The Master and Margarita are true imaginary values. Eternal values in the images of the master and margarita
Analysis of imaginary and true values in the novel "The Master and Margarita".
M. A. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita” puts his heroes in front of eternal problems existence, forcing us to think about the meaning and purpose of existence, about true and imaginary values, about the laws of life development.
What are true and imaginary values. True values are what is important always, everywhere and under any conditions. They are the same for all people.
True creativity
Honesty
Freedom of the individual
Imaginary values are an attempt to replace the main and only goal of a person with an auxiliary goal. Their implementation brings evil and misfortune to other people into the world.
"housing problem"
Thirst for personal gain
Betrayal
Death and Time reign on earth, -
Don't call them rulers;
Everything, spinning, disappears into the darkness,
Only the sun of love is motionless.
Love... It is this that gives the novel mystery and uniqueness. she is able to change a lot and withstand various difficulties. It is Margarita who reveals the themes of faith, creativity, love - all that from which true life grows. Love moved Margarita, she went through all the obstacles for the sake of the Master. She suffered mortal pain at the ball, not being sure that her wish would come true. And the fact that she sold her soul to the devil once again proves the strength of her love for the Master. Reward: The Master and Margarita find eternal happiness and eternal peace.
True creativity: . At the very beginning of the novel, the author introduces us to two writers: Berlioz, he is the head of MASSOLIT, and Bezdomny, a poet at the same MASSOLIT. From the dialogue it is clear that the work of these writers is one-sided and false.
Punishment: Ivan Bezdomny ends up in a psychiatric hospital. However, he realizes the uselessness of his false creativity and promises the Master not to write anything else.
Money. In the novel, this imaginary value affected two worlds - ancient Yershalaim and modern. Only Woland and his retinue remained indifferent to the money. Judas, who betrayed his friend for 30 pieces of silver, the residents of Moscow who greedily caught money falling from the ceiling in a variety show, Baron Meigel - they all “served” this imaginary value.
Punishment: Judas and Baron Meigel were killed, and the residents of Moscow received good lesson for their passion for money, when their bills turned into simple pieces of paper and their clothes melted before their eyes. Even Bosoy, who could not resist the opportunity to get easy money, was punished.
Freedom of the individual. Let's remember the Moscow Association of Writers. Its leaders created great amount useless clubs and circles in order to completely occupy all participants. Moreover, the abilities and talents of people did not matter at all. In other words, a person was obliged to comply with various regulations, and there could be no talk of any freedom here.
Punishment: Woland’s retinue forces all these leaders to sing non-stop to show what it’s like to do something against your will, without desire and ability.
Result: Bulgakov wanted to convey to us readers that there are many false values in the world and only strong personality can resist their oppression. A person cannot be happy if a large number of spends time on imaginary values, because they make his life empty.
The universal nature, both on Earth and in space, manifests itself in two aspects, one of which we call the higher nature, corresponding to the Divine truth, the other aspect of it we call the lower nature, which on the surface appears to be opposed to the Divine. If the highest nature embodies the idea of absolute knowledge and universal unity, then the lower nature, under the cover of ignorance, strives for maximum universal division. The higher nature is mainly the kingdom of the gods or devas, and in the lower nature the asuras rule the ball, having their own hierarchy of powers. For gods or devas (In Indian Vedic cultural tradition devas are gods, but in the Avestan tradition, asuras are called devas. The author adheres to Vedic terminology - approx. ed.) the perception and awareness of the reality of the world from the inside is characteristic, while at the same time, asuras perceive the reality of the world only from its outside. Hence, the devas realize the essence of events in their unity and the meaning and purpose of everything that happens in the world; asuras, separated by a veil of ignorance from true essence of everything in the universe and from its purpose, are capable of perceiving and manipulating only material assets of this world. Comprehension of the true goal is inaccessible to them, since this is possible only by perceiving the reality of the world in its indissoluble unity, from which they are separated by ignorance. In this regard, they use division to understand and master it. Devas and asuras can be compared to people with normal and myopic vision. When looking at a picture, devas see it as a whole, but asuras can look at it in parts and, therefore, the whole picture is inaccessible to them. They are like three blind men studying an elephant, each of whom perceives only part of it. After this kind of perception, based on the results of their research, they could express their opinions, each of which was only part of the knowledge, but not the whole knowledge. From here it follows that people who are guides and executors of the Asuric will cannot know the true purpose of all things in the Universe and, of course, on Earth. Not knowing the true goal, they replace it with various plans, the implementation of which becomes their goal.
Asuric forces, stricken by the blindness of ignorance, are unable to realize the irresistible flow of Divine evolution, in which they are only executors of the Divine will, and the few of them who are given the opportunity to realize this flow try to resist it. But both those and others do not know that any of their actions are sanctioned by the Divine for his own purposes, which they are not given to know in full.
There is one very important feature influences and interactions of all things in the Universe - they occur according to consonance. And the consequence of this feature is the transformation of the human personality when it is in some way in tune with the forces of universal nature.
Man, unlike the asuras and devas, contains within himself all the endless possibilities of the Universe, and those of them that are in tune with the vibrations of the asuras, under their influence, not only open up, but also grow, pushing aside all the others. human qualities. At the same time, a person cannot change anything in an asura, who has only those capabilities that are aimed at revealing everything low and destructive in a person. Hence, the external manifested world is a field of lower nature, in which opportunities that have low destructive vibrations are revealed. This disclosure is necessary in order to separate the “wheat from the chaff”, and for people walking the spiritual path - awareness of their imperfections in order to transform them.
Man belongs to universal nature; accordingly, he is also divided into two poles - one of which is under the influence of the higher nature, the other - the lower. And if the first is turned to Divine truth and is under the influence of Divine forces, then the second, to which the outer part of the human being belongs, is turned to the values of the manifested world and is under the power of the asuras. This asura tried to seduce Jesus Christ when he told him that he would give him power over all the kingdoms of the earth if he fell to worship him. It was about him that Jesus Christ said to those who accused him: “Your god is the devil.” Don’t people who strive for power and wealth fulfill the will of the asura? