What nationalities live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Ethnic composition of the population of Russia

Great and varied. In its vastness there is nature, beautiful in its versatility, and other miracles created by man. In addition, the territory itself big country the world is home to dozens of different peoples. Exactly this great wealth amazing hospitable state.

We know that many nationalities live in Russia - Russians, Udmurts, Ukrainians. What other peoples live in Russia? After all, in the far corners of the country, small and little-known, but interesting nationalities with their own unique culture have lived for centuries.

National composition of the population of Russia

Let’s say right away that Russians make up approximately 80% total number population. A full one would be very large. According to some reports, more than 200 different nationalities are registered. This information corresponds to the state of 2010.

Let's begin our acquaintance with the rest of the national composition Russia with the most common ones. Large nationalities those that are present on the territory of the state in quantities of more than 1 million are considered.

Tatars

The ratio of the Tatar people among all others in the country is 3.8%. has its own language and regions of greatest distribution.

In addition, it includes several ethnic groups: Crimean Tatars, Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan. Most of them live in the Volga region.

Ukrainians

Let's continue our short excursion on the topic of what peoples live in Russia and move on to the Ukrainians. Their number in Russia is 2% of the total population. Based on materials from some historical information, the name of the nationality comes from the word “outskirts”, which served as the basis for the name of the country - Ukraine.

Ukrainians living in Russia continue to honor their traditions, celebrating holidays according to their customs, wearing folk clothes. A special feature of Ukrainian clothing is embroidery in a variety of colors. The main symbolic colors in the ornaments are red and black.

Bashkirs

The ratio of the Bashkirs to the entire population of the country is 1.2%. The territories where most of these people live are Altai, Tyumen, and other regions of Russia (Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and others).

Ethnologists to this day do not agree on where the name of the nationality came from and what it means. The most common interpretations are “ head wolf", "separate people", "brother-in-law of the Ugrians". In total there are about 40 different assumptions.

The culture of the Bashkirs is significant for their songs, fairy tales, and ditties.

Chuvash

Next we’ll talk about the Chuvash, answering the question about what peoples live in Russia. The Chuvash people make up 1.1% of the Russian population. Most Chuvash live in Tatarstan, Samara and many other regions of the country, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. And today their main occupation is handicrafts, animal husbandry and agriculture.

The Chuvash culture is amazingly beautiful and interesting. They have their own ancient, developed mythology. National clothing is extremely diverse, with many dozens of different cuts and color options.

Chechens

Chechens in Russia make up about 0.9% of the total population. This is one of the harshest people in the country. At the same time, they are distinguished by wit, they are characterized by courage and endurance.

The peculiarity of Chechen songs is a deep, incommensurable longing for home. Their poetry and songs contain many motifs of exile. Such poetry cannot be found anywhere else in folklore.

You can notice the similarity of the Chechen people with the Circassian and Lezgin people. The explanation for this is simple: all three nationalities belong to the same Caucasian nationality.

And we continue to reveal most interesting question about what peoples live in Russia.

Armenians

Armenians make up 0.8% of the Russian population. Their culture is very ancient. Its roots can be traced back to Greek culture. The special flavor of this nation is created by their irrepressible cheerfulness and hospitality.

Armenian music appeared before our era. And today we know many world singers with Armenian roots. Among them French singer David Tukhmanov, Jivad Gasparyan and many others.

Armenian clothing is luxurious and pretentious. And children's costumes are simply irresistible, something that has not been seen in other nations.

We now know what peoples inhabit Russia, but that’s not all. In the far corners of the vast country there are still peoples who are not so numerous in number, but their culture is so diverse and interesting that we simply cannot help but remember them.

Small nations

Russians know quite a lot about peoples whose number exceeds 1 million. But there are also small peoples of Russia that you may not even hear about in your entire life.

Thus, in the Volga-Vyatka region, such nationalities as the Mari and Mordovians have lived for many centuries. The server region is native to the Karelians, Komi, Sami, and Nenets. Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts live in the Urals. Kazakhs and Kalmyks settled in the Volga region long ago.

Western Siberia- homeland for the Selkups, Altaians, Mansi, Khanty, Shors, Eastern - for the Tuvans, Buryats, Khakassians, Dolgans, Evenks.

On Far East There live such nationalities as the Yakuts, Koryaks, Evens, Udeges, Nanais, Orochs and many other peoples, the number of which is very small.

The peculiarity of small nations is that they have preserved and still revere their ancient pagan beliefs. They are characterized by adherence to animism (animation of natural objects and animals) and shamanism (belief in shamans - people who speak with spirits).

How many peoples live in Russia in total?

A pan-European survey was carried out in 2002. The data collected also included information on the ethnic composition of the countries' populations. Then it was received interesting information about what peoples live in Russia and their numbers.

Census figures in Russia showed that representatives of 160 different nationalities live in the country. This figure is simply huge compared to European countries. On average, they are home to people belonging to 9.5 nationalities. On a global scale, Russia's indicators are also high.

It is interesting that in 1989, when a similar census was carried out in Russia, a list of 129 nationalities was compiled. The reason for such a difference in indicators, according to experts, is the possibility of self-determination as belonging to one or another nationality. This opportunity arose in 1926. Previously different peoples Russia considered itself to be Russian based on the geopolitical factor.

Dynamics in the ratio of nationalities

According to demographic researchers, last years the number of Ukrainians in Russia has decreased threefold. There are also much fewer Belarusians, as well as Mordovians.

The number of Armenians, Chechens, Azerbaijanis, and Tajiks has increased. Some of them were even among those more than a million on Russian territory.

The dynamics in the ratio of nationalities are believed to be influenced by several factors. One of them is the decline in the birth rate, which has affected the entire country. The other is emigration.

Jews left Russia. Russian Germans also emigrated from the country.

Positive dynamics are observed among small indigenous peoples. On the contrary, they are for last decades became more. Thus, we see that the question of what peoples inhabit Russia is always relevant for study due to its dynamics.

Do only Russians live somewhere?

We learned that many different nationalities live in Russia, in addition to Russians. Many who have discovered it may wonder if there is an area where only Russians live.

The answer is clear: there is no region with a completely homogeneous composition of the Russian population. Only the Central, Central Chernozem, and Northwestern regions are close to this. All other territories of the country are replete with different nationalities.

conclusions

In the article, we looked at what peoples live on the territory of Russia, found out what they are called and where they are most common. We have once again seen how rich the country is not only natural resources, but also human, and this is many times more important.

In addition, we learned that the national composition of the Russian population is not somewhat static. It changes over the years under the influence of various factors (migration, the possibility of self-determination, etc.).

We hope that the article was interesting for you: it helped you take a mental journey across the expanses of Russia and introduced you to its different, but so hospitable and interesting inhabitants. Now we can tell anyone without hesitation, if they are interested, what peoples live in Russia.

According to the 2010 population census, 142 people live in the North Caucasus (Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria and Stavropol Territory). Of these, only 36 are indigenous, that is, they have lived in this territory for centuries. The rest are newcomers.

In this regard, by the way, the question arises: how long do you need to live in a certain area to become an “indigenous people”? And is it possible, for example, to include Jews who have lived in the North Caucasus for millennia under this definition? Or, say, the Karaites, who are considered to have come from the Hittite kingdom? There are few of them, but they are also represented in the region.

Indigenous peoples

The indigenous peoples of the Caucasus prefer to live on their lands. The Abazins settle in Karachay-Cherkessia, where their number exceeds 36 thousand. Abkhazians live there or in the Stavropol Territory. But most of all in this republic are Karachais (194,324 people) and Circassians (56,446). There are also 15,654 Nogais living in Karachay-Cherkessia.

In Dagestan live 850,011 Avars, 490,384 Dargins, 385,240 Lezgins, 118,848 Tabasarans, 40,407 Nogais, 27,849 Rutuls (southern Dagestan), almost 30 thousand Aguls and a little more than 3 thousand Tatars.

Ossetians (459,688 people) settle on their lands in North Ossetia. About 10 thousand Ossetians live in Kabardino-Balkaria, a little more than three thousand in Karachay-Cherkessia and only 585 people in Chechnya.

The majority of Chechens live in Chechnya itself - 1,206,551 people. Moreover, almost 100 thousand only know native language. About 100 thousand more Chechens live in Dagestan, and about 12 thousand in the Stavropol region. About 3 thousand Nogais, approximately 5 thousand Avars, almost one and a half thousand Tatars, and the same number of Turks and Tabasarans live in Chechnya. 12,221 Kumyks live there. There are 24,382 Russians left in Chechnya, 305 Cossacks.

