Geography, ethnic and religious composition of the population. Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition of the population – Knowledge Hypermarket

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Chinese

They inhabit China, one of the largest countries in the world by area. They belong to the Mongoloid race. This people has centuries-old history and culture. Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. Among the many inventions of the Chinese are paper, silk, and gunpowder.

The traditional dwelling of the Chinese is fanzes, walls leading from different materials- bamboo, brick, clay, wood. The national attire of the Chinese is a loose-fitting shirt without buttons. The Chinese eat mainly rice or noodles, which they eat with chopsticks. Chinese lanterns and kites, which are symbols of China.

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Hindustani

Hindustani (Indians) are the peoples inhabiting India. They refer to Caucasian. The culture of the Indians, as well as the Chinese, is one of the oldest in the world. In India, many monuments have been preserved - ancient temples, monasteries, palaces and mausoleums.

The traditional home of the Indians is a brick house with a courtyard. Men's clothing is trousers and a shirt. Women wear colorful saris and short blouses. Indian dishes are distinguished by spicy seasonings. Indians are skilled craftsmen in ivory carving, making figurines, jewelry, carpets, weaving from palm leaves.

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Americans

These people are distinguished by their peculiar historical features formation. In pre-Columbian America, the indigenous people were the Indians. They were hunters and fishermen and led a semi-nomadic lifestyle.

In the 16th century There was a great "migration of peoples". A stream of European colonists, mainly from Great Britain, poured into the United States. They pushed the indigenous people onto less suitable land. At the same time, mutual penetration occurred different cultures. In the XVII-XIX centuries. Slaves from Africa began to be imported to the United States to work on plantations. African influence influenced modern music.

Americans of the USA are a people formed from three races and three cultures: European, Indian and African.

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Countries of the world are divided into single-national and multinational

About half of the countries are single-national. These are countries whose state borders coincide with ethnic ones and the main nationality makes up 90% of the total population. They are most numerous in Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, most Latin American countries).

Multinational are countries within state borders inhabited by several ethnic groups. They can be divided into four groups:

• with a sharp predominance of one nation in the presence of more or less significant national minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, China, Mongolia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, USA, Commonwealth of Australia);
• binational (Canada, Belgium);
• with a complex but ethnically homogeneous national composition (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Laos);
• with complex and varied ethnically national composition (Russia, India, Switzerland, Indonesia).

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Depending on their distribution in the world and their role, all religions are divided into world and national (ethnic). A significant part of the world's population has retained its long-standing tribal beliefs, which include totemism, magic, animism, and shamanism. Tribal cults have been preserved in Central America, the Amazon, Africa, among the peoples of the north and the aborigines of Australia.

Today there are three main religions, which are commonly called world religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity. They are spread all over the world and have numerous believers.

Religious composition of the population

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Christianity

Christianity - The most widespread of the world's religions, professed by almost 2 billion people, includes three directions: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism. It arose in the 1st century. and today has greatest influence in Europe, America, Australia. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into Catholic and Orthodox.

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Orthodoxy

It developed on the territory of Byzantium after the division of the Roman Empire. It does not have a single spiritual center. There are 15 autocephalous Orthodox churches. Has a wide system of holidays and rituals, in a certain way differ from the spiritual practices of Western Christianity.

Orthodoxy is widespread in Russia, Eastern and South Eastern Europe(Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Moldova, Greece), in Georgia. Quite significant communities of Orthodox believers exist in South and North America, and in some countries of Western Europe.

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Catholicism

The Catholic Church differs from the Orthodox Church in the subtleties of its doctrine, worship, and rituals. The cult of the Virgin Mary has become more widespread than in Orthodoxy. Catholicism is widespread in Western Europe (France, Italy, Spain), Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Baltic countries), Latin America, Africa.

For church organization Catholicism is characterized by severe centralization, the presence of a world center (the Papal Throne - the Vatican), a single head (the Pope). Monasticism, organized in orders carrying out missionary activities, occupies an important position.

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Protestantism

In the 16th century V catholic church A schism occurred, leading to the formation of a new Protestant church. Protestants defended direct communication with God without priests and simplified rituals to a minimum. The new religion fit well into the new market (capitalist) relations. Protestantism is widespread in Northern Europe, Germany, and North America. There are more Protestants in the USA (70 million people), Great Britain, and Australia. Protestantism comprises a large number of independent churches and movements.

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Islam

Islam, or Islam, arose in the 7th century. among the Arabs - the indigenous inhabitants of Arabia. Islam does not know the division into secular and spiritual. The governments of Muslim states are guided in their activities by Sharia - a set of laws of Islamic law. There are several movements in Islam, often at odds with each other: Shiism, Sunnism, Wahhabism, Sufism, etc.

Islam is widespread in the Middle East, in South-East Asia, Russia ( North Caucasus, Volga region), Ukraine (Crimea), North Africa. More adherents of Islam live in Indonesia, Pakistan, and India. Many Muslim immigrants live in France and Great Britain. Islam is practiced in Southeastern Europe in the territory of the former Ottoman Empire.

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Buddhism

There are about 400 million people in the world who profess Buddhism. The history of Buddhism begins in Northern India in the 5th century. BC e This religion is widespread in China, Japan, Nepal, Mongolia, Southeast Asia, Russia (Kalmykia, Buryatia, Tuva). IN last years Buddhism became popular in European countries, the USA, and Canada.

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If until recently only 3 religions were called world religions (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism), today in scientific literature The 12 most widespread religions in the world are already called world religions: Christianity, Islam, Baha'iism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, Judaism. These religions account for more than 95% of all believers in the world and about 80% of the world's population.

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Modern ethnic composition population of our planet is the result of a long historical process

. Ethnos(from ancient Greek - people)- is a historically established stable community of people who have their own language, culture, understanding of their unity and differences from other ethnic groups. Important conditions for the formation of an ethnos are a common language (the names of peoples often coincide with the names of languages) and territory. However, even territorially separated ethnic groups can retain their national identity for a long time, which is expressed in customs, folk culture, religion, norms of behavior, rituals, etc. Ethnic identity combined with the desire of the ethnic group for its own socio-territorial organization. Ethnic phenomena are closely related to socio-economic factors. Ethnic identity is established on the basis of the presence ethnic territory, which determines the way of life of people, their economic activities, culture, and everyday life. Today there are various forms (types) of groupings corresponding to different levels historical development any ethnic group: tribe, nationality, nation.

In fact, ethnographic scientists identify many more forms, or types, of ethnic groups. Most ethnic groups have gone through a long development path from tribe to nation. At any stage, for each type or form, each ethnic group corresponds to six mandatory characteristics: ethnic territory, language, special elements of spiritual and material culture, self-awareness and self-name. It is worth noting that it is very difficult to clearly distinguish between these forms, h and types, of ethnic groups.

tribe(the period of “childhood” of the ethnos) corresponds to the unity of the territory, which is understood as the place of residence and sharing of resources. This means that the only important thing for a tribe is the territory from which it is currently collecting resources. There is no other understanding of territory. Language exists, as a rule, in oral form, so all accumulated experience is transmitted orally. Oral speech reaches the pinnacle of development: traditions, legends, ep os - magnificent forms of oral creativity. Other elements of spiritual culture are also developing: customs, ceremonies, traditions, rituals, which are quite complex and occupy a place in people’s lives. A high element of spiritual culture is faith, a system of beliefs and cults associated with it. The belief system has an ideological character, sometimes cosmological. In the sphere of material culture, various tribes are characterized by hunting, farming, animal husbandry, trade (or other forms of exchange). The highest element material culture is crafts, including, even worse, artists.

Each tribe consists only of relatives, close and distant. In some areas of the world there are still numerous tribes- V. Africa. Latin. America. Oceania. For example, in. Papua New. Guinea them. I have more than 7000 available.

. Nationalities(the period of “youth” of the ethnos) also corresponds to the unity of the territory, however, “territory” has a completely different meaning. This is the homeland, the place (core) of the formation of an ethnic group. For example, most French-Canadians have never seen. France, however, the memory of their “historical homeland” is for them the most important consolidating factor.

The culture of speech reaches its highest development: oral speech has many dialects, and written language is not only the most important means communication, but also a stimulus for the development of culture and art. For many peoples, this is a combination of painting, music, theater, literature, etc. An important element of spiritual culture is religion - a system of laws (dogmas and canons) that organize beliefs and unite their supporters into the church - special type religious organization. If a change of faith for a member of the tribe was natural, since, having moved to another territory, he was forced to seek protection from other gods, then a change of faith by a people other than that which belongs to the church is perceived as apostasy, betrayal. Therefore, certain religious dogmas often do not unite, but divide people, which is why numerous religious conflicts arise. However, the role of religion cannot be underestimated, because the religious self-awareness of people is crucial for ethnic self-identification.

Strengthening the state is closely related to economic development, various types economic activity. The highest achievement material culture is mass production (first manufacturing, then industry), which created a new type and style of life, a new habitat - the modern city.

Nationalities are still the dominant ethnic groups on the world map. There are areas. A globe where the population consists of nationalities. This. Asia and. Africa, even in. Europe has preserved many nationalities

. Nation(the period of “maturity” of an ethnos) is formed within state or political-administrative borders, exists only in a certain political and legal field, for example, within the state as a whole - the Ukrainian c. Ukr. If an ethnic group does not have its own political and legal field, a certain statehood status, a nation cannot be formed, for example, the Ukrainian one. Canada is a people. A system of socio-political views and ideology unites, consolidates huge masses of the population or, conversely, divides them. Socio-political ideas, becoming beliefs, transform a population into a society, and a person - each into a citizen.

An important feature is the commonality of language (oral and written) as a means of intra-national communication and expression of self-awareness. Almost everywhere, except for isolated areas, dialects are disappearing and there is a unification and simplification of the language. The language contains many words borrowed from other languages, as well as official, stereotypical phrases and expressions.

There are fewer nations in the world than nationalities, and perhaps fewer than tribes. Nations dominate quantitatively. Europe and. Northern. America. Accurately determine the ethnic composition of the population. The earth is very complex, but scientists admit that in modern world Three to four thousand different peoples live there. There are many principles for classifying ethnic groups. It is quite common to divide peoples according to the countries in which they live: French, Brazilians, Nigerians, Vietnamese, Australians, etc. In addition, scientists often unite peoples into groups according to the geographical name of the region of residence: peoples. Small. Asia, peoples. Indochina, peoples. Polynesia, etc. There are also classifications based on the characteristics of the economy and culture, historical development, and national character.

The main feature of an ethnic group in the modern world, according to most scientists, is language. If a language disappears, then an ethnic group disappears. There are about five thousand languages ​​in the modern world, although there are more peoples. This is explained by the fact that not all peoples have preserved “their” languages. Determining the exact number of languages ​​(and therefore ethnic groups) is quite difficult. Based on the degree of similarity of language, they are united into families and groups. The following language families are distinguished: Indo-European, Semitic-Hamitic (Afroasiatic), Caucasian, Dravidian, Uralic, Altai, Chukchi-Kamchatka, Niger-Kordofanian. Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Eskimo-Aleutian-Kimoso-Aleutian.

The most common languages ​​are the Indo-European family (almost 50% of the world's population), which includes about 100 different languages. This family includes 10 language groups, four of which cover more than 100 million people each (Indo-Aryan, Romance, Germanic and Slavic). The peoples of this family predominate in most countries in all parts of the world except. Asia. The Chinese-Tibetan family is the second largest (more than 1 billion people), and it occupies a very compact territory. Eastern and. South-Eastern. Asia. There are numerous representatives of the Seno-Tibetan, Niger-Kordofanian, Semitic-Hamitic, Austronesian, and Dravidian language families.

