Research work on the topic: History of folk costume. National costumes, features of Russian national costumes Research work on the topic of German national costume

History has always aroused great interest among people. This interest was explained by the need of every person to know the history of his people. Russian national clothing has a centuries-old history. Russian folk costume is a source of creativity. Russian national clothing is a kind of book, by learning to read which you can learn about the traditions and customs of your people.
This topic interested me very much. When we were preparing in class for folk holidays, we had to make a folk costume for the performance. So I decided to find out more about this.

Goals of my work:
1) Find out more about the Russian folk costume of a woman.
2) Create a sketch of a modern costume for a girl using the knowledge gained during the research about Russian folk costume.

Tasks:
1) Collect material about the Russian folk costume of women.
2) Find out what materials, colors, patterns were used to make the costume.
3) Introduce classmates to Russian traditions of women's clothing.

Stages of work
Selecting a topic.
Definition of goals and objectives.
Formulation of the problem.
Collection of materials on the project topic.
Making a sketch of a costume for a modern girl with elements of a folk costume.

Problem:
Nowadays, science is developing, new computer technologies are appearing, and many people are beginning to forget about their Russian values.
What do we know about folk costumes?
What are the features of folk costume?
Is it possible to apply knowledge about folk costume in creating modern clothing?

Hypothesis
It is possible that in the modern world it is possible to use in clothing both details, fabrics, and patterns traditional for Rus' of past times.

Main part
Reading and looking at books, I realized that folk costumes differ from each other. Why? There is only one people.
The clothes varied:
- according to purpose (daily, festive, ritual),
- you can judge from it (about age, marital status).
As a rule, it was not the cut and type of clothing that changed, but its color and number of patterns. Each province had its own version of the costume, its own ornament, decoration, shapes and styles. The dress not only warmed and decorated a person, but also showed his place in society. Clothes were of great value. It was not lost or thrown away, but was taken very good care of, altered several times and worn until it was completely worn out. The poor man's festive attire was passed from parents to children. The rich sought to ensure that their costume differed from the clothing of ordinary people.
In Rus', the main form of clothing was a dress, made from various fabrics, depending on the wealth of the owner.
The basis of women's clothing was a long shirt, cut from straight panels.
The shirt had a collar, sometimes with gathers around it, a front slit fastened with a button, and long sleeves.
For ordinary women, such a shirt, tied at the waist with a belt, served as a house dress, while the wealthy also had undershirts. Like men's, women's shirts were decorated with embroidery or trimmed with colored fabric along the edges of the hem, sleeves, and collar.
On top of the shirt they wore a sundress, a long, loose, sleeveless garment fastened from top to bottom with buttons. It was comfortable to walk in such clothes.
On top of the sundress was put on a soul warmer, a warm sleeveless jacket, usually lined with fur. It is just below the waist, very wide, gathered clothing, with straps like modern sundresses.

Fabrics, color, ornament
The fabrics used for sewing folk clothes were natural - linen. Housewives wove and dyed them themselves. Each Russian province had its own patterns and certain colors. Striped and checkered patterns came in a variety of shapes. In the patterns you can see the image of the sun, stars, birds on branches, flowers, figures and people and animals. The technique of folk weaving, as well as embroidery by counting threads, resulted in rectilinear, geometric shapes. For example, such patterns could be seen on shirts.Not only fabrics and clothing could tell a lot about their owner. Color is the language of the people.There were only a few colors used. Only those colors that the peasant could actually dye the fabric at home mattered. For this they used roots, stems, leaves, and bark of plants that grew in their areas - nettle, sorrel, blueberries, onions, St. John's wort, hazel, oak. Therefore, there were three ancient colors of clothing and embroidery: white, red and black. But they could also get other colors.
Each color had its own meaning.
White color was considered a symbol of a married woman-mother.Red is the color of fire and was believed to ward off evil spirits.
The black color symbolized eternal peace, earth.
Green color symbolized the plant world.
Blue color is a symbol of water and sky.

The life of a common man was not easy. Hard work from dawn to dusk in the field, caring for crops and pets. But when the holiday arrived, people seemed to be transformed, putting on the best, most beautiful clothes. Festive clothes were stored in chests.

