True and imaginary values in the novel by the master. True and false values in the novel M
An example of completing task 17.3 on the Unified State Exam in literature with examples and quotations from the text.
It is a widely known fact that Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was favorably received at court and for some time moved in select circles. However, with age, the writer began to realize how many lies and falsehoods had accumulated in this high society, how falsely people behave towards each other, how dishonor covers itself with the veil of aristocratic origin. Gradually, he left the world and began to look for the truth among simple peasants and artisans, with whom he communicated and discovered a lot of simple, but at the same time, new and surprising things. That is why in his book “War and Peace” the author raises the topic of the truth and falsity of our values, concepts and principles.
Absolutely all components in the novel, from the title to the ideas, are built on contrasts: Kutuzov and Napoleon, military battles and peaceful scenes, sincere heroes and liars. By contrasting one with the other, Tolstoy makes it clear what is true and false in beauty, patriotism and love. Each person must determine this for themselves in order to better understand the world, people and, of course, themselves.
True and false patriotism in the novel War and Peace
In the novel "War and Peace" there are real and false, leavened patriots. For example, many nobles stopped speaking French and wore sundresses and caftans when the War of 1812 began. Prince Rostopchin, the Governor-General of Moscow, completely exuded tasteless, feigned, jingoistic appeals, and this was instead of really helping and supporting the frightened, desperate people who were leaving their native land.
Showed true patriotism simple people, who, being not rich, still burned their houses, belongings, arable land, just so as not to leave anything to the enemy, not to help him with their belongings and shelter to get to Moscow. Left destitute, these unknown heroes went into the forests and organized partisan detachments, and then dealt crushing blows to the French, risking their lives for the liberation of their homeland. At the same time, many nobles did not see the difference between the Russian Tsar and the foreign invader: they put their personal interests above national ones. They calmly accepted the invaders and fawned over them in order to preserve their privileges.
True and false heroism in the novel War and Peace
Prince Andrei thinks about true and false heroism when he goes to war for glory. At Shengraben, he takes part in the battle and sees the feat of the battery of the modest and awkward captain Tushin, the breakthrough of the detachment of captain Timokhin, who put the French to flight, and the daredevil Dolokhov, who heroically captured the French officer. The hero cannot figure out which one is a real hero, although the answer lies on the surface. For example, Dolokhov demanded a reward for his action, boasted about it during the formation, and Tushin was almost deprived of command for his modesty, and would have been deprived if Bolkonsky had not stood up for him. Which one is the hero? Selfish Dolokhov or unknown hero Tushin? How to decide, since both of them risked their lives for a common goal?
At the Battle of Austerlitz, Andrei rouses soldiers to a deadly bloody battle that could have been avoided. The hero, like Dolokhov, was flattered by the fame and did not count the heads along which he walked towards her. No wonder Kutuzov taught him to take care of life, but Bolkonsky did not heed this advice. That's what it is false heroism, as the prince was convinced of from his own experience.
True and false beauty in the novel "War and Peace"
Tolstoy describes many ugly women, because his task is to depict the truth of life. For example, about Natasha Rostova he writes: “Ugly, thin...”, and does not forget to mention the ugly stretched mouth crying girl, her angularity and imperfections on her face. He speaks directly about Princess Bolkonskaya: “Ugly Princess Marya...”.
But Helen, a regular at salons and balls, is a dazzling beauty. She is superbly built, her shoulders turned even the hottest heads.
However, true beauty for Tolstov does not lie in appearance: “The ugly princess Marya always looked prettier when she cried, and she always cried not from resentment, but from sadness or pity.” The soul of this girl was beautiful and shone from within when she was given free rein. Natasha Rostova is also beautiful in her mercy and simplicity. Her incomparable charm was also manifested in her creativity, because Natasha sang magnificently and danced talentedly.
Thus, true beauty is always expressed in naturalness, kindness, creativity, but not in delicious forms devoid of spiritual content. To those who don't understand true beauty, will not find happiness and harmony in life, like Pierre Bezukhov, who was deceived by Helen.
The meaning of the novel "War and Peace" lies in a permanent movement towards the truth, because only those heroes who were able to make this movement understood themselves and found happiness.