The prevalence of a language can be illustrated by the number of people who speak it. The most common languages ​​in the world include: Chinese (spoken by 13.69% of the world's population), Spanish (5.05%), English (4.84%), Hindi (2.89%), Portuguese (2.77%), Russian (2.27%), Japanese (1.99%), German (1.49%) tu.

The relationship between people and language may be different. There are countries (however, there are few of them) in which almost the entire population speaks the same language and belongs to the same ethnic group, for example. Iceland. Sometimes people have one letter raturna written language, and there are several literary oral languages. For example, Chinese based on a single hieroglyphic writing, however, a resident of the north. A resident of the south will not understand China. China, someday he will read the written expression out loud, although both of them are Chinese.

Certain peoples communicate in two languages ​​(bilingualism): Belgians (Walloon and French), Irish (Irish and English), Canadians (English and French), Filipinos (Filipino and Spanish). Six languages ​​are official and working in. UN: English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese.

One people can use several languages ​​at the same time. For example, most residents. Luxembourg has Luxembourgish, German and French. Sometimes a nation consists of different linguistic groups that have retained their native language. For example, in. Switzerland in. Zurich speaks German, c. Geneva - in French, in. Lausanne is Italian, but the inhabitants of these cities will never call themselves Germans, French or Italians, they are all Swiss.

Information about which language is the state, or official, in a particular country is important. English language has such status in 76 countries, French - in 34, Spanish - in 21, Portuguese - in 8, and these languages ​​are widespread in many countries. Asia,. Africa. Northern and. South. America is explained by their colonial past. Linguistic affiliation here differs markedly from ethnicity.

concerns modern states, term" National composition population" the term "ethnic composition of the population" is used more often, although we're talking about specifically about the ethnic composition of the country's population

By features national composition All countries can be divided into one-, two- and multinational. Most countries in the world are multinational. In Europe there are about 20 states in which the main nationality makes up more than 90% of the total population (Name, Denmark, Sweden, Italy, Ireland, Hungary, Greece, etc.). B. Asia is nationally homogeneous. Japan,. Saudi. Arabia,. South. Korea,. Yemen,. Bangladesh and others. There are significantly fewer binational states. Most countries in the world are multinational. Representatives of more than 100 nations live in the USA, c. Brazil and Canada - more than 80. Mexico and. Argentina - more than 50. However, c. Latin. In America, almost all countries are mono-ethnic, since Indians, mulattoes, and mestizos are considered representatives of one nation. In Africa, relatively ethnically homogeneous countries predominate. More than 80% of the population. Australia is Anglo-Australian, some of the inhabitants are Aborigines, whose ancestors lived on this continent for thousands of years; the multi-ethnic composition of the population is especially typical for developing countries. Among them, the most multinational is. Nigeria (about 200 nations). Indonesia and. India, each of which is home to 150 people.

Political boundaries do not always coincide with ethnic ones. The difference between state and ethnic borders often leads to the separation of peoples. It happens that peoples are divided and live in different countries. ETH night problems in the world constantly affect the political and social situation in many countries. Often unresolved national problems lead to armed conflicts, there is a struggle for national independence, autonomy, and the rights of national minorities.

. National minorities- population groups that differ from the majority of the state’s population by ethnic, social, cultural and other characteristics

Some ethnic groups have a complex internal structure, dividing into subethnic groups and ethnographic groups. These are stable groups with characteristic features traditional culture and language (dialect, dialect). The emergence of subethnic groups and ethnic groups is associated with the peculiarity of their settlement within a common ethnic territory (natural-geographical or historical-political isolation of part of the ethnic group for a long time). For example, ethnic groups- northern and southern Kyrgyz, Masurian Poles, Ukrainian Hutsululs.

In addition, there are also such types of groups as diaspora, clan, caste, clan

. Diaspora - large group people, territorially separated from their people and settled in many countries. Sometimes the diaspora is larger in number than the ethnic group living in its historical homeland (for example, the diaspora and Jews, Armenians, Chinese, Ukrainians).

. Clan- closed endogamous or social group people, which arose at the stage of the tribal community or later in conditions of socio-economic isolation. There are several types of clans: patronymic (clan or tribe); clans va community, comes from common ancestor in conditions of natural isolation, a religious community whose name comes from a common imaginary ancestor, as a rule, beast of prey or pagan god, social december, often of a criminal nature (for example, mafia clans in. Italy,. USA, some countries. Asia and. Latin. America).

. Caste- endogamous closed social group of people, hereditarily specializes in some professional activity. Caste, as a rule, is combined with ethnicity and religion. Blood family ties play a decisive role; the structure of castes to a certain extent copies the clan-tribal structure; a member of a caste can only be born and born.

In addition to endogamy, the closedness of castes is ensured by a strict hierarchy, a certain status of individual castes, and forms of behavior and communication between caste members are also strictly regulated. Macaste systems reached their greatest development in the 19th century. India. There are more than three thousand castes in the country. Formally, according to the constitution, all residents. India have equal rights However, caste divisions in society still exist. India is concluded primarily either within a caste, or between close castes. The reason for this is the desire to preserve caste affiliation for their children, which is only possible if a woman raises her children in the traditions accepted in a given caste. In some countries. Western and. Central. African castes also retained their importance, but here they are only of a professional nature - farmers, cattle breeders, blacksmiths, weavers, singers. Unlike Indian castes V. In Africa, caste division applies only to men who hold a profession. Of course, in most families they want to marry the girl to a representative of the same caste, but such strict restrictions as in. India, there is no place here.

. Genus- a social group of people with inheritance rights and responsibilities enshrined in custom or law (constitution). Each clan has a number of privileges. The main clans are: the nobility, the clergy, the republic, the peasantry, and the philistinism. The clan division was typical of pre-capitalist times. Europe, feudal. China. In India and a number of other countries in the modern world, the clan division of society has been abolished, but in other countries privileges are retained for some higher clans. This is often associated with the existence of monarchies. A monarch is a representative of a certain clan, the existence of this clan and its privileges is required condition the end of the monarchy. For example, in. Great Britain retains the House of Lords (seats in it are hereditary and belong to representatives of a certain clan). Belonging to the clan can be granted by the monarch “for special services” to the state and society. In some cases it is granted. NOT hereditary, but nominal ancestral affiliation.

