fall in love even more.

A story about the history of the origin of the nesting doll for children

Children about a wooden doll - toy

Matryoshka as a symbol of Russian culture

Bag from the House of Chanel in the shape of a Russian doll

Designer nesting dolls created for the anniversary of VOGUE magazine, intended for sale at auction, with a starting price of 5,000 euros. Each nesting doll is dedicated to the creativity of one fashion house. (charity auction)

Ministry of General and vocational education R.F.

Lipetsk State Pedagogical University.

Naturally Geographical Faculty.

Department of Botany.

Course work

on the topic of:

"The History of the Russian Matryoshka"

The work was completed by a student

3rd year EGO EHF:

Golovina Olga

The work was accepted by:

Solovyova N.Yu.

Lipetsk 2001.

Introduction. ……………………………………………………3

Chapter I . The appearance of the nesting doll in Rus'. ……………... 4

Chapter II . Types of Russian nesting dolls. …………………... 6

§1. Sergievskaya toy. …………………….. 6

§2.“Zagorsky” style of painting a nesting doll…. 12

§3. Semenovskaya and Merinovskaya nesting dolls.. 14

§4. Polkhovskaya matryoshka …………………….. 16

§5. Vyatka toy ………………………… 17

Chapter III . The second birth of the nesting doll. …………….. 18

Conclusion. ………………………………………………..22

Bibliography. ………………………………………23

Introduction.

The world of toys is surprisingly diverse. Here fairy tales and reality, modernity and tradition live side by side. With the help of a toy, a child discovers the world and comprehends the accumulated life experience adults. We meet toys in museums and exhibitions and value them as works of art, created by talented folk craftsmen, artists, sculptors, designers. Handmade products created by masters are dear to us today as carriers of eternal spiritual values, as guardians of the experience of the past in the present. They are captivated by the harmony of nature, labor and beauty, craft and art, born life-giving source folk art, historical memory people.

The toy in its own way reflected the social structure, life, morals and customs, achievements of crafts and folk art, technology and art.

Each nation created its own toys, conveying its own worldview in them. Peoples toys different countries and continents are different and peculiar, but they also have common features. Many nations have toys of the same type, with the same type of similarity in their designs, shapes and decor. This similarity is explained by the common cultural folk traditions, the unified nature of aesthetic feeling. Toys were born in labor, and everywhere folk craftsmen learned from one teacher - nature, worked with the same natural materials. Kinship makes them generally understandable to everyone, and this is one of those threads that from childhood connect a person with the heritage of world culture.

Chapter I . The appearance of the nesting doll in Rus'.

Modern toys are diverse. It contains many new images and subjects, artistic and stylistic searches, and author's handwriting. And every toy, before becoming a standard, a role model, goes through long haul. Let's remember the familiar matryoshka doll. About her, as well as about folk heroes legends are made.

They say that in late XIX century, to the Mamontov family - famous Russian industrialists and philanthropists - either from Paris or from the island of Honshu, someone brought a Japanese chiseled figurine of the Buddhist saint Fukuruji (Fukuruma), which turned out to be a “surprise” - it was split into two parts. Hidden inside it was another, smaller one, which also consisted of two halves... There were five such dolls in total.

It was assumed that it was this figurine that prompted the Russians to create their own version of a detachable toy, embodied in the image of a peasant girl, who was soon christened by the people with the common name Matryoshka (Matryona).

Nowadays, they still refer to the legend about the Japanese origin of the nesting doll, but it has no documentary evidence.

The history of the development of the toy craft in Russia suggests that the creation of the Russian matryoshka was facilitated by the tradition of turning and painting wooden eggs for Easter.

In one of the albums, dedicated to creativity Russian artist S.V. Malyutin you can see an extraordinary illustration, left without comment - a sketch of a painting of a doll carved from wood. This one famous artist, later an academician of painting and at one time became the creator of the first Russian nesting doll. And the turning shape of the toy was proposed by V.P. Zvezdochkin, a native of the Voronovskaya volost of the Podolsk district of the Moscow province, has long been famous for its skillful turners.

The birthplace of the new original toy, which quickly gained fame as a national souvenir, was the workshop - the “Children's Education” store of A.I. Mamontov in Moscow, where turner V.P. worked since 1898. Zvezdochkin.