Practical part

If only I could have such a beautiful sundress. Modern clothes are significantly different from those worn by our ancestors. Fabrics and dyes are mostly synthetic rather than natural. Patterns are not considered magical, as our pagan ancestors thought. And there is no such thriftiness towards things.
But there is so much warmth in the patterns, tenderness in rich colors, pleasant coolness of the fabric in the heat and warmth in the winter cold in the clothes of our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers. Such things are cozy and pleasant at any time. Any modern person would wear such a sundress or shirt now. So I came up with a sketch of a smart shirt and sundress. The shirt was decorated with traditional embroidery, and the loose sundress with buttons was made in bright colors. And to sew such an outfit you need to take linen fabric.

PROJECT “From the history of Russian folk costume”

Ekaterina Titova, 3rd grade student of the Tatarsko-Burnashevskaya Secondary School, Verkhneuslonsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan, Head: Bochkova M.N., primary school teacher 1st quarter. categories

Respect for the past is the line

Distinguishing education from savagery.

A.S. Pushkin

Relevance of the problem

History has always aroused great public interest. This interest is explained by the natural need of every person to know the history of his people. Russian folk costume is a source of creativity, which is an object of the material and spiritual culture of the people. The clothes reflected the soul of the people and their idea of ​​beauty. National clothing is a kind of book, by learning to read which you can learn about the traditions, customs, and history of your people. The desire to learn how to read this book led us to the topic of the project. Our research work, the creation of a project and a visual aid are dedicated to the history of Russian national costume. The relevance of the chosen topic is also confirmed by the responses of respondents during a sociological survey that we conducted among primary school students.

Objective of the project : having studied the history of Russian folk costume, make a visual aid;

Project objectives:

1. To attract the attention of as many children and adults (parents) as possible to studying the history of the emergence of Russian folk costume and arouse genuine interest in folk art;

2.Collect material about the regional characteristics of Russian folk costume, the influence of various historical events on it, show the daily life of a person;

3. Involve parents in joint activities to create a collective project;

4.Through participation in the creation of the project, contribute to the education of patriotic qualities, a sense of pride in the talent of our people, which gives us the knowledge of beauty and goodness;

5. Cultivate respect for the traditions and customs of your people, a sense of responsibility for the assigned work.

Stages of social project implementation:

Preparatory- survey among primary school students of the municipal educational institution "Tatar-Burnashevskaya secondary school"

Conclusion: A sociological survey conducted confirmed the correctness of our chosen topic. When asked whether you consider it necessary to study the history of the emergence of Russian folk costume, 86% of respondents gave a positive answer.

Specific stage- for a detailed study of Russian folk costume

The history of Russian folk costume goes back many centuries. In the same way, for many centuries the natural conditions in which the peasantry lived, the nature and conditions of peasant labor dictated by the natural environment, rituals, beliefs, and the entire national life remained practically unchanged. As a result, the folk costume turned out to be maximally adapted to the life of the people and techniques for its manufacture were developed. Archeology, written sources that mention various types of clothing, descriptions of travelers - all this gives us information about the history of Russian folk costume. Clothes were of great value; they were not lost or thrown away, but were taken very good care of, repeatedly altered and worn until they were completely worn out. The nobility sought to ensure that her costume differed from the clothing of commoners. The life of a common man was not easy. Hard work from dawn to dusk in the field, caring for the harvest, pets. But when the long-awaited holiday arrived, people seemed to be transformed, putting on the best, most beautiful clothes. Clothing could tell a lot about the marital status and age of its owner. So in the southern regions of our country, all children under 12 years old wore only long shirts. Festive clothes were stored in chests.

DRESS (shirt)

In Rus', the main form of clothing was a dress made from various fabrics, depending on the wealth of the owner. The basis of women's clothing was a long shirt, cut from straight panels. The shirt had a round collar, sometimes with gathers around it, a front slit fastened with a button and long sleeves. For ordinary women, such a shirt, tied at the waist with a belt, served as a house dress; wealthy women also had undershirts, just like men's women's shirts, they were decorated with embroidery or trimmed with colored fabric along the edge of the hem, sleeves, and collar.