75. Religious composition of the population

The religious composition of the population is an important element in characterizing the composition of the population. Religion plays an important role in personal and social life people of many countries. This also applies economically. developed countries, where the church influences politics, education, school education and other areas of life.

The religious composition of the world's population is very heterogeneous. World religions are common among peoples of different countries and different continents. Religious beliefs are divided into primitive, local and world religions ((Table 737.3).

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. Main religious movements and their geography

The main world religions are Christianity, Islam (Islam), Judaism and Buddhism. They are professed by about three billion believers: Christianity - over 2 billion, Islam - almost 1.2 billion and Buddhism - about 500 million people. World religions are widespread in all regions of the world, in almost all countries of the world.

. Christianity- a widespread world religion that arose in... Near. East. The origin of Christianity is associated with the name. Jesus. Christ, born in. Bethlehem. Holy book of Christians -. Bible. In 1054, a schism took place in Christianity, which led to the emergence of Catholicism and Orthodoxy - represented by several eastern churches.

. Islam- the youngest world religion. The emergence of Islam is associated with the name of the prophet. Muhammad, who came from. Mecca. Holy book of Islam -. The Koran, which is written on sermons. Muhammad. The Islamic religion centers on expressions of faith, prayer, donations, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage. Mecca (at least once in a lifetime). Islam is divided into two main faiths - Sunnism and Shiism. The majority of the world's Muslims (84%) are Sunni. Shiites are dominant only in countries such as. Iran,. Iraq,. Azerbaijan,. Bahrain. In 35 countries of the world, Muslims make up the majority of the population, and in 28 countries Islam is the state religion.

. Buddhism- the oldest world religion that arose in the territory. India. The holy book of Buddhism presents rules to be followed and conversations. Buddha with his disciples the main tenets of Buddhism. Buddhist doctrine is based on the internal desire of man for spiritual insight (nirvana), which is achieved through meditation, confession of wisdom and higher moral values. Total It is difficult to determine Buddhism, since in most countries of the Buddhist world religious affiliation is not taken into account in censuses.

In Europe, the most widespread religion is Christianity, and Catholicism is most widely represented in the southern, partly in the western and eastern parts; Protestantism is a necessity in the northern, central and western regions; Orthodoxy - in the southeast. In Asia, the most common religion is Islam. In terms of the number of believers, it is the largest Muslim country. Indonesia. In Africa, especially in its northern part, Islam dominates. B. South Africa is predominantly Protestant, c. Ethiopia - Christianity. In Australia, Protestants and Catholics predominate among believers, and the aborigines are representatives of primitive religions. On the. America happens to have more than half of all the world's Catholics and a significant portion of Protestants. Among Protestants, Lutherans, Baptists, Anglicans, Reformers, Presbyterians, Mormons, Pentecostals, and Witnesses are common. Jehovah and i ta in.

It is the largest religious center in the world. Jerusalem. It occupies a special place among the world's religious centers as a holy city for believers of three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. For Jews, I say Judaism, the earliest monotheistic religion. Jerusalem -. Holy City. At the famous one. Wall. Thousands of believers pray in the weeping remnant of the western wall of the temple destroyed by the Arabs, and in its cracks they leave notes with requests to God. Except. Walls. Crying, in. There are three more memorable and revered places by Jews in Jerusalem: City. David's Valley. Kidron and Mt. SioSion.

Jerusalem is a city associated with earthly stay. Jesus. Christ. A crypt symbolizing a burial place. Son. of God, densely surrounded by prayer houses of different Christian denominations: Roman Catholics exalt in. God is next to the Armenian clergy bowed in mournful silence, nearby the Syrian Orthodox whisper their prayers, the Ethiopians perform their rituals, the Greeks pray. Muslims have a. Jerusalem has its own places of worship. One of the main centers is the mosque. Omara is the oldest Islamic religious building that has survived to this day. Her bath symbolizes the sacred rock, from which, according to religious legends, the prophet. Muhammad ascended to heaven.

Unlike world religions, local religions are predominantly professed by individual ethnic groups. Local religions include Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, and Judaism. Local religions arose among one people or group of peoples united in one state.

Primitive beliefs form the basis of almost all world and local religions. Primitive religions include totemism, magic, fetishism, animism, and the cult of ancestors. They are not reflected in sacred books or other written sources, but are passed on from generation to generation. They are based on the belief in a person’s connection with a certain object that has mysterious powers, animals, and natural phenomena. Primitive forms of re. Leagues have been preserved among some tropical peoples. Africa, many Indian groups. America, aborigines. Australia and the islands. Oceania, as well as in some areas. AsiaAsia.

. Control questions and tasks

1. Define the concept of “country population”

2 we present a detailed plan of population characteristics

3. What does the demographic characteristics of the country's population include?

4. Expand the content of the concept of “demographic youth” in regional studies?

5. How is the “quality” of the country’s population manifested?

6. Name the three main types of population reproduction

7. Define the concept of “peoples”

8. Justify the plan for characterizing the peoples of the country

9. What is the content of regional studies? racial composition population?

10. Describe the main racial types of people

11 names for transitional and mixed race types of people

12. Define the concept of "ethnicity" Indicate its main features

13. Name of the main forms (types) of groupings that correspond to different levels of historical development of any ethnic group

14. What types of communities are distinguished when characterizing the ethnographic composition of the country?

15. Name of the main language families

16. Justify the role of language as an element of the classification of peoples of the world

17. Describe the main religions of the world and the geography of their distribution

Introduction 3
1 Ethnic and religious composition of the population of the Russian Federation and its impact on socio-economic development 4
1.1 Ethnic and religious composition of the population of the Russian Federation 4
1.2 The largest nations and nationalities of the Russian Federation in terms of numbers and their location on the territory of the Russian Federation 7
1.3 The influence of ethno-religious composition on the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation 10
2 Industries of specialization of the Central and East Siberian economic regions 12
2.1 Industries of specialization of the Central Economic Region 12
2.2 Industries of specialization of the East Siberian economic region 15
Conclusion 18
List of sources used 19

