Fiction lit. Fiction
Fiction on childbirth
Structural text types
Prose
This is considered prosaic literary text, in which a separate rhythm, independent of speech, does not invade the linguistic fabric and does not affect the content. However, it is known whole line borderline phenomena: many prose writers deliberately give their works some signs of poetry (one can mention the highly rhythmic prose of Andrei Bely or the rhymed fragments in Vladimir Nabokov’s novel “The Gift”). Literary scholars continue to argue about the exact boundaries between prose and poetry. different countries over the last century.
Prose is widely used in fiction - in the creation of novels, short stories etc. Selected examples Such works have been known for many centuries, but in an independent form literary works they developed relatively recently.
Medieval art reached its culmination in the XII-XIII centuries. Currently, medieval literature is usually divided into Latin literature and literature vernacular languages(Roman and Germanic). Genre division Latin literature generally reproduced the antique. Written prose first appeared in medieval literature.
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Synonyms:See what “Fiction” is in other dictionaries:
Literature; fine literature, (elegant) literature (obsolete) / for easy reading: fiction Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. fiction noun, count... ... Synonym dictionary
Publishing house, Moscow (branch in St. Petersburg). Founded in 1930 as the State Publishing House of Fiction, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works domestic and foreign classics, modern... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- “FICTION”, publishing house, Moscow (branch in St. Petersburg). Founded in 1930 as the State Publishing House of Fiction, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of Russian and... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
fiction- (from Latin littera letter, writing) a type of art in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life. Rubric: Literature and its functions in society Genus: Art Other associative connections: universal significance... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in literary studies
- (“Fiction”), Soviet publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Publishing, Printing and Book Trade. The State Publishing House of Fiction (GIHL) was founded in 1930 on ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
State Publishing House, Moscow. Founded in 1930 as the State Publishing House of Fiction, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of domestic and foreign classics, modern foreign... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
fiction- ▲ art literature literature. belles lettres. subtext. stylistics. stylist. reading matter. song of songs. | calliope. imagism. see image, behavior... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
"FICTION"- “FICTION”, publishing house of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Publishing, Printing and Book Trade. The State Publishing House of Fiction (GIHL) was founded in 1930 on the basis of literary... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary
fiction- in rhetoric: a type of literature that exists in three main forms - epic, lyric and drama; feature of H.L. – fiction; being a language laboratory, H.L. develops perfect and succinct methods of expression, makes it universal property... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
All books are divided into two categories - fiction and non-fiction. Fiction refers to all works that have a fictional plot and fictional characters. Fiction is novels, short stories, novellas, plays and poetry (for both children and adults)...
Usually non-fiction called non-fiction (from the English non-fiction - non-fiction, non-fictional literature) - these are textbooks, encyclopedias, dictionaries, monographs, biographies, memoirs, journalism, etc.
Fiction is divided into genre literature, mainstream and intellectual prose.
IN genre literature the main thing is the development of the plot, which fits into certain, pre-known frameworks. For example, any detective story develops according to the scheme “crime - investigation - exposing the criminal”; any romance novel - “heroes meet - fall in love - fight for love - connect hearts.” This does not mean that everything genre novels must have a predictable plot. The skill of a writer lies precisely in creating his own unique world within a given framework.
Genre literature is all about action and quick changes of scenery. All the reader cares about is: “What’s next?”
Genres of fiction:
Avant-garde literature is characterized by violation of canons and language and plot experiments. As a rule, avant-garde works are published in very small editions. Closely intertwined with intellectual prose.
Action film - aimed primarily at a male audience. The basis of the plot is fights, chases, saving beauties, etc.
Detective - main story line- solving a crime.
Historical novel - time of action - past. The plot is usually tied to significant historical events.
Romance novel - characters find love.
Mysticism - the basis of the plot is supernatural events.
Adventures - heroes get involved in an adventure or go on a risky journey.
Thriller/Horror - the heroes are in mortal danger, from which they are trying to get rid of.
Fantasy - the plot revolves in a hypothetical future or parallel world. One type of science fiction is alternative history.
Fantasy/Fairy Tales - the main features of the genre are fairy worlds, magic, unseen creatures, talking animals, etc. Often based on folklore.
What is mainstream (from English mainstream - main stream)? There is no place for canons and templates in books of this genre. Readers expect from them unexpected decisions. The most important thing in the mainstream is moral development heroes, philosophy and ideology. Because professional requirements the author of the mainstream is much higher: he must be not only an excellent storyteller, but also a good psychologist and a serious thinker. If a writer sets his sights on the mainstream but falls short or falls into cliches, the reader will be disappointed.
The term "mainstream" arose thanks to American writer and criticism to William Dean Howells (1866-1920). As the editor of one of the most popular and influential literary magazines of his time, The Atlantic Monthly, he gave a clear preference to works written in a realistic vein and emphasizing moral and philosophical problems. Thanks to Howells realistic literature became fashionable, and for some time it was called “mainstream”.
What is fiction? What are its features, why is literature considered art? A huge number of books in home library most people say that reading and perception plays in our lives important role. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the definition of the concept of “fiction”, learn about what types, types and genres it is divided into, and what is remarkable about its language. You will learn about all this and much more from the material below.
Definition of fiction
Almost all literary theorists define it as art, comparing it with painting, music, and theater. The point is that in literature, as in any other art, there is an organization of meaningless material into new uniform with specific ideological content. The types of art differ only in material: in music - sounds, in painting - colors, in architecture - Construction Materials. In this vein, literature is special in that its material is only words and language.
Thus, literature is all written texts, which in turn are divided into groups. These are popular science, reference, educational, scientific, technical and, finally, fiction. We encounter the latter from the first years of life, at school when getting acquainted with the classics of fiction, during adult life when a person consciously turns to a book that interests him. Books are a mirror of society. In a broader interpretation, fiction is those written works that represent artistic value and have aesthetic value.
It is interesting that this view was finally formed in the 19th century thanks to representatives of romanticism. They were considering artistic reality as aesthetically unique, and writers - as special people.
When and how did literature appear?
They have been trying to find the answer to this question for quite some time. Where did it all start? People searched for answers great amount research, refuted and proved a myriad of hypotheses, analyzed the material and the people who created it. As it turned out, classical - Roman and Greek - fiction is not the most ancient. There were also Sumerian, Egyptian, and Babylonian - sophisticated and developed literatures. Oral forms of literature, beliefs of ancient peoples, and mythologies of entire civilizations play a very important role. It is with myths or similar forms that the study of any literature begins.
Types of fiction
There are three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. The basis of this division is how the content of the work is presented to the reader. If the events are described in detail, the author’s position is detached, various characters are present, their appearance is described in detail, and the leading type of speech is narration, then we're talking about about the epic genre of literature. In other words, about prose. It includes stories, novels, essays, novellas and other similar works.
If the author wants to tell not so much about events, but about the feelings that they aroused, he creates works related to lyrics. Within this type of literature there are many genres different sizes and forms, most of which are characterized by the presence of rhyme, rhythm and other elements characteristic of lyrics. In simple words, lyrics - and their variations.
If an object is depicted in action, there is an opportunity to play it on stage, show it to the viewer and reader, we are talking about a dramatic type of literature. Here the author's voice is heard only in stage directions - the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the main characters. The dramatic type includes various plays, tragedies, comedies.
Division into genres
As mentioned above, types of literature, in turn, include various genres - historically established groups of works that are united by certain common features. These are, for example, novels, short stories, stories, comedies, poems, poems. There is also such a thing as a species. For example, the epic type of novel will be divided into the genres of utopian novel, parable novel, historical novel and so on. The quantity is very large. It is interesting that the combination of different genres is popular, and the bolder the combination, the more original the writer’s “creation” will be.
Language as the main feature of works of art
To better understand what fiction is and what its features are, we should consider the specifics of its language. Today in literary criticism there is no clear distinction between the concepts “ artistic speech" And " art style" It’s easier to simply combine them into the concept “ artistic language».
Literary speech is multi-styled. Exist different styles with its own characteristics and rules, in which different ones are used. Their choice depends on the author and his ideas. Each style has its own “face” - a set of elements characteristic only of it. It's interesting that in work of art words and phrases that are not included in the “literary language” can be used - argot, slang words, lexical units from various dialects. Some writers break the norm deliberately. Any perform aesthetic function. Words-concepts are translated by writers into word-images. Features of fiction also include vivid emotionality and expression. It should be noted that another important function of literature, in addition to aesthetic, is communicative. Words not only provide information, but also affect readers emotionally.
What is the role of the author's main tool?