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The universal nature, both on Earth and in space, manifests itself in two aspects, one of which we call the higher nature, corresponding to the Divine truth, the other aspect of it we call the lower nature, which on the surface appears to be opposed to the Divine. If the highest nature embodies the idea of absolute knowledge and universal unity, then the lower nature, under the cover of ignorance, strives for maximum universal division. The higher nature is mainly the kingdom of the gods or devas, and in the lower nature the asuras rule the ball, having their own hierarchy of powers. For gods or devas (In Indian Vedic cultural tradition devas are gods, but in the Avestan tradition, asuras are called devas. The author adheres to Vedic terminology - approx. ed.) the perception and awareness of the reality of the world from the inside is characteristic, while at the same time, asuras perceive the reality of the world only from its outside. Hence, the devas realize the essence of events in their unity and the meaning and purpose of everything that happens in the world; asuras, separated by a veil of ignorance from true essence of everything in the universe and from its purpose, are capable of perceiving and manipulating only the material values of this world. Comprehension of the true goal is inaccessible to them, since this is possible only by perceiving the reality of the world in its indissoluble unity, from which they are separated by ignorance. In this regard, they use division to understand and master it. Devas and asuras can be compared to people with normal and myopic vision. When looking at a picture, devas see it as a whole, but asuras can look at it in parts and, therefore, the whole picture is inaccessible to them. They are like three blind men studying an elephant, each of whom perceives only part of it. After this kind of perception, based on the results of their research, they could express their opinions, each of which was only part of the knowledge, but not the whole knowledge. From here it follows that people who are guides and executors of the Asuric will cannot know the true purpose of all things in the Universe and, of course, on Earth. Not knowing the true goal, they replace it with various plans, the implementation of which becomes their goal.
Asuric forces, stricken by the blindness of ignorance, are unable to realize the irresistible flow of Divine evolution, in which they are only executors of the Divine will, and the few of them who are given the opportunity to realize this flow try to resist it. But both those and others do not know that any of their actions are sanctioned by the Divine for his own purposes, which they are not given to know in full.
There is one very important feature influences and interactions of all things in the Universe - they occur according to consonance. And the consequence of this feature is the transformation of the human personality when it is in some way in tune with the forces of universal nature.
Man, unlike the asuras and devas, contains within himself all the endless possibilities of the Universe, and those of them that are in tune with the vibrations of the asuras, under their influence, not only open up, but also grow, pushing aside all the others. human qualities. At the same time, a person cannot change anything in an asura, who has only those capabilities that are aimed at revealing everything low and destructive in a person. Hence, the external manifested world is a field of lower nature, on which opportunities that have low destructive vibrations are revealed. This disclosure is necessary in order to separate the “wheat from the chaff”, and for people walking the spiritual path - awareness of their imperfections in order to transform them.
Man belongs to universal nature; accordingly, he is also divided into two poles - one of which is under the influence of the higher nature, the other - the lower. And if the first is turned to Divine truth and is under the influence of Divine forces, then the second, to which the outer part of the human being belongs, is turned to the values of the manifested world and is under the power of the asuras. This asura tried to seduce Jesus Christ when he told him that he would give him power over all the kingdoms of the earth if he fell to worship him. It was about him that Jesus Christ said to those who accused him: “Your god is the devil.” Don’t people who strive for power and wealth fulfill the will of the asura? Is it not through them that he satisfies his passion for undivided power and worship of him, and is it not they who quite consciously prepare humanity for the coming of the beast (Antichrist), corrupting religions and corrupting human souls? Currently, the symbol of his name is spreading everywhere - “666” (Apoc. 13, 18.). these people not only prepare humanity for the coming of the beast, creating an atmosphere that is consonant with it, but by placing symbols of its name everywhere, they seem to invite it to hurry up with its arrival. An example would be a barcode. Next, I take a quote from the book by S.V. Valtsev - “The Decline of Humanity”: A bar code is a number like a number, if not for one BUT. Each barcode contains the encrypted number 666. This means that any product, and now our documents, are marked with the sign of the Antichrist. Is this really true? Everyone is familiar with the white label on the packaging with black stripes and numbers underneath...
This method of writing numbers was invented in the 19th century in the USA. The barcode indicates the country of origin, quality, name, and sometimes the cost of the product. A modern barcode is a computer type of notation, where each number corresponds to lines of different thickness.
Anyone can verify that each barcode has thin nearby parallel lines at the beginning, middle and end that are slightly longer than all the others. They are called “security parallels”. True, these lines are not signed with any numbers, but they are graphically identical to only one number - six. It turns out that absolutely any barcode includes three sixes. Many specialists working with computer technology, they assure us: “there was no need to use the number 6 sign as a dividing line.”