Introduction

Modern humanity is a rather complex ethnic system, which includes several thousand of various kinds ethnic communities(nations, nationalities, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.). Moreover, they all differ from each other both in their numbers and in their level of development. The unevenness of socio-economic, ethnic and demographic processes in the development of the peoples of the world was reflected in its own way in political map peace. All ethnic communities inhabiting the planet are part of just over 200 states. Therefore, most modern states are multi-ethnic.
Vast territories of our country are inhabited by various nationalities and nations. In this regard, the relevance of the chosen topic is manifested.
The objectives of the test are to consider the ethnic and religious composition of the population of the Russian Federation, as well as to determine the branches of specialization of the Central and East Siberian economic regions.
Based on the goals set, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Determine the ethnic and religious composition of the population of the Russian Federation;
2. Identify the largest nations and nationalities of the Russian Federation in terms of population, and also consider their location on the territory of Russia;
3. Determine the influence of ethno-religious composition on the social economic development RF;
4. Consider the main sectors of specialization of the Central and East Siberian economic regions.
The object of the study is the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the national and religious composition of the population.
To write this test work, the works of Russian and foreign scientists were used, such as

1 Ethnic and religious composition of the population of the Russian Federation and its impact on socio-economic development

1.1 Ethnic and religious composition of the population of the Russian Federation

Russia is home to more than 160 peoples and nationalities, belonging mainly to four language families: Indo-European (87% of the population), Altai (8%), Ural (2%) and North Caucasian (2%).
Data for the 23 largest groups (96% of the country's population) are as follows (Table 1).
Table 1. Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation in 2002

1.2 The largest nations and nationalities of the Russian Federation in terms of numbers and their location on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Russia is one of the most multinational states in the world.
The Russian population ranks first - 80%.
The second place in terms of population is occupied by Tatars - 4%
Ukrainians occupy third place – 3% of the population
Fourth place – Chuvash 1.2%
Then Bashkirs - 0.9%, Belarusians - 0.8%, Mordovians - 0.7%, Germans and Chechens - 0.6% each, Avars, Armenians, Jews - 0.4% each, etc.
The share of nations is shown on the map (Figure 3).

Figure 3-Peoples of Russia in the republics and autonomous entities of the Russian Federation
The map gives an idea of ​​the share of titular nations in the republics and autonomous entities of the Russian Federation. The titular peoples include those peoples who have their own national-territorial formations on the territory of Russia. Depending on the number of representatives of the titular nation in the subject (from 50% or more; from 30% to 50%; less than 30%), republics and autonomous entities are divided into three groups.
Let us characterize individual nationalities.
AzerbaijanisAccording to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Azerbaijanis living in Russia is 621 thousand people.
Altaians- indigenous people Altai Republic, Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region. The number in Russia is 69.4 thousand people, including 59.1 thousand people in the Altai Republic. They also live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Altaians living in Russia is 67 thousand people.
Kalmyks. The main population of Kalmykia (146 thousand people) also live in the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov, Orenburg regions, Stavropol Territory, Siberia, etc. The bulk of believers are Buddhists, some are Orthodox. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Kalmyks living in Russia is 174 thousand people.
Kyrgyz. Believers are Sunni Muslims. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Kyrgyz living in Russia is 32 thousand people.
Komi-Permyaks, people in Russia. Population 147.3 thousand people, indigenous population of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (95.4 thousand) and part of the Perm region. The bulk of the Komi-Permyaks are settled within the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, where they make up 60% of the population. Komi-Permyaks, who got their name from their place of settlement. The Yazva Komi-Permyaks live in the Perm region in the basin of the Yazva River (a tributary of the Vishera). According to some estimates, there are about 2 thousand people. Zyuzdinsky Komi-Permyaks live mainly in the former Zyuzdinsky (now Afanasyevsky) district of the Kirov region, bordering the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Komi-Permyaks living in Russia is 125 thousand people.
Mordva, people in Russia, indigenous population of Mordovia. The population in Russia is 1072.9 thousand people, including in Mordovia 313.4 thousand people, in Bashkiria (31.9 thousand people), Tataria (28.9 thousand people), Chuvashia (18.7 thousand). people), Samara (116.5 thousand people), Penza (86.4 thousand people), Orenburg (68.9 thousand people), Ulyanovsk (61.6 thousand people), Nizhny Novgorod (36.7 thousand people). people), Saratov region (23.4 thousand people), in Siberia and the Far East (more than 80 thousand people). They also live in Kazakhstan (30 thousand people), Ukraine (19.3 thousand people), and Uzbekistan (11.9 thousand people). According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Mordovians living in Russia is 845 thousand people.
Selkups, people in the Russian Federation. Number of people: 3600. They live in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and other areas of the Tyumen region (1,600 people), in the Kargasoksky, Parabelsky, Verkhneketsky districts and the rural territory of the Kolpashevsky City Council of the Tomsk region (1,350 people), a small group in the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They speak the Selkup language of the Samoyed group of the Ural family. The Russian language is also widespread. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Selkups living in Russia is 4 thousand people.
Tatars are a people in Russia, the main population of Tatarstan. The number of people in Russia is 5522 thousand people, incl. in Tatarstan 1765.4 thousand people, Bashkiria 1120.7 thousand people, Udmurtia 110.5 thousand people, Mordovia 47.3 thousand people, Mari Republic 43.8 thousand people, Chuvashia 35.7 thousand people, as well as in the regions of the Volga-Ural region, Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Also living in Kazakhstan are 327.9 thousand people, Uzbekistan 467.8 thousand people, Tajikistan 72.2 thousand people, Kyrgyzstan 70.5 thousand people, Turkmenistan 39.2 thousand people, Azerbaijan 28 thousand people, on In Ukraine there are 86.9 thousand people, in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia there are about 14 thousand people. The total number is 6710 thousand people. According to the 2002 Population Census, the number of Tatars living in Russia is 5 million 558 thousand people.
1.3 The influence of ethno-religious composition on the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation

Table 2 below provides an analysis of the influence of major religions and denominations on the economic development of Russia.

