Test on a work about a beautiful, furious world. In a beautiful and furious world
16.12.2017 16:30:00
“And today people come to the banks of Snezhed to Bezhin Meadow, without which it is difficult to imagine Russia.”In the February book of the Sovremennik magazine for 1851, a story by I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow". It is known that the events of the story took place on the banks of the Snezhed River in Chernsky district Tula province.
Snezhed is considered one of the most beautiful small rivers in central Russia. It flows from northeast to southwest through almost the entire Chernsky district. Its length is 74 km.
The first description of the Snezhed River is found in the “Book of the Big Drawing” for 1627: “And below Mtsensk, the Snezhed River fell into Zusha 15 versts, and the Snezhed River flowed out from the Kulikovo Field, from under the Novosilsky roads, which lies the road from Liven and from Novosil to Old Krapivna is 12 versts from Cherni.”
In the same year, among the landowners on Snezhed, the Lutovinovs are mentioned: “Behind the First Stepanov’s son Lutovinov, the foal of the village of Parakhina Akulininskoye, also, on both sides of the Snezhed river, there are good arable lands, hay along the river along Snezhed is one hundred and forty-five kopecks.” The estate that Lutovinov owned was located not far from Snezhed, on Khvoshchevaty Verkh, and “for mansion and firewood” he was ordered to “enter the large Black Forest.”
In the same 1627, another Lutovinov, Mark Trofimovich, received the estate of the village of Chaplygino, which is on the Small Snezhed River, the right tributary of the Snezhed. In 1766, the village of Chaplygino was bought from his nephew, court councilor Ivan Kirillovich Lutovinov, captain of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment Ivan Andreevich Lutovinov, and the village received a second name - Ivanovskoye.
In 1833, the village of Chaplygino (Ivanovskoe identity) belonged to Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva and was located “on the left side of the Small Snezhed River on which there is a pond, a wooden manor house and a garden with fruitful trees. Near the village there is a flour mill about one supply.” Behind it are 15 courtyards with 66 male souls and 72 female souls.
The village of Chaplygino is nothing more than the village of Kolotovka, described by I.S. Turgenev in the story “Singers”. E.N. Levin in her work “The Image of the Writer’s Mother in the Cycle of Stories “Notes of a Hunter” (“Spassky Vestnik” No. 11) rightly suggests that V.P. Turgeneva could serve as a prototype for the landowner Stryganikha in the story “The Singers.”
On the General Land Survey plan of 1778, the territory of the modern Bezhin meadow is indicated as follows: “Rudinskaya wasteland of Brigadier Ivan Andreevich Lutovinov.” Brigadier Ivan Andreevich Lutovinov bought the “Fedotov wasteland” adjacent to the meadow, which is under the Rudensky swamp, in 1782 from Second Major Nikolai Petrovich Protasov.
All these landholdings then passed to Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva, the writer’s mother. In the “Economic Notes of Chernsky District” for 1833 we meet the first detailed description Bezhina meadows: “The Rudinskaya wasteland, which is under the Rudensky swamp, Colonel Varvara Petrova’s daughter Turgeneva. The Snezhed rivers are on the right side. Arable land 37 dessiatines, hay fields - 22 dessiatines, forest - 10 dessiatines, inconvenient places - 2 dessiatines 20 fathoms, a total of 71 dessiatines 1833 fathoms. The soil is gray-clay, on which rye, oats, buckwheat, millet and wheat will be born better from the crops, and other grain and hay cuttings are mediocre, a forest of wood, willow, aspen and birch, in it there are animals, hares, wolves, birds, black grouse and various kinds of small ones, quails and larks in the fields.”
As you can see, the toponym Bezhin Meadow is not found in official documents; there is no such name on topographic maps. IN Soviet period it was suggested that Bezhin Meadow served as a refuge for runaway serfs and therefore received such a name. But this assumption is unconvincing - among local residents no legends have survived that Bezhin Meadow was a gathering place for runaway peasants. There is no documentary evidence of this. The assumption of Turgenev scholar N.M. is more preferable. Chernov that the meadow was named after his last name former owner, but Bezhin landowners are not found among the owners of the meadow.