Therefore, from approximately this time we can count the age of the nesting doll, in future fate which had its ups and downs, glory and oblivion, wanderings and metamorphoses.

This toy, the most famous in Russia, has been around for about a century, but to this day it is unknown what came first - a sketch by a professional artist or a successful embodiment of creative searches folk artist, noticed in time by the interested party.

It is curious that the sketch published in the album and the matryoshka doll with the stamp of the workshop-shop “Children’s Education” from the collection of the Art and Pedagogical Toy Museum in Sergiev Posad look like two sisters, but they cannot be called twins. This fact suggests that S.V. Malyutin made several options for painting the future toy.

Chapter II.

§1.Sergievskaya toy.

Despite its Moscow origin, the real birthplace of the nesting doll was Sergiev Posad near Moscow - the largest center of handicraft toy production in Russia, a kind of “toy capital”.

The fishery supposedly originated in XVII century and reached its peak at the turn of the 18th – 19th centuries. There is no exact information about the time of creation of the first toy in this town, but it is known that back in the 15th century, at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, there were special workshops in which monks were engaged in three-dimensional and relief wood carving.

The themes of Sergievsk handmade wooden toys were quite diverse, which was explained, first of all, by the profitable geographical location fishing. The proximity of Moscow and the immediate vicinity of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, which attracts great amount pilgrims, provided big influence to choose from. The toy reflected many aspects of Russian life, the events of that time, and the peculiarities of life of various segments of the population.

Simultaneously with the art of wood carving, the skills of sculpting, painting, decorating toys, and making motor and sound mechanisms were also improved in Sergievsky Posad.

Everyday themes occupied a strong place in the plots of Sergiev artisans. Gradually, the main themes of the dolls were formed, which became a kind of Sergius canon.

Since the early 80s of the last century, as a result of increased competition from private toy factories, a period of decline began in the industry. The Moscow provincial zemstvo drew attention to this. In the 1890s, the zemstvo assisted in preserving sustainable development handicraft production, including toys. Professional artists, teachers, and economists were invited to the fishery, who for the first time tried to disassemble new types of toys on a serious scientific basis. To improve the state of the fishery in Sergiev Posad, a training and demonstration workshop was opened in 1891 under the leadership of V.I. Borutsky.

Thus, by the time the detachable turned figurine appeared, the history of the Sergiev toy craft had already spanned about two centuries.

The masters reacted vividly to events taking place in the world and easily picked up original ideas and new technologies. Therefore, the figurine of a girl in a headscarf, reminiscent of many neighboring Mashas, ​​Parashas and Matryoshkas, aroused the interest of Sergiev toy makers due to the originality of the design and its folk character.

The appearance of the nesting doll in Russia at the very end of the last century was not accidental. It was during this period of time that among the Russian artistic intelligentsia they not only began to seriously engage in collecting works of folk art, but also tried to creatively comprehend the rich experience of national artistic traditions. In addition to zemstvo institutions, private art circles and workshops were organized at the expense of patrons, in which, under the leadership professional artists craftsmen were trained and a variety of household items and toys were created in the Russian style. As an example, we can name the workshops of N.D. Bartram near Kursk, Countess

N.D. Tenisheva in Talashkino.

Samples of products appeared, on the one hand, meeting new production and marketing requirements, and on the other, a return to the aesthetics of Russian art.

Most likely, the mass production of nesting dolls directly in Sergiev Posad began after the world exhibition in Paris in 1900 after the successful debut in Europe of a new Russian toy.

In 1904, the workshop - store “Children's Education” closed, and its entire assortment moved to the zemstvo educational and demonstration workshop in Sergiev Posad. In the same year, the workshop received an official order from Paris to produce a large batch of nesting dolls. The interest in the nesting doll is explained not only by the originality of its shape and the decorativeness of the painting, but also, probably, by a kind of tribute to the fashion for everything Russian, which spread at the beginning of the 20th century, largely thanks to the “Russian seasons” of S.P. Diaghilev in Paris.

The annual fairs in Leipzig also contributed to the massive export of Sergievskaya matryoshka dolls. Since 1909, the Russian nesting doll has also become a permanent participant in the Berlin Exhibition and the annual handicraft market, held at the beginning of the 20th century in London. And thanks traveling exhibition, organized by the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade, residents of the coastal cities of Greece, Turkey and the countries of the Middle East got acquainted with the Russian nesting doll.