Thus, the “prince of this world” and the executors of his will are building their own paradise on Earth, which, of course, will correspond to their basic essence. For example, a frog, if it were possible for it, would build its own swamp paradise on Earth. What are they doing in modern world executors of the will of the asuras, director Daneliya Georgy Nikolaevich showed very well in his film “Kin-dza-dza”.
When Sri Aurobindo said that one must live from within, he meant that a person should rely on his heart in his activities in this world. Understanding the world from the inside is the way gods or devas perceive the reality of the Universe. Living from the inside means not being attached to this manifested world, living according to Asuric principles that lead humanity to degradation, and at the same time, using the reality of this world to ascend consciousness. For a person living from within, no moral rules or laws are required, because to live from within means to be in highest harmony with the whole world
Human consciousness has two poles - one of them is facing the outer world, the other is facing the inner world. And if the lower nature reigns in the outer world, then the higher nature reigns in the inner world. Asuric forces are not interested in a person perceiving the world of external values from the inside, since in this case he leaves from under their influence.
Only those values of this world can be true, which are in tune with divine truth. Those that sound in dissonance with it are false values. Another definition is also possible: true values do not tie a person to the values of the material world and do not make him dependent on them. And there is one more important feature - movement towards true values always requires volitional efforts, at the same time false values are tempting in themselves and no effort is required from a person to move in their direction, all that is required is silent agreement, which they will immediately use and make him dependent on themselves, and accordingly, subsequently transform his worldview. In this case, a kind of mental castration of a person occurs, after which he ceases to notice everything that is consonant with Divine truth, and the voice of conscience subsides in his heart. Now a person will not seek high harmony in his interactions with the world, and he will be completely satisfied with either sensory harmony or mental harmony, based on the ego and external laws and rules.
True and false values have their differences only within a person, but in the external world they are indistinguishable. In the outside world, these are only facets of the same reality. Therefore, if a person lives by his mind, supported by the body of desires, then for him false values will be true, and true values will be false. Among false values, fetishism occupies a special place. A fetish is something that is the subject of unconditional recognition, blind worship (Dictionary foreign words L. P. Krysin ed. Eksmo 2008). Fetish includes many facets of the reality of this world, which can be both creative and destructive for a person. This is due to the fact that a fetish narrows a person’s consciousness and thereby does not allow him to perceive reality as it really is. For example, on socially is authoritative for us social status person, although this position is only a mask that replaces true face this man. But we are not critical, because the fetish evokes unconditional recognition from us social status person and corresponding to this status psychological characteristics. We are completely uncritical of the so-called holy scripture. We believe that it is sacred even when it affirms lies, aggression, betrayal and many other low aspects of human psychology. Blind faith is dangerous because a person does not see reality as it really is. Various statements by people who are authoritative for us, even if these people are unpleasant for us, can significantly change our attitude towards the reality about which these authorities speak. And what about the various holiday dates that act as a trigger on a person. And we ourselves don’t really understand why we feel festive on the appointed holiday. They will show us fireworks and we will come to festive mood. We attach true meaning to the word “democracy”, although this word has long been only a mask behind which lawlessness and lies reign. If you look closely at everything that surrounds a person, it is easy to discover that people live among symbols, a largely symbolic life, among which the fetish occupies an honorable place.
1) I. Bunin in the story "Mr. from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
2) The name of a simple peasant girl Joan of Arc today everyone knows. For 75 years France waged an unsuccessful war against the English invaders. Jeanne believed that she was destined to save France. The young peasant woman persuaded the king to give her a small detachment and was able to do what the smartest military leaders could not: she ignited people with her fierce faith. After years of ignominious defeats, the French were finally able to defeat the invaders.
When you reflect on this truly wonderful event, you realize how important it is for a person to be guided by a great purpose.
3) Few people know that during filming famous film N. Mikhalkova “Burnt by the Sun”, The weather turned bad, the temperature dropped to minus six. Meanwhile, according to the scenario, it should be a sultry summer. The actors portraying vacationers had to swim in icy water and lie on the cold ground. This example shows that art requires sacrifice and complete dedication from a person.
4) French writer G. Flaubert in the novel "Madame Bovary"talked about the fate of a lonely woman who, entangled in life's contradictions, decided to poison herself. The writer himself felt signs of poisoning and was forced to seek help. It is no coincidence that he later said: “Madame Bovary is me.”