Five versts from the Bezhin meadow was the village of Bezhina, which belonged to the collegiate registrar Nikolai Petrovich Sukhotin, a relative of the Turgenevs. And next to the village there was a large piece of land, which was called the Bezhina wasteland or Bezhin Verkh, and that land belonged to Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva.
I.S. Turgenev could not have been unaware of this, since beyond the village of Bezhino the famous Trinity Forests began, where the writer hunted more than once.
Based on this, it can be assumed that I.S. Turgenev deliberately changed the ugly name of the meadow Rudinskoe swamp to the more euphonious Bezhin meadow, and the name stuck.
According to the act of separation between the brothers, Bezhin Meadow in 1855 went to Nikolai Sergeevich Turgenev. Bezhin meadow appears in the correspondence of N.S. Turgenev with manager Porfiry Konstantinovich Malyarevsky. In a letter dated July 3, 1876, P.K. Malyarevsky reports about a storm in the village of Turgenevo on July 1, 1876: “Dear and beloved uncle Nikolai Sergeevich. There was no rain for a long, long time - the heat was terrifying. At about 3 pm a tar cloud arose in the direction from Cherny. By six it was torn in two by the wind, and the halves went around Turgenev. The right half of the cloud, having entered from Bezhin meadow, suddenly rushed terrible wind to the left half that had already gone... Everything exploded over Turgenev and went over the Snezhed basin with its ravines... I had Strelitsa and Bezhin completely mown down. On the Small Snezhedka everything went well, but on the Big Snezhedka there was no more mown hay. At the Petrovskaya mill, the miller himself and Turgenev’s peasant Kirila Pavlov drowned.”
After the death of N.S. Turgenev Bezhin meadow, famous for its water meadows and forest pastures, belonged to the Turgenevs’ relative Porfiry Konstantinovich Malyarevsky, and then to his daughter Anna Porfiryevna Laurits.
In 1908, the society of peasants in the village of Stekolnaya Slobodka, through a land bank, bought Bezhin Meadow from its previous owners. In the early years Soviet power The territory of Bezhin Meadow was part of the Venus collective farm, and its area was approximately 30 hectares.
But to Bezhin’s misfortune, the meadows in his hills found deposits of limestone, which, without further processing, was used for road construction. The first attempts to develop a gravel quarry date back to the 1930s. The quarry on Bezhiny Meadow began to be actively developed after the Great Patriotic War when major restoration work began. The peak of work dates back to the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1971 alone, the Chernsky Road Department removed 12 thousand cubic meters of gravel from Bezhin Meadow.
An attempt to stop the development of a quarry on Bezhin Meadow dates back to 1969, when the Tula Regional Executive Committee decided to recognize Bezhin Meadow as a monument of local significance (it is still listed as such).
The way out of this situation was found very simple: the territory of the Bezhin meadow was reduced from 60 to 18.5 hectares, i.e. to the territory of the meadow itself. The meadow was given the name “Cultural pasture No. 7 of the collective farm named after I.S. Turgenev”, and the quarry was given the name “Bezhin Meadow Quarry” and continued to extract gravel.
Only on January 8, 1973, by a resolution of the Chernsky District Committee of the CPSU, they decided to stop the development of a quarry on Bezhin Meadow. And then they decided to improve the Bezhin meadow - they used caterpillar tractors to level its territory, dug a trench across the entire meadow to create irrigation fields, and planted trees on its slopes.
But it was too late to stop the tragedy of Bezhin Meadows. Streams of sand, clay and crushed stone rushing from the gravel pit onto the Bezhin meadow disrupted the natural drainage system, and the meadow began to become swampy.
Local history teacher A.F. Polyakov wrote that it was “the combination of water, forest, meadow and hills that created the glory of Bezhin meadow.” The current Bezhin meadow, of course, bears little resemblance to Turgenev’s. There are no mills on Snezhed that provided its width, the forest around Bezhin meadows was cut down, the gravel quarry destroyed the high hills. All this led to the fact that even Turgenev scholars had doubts: “Is this meadow Bezhin?”
Igor Smolnikov in his book “Mid-Century” (1977) wrote: “In fact, the meadow is not huge at all, the Snezhed River was not at all striking in width, and “terrible abysses” were not noticed anywhere.”
