Azimuth examples. How to determine azimuth using a protractor from a topographic map? How to find azimuth with a map in theory

I remember when my son was still at school, he spent the whole night studying a geography textbook, preparing for an exam. Having learned about this, I decided that it was my duty to help him. Imagine my surprise when I learned that he had spent several hours learning the meaning of the word “azimuth” from memory. At that moment I thought: “My son is lucky to have his father.” After all, all my youth I went hiking in the mountains, and we always walked to the desired point in azimuth. But how can you explain in your fingers what it is?

What is azimuth and what is it eaten with?

Take a compass. Look at it carefully. I'm more than sure that half of the people know about the compass only that it shows north, south, west and east. Now take a closer look. Have you noticed before that in addition to the letters indicating the cardinal directions, there are also scale like a watch? Exactly Using this scale, tourists determine the azimuth. That is, calculating the azimuth, they do not go astray. It's all math.

How to calculate azimuth

For example, you are standing in the middle of a square.And you need to get to the pipe, which is located in the distance. The compass scale is divided into 360 parts. This means that you are standing in the middle of a circle and the area around you is also divided into 360 parts. On the compass, the 0 indicates due north. Now look what the symbol indicates a pipe. For example, 300. Draw a line in your mind from the symbol 300 to the middle of the compass. In front of you is an angle that consists of a compass arrow pointing to 0 and a line from the value 300 to the center. This angle is the azimuth.

Where will you need azimuth?

It seems that you can live your whole life without thinking about the meaning of such an interesting word. But we never know where we'll be tomorrow, so you need to know about azimuth:

Tip: When traveling with a compass, remember that it is impossible to go straight north, south, east or west without turning a step!

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I have the following story with azimuth. Returning again and again to this concept, I was faced with the fact that knowledge invariably lost clarity after some time. That was until I came to the conclusion: it’s easier for me to remember the essence if I associate the azimuth with a clock.

Azimuth in geodesy

The place where I am standing is considered the observation point. There is a geographical meridian that passes through this point. So the angle formed between this meridian and the object I need is the azimuth. Azimuth is measured in degrees and its value ranges from 0° to 360°. The measurement usually takes place clockwise, which is what makes me associate it with a clock.

Types of azimuths

What makes it a little confusing is that the globe has not only geographic poles, but also magnetic ones. And these are different points. Therefore, meridians are both geographical and magnetic, and also from the point of view of which side to look at, the azimuth is:

true - the initial direction is set to the geographic meridian;
magnetic - the magnetic meridian is used here;
straight - shows the direction from the point where the observer stands to the target;
reverse - shows the opposite direction.

Having a compass, and I have it downloaded to my phone as an application, I can easily determine the magnetic meridian. To move from the magnetic to the true meridian, you need to know the magnetic declination at the observation point. This value is indicated on many maps, but you can also find it on the Internet. It is imperative to take this difference into account so as not to lose the goal.

Emergency azimuth

I bring up this topic separately because I consider it important for beginners who are planning to master orienteering in practice. If someone from the group has lost their way and has no connection, but has a compass, an emergency azimuth will come to the rescue. From is set before leaving the route and is communicated to all members of the group. The azimuth helps to ensure that you reach a major landmark (road or populated area). As a rule, one of the cardinal directions is chosen as an emergency azimuth.

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I came across the concept of azimuth during my military service in air defense, where it is necessary for accurate anti-aircraft shooting. The state of our army at that time was such that we had to do more economic work than military practice. Therefore, all knowledge was acquired by cramming artillery textbooks.

Geographical and military azimuth: is there a difference?

There is a difference between them, but it is insignificant: in both cases, the azimuth is calculated according to the same rules and is needed to determine the direction. Only now the military azimuth is calculated from the point of the south and against the movement of the clock hand. The military does not calculate azimuth manually - they have special instruments for this: a binocular finder and a commander's anti-aircraft tube.

Therefore, the definition of azimuth by the military sounds like “counting the angle from the northern direction of the corresponding meridian according to the movement of the clock hand from 00-00 to 60-00 rangefinder values” (i.e., as if the calculation is carried out in reverse).