SORAFAN

On top of the shirt they put on a sundress, a long, swinging, sleeveless garment fastened from bottom to top with buttons.

DOUSHEGREYA

A soul warmer was put on top of the sundress - a short, just below the waist and very wide, ruffled garment without sleeves, with straps like modern sundresses.

LETNIK

The most elegant and unique women's clothing was the letnik. It was sewn from bright fabrics, worn over the head and not belted. The sleeves were sewn from more expensive fabrics from top to elbow. The ends of the sleeves and the front of the collar at the collar were decorated with stripes made of more expensive fabrics. Sometimes flyers were lined with fur along the hem. Embroidery not only decorated clothes, but also had a magical meaning. According to popular beliefs, embroidered patterns should bring happiness, good luck, prosperity to the home and health. And also protect from trouble and evil.

ORNAMENT

In the ornaments on clothes you can see the image of the sun, stars, the Tree of Life with birds on the branches, flowers, figures of people and animals. Such a symbolic ornament connected a person with the surrounding nature, with the wonderful world of legends and myths. Russian folk clothing has a centuries-old history. Its general character, which has developed in the everyday life of many generations, corresponds to the appearance, lifestyle, geographical location and nature of the work of the people. Starting from the 18th century, the northern part of Russia found itself apart from the developing centers and therefore the traditional features of folk life and clothing were much more fully preserved here, while to the south (Ryazan, Orel, Kursk, Kaluga) Russian folk costume received noticeable development. In the northern regions of Russia (Arkhangelsk, Tver, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ryazan) the sarafan was widespread, and in the southern regions the sarafan was widespread. Each province had its own version of the costume. The clothing of each province had its own ornaments, decorations, shapes and styles.

HATS

Girls everywhere wore open headdresses such as headbands, married women before the birth of their first child, young women, wore kokoshniks; Women giving birth wore kichkas or kokoshniks.

THIS IS INTERESTING:Daytime Russian clothing had its own characteristics: some types of clothing had sleeves longer than the arms. They were usually collected in small folds. And if you let your sleeves down, it would be almost impossible to work. Therefore, they say about bad work that it was done “carelessly.” Very rich people wore such dresses. Those who were poorer wore short dresses, better suited for walking and working.

LET'S CONSIDER RUSSIAN FOLK COSTUMES OF DIFFERENT PROVINCES AND REGIONS OF GREAT RUSSIA,

1.North Russian costume , as it was also called, the women's sundress complex is widespread in the northern and central provinces (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Ryazan, Tver, Yaroslavl). The main part of this costume was the sundress. The sundress was made from canvas, dyed fabrics, silk or spoil. The soft smooth lines of the sundress, which seemed to flow when moving, made the woman look like a swan. It’s not for nothing that in folk songs and fairy tales women are called swans. Sundresses were decorated with embroidery, ribbons, braid and fringe. Details varied in color and texture, but perfectly matched to each other, created an outfit that seemed to complement the harsh nature of the region, coloring it with bright colors.

Women's costume of the Vologda province consisted of a sundress with “bouquets”, a patterned soul warmer with gold trim, a white thin shirt, and a kokoshnik with a scarlet top and neck decoration. Bracelets and a scarf made of fine fabric complemented the costume. Girls wore a lot of rings, bracelets, necklaces, chains with crosses, and sometimes they could wear up to three chains. The earrings were pearl, silver, the cheapest were bronze or copper. In winter, narrow and long fingerless gloves were worn. They were knitted themselves on knitting needles from thin white cotton thread.

2.South Russian women's costume or poneva complex, the most important detail was the poneva. The southern Russian provinces include Voronezh, Tambov, Oryol, Nizhny Novgorod, Kursk, Tula)

Poneva- This is the great-grandmother of the modern skirt. Poneva certainly dressed over a shirt, followed by an apron, then a “top” and a headdress completed the costume. The multi-layered nature of the Russian costume is clearly expressed in the pony complex. This type of costume is considered more ancient than the sundress complex. All the costumes were different from each other, but at the same time they had common features:

Straight, widened silhouette of the product and sleeves;

The predominance of symmetrical compositions with the rhythm of rounded lines in details and decoration;

The use of decorative patterned fabrics with the effect of gold and silver, finishing with embroidery, fabric of a different color, fur.