Balkars (108,587) inhabit Kabardino-Balkaria and almost never settle in other places in the North Caucasus. In addition to them, half a million Kabardians and about 14 thousand Turks live in the republic. Among the large national diasporas we can distinguish Koreans, Ossetians, Tatars, Circassians and Gypsies. By the way, the latter are most numerous in the Stavropol Territory, there are over 30 thousand of them there. And about 3 thousand more live in Kabardino-Balkaria. There are few gypsies in other republics.

Ingush numbering 385,537 people live in their native Ingushetia. In addition to them, 18,765 Chechens, 3,215 Russians, and 732 Turks live there. Among the rare nationalities there are Yezidis, Karelians, Chinese, Estonians and Itelmens.

Russian population concentrated mainly on arable land in the Stavropol region - 223,153 people. Another 193,155 people live in Kabardino-Balkaria, about 3 thousand in Ingushetia, a little more than 150 thousand in Karachay-Cherkessia and 104,020 in Dagestan. There are 147,090 Russians living in North Ossetia.

Alien peoples

Among the alien peoples, several groups can be distinguished. These are people from the Middle East and Central Asia, for example, Pakistanis, Afghans, Persians, Turks, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds.

The second group are people from the most different areas Russia: Mansi, Khanty, Mari, Mordovians and even Mordovian-Moksha, Nenets, Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks, Tuvans, Buryats, Kalmyks, Karelians, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Chuvash, Shors, Evenks and Evenki-Lamuts, Yakuts ( there are most of them in the Stavropol region - 43 people, and none at all in Ingushetia), Aleuts, Kamchadals, Yukagirs, Koryaks (9 people live in the Stavropol region and one in Dagestan), Sekulpas (a rare northern people), Kereks and one representative of the Ket people with banks of the Yenisei.

There is a fairly large German diaspora in the Stavropol region - 5,288 people. Germans also live in Dagestan, Ossetia and Chechnya.

Among the population of the North Caucasus there are also those who came from the CIS countries. The largest number of Ukrainians is in the Stavropol Territory – 30,373 people. Of all the republics, the largest diaspora is in North Ossetia - there were just over three thousand Ukrainians here in 2010. By the way, in connection with latest events their number there can grow considerably.

Azerbaijanis settled throughout the region. Most of them are in Dagestan - 130,919, in Stavropol - 17,800, in Ossetia - 2,857, in Chechnya - 696, in Kabardino-Balkaria - 2,063, in Karachay-Cherkessia - 976 people.

Armenians also spread throughout the North Caucasus. In the Stavropol region there are 161,324 people, in North Ossetia - 16,235 people, in Kabardino-Balkaria - 5,002 people and in Dagestan - 4,997 people.

Moldovans also live in the North Caucasus, a total of about one and a half thousand people.

Guests from distant countries are also represented in the North Caucasus. These are Serbs and Croats, Slovenes and Slovaks, Romanians, Finns, French, British, Americans, Spaniards, Italians, Indians, Cubans, Japanese, Vietnamese, Chinese and even Mongols. But, of course, there are few of them - only a few people.

The multinational composition of the population of the Russian Federation is enshrined in the first lines of the Constitution and is determined by historical traditions, left over from previous historical eras.

The documents of the latest census enshrine the voluntary nature of national definition individual, therefore, to the question “how many nationalities are there in Russia” you can only get a conditional answer.

Construction of a common house

Story Russian statehood, which began in ancient times, is the process of formation over a vast area of ​​a social organism consisting of national formations very different in composition. The quantitative predominance of the Russian nation largely determined the qualitative composition of multinational education. The true Russian mentality is characterized by natural tolerance, which was formed from the habit of living in peace with neighbors. And how many nationalities are there in Russia - those who came with menacing intentions and became one people with the Russians?! How can one not recall the history of the Kazan Khanate or nomadic peoples from the southern steppes.

Another reason for the increase in the number of peoples gathered on one sixth of the land was the imperial policy of territorial expansion, which led to unification under a single public education a huge number of “foreigners” with their own customs, languages ​​and cultures. Respectful attitude of the titular nation towards way of life other peoples was in many ways the basis of state unity, and how many nationalities there are in Russia can be understood by the huge variety of languages, costumes and traditions.