Azimuth in anti-aircraft shooting

For successful anti-aircraft shooting at moving air targets, an anti-aircraft gunner needs to know:

slant range;
horizontal range;
horizontal azimuth;
target height.

But even with the above data known, the target will not be hit, since this calculation was made for an object at rest. Therefore, shooting must be done proactively. Hence, it is necessary to calculate the forward azimuth. This is explained more clearly using the figure below.

Currently, these calculations are carried out automatically using the PUAZO (anti-aircraft artillery fire control device).

What is common between geographic and military azimuth?

Both there and there there is such a thing as magnetic declination. It represents the difference between the geographic and magnetic meridians when directed towards an object. Thus, if the compass needle moves away from the true meridian to the west, then this is called the western declination, and if it goes to the east, it is called the eastern declination. They are designated by the sign “+” (east) and “-” (west).

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What is azimuth

The word "azimuth" translated from Arabic means "direction". This concept is used both in geodesy and astronomy. I'll tell you about the first one.

First you will need a compass; it is the easiest way to determine the azimuth. In simple terms, azimuth is an angle. It is calculated from the readings of the compass needle to the north, and is the angle to the selected point on the map or on the ground.

More about azimuth

Now I’ll tell you in more detail what needs to be done to determine the azimuth.

Take a compass and find north. As a rule, the compass needle points to it, or the blue end of the arrow.
Determine the direction to follow, for example, to the mill.
The compass dial is divided into 360 degrees. You need to rotate it so that 0 is opposite the north arrow.
The number of degrees that points to the mill will be the azimuth of the direction of movement.

Some more useful information

Azimuth is calculated solely from north and zero degrees. So, using a compass, you can determine the direction of the cardinal directions by calculating the azimuth. For example, to the northeast it is 45 degrees, to the east - 90 degrees, etc.

Having a compass, of course, makes it easy to determine the direction of movement, but what to do if you don’t have one? You'll have to first figure out where north is, it's not difficult, there are many ways. Moss on trees grows on the north side. We can deduce where the west and east are based on the sun, if it is not at its zenith. Ants build their home on the south side of the tree.

So, I tried to give the simplest possible explanation of what azimuth is. I hope this makes it easier for you to find your way when needed.

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What is AZIMUT?

In general, I had to spend a couple of hours to explain to the child what AZIMUTH is.

I didn’t remember anything from my school curriculum, but at home there was an encyclopedia on geography, which saved us.

P.S. old ways are always good!

And so, AZIMUTH is the angle between two directions. In geography, it is customary to measure the azimuth from the north direction to the direction of any object.

Azimuth, like all angles, is measured in degrees from 00 to 3600.

There are basically two types:

1) True - the geographic meridian is taken as the initial direction.

2) Magnetic - the magnetic meridian is taken as the initial direction.

True azimuth is a complicated thing; in order to find it out, you will first need to find the magnetic azimuth and then tilt it using a special scale.

Magnetic azimuth is simpler and more convenient to use. In order to find it, you will need a compass and a landmark.

This method is often used to navigate mountains, forests, deserts, or in bad weather with poor visibility. Also, with the help of azimuth and topographic map, the most optimal routes are laid, the distance between landmarks and the time spent hiking in this area are calculated.

Azimuth is measured from the north direction, only clockwise, respectively, the degree scale looks like this:

North 0° or 360°

northeast 45°

east 90°

southeast 135°

southwest 225°

west 270°

northwest 315°

Using a map with this scale it is very easy to find out the magnetic azimuth, but you can also find out the true one. The fact is that the azimuths calculated on the map do not coincide with the same calculations on the ground. This error or value is called magnetic declination. When the magnetic needle deviates to the east, the declination is eastern with a “+” sign, and to the west, it is western with a “-” sign. Magnetic deviation is usually indicated on all maps outside the frame. This will allow you to find out deviations in any region or city.

To summarize, azimuth is a very useful thing - especially on the ground and especially in bad weather!