Women's costume of the Voronezh province . Starting from the 17th century, many Ukrainians moved to the land of the Voronezh province. Therefore, despite all the similarities with other southern Russian provinces, there were original artistic phenomena here, characteristic only of these places. This originality was especially clearly reflected in folk clothing. Women wore shirts embroidered with woolen threads; the embroidery decorated the sleeves and the upper part of the shirt, sometimes they were embroidered with gold threads and sequins; Another feature of the costume of this province was: an overlaid collar and long cuffs - violators, completely covering the hands. Violators were decorated with ribbons, lace, and beads. A forehead protector was tied around the head, decorated with a green strip of fabric. Poneva embroidered with satin stitch with green, red, yellow threads is especially good. An example of the ability to decorate clothes is an item such as an apron; it not only protected the clothes, but also created a coherent color ensemble.

ADDITION: The complexity of women's costume is associated not only with territorial division, but also with age gradations: girls everywhere wore open headdresses such as headbands, married women before the birth of their first child, young women, wore kokoshniks; women who gave birth wore kichkas or kokoshniks; The poneva replaced the sundress upon reaching puberty, and sometimes during the wedding ceremony, and in some places in the areas where the poneva lived, old women put on sundresses again. Of course, there were no clear boundaries between the complexes: in some places in the southern provinces, for example, in Kursk, there was also a women's sundress, as well as a kitty-shaped kokoshnik, and in some places in the northern provinces, for example, in Olonets, a hoof-shaped kokoshnik was used; in the region of the Don Army, along with the kubelka, they wore sundresses and ponevs.

LET'S GET TO KNOW THE ELEMENTS OF MEN'S RUSSIAN FOLK COSTUME

MEN'S CLOTHING

SHIRT. Men's clothing consisted of a linen shirt with long wide sleeves, a sleeveless caftan that reached the knees and was made of coarse wool. The caftan was pierced with rings and beads, and the bottom was embroidered with colored patterns. Neither a peasant, nor a city dweller, nor a villager could do without a shirt. Men's shirts were usually made from fabric of one color, checkered, or with a small pattern. The festive shirt was embroidered with colored silk threads. The chest patterns were located along the cut in the center of the chest and protected the heart and lungs, the shoulder patterns protected the arms, and the side ones did not allow evil forces to penetrate from below.

PORTS (PANTS). Men also wore cloaks and wide ports (pants), sometimes wearing two pairs, one on top of the other. The pants were dark in color, sometimes striped. They were tucked into boots or wrapped in onuchas, and bast shoes were put on top. Relations with the Byzantines brought about a change in clothing.

KAFTAN. Relations with the Byzantines brought about a change in clothing. First, the royal Byzantine vestments, together with the court costumes, passed to the Russian grand-ducal house, and then the clothes of the rich Byzantines also passed on. Byzantine influence was disrupted by the Tatar-Mangol hordes, which flooded Russian soil. As always, the people remained faithful to their ancient clothes, and the upper classes exchanged or mixed their clothes with the clothes of their conquerors. Instead of a closed caftan, they began to wear a Mongolian caftan, which was open along the entire length in front, and instead of a cloak, an outer caftan.

ADDITION: In the 16th century, men began to wear a shirt with a narrow collar, long trousers, wide at the top, gathered with braid. The caftan was narrow, like a cover, reaching to the knees and equipped with sleeves.

Under Peter I, trousers made of silk, canvas or cloth were used, which were tucked into boots. Peter I forced the long caftan to be shortened. For those who did not want to do this voluntarily, according to the royal decree, the soldiers cut off the floors.

MODERNITY

Russian folk costume... One of the relics of our national culture that is fading into the past. A bright, colorful spectacle, organically intertwined with folk song and dance into an original action that goes back centuries. Without preserving, without cultivating folk costume, even if not in everyday life - this is no longer possible - even if on the stage - the unity of this culture will be destroyed and it will finally disappear, specialized catalogs and magazines. Dolls made by artists are presented in the world's largest museums and private collections. Dolls, as works of high art, are highly valued and are a prestigious and popular collector's item. Modern fashion periodically returns to the sources of ancient Russian decor. Elements of the national costume inspire Couturier to create real masterpieces of modern fashion. For the most famous fashion designers, Russian folk costume is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for creating modern outfits.