What is fiction? Let's try to answer this question clearly. Fiction is a collection best images, ideas, thoughts, words. By the way, it’s the words - main tool author. With their help, the author's idea and the content of the book are realized, an image is created and an impact is exerted on the addressee.
The meaning of fiction
World fiction influences the formation of the personality and worldview of readers. It is very difficult to exaggerate the effect it has on the reader’s consciousness. Word arts has long been a part of our lives. What role does she play? What is fiction? First of all, it's history. It is passed down from generation to generation, carrying the experience and values of our predecessors. Great writers turned to human consciousness and they probably counted on the fact that this appeal would concern not only their contemporaries, but also people in the future.
The fact that literature can influence consciousness is supported by many examples. Often artistic word played the role of an ideological weapon. There are many cases in the history of literature when works were used for propaganda and the formation of a certain opinion. Fiction is powerful tool, with the help of which you can convey to a person norms, rules, principles, vision of the world, attitude towards the information received.
Conclusion
Reading fiction is an essential component of the personal development of every person. From books, be they novels, poems or plays, readers learn about life, learn lessons, and gain inspiration. Fiction is a treasure trove historical facts, experience previous generations, thoughts of the main philosophers of the past and present. It is not for nothing that literature is considered an art, which, with the help of simple words influences consciousness. In addition, a love of books is instilled from birth also because reading develops imagination, teaches one to imagine situations and draw images. All books that are recognized as classics develop and teach, provide knowledge, and Russian fiction is no exception.
Fiction (prose) is one of the types of art that differs from the others only in the material from which works are created - these are only words and artistic language. The result of creativity in fiction is works that reflect eras, have high artistic value and bring aesthetic pleasure.
Old Russian literature has 2 sources - church books(Bible, lives of saints) and folklore. It existed from the introduction of writing in the Cyrillic alphabet (XI century) until the appearance of individual author's works (XVII century). Original works: “The Tale of Bygone Years” (a sample of chronicles), “The Tale of Law and Grace”, “Teachings for Children” (codes of laws), “The Tale of Igor’s Host” (the genre resembles a story, with a logical progression of events and authenticity, with artistic style).
To the section...
Petrine transformations were reflected not only in scientific and technical achievements Russia XVIII centuries, but also made a huge contribution to the development national culture and art. Or rather, they gave the latter a significant acceleration and radically changed the vector of development Russian art. Until the 18th century, the development of Russian culture took place separately, even in isolation, which led to the development of authentic trends and genres, closely related to the national and church trends. In European countries at the same time, literature finally separated from the church and became secular. It was precisely this secularism—the creative freedom and breadth of genres inherent in the European Age of Enlightenment—that was lacking in Rus'.
Russian literature throughout the 18th century developed under the influence European literature, lagging behind it by about 100 years and going through the following stages:
- beginning 18th century- panegyric, hagiographic literature,
- ser. 18th century- classicism, sentimentalism (Lomonosov, Karamzin, Radishchev),
- dated 18th century- the dominance of sentimentalism, preparation for romanticism.
« Golden age» Russian literature. Into Russian history literature of the 19th century century, many names have been written down that have received global recognition: A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. During this period, the formation of Russian literary language, such literary movements as sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism, writers and poets are mastering new literary forms and techniques. Drama and the art of satire are reaching unprecedented heights.
The development of romanticism (until the 1840s) and realism (from the 1850s to the end of the century), from the 1890s the directions of the Silver Age developed. The most important functions of literature are considered critical, moral-formative, socio-political, and the most important genre is the novel. Romantics: Lermontov, Pushkin, realists: Gogol, Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov.
Russian literature of the 20th century is represented by three brightest periods: the era " silver age"with its contradictions and innovation, the military era, with its deep patriotism, and the huge period of the second half of the century when socialist realism flourished.
- In the beginning. XX century Romanticism is being revived to poetize revolutionary events.
- 30-40s of the XX century- active interference of the party in culture leads to the stratification of writers. Some in exile develop realistic genre, others create in socialist realism (a direction that depicts a working person on the path to communism).
- 40-50s of the mid-20th century- “trench”, lieutenant or military prose. A realistic depiction of the war of 1941-45, where the author is an eyewitness to the events.
- 60-80s of the XX century- the period of the “thaw”, the development of “village” prose.