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Many have heard something about azimuth, but those who were not touched by orienteering in childhood, or military service in youth, are unlikely to imagine what it is. I went hiking of varying degrees of difficulty, so I have extensive experience using maps, compass and azimuth. Below I will tell you what azimuth is, otherwise you can never deny a situation when knowledge about it will come in handy. I hope it will be clear enough even to the most unprepared reader (or reader).

What is azimuth

Azimuth is usually the angle between the direction north and the direction towards some object (for example, a tree). For example, if there is a beer stall exactly north of me, and a stall with chips and nuts is located 23 degrees northeast, then the azimuth to the snack stall will be exactly 23.

How to determine azimuth

Basically, there are several options. If you have it with you there is a normal computerWith, then the azimuth is easy to determine. Simply turn the division scale so that both arrows on the compass coincide. Then we look at the scale and see what number we got there. Actually, this will be the azimuth.

Now the method is more complicated (but there won’t be any big difficulties here either). Let's say I don't have a compass, but I have a map, and I roughly know the location. Bingo, now we will determine the azimuth.

On any map there is lines pointing north. You should find the one closest to your location.
Next, draw a line from your location.
The angle between the line to the north and the line to our location will be the azimuth. Corner define you can do anything, even by eye, even transported m, at least with any available item.
If you have it with you If you still have a compass, you can determine the azimuth using it. For this you just need to attach it so that the lines to the north coincide, and then just look at the angle on the scale. In principle, everything is the same as in the case of a protractor.

As you can see, there is nothing complicated in determining azimuth; any person who went to school at least until the 9th grade can do it.

Where is azimuth used?

Azimuth is used by military personnel, tourists, and geologists and other people for whom it is important to navigate the terrain, in caves, tunnels and other similar places. Who knows, maybe someday the azimuth value will save your life, reader. :)

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Have you ever participated in quests? So I constantly take part, and there I learned what it is azimuth. The task was standard - to find a “treasure”, they gave me a piece of paper with numbers in meters and degrees, then they took me to a forest park and said that this is the starting point. We stood close to each other - 3 teams and NOBODY understood what to do. =) A cute boy from my team was the first to guess - mysteriously calling everyone to him, he whispered an unknown word “ azimuth" Honestly, I remembered something similar from the course geography school curriculum, but forgot the meaning. But I liked the guy, and I was infected with the excitement of competition, so I really wanted to figure it out, what is azimuth.

Azimuth Characteristics

The azimuth designation is written in degrees from 0° to 360°- each of them indicates the angle between the direction to the north and the desired direction. That's why north corresponds to value 0° . Azimuth is measured clockwise, so east corresponds to value 90°, south - 180° And west - 270°.

The azimuth value is determined using a map, pencil and protractor, or “by eye” (as we did). Wherein, the greater the distance to the desired point in the azimuth direction - the more necessary the card so that the error in degrees does not deviate from the course.

How to find azimuth using a compass

That day I regretted that I didn’t have a compass - it was much easier to do with it.

Place the compass on your palm or just a flat surface.
Align the blue arrow with the north direction.
Count the required number of degrees on the compass scale.

If you need to determine the azimuth, and not navigate by it, then look at the scale object placement angle, which is the azimuth.

Azimuth according to the Adrianov compass

As already mentioned, to determine the azimuth of large distances, it is advisable to use a map. Another option is to get an accurate wristwatch Adrianov's compass.

He has movable ring, which rotates so that the desired object is visible through the rear sight. The arrow should point on North. Placed this way front sight it turns out opposite azimuth, expressed by the numerical designation of the compass.

Now you understand what is azimuth and how to determine it.

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I first heard about azimuth from my grandfather, he told me how during the war they were forced to write down its value so as not to get lost behind German lines. He then tried to explain to me what it was, but I didn’t understand (I was only 6 years old). But then at the KMB they clearly told me what it is, and below I am ready to tell you everything I know (I hope I will teach my knowledge not as painfully as my “chest of drawers” Sergeant Kolesnikov once passed it on to me).