2 Industries of specialization of the Central and East Siberian economic regions

In the economy of any country, region, or region of the world, two functionally heterogeneous groups of industries are distinguished: specializing and servicing.

Sectors of specialization play a leading role in the economic structure of countries and regions and determine their place in the territorial (international, interregional) division of labor. For this reason, industries of specialization are also called core industries, industries of international (interregional) importance.

The specialization of countries and regions is the result of the territorial division of labor; it is due to the ability to produce on their territory certain types of products in quantities significantly exceeding local needs, with relatively low labor costs, that is, the opportunity to develop industries whose products are competitive in the foreign market and are primarily oriented for export.

Thus, the main characteristic feature and distinctive feature of specialization industries is large scale (volumes) and efficiency of production, participation in the territorial exchange (export) of manufactured products.

Sectors of specialization play a decisive role not only in the production and export of products, but also in influencing the location of productive forces (the region-forming function of the industry), since it is these industries that serve as the core in the territory, attracting auxiliary service and other complementary industries.

2.1 Industries of specialization of the Central Economic Region

The leading branch of market specialization is highly developed diversified mechanical engineering, which specializes in the production of automobiles, machine tools, tools, instruments, electrical equipment and equipment for the light and food industries. Mechanical engineering in the Central region is characterized by the production of a wide range of products and a high share of the all-Union production of such products as electric motors, machine tools, instruments for monitoring and regulating technological processes, equipment for the forestry, textile, light, food industries, cars, etc. The electronics and radio engineering industry is developed.

The main place in mechanical engineering belongs to transport engineering, which is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, carriages and river vessels. The share of the automotive industry alone in the structure of mechanical engineering is very significant. A major automotive manufacturing center is Moscow, where there are production associations named after I.A. Likhachev (ZIL), the AZLK production association, which produces Moskvich passenger cars. There is a bus plant in Likino-Dulevo (Moscow region). One of the country's largest transport engineering plants is the Kolomensky Diesel Locomotive Plant (Moscow region). The production of shunting diesel locomotives was established at the Lyudinovsky (Kaluga region) and Murom (Vladimir region) plants.

Car manufacturing is also developed in the Central region, represented by the Tver Carriage Plant, which produces passenger cars for long-distance trains and electric trains, and the Mytishchi Plant, which produces passenger cars and cars for the metro. Isothermal railcars are produced in Bryansk. Moscow, Rybinsk ( Yaroslavl region) and Kostroma are centers of river shipbuilding and ship repair.

The main center of machine tool manufacturing is Moscow. Here are factories such as “Red Proletary”, which produces serial semi-automatic and automatic machines, the plant named after. Ordzhonikidze, specializing in the production of complex automatic lines and modular machines. Moscow is the largest center for the production of tools (plants “Calibr”, “Frezer”, etc.). Ryazan and Kolomna became major centers of machine tool manufacturing.

The central region has a leading position in the country in the production of instruments, automation equipment and control systems. The main center of this industry is Moscow (factories “Energopribor”, “Fizpribor”, “Manometer”, etc.). Instrument making is also developed in Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk and other cities.

Electrical engineering is represented by the Moscow plants "Dynamo", "Moskabel" and plants in Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Alexandrov (Vladimir region).

Tractors and agricultural machinery are also produced in the region. Thus, in Lyubertsy self-propelled combines and mowing machines are produced, in Vladimir - wheeled tractors, in Bezhetsk (Tver region) - flax harvesting machines, in Ryazan and Tula - a variety of agricultural machines and implements.

Equipment for light industry is manufactured in Moscow, Ivanovo, Kimovsk (Tula region), equipment for the clothing industry is manufactured in Podolsk, and equipment for the knitting industry is manufactured in Tula. There is a printing equipment plant in Rybinsk.

The most important branch of market specialization is the chemical industry. Using local raw materials, the production of mineral fertilizers has been developed, in particular, superphosphate and phosphate rock (in Voskresensk, Moscow region and Polpin, Bryansk region), the production of caustic and soda ash, as well as the production of sulfuric acid, is growing. Novomoskovsk Chemical Plant (Tula Region) produces nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture. Nitrogen fertilizers are also produced at the Shchekino Chemical Plant (Tula Region) and in Dorogobuzh (Smolensk Region) using natural gas coming from the North Caucasus.

The region has developed organic synthesis chemistry, whose enterprises produce synthetic rubber, artificial fibers, and plastics. Synthetic rubber factories are located in Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region). They operate tire factories in Moscow and Yaroslavl and a number of rubber plants. Chemical fibers are produced in Tver, Klin, Serpukhov (Moscow region). A new artificial fiber plant was built in Ryazan. Plastic masses are produced in Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevo (Moscow region) and other cities. The production of photochemical products, medicines, dyes, varnishes and perfumes is widely developed.

The textile industry, the oldest industry in the region, is also an industry of market specialization and occupies a leading place in the country in the production of cotton, wool, linen and silk fabrics. The central region produces more than 85% of all fabrics produced in the country. The cotton industry is represented by the Trekhgornaya Manufactory plant in Moscow, the Glukhovsky Cotton Plant in Noginsk, and a number of plants in Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Yartsevo (Smolensk region).

The central region is a large producer of linen fabrics. The main centers of their production: Kostroma, Nerekhta (Kostroma region), Vyazniki (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region) and Smolensk. Enterprises producing woolen fabrics are located in Moscow and its environs, in Bryansk, Ivanovo, Borovsk (Kaluga region). The silk industry is developed in Moscow, in Kirzhach (Vladimir region), Naro-Fominsk (Moscow region), Tver and other cities.