5) Loyalty to your calling cannot but command respect. Narodovolets Nikolay Kibalchich was sentenced to death for attempting to assassinate the Tsar. While waiting to die, he worked on a jet engine project. More than own life, he was concerned about the fate of the invention. When they came for him to take him to the place of execution, Kibalchich gave the gendarme the drawings of the spacecraft and asked him to hand them over to scientists. “It’s touching that a person before a terrible execution has the strength to think about humanity!” - this is how I wrote about it spiritual feat K. Tsiolkovsky.
6) “I have always been amazed at the immense hard work and patience of Kirill Lavrov,” recalls director Vladimir Bortko about the outstanding actor: “We had to film a 22-minute conversation between Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, such scenes take two weeks to film. On film set Lavrov, an 80-year-old man, spent 16 hours in chest armor weighing 12 kg, without uttering a word of reproach to the film crew.”
Problems:
The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world
The role of personality in history
Moral choice person
Conflict between man and society
Human and nature
Supporting theses:
1. A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.
2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.
3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences.
4. Remember your High human responsibility!
Quotes:
1. There is one undoubted sign that divides people's actions into good and evil: love and unity of people increases the action - it is good; he produces enmity and disunity - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer).
2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a container of both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).
3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill won't touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker)
4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, ancient Chinese thinker).
6. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker).
7. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer).
8. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).
Arguments:
In everyone's hands fate peace
1) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, fighters repelling an attack by militants rushed to a box of grenades. But when they opened it, they discovered that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. Soldiers carrying heavy losses, were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster.
2) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by passing through a gate that someone forgot to close.
3) The twentieth century is the first century of world wars in human history, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. An incredible situation is emerging: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: “Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated.” To prevent this and many other mistakes from being repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character.
4) Sown evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about a city that was overrun by rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat catcher played the pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay what they had promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he played the pipe again, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river.
The role of personality in history
1) “Notes of a Hunter” by I. Turgenev played a huge role in public life our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.
2) After the war many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. Story M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at tragic fate prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.
3) American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote a novel "Hut Uncle Tom», which recounted the fate of a meek black man beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel shook up the entire society, an outbreak broke out in the country. Civil War, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.
4) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his insolence would lead to: state emblem he depicted delicate lilies. Thereby English king showed that from now on neighboring France was also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the reason for the Hundred Years' War, which brought countless disasters to people.
Human and nature
1) Man, before our eyes, continues the fatal work that he began thousands of years ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kuma are obvious evidence of human criminal activity that continues to this day. Isn’t the pollution of the World Ocean evidence of this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary nutritional resources.
2) In Russians folk tales The selflessness of man is often glorified. Emelya had no intention of catching the pike - it ended up in his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick, he will put it in the nest; if a bird gets caught in a snare, he will free it; if a wave throws a fish ashore, he will release it back into the water. Do not seek profit, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is what folk wisdom teaches.
3) Human intervention in difficult life nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals were unable to adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer took hold, flooded the forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the other inhabitants.
4) Global warming, which is increasingly being talked about in Lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of human life, who, in the pursuit of profit, upsets the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are increasingly talking about reasonable self-restraint of needs, that not profit, but the preservation of life should become the main goal of human activity.
5) Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in their "Star Diaries" described the history of space vagabonds who ruined their planet, dug up all the subsoil with mines, and sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. Retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the ground began to crumble under their feet. This story is a threatening warning to all humanity, which is rapaciously robbing nature.
Each person in his life has his own category of values, and in accordance with it he lives and is defined as an individual in society. For some it is material values, for others – spiritual. And unfortunately for each of us and for society as a whole, the category of the former is growing, and the category of the latter is decreasing. And more and more often you can hear the sad sighs of older people: “But in our time it wasn’t like that...”. What is the reason for such a revaluation of values in society?
Let's remember the works that our fathers and mothers, grandparents grew up with - these were the works of the classics: Turgenev, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Chekhov, Tolstoy and other wonderful poets and writers. The sublime images and characters of the main characters encouraged us to imitate them in their loyalty, masculinity, culture of communication, subtle humor, and developed in us the correct concepts of duty and honor; exposed and ridiculed such character traits as hypocrisy, deceit, servility, sycophancy, infidelity, betrayal and much more.
If we now open almost any printed edition fiction, some magazine or newspaper, let's turn on the TV or go to the cinema, what do we see? Everything that was previously considered vile, shameful and unacceptable in society is now thriving and even advertised as a normal way of life and behavior. And all those true values, such as honesty, decency, duty, fidelity and others are considered outdated and unfashionable concepts of people who are behind the times.