What is azimuth

Usually , azimuth called the difference in degrees between the direction north and the direction towards an object, object or just a point on the map. Below I will tell you why it is needed and how to calculate it.

It still happens astronomical azimuth, but it is rarely used and is unlikely to be useful to anyone.

Why is it needed?

He helps navigate the area:

in sports and orienteering specified azimuth values help athletes not to deviate from the given route;
in military affairs azimuth is also held in high esteem;
geologists when searching for rocks and working in caves;
ordinary tourists, who, although they are lost, have a compass and a map on which they are able to distinguish a brothel from a motel.

How is azimuth calculated

Calculate azimuth in 2 ways, depending on whether you have it with you or not. map. If map is, then:

You need to find thin black lines on it, indicating north.
Now we find it on the map your location.
From points we draw a straight line with ourselves to that place (object) on the map, to which you need to reach.
Now we apply compass and measure the angle between the north direction and the drawn line.

If you don’t have a card with you, the accuracy of the calculation will drop somewhat, but not significantly. In this case you need draw the same line to the object, but in your imagination. Next we take out ours compass, we set ourselves in front of ourselves and try to count the degrees as accurately as possible.

Is azimuth useful to the average person?

And who can know where and in what situation he will end up? I have always said: in a critical situation a person does not rise to the level of his expectations, but falls to the level of his preparation.

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Azimuth and travel indivisible, a downhill instructor once told me. And only after a while, I realized how legitimate his observations were. Once is enough get lost and the question of what is azimuth and how to find it, will turn out to be perhaps the most important for you.

We are looking for the right course and find out what azimuth is

My tour group and I very rarely went “due north” or “due south.” Most often, the route is built depending on terrain conditions. Before you set off, on travel map Two points should be noted:

Initial position.
Destination.

After this, we connect these two points with a straight line and move the ray to the north from the starting point of the path. The resulting angle is azimuth.

We go in azimuth: when you can’t do without a compass

For those, who travels a lotmove in azimuth easy and quite familiar. But at first there may be difficulties. Especially when it comes to field conditions. Helps out here compass: its scale divisions and digital values allow calculate azimuth.

Will need to find flat surface and place a compass on it. After that find reference points: Orient the compass to the cardinal points. Then, “by eye,” set the direction angle to the point that we are looking for. This way you will be able to determine the motion vector in azimuth.

Azimuth movement data

Topographic maps and/or aerial photographs allow you to collect the necessary data for traveling in azimuth. The procedure for travelers is as follows:

Choose and study the route.
Determine landmarks for measuring azimuth.
Calculate the approximate travel time.
Collect together route data.

In order not to get lost on the way, it is important to clearly follow the intended route and maintain the direction of movement in azimuth.

Forward and reverse azimuth

Direct azimuth The angle of inclination is calculated in the direction from the observer to the desired point. Whereas back shows the direction in relation to the traveler (from the desired object).

What is azimuth

Azimuth is the angle between two directions. Imagine a triangle in which:

You are the corner. Two rays diverge from you.
One beam points to the north pole.
The other beam is directed anywhere.
The angle between these rays is azimuth.

Interesting, isn't it? I did not specifically try to remember this information. It just so happens that everyone in my family is geographers. I know what azimuth is. My father knew how to determine azimuth using a compass. My grandfather could find the azimuth without any instruments, simply on an intuitive level.

Why is azimuth needed?

Azimuth was invented to navigate while traveling. Let's imagine that you are a Soviet pioneer in the forest. If you don't want to be a pioneer, you can become a Caribbean pirate on a ship. To make life easier for pioneers and pirates, they always had a compass with them or, at worst, a protractor. The North Pole is always in the same place. Once your position is known and the position of the north pole is known, the direction of movement and even the distance can be calculated. This is school geometry.

Who invented azimuth

It is unknown who exactly came up with the idea of navigating the terrain using azimuth. But we know who invented the word itself. It was invented Arabs. Originally the word sounded like Al-Sumut, translated from Arabic - direction. The Arabs actually came up with a lot of useful things: coffee, chess and the number zero.