I present to your attention the project “Doll in Russian national costume”

Literature.

1.Encyclopedia. Kingdom of people. M., Publishing house “Rosman”, 1994

2. A.E. Clients. Folk crafts. M. Publishing house “White City”, 2002

3.The first pages of history. Moscow educational company “Record”, 1994

4.Yu.A. Lotman. Conversations about Russian culture. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility. St. Petersburg, 1994

5.M.A. Ilyin. Things are told. M., 1989

6.L.A. Preobrazhensky History reveals secrets. M., 1991

7.T.Ya. Shpikalova. In the world of folk art M., 1998

8. Costumes of the peoples of the world. Publishing house “Litur”, Ekaterinburg, 2004.

9. Russian folk costume. Publishing house “Mosaic-synthesis”, M., 2006.

10.A.Yu. Andreeva. Russian folk costume. Traveling from North to South. Publishing house “Paritet” St. Petersburg, 2004

11. Tales of Ivan Bilibin. Neo-Russian style. M., 2004

12.Russian fairy tale costume. St. Petersburg, 2006

“Folk costume is a link between the past, present and future of our people. Making a stage costume for the Kostroma Snow Maiden based on a folk costume of the 18th century.”

Research work on the topic: Completed by: Polina Savina, 3rd grade student at Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 13, Podolsk Supervisor: Alena Nikolaevna Surova, primary school teacher

Folk history

Why did I choose this topic?

• I have long been interested in the culture of Russia and the history of Russian folk costume. During the school year, I had a desire to make a costume in the Russian style, to use it in lessons on technology and the surrounding world, while studying the traditions of Russian costume. And I decided to complete a creative project using technology.

• What is the difference between folk costume and modern clothing?
• How did the costume of the Smolensk province differ from the rest?
• How did the folk costume appear?
• Will I be able to do
doll in folk costume

• Study the history of folk costume, the basics of Russian cut,
• develop a technological sequence for manufacturing this suit.
• sew a folk costume
• analyze the results

• Russian folk costume is an integral part of folk culture. Traditional folk clothing has been formed over centuries. From generation to generation, knowledge and experience in working on the costume were passed on, its individual elements and the entire image as a whole were polished.
• Folk costume, especially festive and ritual costume, was made from expensive materials. Working on it required a lot of time and effort. Such costumes were cherished, passed down from generation to generation, and stored in special chests - packs. The most expensive costumes and hats of a ritual nature (for example, wedding ones) were taken from family to family.

• Many people endowed the color red with magical, protective powers. Red is the color of fire, blood, sun; a promise of longevity, fertility, strength and power. In traditional costumes in Rus', up to 33 shades of this color were used.
• The age of its owners could be determined by the color of folk clothing: the most modest were the costumes of old women, old men and children, and the most colorful were the costumes of girls and young women before the birth of their first child.
• The color of a folk costume also indicated the place of residence of a person. In each region of Russia, peasant costume had its own characteristics. red tones dominated, etc.

Wool fabric was used for sewing. They were dyed black, red, and blue. The patterns were arranged along the hem in several horizontal rows and were often trimmed with woolen threads. Under the sundress they wore a white shirt, which has long been the main component of women's peasant costume.

Analysis of the costume The sundress complex consists of a canvas shirt with purely Smolensk yellow-red embroidery, a colorful sundress in a yellow-red check, an apron, a headdress - a hoop, shoes - bast bast shoes with a round toe. The decorative and textural characteristics of the sundress fabrics are consonant with the ornamental design of the shirt (around the neckline, along the shoulders and the bottom of the sleeves) and the apron (along the bottom line). The coloring of the costume as a whole is organic: the yellow-red colors of embroidery and weaving complement the white-brown (natural) colors of homespun canvas fabrics. The headdress crowns the composition of the costume and is in plastic and tonal harmony with the costume and figure. Work algorithm Finished work Conclusion

• When creating the project, I learned more about the historical development of folk costume, strengthened my skills in sewing garments, designing and modeling, and learned how to create a technological processing sequence.
• The costume turned out to be beautiful, of high quality, fits well into the interior of the office, and is convenient for demonstration in class.