Belonging to an ethnic group

It is human nature to strive to understand one’s place in society, belonging to certain linguistic, cultural, professional, educational, and religious groups. Division along ethnic lines has always been one of the most important and familiar; nationality is one of the main categories of stratification. Calls to return to origins and search for national roots are characteristic of even the most advanced and educated layers of society.

Unfortunately, the desire for national identity often takes the form of a fad, a fashionable hobby, or, even worse, xenophobia and chauvinism, in favor of political needs current moment. This has always been a serious danger, given how many nationalities live in Russia. But there remains hope for the intelligence of people, because a rare nation can consciously declare intolerance towards other people’s customs and call for the destruction of a culture born within the framework of another nation.

Fifth column

A mandatory item on nationality (in the sense of belonging to a specific ethnic group) was in the Soviet passport, which was in direct accordance with the beliefs of the founder of the communist state, Lenin. Even before the revolution, in the questionnaires of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, at the direction of the leader, the column “nationality” was introduced.

Stalin became a faithful successor national policy, which had the goal of hiding interethnic problems, and solving obvious and urgent ones with an iron fist, without taking into account the diversity, how many nationalities and nationalities there are in Russia, evicting entire peoples from their usual places or creating artificial formations of a type complex in composition autonomous republics. This approach gave rise to huge problems during the collapse of the USSR in the form of interethnic conflicts, often with the use of armed force.

Soviet document circulation made the state bureaucracy a powerful force. It was easier to take into account how many nationalities lived in Russia with such document flow, although some nationalities, in particular small Finno-Ugric groups, were considered non-existent because they were not on the list approved by the authorities.

Modern views on national identity are in the nature of approaching a specific person, who himself makes conclusions about belonging to a specific ethnic group based on language and cultural preferences.

Number of nations and nationalities

Census reports indicate more than 800 answer options to the census form question about nationality, but after processing the numbers with the participation of ethnographers, it turned out that the names of many nations and nationalities differ only in pronunciation options in different dialects.

Thus, 193 ethnic formations of various scales were identified: 145 - separate ethnic groups, and 48 - components included in them in the process of historical and cultural evolution. This is one of the answer options to the question “how many nationalities are there in Russia.” That this is only an option is clear from an analysis of the results of censuses conducted in other years. It becomes clear that the allocation of ethnic groups into a separate category or their inclusion in another entity is done at the discretion of expert ethnographers based on their scientific developments.

Indigenous Peoples

There is another type of statistical data showing how many nationalities there are in Russia. They divide all the nationalities of Russia into three groups:

First - large ethnic groups, most of who live within the borders of the Russian state, often forming national administrative units. A minority of such peoples live outside the Russian Federation. This group includes Russians, Tatars, Chuvash, Komi, Yakuts, Kalmyks and others - about 100 peoples in total.

The second group is peoples from neighboring countries (former Soviet republics). Namely: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Kazakhs, etc.

In the third group are representatives of peoples who are small in number in terms of population, most of whom live outside of Russia: Romanians, Hungarians, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc. The total number of ethnic groups of the second and third categories depends on the calculation method and ranges from 60 to 90. These statistics shows how many nationalities in Russia and nationalities whose representatives belong to foreign ethnic group.

The majority of the Russian population consider themselves Russian - 81%, that's 111 million people. In addition to them, there are six more nationalities that number more than 1 million people: Tatars - 5.3 million (3.72%), Ukrainians - 1.92 million (1.35%), Bashkirs 1.58 million (1.11%). ), Chuvash 1.43 (1.01%), Chechens - 1.41 million (1.0%) and Armenians - 1.1 million (0.83%).

Geographic ethnography

Story Russian Empire, story Soviet Union, the current period is an endless process of interaction between large and small ethnic entities, resettlement of peoples, migration and re-emigration. How many nationalities are there in Russia that have experienced cataclysms of various scales in their history at the behest of the authorities?

As a result, there are no more or less vast areas left on the map of Russia inhabited by representatives of one nation; there are areas with a relatively homogeneous national composition and areas that represent a motley mixture of customs and languages. The latter can safely include the Middle Volga region and North Caucasus. Using their example, one can imagine how many nationalities live in Russia if, say, in small developed mountain areas, speakers of several dialects belonging to different language families coexist.