Why do we need azimuth in the modern world?

A person of the 21st century needs azimuth like the Pope needs a moonshine still. It's a useful thing, but he won't use it. If you need to get somewhere, look at Google Map. There are GPS and other crap. And the azimuth... Well, you can always surprise your friends while hanging out at the bar!

- Vasya, do you see the azimuth?

- And he is! Now I’ll tell you about him!

From childhood, children are taught to wash their hands before eating. As a result, it becomes a mandatory ritual. So, as soon as my movement in space was transformed from a crawling state to a walking one, they hooked me on hikes. But no matter how much they dragged the child along with them, topographical cretinism occupied a niche in my subconscious, being clingy and not wanting to be exterminated, like chewing gum stuck to a shoe. Yes, I understood the map, but I still couldn’t really find the right road. And also, then visibility can be impenetrable, then myself terrain landscape such that Difficult to connect with map. And then I for help he came - azimuth.

What is azimuth and why is it needed?

Azimuth from Arabic Ptranslated as"direction" and represents the angle between the direction north and the direction towards some object. Azimuth measured from 0° to 360° is called magnetic. There is also an azimuth straight, used to move towards an object. And there is reverse - for movement in the opposite direction from the object. Knowing the azimuth value, you will be able to navigate and find the right direction on the ground.

How to determine azimuth

It can be determined by map or compass. Of course, to calculate, you need to be able to understand a map, a compass, and sides of the horizon. But don't ring the bells. Since I myself am not familiar with the card, today I will tell you about the most convenient and, in my opinion, simplest method determining azimuth using a compass. Let's get straight to the point:

let's get up facing the object;
put compass on any flat surface;
define direction North(turning it left and right until the blue end points to C);
take a straight stick, a hairpin, match And put it on the compass dial so that she passing through the center, it was aimed at the object you need;
number, located under the outer end of the match and will be your azimuth.

Don't worry and practice

At first glance, it may seem to someone that this is a jungle and it is impossible to determine everything so cleverly the first time. But you have to start sometime! In such a matter it is necessary get your hands on, try and then it is you who will become conductor which will find the right paths!

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AZIMUTH is the angle formed at a given point on the ground or on a map between the direction north and the direction towards any object. Azimuth is used for orientation when moving in the forest, in the mountains, in deserts or in conditions of poor visibility, when it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to compare the map with the terrain and navigate according to it. Azimuth is also used to determine the direction of movement of ships and aircraft.

On the ground, azimuths are measured from the direction of the compass needle (from its northern end) clockwise from 0° to 360°, in other words, from the magnetic meridian of a given point. If the object is located exactly north of the observer, then its azimuth is 0°, if in the east - 90°, in the south - 180°, in the west - 270°. When observing with a compass, magnetic azimuth is measured.

To determine the azimuth, the compass is positioned so that 0° on the dial and the letter “C” point exactly north, that is, the compass is oriented to the sides of the horizon. Making sure that the compass box remains motionless and the needle does not move away from the 0° division, you need to rotate the special sighting device and point its front sight at the object whose azimuth needs to be determined. Next, you need to notice which number on the degree circle of the compass the pointer stopped near. The index reading is in degrees and will be equal to the azimuth of the given object. If the compass does not have a sighting device, it must be replaced with a thin stick. It is placed on the glass of the compass so that it passes through the center of the dial and is directed at the object whose azimuth is to be determined.

The figure shows examples of determining the azimuth for some local objects: for power line posts it is 50°, for a house - 135°, for a road intersection - 210°, for a free-standing coniferous tree - 330°. When recording, the azimuth is indicated by the letter A, then degrees are written (A = 330°).

Azimuth is determined not only on the ground, but also on the map. True azimuth is defined as the angle between the direction of the geographic meridian passing through a given point and the direction towards the object. The geographic and magnetic poles do not coincide. Therefore, there is a declination of the magnetic needle. It can be Western or Eastern. When working geographically on the ground, it has to be taken into account in the same way as when working with a map. Magnetic declination at a given time is indicated outside the frame of the map. Using this, you can easily convert the azimuth from magnetic to true and vice versa.