National clothing is part of the culture of the people. It is formed depending on the climate, worldview and type of activity of people. Every nation should know its past and its traditions. In many countries, national clothing is used on holidays and at home, but in Russia very few people know how our ancestors dressed. When they talk about traditional clothing, most people imagine a woman in an embroidered shirt, kokoshnik and sundress. And most people are familiar with them only from photos. Folk costumes were actually very diverse. From them one could judge the social status of the owner, his age, marital status and occupation. Russia were different depending on the geographical location. For example, only in the north did they wear sundresses, and in the southern regions a poneva was worn over a shirt.

History of national Russian clothing

The folk costumes of Russia from the 18th century have been mainly studied. A lot of clothing has been preserved in museums, private collections and in ordinary ones. From works of art you can also find out what Russian folk costumes looked like. Pictures from old books give an idea of ​​the traditions and culture of the people. We learn about how our ancestors dressed earlier from fragmentary information from chronicles, from archaeological excavations or from fairy tales. Archaeologists piece by piece reconstruct not only the style and color of people’s clothing from burials, but also the composition of the fabric and

even embroidery and decorations. Scientists have found that until the 18th century, both peasants and boyars dressed the same, the differences were only in the richness of fabrics and decoration. Peter the Great forbade the boyars to wear folk clothing, and from that time on it remained only among ordinary people. In villages, the traditional one was widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, although people dressed up in it only on holidays.

What were clothes made of in Rus'?

Since ancient times in Rus', natural fabrics have been used to make costumes: cotton, linen, hemp linen or sheep wool cloth. They were painted with natural paints. In most, the most common color was red. Richer families made clothes from expensive imported fabrics, such as silk. In addition to fabrics, furs, sheepskin and leather were used. Woolen thread made from sheep and goat wool was also used for warm clothing. The Russian folk costume was very richly decorated. Designs on fabric and embroidery could be done with gold or silver thread, and the outfit could be trimmed with beads, precious stones or metal lace.

Features of national clothing in Russia

1. The outfit was multi-layered, especially for women. A wraparound blanket was put on the shirt, a “zapon” or apron on top, then an apron.

2. All clothes were loose-fitting. For convenience and freedom of movement, it was supplemented with rectangular or oblique inserts.

3. All costumes had a common mandatory element - a belt. This

The clothing piece was not only used to decorate or hold clothing. The ornaments on the belts served as a talisman.

4. All clothes, even everyday and work clothes, were decorated with embroidery. For our ancestors, it carried a sacred meaning and served as protection from embroidery. One could learn a lot about a person: his social status, age and belonging to a certain family.

5. Russian folk costumes were made from bright fabrics and richly decorated with braid, beads, embroidery, sequins or patterned inserts.

6. A mandatory element of both men's and women's clothing was a headdress. In some areas for married women it was multi-layered and weighed about 5 kilograms.

7. Each person had special ritual clothing, which was more richly decorated and embroidered. They tried not to wash it and wore it several times a year.

in different areas

Russia is a huge country, so in different regions people's clothing differed, often even significantly. This can be clearly seen in the ethnographic museum or in the photo. Folk costumes of the southern regions are more ancient. Their formation was influenced by Ukrainian and Belarusian traditions. And, despite the common features, in different areas they could differ in the color of embroidery, the style of the skirt or the features of the headdress.

The popular one in the south of Russia consisted of a canvas shirt, on which was put on a poneva - a swinging skirt. In some areas, instead of a poneva, they wore an andorak skirt - wide, gathered at the waist with braid or elastic. On top they put on a high apron and a cufflink. A wide belt was required. The headdress consisted of a high kiki and a magpie. The clothes were richly decorated with embroidery and patterned inserts. The brightest colors were used in the costumes of the Ryazan province, and Voronezh craftswomen embroidered their shirts with black patterns.