Today, adherents of lack of culture loudly proclaim: “We must live in step with the times,” and they assert their category of values. And, unfortunately, the first place in this category is occupied by money, and for the sake of money, people today commit deception, all kinds of lies, and even more serious crimes.
One person said: “Who caused the most people to die? Because of Hitler, Stalin? “No, meet Benjamin Franklin, pictured on the $100 bill.” We, of course, understand the irony of this statement, but unfortunately, this category of a person’s value completely depersonalizes him, making him cruel, envious, deceitful, hypocritical, and so on. The Bible very clearly says that the root of all evil is the love of money.
You can often hear indignation at the new laws in the country and the activities of the government, but if you think about it - what makes up my scale of values. Maybe better start with yourself and look at what books I read, what shows I watch, what movies I like, in the end, why I love my husband or wife and whether I love them at all. There used to be a very common saying: “Tell me who your friends are, and I will tell you who you are.” It has not lost its relevance today. Someone said that a person has never been lonely as in the 21st century. But it seems to each of us Cell phones filled with a list of so-called friends. I say “so-called” because they are not, in fact, friends. We need them or they need us, we get some kind of mutually beneficial cooperation from each other and nothing more. If something happens to me, no one will remember why? Yes, because no one will need me.
One man was in a car accident and became disabled - a wheelchair user; his wife left him; in another family a blind child was born, he was sent to Orphanage; In another family, the son became a drug addict and his parents abandoned him and kicked him out of the house. And where is mercy, kindness, loyalty, revenue, mutual assistance, parental or filial duty?
You can give dozens and hundreds of examples of such human tragedies, with which the world is filled today due to the fact that people choose incorrect values for themselves, which in fact are not such.
So, the future of our children depends on what we choose today. And if our category of values is money, position in society, fame, greatness, etc., then do not be surprised if tomorrow your children consider you unnecessary and send you to a nursing home; or, even worse, they will visit you only for your funeral in order to inherit your home and property.
Analysis of imaginary and true values in the novel "The Master and Margarita".
M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” puts his heroes in front of eternal problems existence, forcing us to think about the meaning and purpose of existence, about true and imaginary values, about the laws of life development.
What are true and imaginary values. True values are what is important always, everywhere and under any conditions. They are the same for all people.
Honesty
Freedom of the individual
Imaginary values are an attempt to replace the main and only goal of a person with an auxiliary goal. Their implementation brings evil and misfortune to other people into the world.
Thirst for personal gain
Betrayal
Death and Time reign on earth, -
Don't call them rulers;
Everything, spinning, disappears into the darkness,
Only the sun of love is motionless.
Love... It is this that gives the novel mystery and uniqueness. she is able to change a lot and withstand various difficulties. It is Margarita who reveals the themes of faith, creativity, love - all that from which true life grows. Love moved Margarita, she went through all the obstacles for the sake of the Master. She suffered mortal pain at the ball, not being sure that her wish would come true. And the fact that she sold her soul to the devil once again proves the strength of her love for the Master. Reward: The Master and Margarita find eternal happiness and eternal peace.
True creativity: . At the very beginning of the novel, the author introduces us to two writers: Berlioz, he is the head of MASSOLIT, and Bezdomny, a poet at the same MASSOLIT. From the dialogue it is clear that the work of these writers is one-sided and false.
Punishment: Ivan Bezdomny ends up in a psychiatric hospital. However, he realizes the uselessness of his false creativity and promises the Master not to write anything else.
Money. In the novel, this imaginary value affected two worlds - ancient Yershalaim and modern. Only Woland and his retinue remained indifferent to the money. Judas, who betrayed his friend for 30 pieces of silver, the residents of Moscow who greedily caught money falling from the ceiling in a variety show, Baron Meigel - they all “served” this imaginary value.
Punishment: Judas and Baron Meigel were killed, and the residents of Moscow received good lesson for their passion for money, when their bills turned into simple pieces of paper and their clothes melted before their eyes. Even Bosoy, who could not resist the opportunity to get easy money, was punished.
Freedom of the individual. Let's remember the Moscow Association of Writers. Its leaders created great amount useless clubs and circles in order to completely occupy all participants. Moreover, the abilities and talents of people did not matter at all. In other words, a person was obliged to comply with various regulations, and there could be no talk of any freedom here.
Punishment: Woland’s retinue forces all these leaders to sing non-stop to show what it’s like to do something against your will, without desire and ability.
Result: Bulgakov wanted to convey to us readers that there are many false values in the world and only strong personality can resist their oppression. A person cannot be happy if a large number of spends time on imaginary values, because they make his life empty.