To measure azimuths on the ground, it is more convenient to use a type of compass - a compass. Its main difference from a compass is that the compass has a device for sighting, that is, accurately determining the direction to a particular point in the area. Usually these are slots in the vertical plates of the compass. A thin hair is stretched in one of these slits.

Azimuth- this is the angle formed at a given point on the ground or on the map between the direction to the north and the direction to any object. Azimuth is used when moving in the mountains, or in conditions of poor visibility, when it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to compare the map with the terrain and navigate according to it. Azimuth is also used to determine the direction of movement of ships and aircraft.

Azimuths are counted from the direction of the arrow (from its northern end) along the direction of the arrow from 0° to 360°, in other words, from the magnetic meridian of a given point. If the object is located exactly north of the observer, then its azimuth is 0°, if in the east - 90°, in the south - 180°, in the west - 270°. When observing with a compass, magnetic azimuth is measured.

To determine the azimuth, the compass is positioned so that 0° on the dial and the letter “C” point exactly north, that is, the compass is oriented to the sides. Making sure that the compass box remains motionless and the needle does not move away from the 0° compartment, you need to rotate the special sighting device and point its front sight at the object whose azimuth needs to be determined. Next, you need to notice which number on the degree circle of the compass the pointer stopped near. The index reading is in degrees and will be equal to the azimuth of the given object. If the compass does not have a sighting device, it must be replaced with a thin stick. It is placed on the glass of the compass so that it passes through the center of the dial and is directed at the object whose azimuth is to be determined.

The figure shows azimuth calculation using a compass, examples of determining the azimuth for some local objects: for power line posts it is 50°, for a house - 135°, for a road intersection - 210°, for a free-standing coniferous tree - 330°. When recording, the azimuth is indicated by the letter A, then degrees are written (A = 330°).

Azimuth is determined not only on the ground, but also on the map. True azimuth is defined as the angle between the direction of the geographic meridian passing through a given point and the direction towards the object. The geographic and magnetic poles do not coincide. Therefore, there is a declination of the magnetic needle. It can be Western or Eastern. When working on the ground, it has to be taken into account in the same way as when working with a map. Magnetic declination at a given time is indicated outside the frame. Using this, you can easily convert the azimuth from magnetic to true and vice versa.

The essence of movement along azimuths is to maintain on the ground the directions specified by magnetic azimuths and the distances determined from the map.

Magnetic azimuth and its definition. When determining the direction to a local object, magnetic azimuth is usually used.

Magnetic azimuth is called a horizontal angle measured clockwise from the north direction of the magnetic meridian to the direction towards the object. It has values from 0 to 360 degrees.

To determine the magnetic azimuth to a local object using a compass, you need to face this object and orient the compass. Then, holding the compass in an oriented position, install the sighting device so that the sighting line of the front sight slot coincides with the direction of the local object. In this position, the reading on the dial opposite the pointer at the front sight will show the value of the magnetic (direct) azimuth (direction) to the local object (Fig. 78).

Rice. 78. Magnetic azimuths: to a deciduous tree - 56°; on a factory pipe - 137°; to the windmill - 244°; on spruce - 323°

Back azimuth- this is the direction from a local object to a standing point. It differs from direct azimuth by 180°. To determine it, you need to add 180° to the direct azimuth if it is less than 180°, or subtract 180° if it is more than 180°.

To determine the direction on the ground based on a given magnetic azimuth, it is necessary to set the front sight pointer to a reading equal to the value of the given magnetic azimuth and orient the compass. Then, holding the compass in an oriented position, notice a distant object (landmark) on the ground along the sighting line. The direction towards this object (landmark) will be the one you are looking for.

When working with a compass, you need to hold it 10 cm below eye level in your left hand, with your elbow firmly pressed to your side for stability.