Folk women's clothing from other regions of Russia

Women's Russian costume in the middle zone and in the North consisted of a shirt, sundress and apron. Expensive overseas fabrics, such as silk, satin or brocade, were more often used to sew clothes there. The shirts were richly decorated with bright embroidery or patterned inserts. Sundresses could be sewn from oblique wedges, with a seam at the front, or from a single fabric. They had wide straps or a shoulder strap. They were decorated with braid, lace, and hanging buttons.

The headdress of women in these regions consisted of a kokoshnik and a scarf. They were often decorated with pearls or embroidered with beads. In the North, short shower jackets and long fur coats made of natural fur were also common. In different areas, craftswomen were famous for some kind of needlework. For example, in the Arkhangelsk province luxurious embroidery and lace were known, the Tver province was famous for the art of gold embroidery, and Simbirsk outfits were distinguished by a large, beautifully decorated kokoshnik.

Men's Russian costume

It was less diverse and hardly differed among residents of different regions. Its basis was a long, often knee-length, shirt. Its distinctive feature was a cutout on the neckline on the left edge, sometimes located obliquely. Such shirts were called "kosovorotka". But in many southern provinces there was a cutout

Direct.

The pants were most often narrow, they were sewn with a gusset for ease of movement. They did not have pockets or fasteners, and were held in place with a braid called a “gashnik”. Most often they were made of simple plain canvas fabric or thin wool with narrow stripes. In some areas, for example, among the Don Cossacks, wide red or blue trousers were common.

A mandatory element of a men's suit was a wide belt, which, in addition to its protective value, also had a practical application: various necessary little things were tied to it. In and in the North, vests worn over a shirt were also common. Men wore a soft cloth cap on their heads, and at a later time, a cap.

Folk shirt

This is the main element of clothing for all Russian people, regardless of gender, age or social status. The differences were mainly in the fabric from which it was made and in the richness of the decorations. For example, a children's shirt was most often made from an old

parents' clothes and had a minimum of embroidery. In many areas, children under 12 wore nothing but it. All Russian folk costumes necessarily included this item of clothing.

Features of the folk shirt

1. Its cut was simple, loose, and it consisted of straight parts. For convenience, a gusset was inserted under the arms.

2. The sleeves of the shirt were always long, often so long that they covered the fingers. Sometimes they were also too wide. In such cases, special bracelets were put on the wrists to support them.

3. All the shirts were long. For men, they often reached the knee and were worn over their pants, while for women they could reach the floor.

4. Women's shirts were often made from two parts. The upper one was made of more expensive fabric, richly decorated, and the lower one was simple and made of cheap homespun material. This was necessary so that it could be torn off and washed or replaced with another, since this part was more worn out.

5. Shirts were always richly decorated with embroidery. And this was done not only for decoration, these patterns protected a person from evil spirits and the evil eye. Therefore, embroidery was most often located along the hem, collar and cuffs. The chest part of the shirt was also covered with ornaments.

6. The man had a lot of shirts, for all occasions. The most elegant ones - ritual ones - were worn only a few times a year.

Sundress

This is the most common women's clothing in the middle zone and in the north of Rus'. They were worn until the 18th century in all classes, and after Peter’s reforms it remained only among the peasants. But in the village, until the mid-20th century, a sundress was the only elegant clothing.

It is believed that this item of clothing began to be worn in Rus' in the 14th century. At first, the sundress looked like a sleeveless dress, worn over the head. Later they became

more diverse. And in some areas, sundresses were a wide gathered skirt worn under the chest. They were made not only from homespun canvas, but also from brocade, satin or silk. Sundresses were trimmed with strips of colored fabric, braid and satin ribbon. Sometimes they were embroidered or decorated with appliqué.

Types of sundresses

1. Tunic-shaped blind oblique sundress. It was made from one piece of fabric folded in half. The neckline was cut along the fold, and several wedges were inserted from the sides. They were simple not only in cut: they were sewn from homespun fabric - canvas, thin cloth or wool. They were decorated along the hem, collar and armhole with pieces of bright red calico.

2. The swinging slanted sundress appeared later and became more common. It was sewn from 3-4 pieces of fabric and decorated with patterned inserts, satin ribbons and embroidery.

3. In recent centuries, a straight swing sundress has become popular. It was sewn from several straight pieces of light fabric. It looked like a skirt gathered at the chest with two narrow straps.