Tree of languages

It is the language, and not a typical way of life for a group of people or similar external signs, is a defining category for the nationality. There are almost as many languages ​​in Russia as there are nationalities! That is, no one knows a definite answer, and every linguist and ethnographer has his own opinion. This is as true as the fact that language is like a living organism: it changes, develops or withers. Science knows many dead languages.

The number of language families alone, to which scientists classify the dialects spoken by Russians, is striking; there are 14 of them. This is like the number of branches extending from a single trunk, and smaller branches extend from them, the number of languages ​​is comparable to the number of leaves, and in the case of languages throughout Russia, according to a number of scientists, this figure is close to two hundred.

Conclusion

Even world-famous scientists, linguists, ethnographers, and sociologists consider the most reasonable answer to the question of how many nationalities and languages ​​there are in Russia to be more than a hundred. But just reasonable people add that it’s not a matter of quantity, but of common house enough space for happy life to all peoples, and the smallest of them would feel like part of a friendly family.

1. Features of the national composition of Russia………………………………………2

2. Short story settlement of Russia…………………………………………………………….5

3. Distribution of nations and nationalities by regions of Russia…………………….…..…7

4. Problems related to the development of nationalism that exist in modern stage in Russia…………………………………………………………….…….……..14

5. List of references………………………………………………………………19

Features of the national composition of Russia

One of the main indicators characterizing the population is the total number and trends in its change.

The Russian population in our country is still the largest (about 116 million people) and accounts for almost 80% of the total population. Compared to 1989, its share in the entire population of the country decreased by 1.7 percentage points. This happened mainly due to natural loss, amounting to almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated by the slightly more than three million migration increase of Russians.

The second largest population in the country is occupied by the Tatars, whose number is 5.56 million people (almost 4% of the country's population), the third place is occupied, oddly enough, by the Ukrainians, their number is approximately 2.9 million people.

Due to emigration and natural decline, the number of Jews (from 0.54 million people to 0.23 million people) and Germans (from 0.84 million people to 0.60 million people) decreased during the intercensal period.

Mainly due to migration growth, the number of Armenians (from 0.53 million people to 1.13 million people), Azerbaijanis (from 0.34 million people to 0.62 million people), Tajiks (from 0.34 million people) increased significantly 04 million people to 0.12 million people), Chinese (from 5 thousand people to 35 thousand people).

For the first time since the 1926 population census, the number of people who classified themselves as Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). Also, for the first time since the 1897 census, the number of people who called themselves Cossacks (about 140 thousand people) and a number of small peoples of Dagestan was obtained.

The number of citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 142.4 million people (98% of all residents of the country), 1.0 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.4 million people are stateless persons. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 44 thousand people have double citizenship. Approximately 1.3 million people did not indicate their nationality.

The national composition fully characterizes ethnic structure population.

By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to four language families: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Romance groups; Altai (6.8%) – Turkic, Mongolian group; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) – Finno-Ugric, Samoyed groups. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. Fast pace urbanization, migration processes and the growth of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.

The original Russian regions in Russia are territories stretching from European North, North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, southern Siberia and the Far East. Russia as a whole is characterized by a diversity of national composition in many regions.

In the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation are distinguished on a national basis (21 republics, 10 autonomous okrugs and 1 autonomous region). The total area of ​​32 national entities makes up 53% of the territory of Russia.

All national entities have complex composition population. However, the share of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in 9 subjects of the Federation the share of the titular nation exceeds 50%, for example, in Ingushetia - 74.5, in Kabardino-Balkaria -57.6%, in North Ossetia-Alania -53.0%, etc. The lowest share of the titular nation is in Khanty -Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – 1.6%.

Processes of ethnicity have become widespread in the Russian Federation.
assimilation. The objects of assimilation are small ethnic groups, peoples living in strong territorial mixing with other peoples, as well as national groups (often consisting of representatives of fairly large and well-consolidated ethnic groups living separately), which are characterized by dispersed settlement. Interethnic marriages are an important channel of the assimilation process in Russia, but “extra-family” assimilation also takes place.