Movement in azimuths. To move along azimuths, it is necessary to know the magnetic azimuths from each point on the route and the distance between points of movement in pairs of steps (for a person of average height, a pair of steps is taken as 1.5 m). When driving a car, the distance is measured using the speedometer. This data is prepared by the commander and drawn up in the form of a route diagram.

Rice. 79. Scheme of the route in azimuths (latitude - a couple of steps)

When moving, they move from one point to another, maintaining the direction of landmarks and counting pairs of steps. At the starting and turning points, the direction of movement is found using a given azimuth using a compass. In this direction, either a more distant landmark (auxiliary) or a landmark located closer to the turning point of the route (intermediate) is selected and remembered. If the turning point is not visible from an intermediate landmark, then the next landmark is determined.

In open areas without landmarks, the direction of movement is maintained along the target. At the starting point, the compass is used to determine the direction of movement to the next point. Moving in this direction, they place some signs at some distance from one another. Periodically looking back at them, make sure that the direction of further movement coincides with a straight line mentally drawn through the signs left behind (traces of one’s own movement). For control, the direction of movement is periodically checked using the reverse azimuth and celestial bodies. Reached landmarks are constantly compared with given landmarks, and if a map (scheme) is available, the terrain and route are compared with it. If it is necessary to return back along the same path, then they use the previous route diagram, for which they first convert direct azimuths to reverse ones.

At night, silhouettes of local objects, points glowing in the distance, and bright stars are used as intermediate (auxiliary) landmarks. If this is not possible, then the compass with a freely lowered arrow is kept in front of you in an oriented position at all times, and the straight line passing through the slot and the front sight is taken as the direction of movement.

To avoid an obstacle (if visibility is available), proceed as follows: notice a landmark in the direction of movement on the opposite side of the obstacle, determine the distance to it and add this value to the length of the path traveled; bypass the obstacle and continue moving from the chosen landmark, having previously determined the direction of the interrupted path using the compass.

What data is needed to move along azimuths?
Determine your step size and convert the distance of 100 m into pairs of steps.
Determine the azimuths of possible directions of movement from home to the educational institution.
Define back azimuths for azimuths 70°, 120°, 170°, 285°.

You need to first understand what azimuth is. Read the definition below:

As you can see, it is very easy to find the azimuth on the map. Determine the north direction, and then measure a clockwise angle from North to the object, as shown in the figure:

First you need to learn how to use the map. We were taught at school that the top edge of the map is north, the bottom edge is south, east is on the right, and west is on the left. And at the same time they taught how to navigate the terrain: you need to stand facing the sunrise, then the south will be on the right, and the north on the left. Well, from the back - west. But if we need to determine the azimuth from the map, that is, the angle between the point we need and the meridian we are on, then we need a compass or protractor. We install the compass at the point of our stay, its arrow points to the north, and determine the angle by degrees on the reel. Or draw a line between the points: your location is the object - the nearest meridian. The protractor must be applied to this meridian and the angle determined by degrees.

In order to move around the area using a compass, you will need to determine the azimuth from the map. This is important both for ships and aircraft that make long voyages and flights, and for travelers on foot who need to find their way in conditions of poor visibility, for example at night, when it is impossible to move along a landmark.

In order to determine the azimuth, you need to take

travel map
compass
protractor
pencil
ruler

Azimuth is the angle between the meridian of your location and the direction to the object. It is defined in degrees from zero to three hundred and sixty and is counted in a clockwise direction.

In order to determine the azimuth, namely the direction to the object and, probably, the direction of your movement, you need to know your current location. Mark it on your map, based on the data indicated on the map.

Now you need to find a landmark in the direction in which you need to move. Typically, straight-line movement in azimuth is possible only by air, as well as on the open sea. But on land this is only possible in the desert or open steppe. Therefore, mainly movement on land occurs along a broken line, while skirting natural obstacles. For this reason, the azimuth along the route will need to be periodically adjusted.