4. A less common type of sundress is a straight variety, but made from two parts: a skirt and a bodice.

What else did women wear in Rus'?

In the southern regions of Russia, instead of a sundress, they wore a poneva over a shirt. This is a skirt made from three panels of woolen fabric. They wove fabric at home, alternating wool and hemp thread. This created a pattern of cells on the fabric. Ponevas were decorated with fringe, tassels, sequins, and the younger the woman was, the more brightly her skirt was decorated. It was worn only by married women, and the figure in it did not seem as slender as in a sundress, since the shirt was often worn over the belt, which hid the waist line.

An apron was put on over the poneva, which was called a “curtain” or “zapon”. It was sewn from a straight piece of fabric, folded in half with a hole cut along the fold for the head. The apron was beautifully decorated, decorated with stripes of patterned fabric or braid.

In the cold season, they wore quilted jackets made of brocade or satin with a cotton lining and often trimmed with fur. In addition to fur coats, they wore “ponitok” - warm clothes made of cloth.

Embroidery on folk clothes

The people had a very strong belief in the power of Nature, in gods and spirits. Therefore, for protection, all things were decorated with embroidery. It was especially important for ritual holiday clothing. But the ordinary folk costume of Russia also had a lot of embroidery. Its pattern was most often located along the hem, collar and cuffs. Embroidery also covered the seams of clothing, sleeves and chest area. Most often, geometric figures, solar symbols, signs of earth, fertility, birds and animals were used. Most embroidery was on women's clothing. Moreover, it was located in tiers: along the hem there were symbols of earth, seeds and plants, most often in black, and the top of the clothing was decorated with images of birds, animals, the sun and stars, made with red threads.

Recently, more and more people have begun to talk about the revival of native traditions and Russian culture. And many people are interested in Russian folk costumes. Photos on the Internet increasingly show modern people in national clothes.

Each nation has its own centuries-old traditions, customs, history of its development and, accordingly, its own original and unique national costumes.

National costumes, traditions

There is a wonderful tradition: to use a national costume not only for any national holiday, but also during periods of leisure, for example, among friends and relatives. Such a bright, colorful and positive moment of life can be observed in Sweden, Germany, America and other countries, which evokes respect.

This spectacle is attractive, bewitching, kind and colorful in its own way.

Every person is obliged to know the history of his nation. Belonging to certain age-old traditions and customs gives him a sense of significance in life.

The formation of any folk costume with its specific ornament, cut and other features was greatly influenced by surrounding factors: climate, way of life, geographical location and the main occupations of the nation.

National costumes (photo) of Russia

Russia is inhabited by peoples of various nationalities: Russians, Tatars, Mordovians, Udmurts, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kalmyks, etc. Each nation values ​​and carefully preserves its individual and rich culture, especially its folk costumes.

In Rus', all national costumes from ancient times had unique features depending on the region and nation and, in addition, for each nation they were divided into everyday and festive.

By clothing one could judge a person, where he came from, what nation and social class he belonged to. All national costumes, especially their decoration, have long contained symbolic information about customs, gender, occupations and various events, characteristic only of a certain nation.

The cut of the clothes, their ornaments and details absorbed the individual characteristics of all Russian peoples - beauty and hard work.

Russian folk clothing: history of appearance

The main difference between the Russian national costume is its multi-layered design, amazing richness of decoration and a rather simple, almost straight or slightly flared cut of the silhouette. The colors of the clothes were mostly bright and cheerful.

With all the diversity of folk clothing in Rus', the bulk of women's costume was represented by sundress sets of Northern Russian and Southern Russian (it is more ancient). And the shirt has always and everywhere been an indispensable basis for women's outfits. Usually they were made of linen or cotton, but the more expensive ones were made of silk fabric.

Almost all Russian national costumes were complemented with beautiful decorations on the collars and sleeves of shirts and dresses: embroidery, buttons, braid, sequins, patterns and appliqués. Often a unique ornament also decorated the chest part of the shirt. Moreover, all these additions in different provinces and regions were different and individual, special.

In any country and every people, an important part of the image of the nation, state and culture is its own traditional national clothing.

A folk costume is a kind of way to declare oneself on a national and even global scale.