From the small peoples of Russia in the 20th century. The Turkic-speaking Soyots were assimilated and merged with the Buryat people. The yugas close to the Kets dissolved among the surrounding Russian population, the process of assimilation (linguistic and then ethnic) partially affected many others small peoples Siberia and the Far East. Assimilation also included representatives of many ethnic
communities, mainly concentrated outside of Russia, and within it
itself - dispersedly settled. True, the speed of development of assimilation processes among different people living in Russia national groups different. Representatives of two eastern countries close to them in language and culture are the fastest to merge with Russians. Slavic peoples- Belarusians and Ukrainians. In 1989, 63% of Belarusians and 57% of Ukrainians living in our country considered Russian their native language.
Those living in the Russian Federation undergo fairly rapid assimilation
representatives of other Slavic peoples: Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs,
Serbs. All these ethnic groups live dispersedly in Russia, which facilitates the process of their assimilation. Representatives of other non-indigenous ethnic groups in Russia are assimilating
Russians to a much weaker extent. So, the Germans, despite
long-term residence in our country, and a high proportion of people who have transferred
into Russian (58%), quite staunchly retain their ethnic
self-awareness. The process of assimilation of Koreans is proceeding even more slowly, which
prevents pronounced cultural specificity this ethnic
community, as well as its anthropological isolation. Although Koreans have been living in Russia for a long time and the majority of them (63%) consider Russian their native language, they, like the Germans, are good at preserving ethnic identity and show high intra-ethnic solidarity.

Representatives of Turkic-speaking ethnic groups living in Russia, who make up the main population of several republics of the former USSR, also show ethnic resilience ( Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks), which is facilitated by their significant cultural specificity. The vast majority of representatives of these peoples retain their national language.

A Brief History of the Settlement of Russia

History of settlement and development of land, differences in types of population reproduction, vastness of territory and diversity natural conditions caused a very uneven distribution of the Russian population. The European part (about 30% of the area) is home to 78.5% of the population, and the Asian part is 21.5%. In addition, in the zone of continuous settlement, or the “main settlement zone” ( European part Russia without the European North, the south of Siberia and the Far East), occupying only 1/3 of the territory, contains 93% of the population.

The average population density in Russia is 8.5 people. per 1 km 2, it is four times less than the world average. At the same time, population density ranges from less than one person per 1 m 2 in some areas of the Eastern macroregion to 354 people per 1 km 2 in the Moscow region.

The main settlement zone is very different from the rest of the country, which belongs to the Northern zone. The first has historically been economically developed due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions, benefits geographical location; located here big number large cities and where the majority of the population is concentrated. The Northern zone is a territory developed relatively recently (“newly developed”), with focal settlement; only about 7% of the population lives there.

Historical migrations of the Russian population to Siberia, the Urals, the North, and the Far East began in the 16th and 17th centuries. in connection with the development of new lands. The flow of migrants has especially increased in eastern regions Russia at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Historical migrations were about forced relocations of peoples: in 1937, Koreans were resettled from the Primorsky Territory to Central Asia; in the 30s, Germans, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, and Crimean Tatars were evicted to the eastern regions, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. In the pre-war years, organized resettlement to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, where mineral deposits were developed and factories were built. In the 50s, there was a massive development of huge tracts of land in Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. Due to the collapse of the USSR and the aggravation interethnic relations in a number of republics of the new abroad, the re-emigration of the Russian-speaking population from the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia intensified.

The most numerous and constant migrations of the population in Russia in the 20th century. There were internal migrations of the population from rural areas to cities, from small towns to large ones.

Currently, internal migrations account for 80% of the migration turnover of the Russian population. The determining direction of internal migration is the Center, the Volga region and the South of the country, which as a result has led to a significant reduction in the population of the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

In 23 regions of the Federation, the population has increased over the past period. Greatest growth was observed in the Republic of Dagestan - by 43%, Moscow - 17%, Krasnodar Territory - by 11%, Belgorod and Kaliningrad regions - 10% each. The increase in population occurred due to natural growth and the influx of migrants.

In economic geography and regional studies, the main issues in the study of population are the causes, patterns and features of the spatial and functional behavior of the population depending on trends in changes in the external environment.

The territory of the Russian Federation is diverse and large. In its vastness there is a multifaceted beautiful nature and miracles that man has created. In addition, on the territory of the largest country live peoples of different nationalities. And this is the greatest wealth of this hospitable, amazing state.