To determine the azimuth, take a protractor, preferably a transparent one, as well as a pencil and ruler. The ruler must be placed on the map so that the point where you are and the landmark are on the same line along the ruler, and then draw a line with a pencil until it intersects with the next meridian. Now you should attach the protractor with its base to the meridian line. Now bring the central line to its intersection with the line you have already drawn in the direction of the desired landmark. On the arc of the protractor, in the same place where it intersects with the same line, take readings (in degrees). This is the desired azimuth.

If you don't have a protractor, you can also use a compass, using its graduated card.

But that's not all yet. For example, as a result of calculating your direction to an object (azimuth), you received 30 degrees. This is the true azimuth, which is usually different from the magnetic one. Therefore, if you point your compass at 30 degrees, you will be heading in the wrong direction. Therefore, you need to find on the map the note closest to your location with the value of magnetic declination, which is expressed in degrees and can be either negative or positive. Now enter the correction and move boldly, now guided by the compass.

Attach a compass to the map, where there is a north and south arrow, and see what azimuth points to the object you want to know!

We are required to:

compass;
map;
understanding where we need to go (direction of movement);
memory to remember the following information.

We take our compass and put it on the map. We turn the compass so that in the end the arrow lies along the line Serer - South. By the way, the magnetic meridian runs along this line. Now the last step: we determine the angle between the line of the magnetic meridian and the direction of our movement (we count from the north, and always clockwise!).

It’s easy to determine the azimuth on a map, but it’s much more difficult to follow it in reality! There’s even a saying: I’m walking along the Azimuth, i.e. on a bad road next to a good one.

Azimuth they call the angle between the direction to a point and the direction to another point, an object from the observer’s position.

Azimuth can be magnetic or geographic.

The easiest way to determine azimuth is by compass, the second way is to use protractor and map.

Place the compass at the point where you are now and look at the direction in degrees to the object where you want to go. For a more accurate determination, it is better to use a tourist compass (transparent) with a ruler to determine distances. You can draw a line on the map with a pencil from your point of location to the point where you want to go - then the azimuth will be more accurate. On some maps there is an arrow to orient the map in the north-south direction. If the arrow is not marked, then the top edge of the map is always north, the bottom edge is south.

Once upon a time I knew how to use a compass, and I even had one, you know, the one with a watch strap and placed on the wrist, and it also had a phosphorus needle. A very wonderful thing, but to determine the azimuth you definitely need a transparent compass with a bulb (preferably a Board - that is, it is rectangular in shape like a Board).

We will also need a topographic map, and it is better if it is on a large scale. This makes it easier for subsequent work and gaining the skill to use and apply, since it will be somewhat more difficult to understand on a world map.

Now, having stopped on the ground and laid out the map on a flat surface, we apply the compass to the map. To do this, we draw a line from the point where we are currently located to the point to which we plan to move and where we want to be after some time. Now that we have drawn the line, we can do it with a pencil, or we can do it mentally, but now we apply the compass with a ruler. Any compass designed to determine azimuth has a ruler with a red stripe, and we combine this stripe with the line of movement. Now we fix the positions of the compass with our fingers, holding it securely in one position, pressing a little. Next, we must now orient the compass bulb in relation to the north and south of the map. For this purpose, lines are drawn on the map. These lines go from the bottom of the map, from the south, to the top of the map, to the north. Considering that the compass bulb is transparent, and there are also lines and degrees on the bulb, we turn the bulb and combine the north poles of the map and the compass bulb (combining the lines).

Now that the compass is oriented along the course of movement, as well as along the poles of the map, you need to align yourself, along with the map and compass, relative to the poles. That is, turning in space, we make sure that the magnetic needle of the compass becomes its tip to the north.

And now we can determine the azimuth, which is measured along the clock line from the red mark on the compass. In other words, the azimuth corresponds to the degree division of the card around the horizon, which is three hundred and sixty degrees. And now it’s enough for us to look carefully at the numbers, and the one that will be, as it were, in the center of the forward direction, will be the desired azimuth value in our given position, achieved as a result of correct orientation in space and on the ground. In one of the video examples attached, this figure is around two hundred and twenty-nine.