In contrast to I. Smolnikov, Yakov Helemsky, who visited Bezhin Meadow in the summer of 1943, wrote: “And in the days of national misfortune, everything that captivated classical descriptions, in reality and with special force poured into the soul, ennobled and strengthened it - this is the memory of Bezhin Meadow.”
V. Zaitsev
In the footsteps of “Notes of a Hunter”:
Bezhin meadow
With gratitude for organizing the trip
Moscow library-reading room named after. I.S. Turgenev and
Oryol United State
Literary Museum of I.S. Turgenev
The same Central Russian space, the same soft, poetic colors, the same beauty that caresses the eye and soul. And silence.
And a strong desire - to stand on the very place where the narrator-hunter suddenly felt himself “above a terrible abyss”: “I quickly pulled my leg back and, through the transparent darkness of the night, I saw a huge plain far below me”... From here I saw where we were standing?
Or from that steep bank that rises above a river invisible from here, hiding in the bends of the terrain?
Beja is a high, steep bank. Bezhin meadow spreads out on the opposite, flat bank and lies freely - ran away? - in all directions.
“The wide river went around it [the huge plain] in a semicircle leaving me; the steel reflections of the river, occasionally and dimly flickering, indicated its flow.”
Well, today’s Snezhd cannot be called wide. To catch it in the lens along with the bank-meadow, you have to get creative and go lower.
In this place it really forms a semicircle, but then it makes its way through the grasses and bushes, twisting fancifully and every now and then disappearing from view.
Here again she is not visible at all, but is visible, melting under the rainy sky and muted sunlight meadow, one can see the distant forest, solemnly and touchingly dressed up for the inevitable winter bareness. And on foreground a pole without wires sticks out lonely and absurdly:
The wires are stretched before the holiday, and then removed so that “they don’t get stolen”...
And the holiday is the same - night on Bezhin Meadow, on the last Sunday of June up to five thousand people come to it every year. But only a few of those eager to get acquainted with national exotica know literary origins holiday. According to the head of the museum in the village of Turgenev, Marina Nikolaevna Rebrova, guests of the event often associate the name “Bezhin Meadow” with locally produced sour cream, than with Turgenev's story.
The village of Turgenevo itself is located in the Chernsky district of the Tula province (a region, of course, in today’s terms, but somehow it naturally asks for both the language and the screen - the province).
The eldest of the Turgenev brothers, Nikolai, will inherit his father's Turgenevo, and, unlike Ivan Sergeevich, who inherited Spasskoye after the death of his mother, he will be a zealous and successful owner.
The museum is located in the building of a former paper mill, with which the lives of the heroes of “Bezhin Meadow” are connected.
And if you look in the other direction, then for a moment it will seem that time has turned back and the book has come to life, that this is a fence on the estate of the old Bazarovs, and that Bazarov is about to, decisively waving a twig, with wide steps, enter the “frame”, and then, looking around in admiration Arkady will appear around and carefully hiding his admiration from his “nihilist” friend.
To the left of the museum is a school built on the foundation of a former manor house, and a little further across the road is a ruined church:
Here is the main entrance to the school:
And these are the remains of the temple:
The temple was large, beautiful, you can see it from the ruins. It was built by Turgenev's grandfather. Why wasn't it restored? It seems there is no one. And not for anyone.
Near these ruins, museum director M.N. Rebrova recalled a film from the 1930s that was never released. “Bezhin Meadow”, during the filming of which the church was allegedly destroyed. This is not entirely true, or rather, not at all - the scenes in the church were filmed in the Moscow region, but the story of the creation of the film has really grown into the history of the region.
Screenwriter Alexander Rzheshevsky had some difficulty convincing Sergei Eisenstein that it was necessary to film “location” here, in Turgenev’s places, although “location” and the reference to “Notes of a Hunter” obviously contradicted the plot logic: the film was dedicated to the memory of Pavlik Morozov and talked about the tragedy of a boy who rebelled against his father’s malicious plans to harm Soviet power.