Everyone knows that many peoples live on the territory of Russia: Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Udmurts. But are there other nations in the country? After all, little-known peoples with a small number of people have lived for centuries in distant corners of the country. They are very interesting with their culture and traditions.

Approximately 80% of the total population are Russians. Very big full list the entire ethnic composition of the country. There is information that more than 200 nations live on Russian territory. This information was received in 2010. The most common nations, numbering more than 1 million, are:

1. Tatars. Their number is approximately 3.8% of total number population of the country. They have their own regions of greatest distribution and own language communication. The composition includes several nationalities: Astrakhan, Crimean, Siberian and Volga-Ural Tatars. Most of them live in the Volga region.
2. Ukrainians constitute approximately 2% of the total number of peoples living in Russia. Based on some reference materials, the basis for such an ethnic name was the word “outskirts”. Ukrainians who live in the country honor their traditions and celebrate all holidays based on their customs. At the same time they wear National costumes with black and red embroidery. Embroidery may be different color range, but these two colors are the main ones.
3. Bashkirs. Their number is approximately 1.2%. Most of the people of this nation live in the territories of Tyumen, Altai, Kursk, Sverdlovsk, and Orenburg regions of the Russian Federation. To date, there is no exact data on the origin of the nationality name. The most common interpretations are: brother-in-law of the Ugrians, a separate people, the main wolf. In total, about 40 interpretations can be counted. The culture of this ethnic group is marked by their ditties, tales and songs.
4. Chuvash. This nationality accounts for 1.1% of the country's total population. The largest number of them live in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Samara and other regions, as well as in Tatarstan. Their main occupation today is agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts. Their culture is amazing and beautiful. They have their own ancient mythology, which is still developing today. National clothing is also varied.
5. Chechens constitute approximately 0.9% of the country's total population. This nationality is one of the harshest in the country. They are resilient, brave and witty. Their songs are special because they reveal a deep, incomparable longing for home. Their songs and poetry contain many motifs of exile. You will never find such poetry in any folklore. The similarity of the Chechen ethnic group with the Lezgin and Circassian is noticeable. This is explained by the fact that they are all of Caucasian nationality.
6. Armenians. This nationality makes up 0.8% of the population of the Russian Federation. Their culture is very ancient. Its roots can be traced back to Greek culture. They are very hospitable and cheerful. Music appeared before our era. Today there are many singers who have Armenian roots. Their national clothing is distinguished by its pretentiousness and luxury.

Small nations

Russians know a lot about the peoples who live on their territory. home country, whose population exceeds 1 million. But there are also small nations that you may not even hear about in your entire life.

1. For many centuries, ethnic groups with the names Mordovians and Maris have lived in the Volga-Vyatka region.
2. There are many Nenets, Sami, Komi and Karelians in the Seversky region.
3. Udmurts and Komi-Permyaks live in the Urals.
4. In the Volga region there are Kalmyks and Kazakhs.
5. Western Siberia is the homeland of the Shors, Khanty, Mansi, Altaians, and Selkups.
6. Eastern Siberia- for Evenks, Dolgans, Khakassians, Buryats, Tuvans.
7. In the Far East live the Orochi, Nanai, Udege, Evens, Koryaks, Yakuts and other nations, the number of which is small.

A feature of small nations is the preservation and veneration of their pagan ancient beliefs to this day. They follow animism - the animation of animals and natural objects, as well as shamanism - they believe in people who communicate with spirits.

Census data

The Pan-European Population Census was carried out in 2002. The data that was collected included information about ethnic component of the population countries. It was at that moment that interesting information was received about which peoples live on Russian territory and in what numbers.

Based on population census data, it can be noted that representatives of 160 people live on the territory of the Russian Federation. different nationalities. Compared to European countries, this figure is huge. Since approximately 10 nationalities live in European countries. Russia's indicators are also high on a global scale.

A similar population census was carried out in 1989. At that time, a list of 129 nationalities was compiled. Experts believe that such a difference in indicators may be due to the fact that a person independently determines which ethnic group he belongs to. This opportunity appeared to people in 1926. Previously, based on geopolitical factors different nationalities, living on the territory of Russia, considered themselves Russians.