The district's shoe industry produces 12% of the leather shoes produced in the country. Shoe factories are located in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, Ivanovo and other regions. The largest enterprise in the leather and footwear industry is the Moscow factory. "Paris Commune".

The Central region is also characterized by a powerful printing industry. It is an industry of market specialization. In Moscow there are the largest printing plants “Pravda”, “Izvestia” and others, supplying the whole country with their products. The printing industry is also developed in Tver, Vladimir, and Yaroslavl.

Industries that complement the territorial complex. The food industry is developed, represented by enterprises producing confectionery, pasta, bakery, meat, dairy, alcohol and tobacco products. The largest food industry enterprises are located in Moscow. These are the Moscow Meat Processing Plant, the confectionery factories “Red October”, “Rot-Front”, the perfume and cosmetics factories “Novaya Zarya” and “Svoboda”.

A unified energy system has been created in the Central region. It included powerful thermal power plants - Novomoskovskaya, Cherepetskaya (Tula region), Shchekinskaya, Yaroslavlskaya, Kashirskaya, Kostromskaya, Moscow Thermal Power Plant, Konakovskaya, etc. The Smolensk and Tver nuclear power plants were commissioned.

2.2 Industries of specialization of the East Siberian economic region

The sectors of market specialization of the region, which determine its place in the territorial division of labor, include the coal industry, energy, non-ferrous metallurgy, some chemical industries, forestry and fur fishing.

The basis of the industrial complex is the fuel and energy industry, which is based on the use of hydropower resources and coal. Operating large hydroelectric power stations: Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk and small ones - Irkutsk, Khanty and Mayskaya.

Large thermal power plants are located in Angarsk, Berezovsk, Tulun, Chernogorsk, Gusinoozersk, Nazarovo and Norilsk. A large oil refining industry has been created in the region, represented by the Angarsk and Achinsk plants.

In Krasnoyarsk, on the basis of an experimental metallurgical plant, an enterprise in this industry was created - the Sibelektrostal plant. Its products are high-quality metal smelted in electric furnaces.

In addition, there is small-scale metallurgy - open-hearth furnaces of large machine-building plants: the Krasnoyarsk Heavy Engineering Plant and the Irkutsk Plant named after. V.V. Kuibysheva.

A large aluminum industry complex has developed in the Angara-Yenisei region, with enterprises located in Shelikhov, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk and Sayansk. A large alumina refinery has been created in Achinsk to process nephelines from the Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit, which simultaneously produces cement, potash, and soda.

The mica industry has developed in the Irkutsk region.

Enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industry of the region are located in Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk, Zima, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Belozimenskoye and Achinsk. There is a production association here that produces impact-resistant polystyrene, thermoplastics, plastics, benzene, etc.

In Krasnoyarsk there are enterprises for the hydrolysis of wood, the production of cord fabric, rubber, tires, etc. In Zima there is an electromechanical plant that produces caustic soda and organochlorine products. As a raw material base, he uses local table salt, as well as intermediate products from the Angarsk oil refinery. The Usolsky chemical plant operates in close cooperation with the Angarsk petrochemical complex. Its products include chlorine, caustic salt, calcium carbide, paints and varnishes and other products of organochlorine synthesis.
etc.................

The globe is inhabited by many peoples (ethnic groups) at various stages of socio-economic and cultural development. Ethnic groups are historically established stable populations of people in certain territories who have a common language and common relatively stable cultural characteristics.

Historically, the earliest type of ethnic group is the tribe. In the process of decomposition of the primitive communal system, the new form ethnicity - nationality. The first nations were formed during the slave era. The process of formation of nationalities developed especially widely during the period of feudalism. With the development of capitalist relations and the strengthening of economic and cultural ties, the disunity characteristic of nationalities is eliminated, and they cease to exist in the nation.

Nations are distinguished by a stable commonality of territory, economy and culture, a common language, general features national character, clear ethnic identity.

But, as S.I. Brook emphasizes, the three-member division of ethnic groups (tribe - nationality - nation) with the division of nations does not reflect the entire diversity of forms of ethnic communities existing on Earth. The picture is complicated by the transitional ethnic groups that exist in many countries (especially in countries of immigration) - immigrants, as well as their descendants, who have partially been assimilated by the main nation. They have not yet completely broken away from the people of their native country and have not completely merged with the ethnic group of the country that has adopted them (such groups include, for example, Germans, Swedes, Italians, etc. in the USA and Canada). Peculiar “border” groups are also formed in the zone of ethnic borders, where two or more peoples come into contact. A characteristic feature of all these groups is the presence of a double ethnic identity.

The above three-member division also does not take into account the existence of ethnic communities of different taxonomic levels. For example, Pomors have different taxonomic ranks - a separate group of Russians, Russians (people, or ethnic group), East Slavs, finally, the Slavs in general. The same set of people can simultaneously be part of several ethnic communities of different ranks, which creates a kind of hierarchy.

The opposite processes of ethnic division were characteristic of pre-class society, when population growth led to the division of tribes and the settlement of people around the globe. But in some regions of the world, ethnic division processes continued to play a significant role later. Let us recall that the migration of Europeans to America, Australia and partly Africa was accompanied by the formation of new ethnic groups there. New peoples also emerged when single ethnic groups were divided by changing state borders.

Among the processes of ethnic unification, consolidation, assimilation, interethnic integration and ethnogenetic mixing are distinguished. Sometimes ethnic development is complex, and these processes occur simultaneously.

Consolidation is the merging of several related ethnic groups (tribes, nationalities) into a larger nation or the further unification of an established nation as it develops socio-economically and culturally. In the first case we are talking about inter-ethnic consolidation, in the second - intra-ethnic. Interethnic consolidation accelerates in the case of close kinship between peoples and the similarity of their languages ​​and culture. This process has happened or is happening in many countries around the world.