In Rzheshevsky’s “emotional scenario”, Turgenev’s plots and heroes turn out to be a negative point of reference:
HERE ARE THESE LANDS, THIS ONCE POOR, DESTROYED, DYING VILLAGE, WHICH NOW BECAME A COLLECTIVE FARM, AND THE ANCESTORS OF THESE PEOPLE BELONGED IN THEIR TIME TO THE HERO OF THE STORY, THE HALF-CRAZY tyrant-LANDOWNER CHERTOPPHANOV.
And in front of you is a blooming collective farm. Everything here is pleasing to the eye. The streets are clean. Neat ditches stretch along the houses. Graceful bridges span the grooves. Along the ditches across the entire collective farm - young seedlings different trees. There is a front garden near each house. There are flower beds in the front gardens, and flowers in the flower beds.
YOU, WITHOUT A DOUBT, REMEMBER IVAN SERGEEVICH TURGENEV’S “NOTES OF A HUNTER” HIS FAMOUS STORY “THE SINGERS”.
Here in front of you is another collective farm. What a movement!
People do not waddle, but walk.
Horses do not trudge, but run.
The cart barely moves, but rushes.
And all with a whoop, a joyful cry, and sometimes swearing.
THIS IS THAT ONCE DEARING VILLAGE OF KOLOTOVKA, WITHOUT JOY AND ENLIGHTENMENT - WHERE THE EVENTS DESCRIBED BY IVAN SERGEEVICH TURGENEV IN THE STORY “SINGERS” HAPPENED - WHICH NOW IS A BEAUTIFUL COLLECTIVE FARM AND CARRIES MOUNTAINS THE NAME IS “BUREVESTNIK”.
The story that gives the film its title also has a direct and unambiguous propaganda reference:
And with a squeal, and a whoop, and a ringing cry, three hundred wonderful children flew out of the school, half of whom were wearing pioneer ties, and, chirping like jackdaws, they surrounded the old watchman, who, turning to the viewer, pointing to a silent flock of wonderful children, said touchingly:
These are all the children of that very, once serf-like Bezhin meadow. Be familiar.
And the children, all as one, giving the Pioneer salute and addressing the audience, said quietly:
But the destruction of the Orthodox shrine in the script is not presented so clearly; on the contrary, there is a feeling of blasphemy being committed - perhaps this was one of the reasons for the ban and destruction of the film.
But something else is important for us now. This failed (never released) film reinforces the sad symbolic parallels between Turgenev’s Bezhin Meadow and today.
The heroes of Turgenev's story are peasant children, one of them works at the same paper factory, the building of which is now a museum. “My brother, Avdyushka, and I are members of the fox workers,” he says. “Look, they’re factory workers!..” - this remark from Pavlushi clearly rings with respect. And the “factory worker” Ilyusha, having begun to talk about the meeting with the brownie, incidentally, casually reports: “... there were about ten of us guys in total - like the whole shift; but we had to spend the night in the roller, that is, it’s not that we had to, but Nazarov, the overseer, forbade it; says: “What, they say, do you guys have to trudge home; There’s a lot of work tomorrow, so you guys don’t go home.” Here we are left..."
These are blatant facts of exploitation of child labor, and the story ends with a message about the death of the smartest and most active of the boys - Pavlushi. The verdict on the “serf Bezhin meadow”?
It is clear that these are the costs of propaganda pathos. But what a misfortune: those “wonderful” pioneers whom Rzheshevsky describes in his script and who with such enthusiasm crushed the faith of their fathers and created new life, something was irreparably destroyed in Bezhin Meadow itself, in all of Russia.
The figures silently and terribly testify to this: according to the guide, in 1861, after the abolition of serfdom, 158 thousand people lived in the Chernsky district of the Tula province; after the Great Patriotic War - 70,000, today - 19,000. Wikipedia has another approximate figure: in 1902 there were 129,016 people in Chernsky district.
Official data for the last fifty years: 1959 - 38,840 people, 1970 - 32,539 people, 1979 - 24,850 people, 1989 - 22,605 people, 2010 - 20,422 people .
And the children don’t work in Rolina, and they don’t travel at night - although, for them, by the way, it was a holiday, and the “tyrant landowners” have long since disappeared, and the big war in the time period of 1959 - 2010. did not have.
And in central, middle Russia, on the fertile, generous land of the Central Russian Plain, there is desolation and desolation.
But maybe it's not like that everywhere?