Dynamics of the ratio of nationalities

Experts report that demographic studies have revealed the following fact: in recent years, the number of Ukrainians living in the Russian Federation has decreased threefold, and the number of Belarusians and Mordovians has also decreased.

But the number of Tajiks, Azerbaijanis, Chechens and Armenians has increased. The population of some of these ethnic groups has exceeded 1 million people.

It is believed that the dynamics in the ratio of nationalities are influenced by several factors:

1. The birth rate has decreased. This affected the entire country.
2. Emigration.

Many Jews and Russian Germans left Russia.

But among small indigenous peoples there is a positive trend. Their numbers have increased over the past decades.

Construction of a common house

The history of Russian statehood began in ancient times. This is the process of forming a social organism over a vast area. IN social organism included a large number of nationalities of diverse composition. The qualitative composition of multinational education was largely determined by the quantitative predominance of Russians. The true Russian mentality is characterized by natural tolerance, formed from the habit of living in peace with neighbors.

The imperial policy of expanding territory also played a significant role. She combined into single state great amount nations, each of which has its own culture, language and customs.

The respectful attitude of Russians towards life position other peoples was the basis of state unity. You can understand how many nationalities there are in Russia by the variety of traditions, costumes and languages.

Belonging to an ethnic group

The desire to understand one’s position in society, belonging to certain religious, educational, professional, cultural, language groups characteristic of man. Nationality is one of the main categories of stratification of society, and division by ethnic characteristics is one of the most familiar and important. Calls for a return to origins, as well as a search for national roots, are characteristic of even the most educated and advanced strata of society.

The desire for national self-awareness often takes the form of a fashionable hobby, fad, or chauvinism and xenophobia in favor of the political needs of the current moment. This factor has always been fraught with serious danger, given the number of nations living on Russian territory.

But there is still hope for human rationality. After all, a consciously rare nationality may call for the destruction of a foreign culture or demonstrate intolerance towards foreign customs and traditions.

Fifth column

The Soviet passport had a mandatory clause indicating membership in a certain ethnic group. In the questionnaires of the Russian Social Democratic Party, even before the revolution, the column “nationality” was introduced at the direction of leader Lenin.

Stalin became a faithful successor of this national policy. His goal was to hide interethnic problems, without taking into account the diversity of nationalities and nationalities in Russia. He could create artificial formations such as autonomous republics, complex in composition, or evict entire peoples from their usual places.

With the collapse of the USSR, this approach gave rise to huge problems in the form of interethnic conflicts. Armed forces were used very often.

The Soviet document flow made the state bureaucracy a powerful force. With such document flow, it was easier to take into account the number of nationalities. There were also nationalities that were not included in the approved list and were considered non-existent (Finno-Ugric groups).

On national identity modern views are in the nature of approaching a specific person, who makes a conclusion about belonging to an ethnic group independently, based on cultural and linguistic preferences.

Indigenous Peoples

Another type of statistical data showing the number of nationalities in Russia divides them into three subgroups:

1. Ethnic groups are large. Most of them live in the territory Russian state, forming national administrative units. But a smaller number of such peoples live outside the borders of the Russian state. This subgroup includes Kalmyks, Yakuts, Komi, Chuvash, Tatars, Russians and others. In total there are approximately 100 nationalities.
2. Peoples of neighboring countries. These include the peoples of the former Soviet republics - Kazakhs, Armenians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and others who were part of the USSR.
3. Few representatives of peoples (by number), most of whom live outside the Russian state: Vietnamese, Chinese, Hungarians, Romanians and others.

The total number of the second and third subgroups depends on the calculation method and ranges from 60-90. These statistics show how many nationalities and nationalities there are in the Russian state, whose representatives belong to a foreign ethnic group.

Larger number people living on the territory of the Russian state consider themselves Russian - 111 million (81%). In addition, there are nationalities whose number of people exceeds 1 million. These include:

1. Tatars - 3.72% (5.3 million).
2. Ukrainians - 1.35% (1.92 million).
3. Bashkirs - 1.11% (1.58 million).
4. Chuvash - 1.01% (1.43 million).
5. Chechens - 1.0% (1.41 million).
6. Armenians - 0.83% (1.1 million).

Video

Interesting and educational information You will learn about the ethnic and linguistic composition of the population of our country from this video.

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