- 90s years of the late 20th century- avant-garde, post-Soviet realism, inclination towards “chernukha” - deliberately exaggerated cruelty, uncensorship.
Foreign literature
Foreign literature originates in Greece during the period of antiquity and becomes the basis for all existing genera literature. Formed principles artistic creativity Aristotle.
With the advent of Christianity, church texts spread, all medieval literature Europe (IV-XIII centuries) - the processing of church texts, and the Renaissance (from the 14th century, Dante, Shakespeare, Rabelais) - their rethinking and repulsion from the church, the creation of secular literature.
Literature of the Enlightenment - eulogy human mind. Sentimentalism, romanticism (Rousseau, Diderot, Defoe, Swift).
20th century - modernism and postmodernism. Celebration of the psychic, sexual in man (Proust, Hemingway, Marquez).
Literary criticism
Criticism is an organic and inseparable part of everything literary art in general, and the critic must definitely have bright talent both a writer and a publicist. Truly brilliantly written critical articles can force the reader to look at a previously read work from a completely new angle, make completely new conclusions and discoveries, and can even radically change their assessments and judgments on a specific topic.
Literary criticism has close ties with modern life society, with its experiences, philosophical and aesthetic ideals of a certain era, contributes to the development of literary creative process, and has a powerful influence on the formation of public self-awareness..
Literary directions
Unity creative features writers who create within a certain historical period, usually called literary direction, a variety of which can be individual flows and movements. Use of identical artistic techniques, similarity of worldview and life priorities, close aesthetic views allow us to attribute a number of masters to specific branches of literary art XIX-XX centuries.
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In the middle of the hall, they, his classmates and others from 9th grade were grimacing (sorry, dancing). We have graduation together with them. Many girls stood near the walls, in groups of two or three, several glances from there glanced at me, after all, there were a little more women in our two classes. In 9 “a”, of course, more than half are boys, but two-thirds of us are girls. In general, there weren’t enough pairs for everyone…..
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The collector Sergei Kostikov has a wonderful ability to “revive” plasticine figures the size of a little finger, which he sculpts with his own hands. From now on everything free time the sculptor devotes himself to creating new miniature live creatures and observing their lives. But it’s not for nothing that his profession is considered dangerous - Sergei’s cash-in-transit route is under attack. Valuables have been stolen, there are victims... To prove his non-involvement in the crime, the sculptor resorts to the help of living creatures.
Seryoga Kostikov was always interested in something. I collected a decent library - mostly science fiction; stored and constantly listened to hundreds of three music discs - rock; loved gluing plastic models - military equipment times Patriotic War; was a member of the society of numismatists; I collected badges, postcards, stamps on the topic of hunting and fishing. He loved to hunt and fish, he even took part in skeet shooting competitions, and won medals in fishing several times...
Olga Werner, a doctor from a Black Sea resort town, no longer has a shadow. But she still had courage - the courage of despair. She needs to save herself and her children, defeat a powerful opponent and remember what it’s like to truly be happy. She only has forty days left, and then... There is nowhere to retreat. “Be determined and act – this is the choice of the noble.” This is what it says in the book that Olga has never read, but for some reason knows by heart. You can see the world as it is only through your fingers.
I brushed my bangs away from my forehead and looked through my fingers at the corner where the former Antinous’ gaze remained fixed. There Polina was sitting in a chair and, resting her head on her hand, looked at him just as steadily. So this is what inspires such animal horror in him? Or a memory of an angry werewolf? Or both?..
The action takes place in the 1580s AD in North America. In 2018 main character, Peter Hassoun, an ordinary Native American who survived the hell of Vietnam, returned to his homeland and took a full sip of “glory and honor” from his fellow citizens, ekes out a miserable existence. Life worked out... life didn’t work out. As of 2018, he is a drunken, lonely Indian without specific place residence, not expecting anything from life, and, it seemed, she was not expecting anything from him... In general, progressivism and beating up pale-faced people.
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Baroness Arley is fed up with court intrigue. She would like to go home to native castle, but will you disobey the king? So you have to avoid balls and gentlemen by hook or by crook. But the more cunning the game, the more tempting it is. A patient and careful hunter will think through the siege, choose a weapon and will certainly catch it... unless, of course, he turns into game himself.
The servant turned out to be right - the beech wood burned hot and long. It’s good that the baroness only put in a few logs. But for whom was it worth trying?
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