Within any nation there are groups that retain some differences from the main ethnic group. Such groups, called ethnographic (nowadays they are often called subethnic groups), represent isolated parts of a nationality or nation, the culture and way of life of which retain some features (they have their own dialects or dialects, have specific material and spiritual culture, and may differ religiously etc.). Ethnographic groups are often formed when a nationality or nation assimilates a foreign group.

Groups that differ from the main part of the ethnic group in religious terms are identified. For example, within many of the consolidating nations of Asia and Africa.

There are also communities that embrace an entire group of peoples, the so-called meta-ethnic, or supra-ethnic, communities. Οʜᴎ unite several peoples who have acquired elements of a common identity based on ethno-genetic proximity or long-term cultural interaction, and in a class society - on political ties. Such communities include, for example, Slavic, Roman, Mongolian and other peoples, close not only in languages, but also to a certain extent in culture and way of life.

Ethno-confessional meta-ethnic communities developed mainly in the feudal era. For example, Hinduism had a huge influence on the entire social and cultural life of the multilingual peoples of South Asia.

Determination of the national composition of the population in various countries peace, as SI notes. Brooke, the matter is complicated: because in connection with the development of the processes of assimilation and consolidation in many countries there are quite large groups of the population with transitional forms culture and national identity. In addition, it is necessary to establish what this or that population group is: whether it is a people (ethnic group), part of a people (subethnic group, ethnographic group), a group of peoples (metaethnic community) or some other community (political, racial , confessional, etc.).

Population registration, as we have already noted, is carried out in most countries of the world. However, in many censuses (which in some countries are regularly conducted with late XVIII- the beginning of the 19th century) the national composition of the population is either not determined at all, or is not determined reliably enough.

At first, when the concept of “nationality” had not yet been formulated, the tasks of censuses were reduced to recording the languages ​​of the population. Before the First World War, the question of language was included in the census programs of a number of multinational countries in Europe (Belgium, Switzerland, Austria-Hungary), the USA, India, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The question of the native language was also raised in the first Russian census of 1897. A direct question about ethnicity (“nationality”) was only included in the 1920s. into the program of the first Soviet population census.

The question about native language (language, as is known, is one of the ethnic determinants) is found in the censuses of a fairly large number of countries, sometimes together with the question about nationality, but more often without the last question (Finland, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Greece , Turkey, Pakistan, India, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, etc.). In some censuses there are sometimes other questions (tribal, caste, race and religion, country of origin or birth, citizenship) that help correct data on basic ethnic determinants (nationality and language), and in the absence of the latter (which is typical for censuses in many countries of the world) are used as indirect data to determine the national composition of the population of a particular country.

In many countries, especially developing ones, population censuses keep special records of the number of “tribes” or other groups close to them. Sometimes these records are kept by government departments, but more often they are carried out by researchers and various scientific and public organizations. Based on these materials, the number of many peoples of Africa, American Indians and a number of other ethnic groups can be determined.

How many peoples are there on Earth? Researchers usually count three to four thousand different peoples in the modern world - from the smallest tribes, the number of which is measured in hundreds, or even tens of people (Todas in India, Botocudas in Brazil, Alakalufs and Yamanas in Argentina, etc.) , before largest nations numbering hundreds of millions of people.

According to the UN, by the end of the 20th century. the number of peoples, each of which exceeds 1 million people, amounted to over 350 (in 1961 there were 226 such peoples, in 1987 - 310). These peoples account for more than 97% of the total population of the Earth.

As a result of the unevenness of natural population growth in different countries of the world and among different peoples, their numbers change significantly. For example, the number of such large peoples as Colombian, Mexican, Algerian, Peruvian, Moroccan, Azerbaijani and others, for the period from 1960 to 1990 ᴦ. doubled, and Hindustani, Bengali, Brazilian increased by half. At the same time, the number of Germans, British, Russians and representatives of a number of other nations decreased.

The largest nations in the world, whose number exceeded 100 million people. are: Chinese (more than 1 billion people), Hindustani (India), Bengalis (India, Bangladesh), Americans, Brazilians, Russians, Japanese, Punjabis (Pakistan, India), Biharis (India). Mexicans, Javanese (Indonesia), and Telugus (India) are also close to this threshold in numbers.

It is important to highlight the classification of peoples by language. All languages ​​are united into language families, which are divided into language groups. The largest of them is Indo-European, the languages ​​of which are spoken by more than 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America, Australia, constituting 1/3 of the total population of the Earth.

The Indo-European family includes the following groups:

- Slavic group (Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Belarusians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovaks, Macedonians, etc.),

- Baltic group(Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians),

- German group(Germans, Americans, English, Dutch, Swedes, Austrians, Danes, Norwegians, Jews (Yiddish speakers, etc.);

- Romanesque group(Brazilians, Mexicans, Italians, French, Spaniards, Argentines, Romanians, Cubans, etc.);

- Iranian group(Persians, Kurds, Afghans, Tajiks, etc.),

- Indo-Aryan group(Hindustani, Bengalis, Punjabis, Biharis, Sindhis, etc.),

- Armenian group(Armenians), Albanian group (Albanians),

- Greek group(Greeks)

- Celtic group(Irish, Breton).

Other language families include the Uralic, Altai group (Turks, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Tatars, Mongols, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, etc.), Korean, Japanese, Sino-Tibetan (Chinese, Burmese, Tibetans, etc.), Niger-Kordofanian ( mainly the peoples of tropical Africa), Indian, Austronesian, Central American, etc.).

Peoples inhabiting Earth, the majority live compactly. An ethnically mixed population is characteristic of areas located along ethnic boundaries. A particularly diverse national composition is observed in big cities migrant-type countries, in states with increased immigration.

Based on the diversity of ethnic composition, the countries of the world can be divided into three groups:

Multinational states(USA, Russia, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.);

Binational (Belgium, Cyprus, Iran, Turkey, etc.);

Uninational (Germany, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Greece, Iceland, Portugal, etc.).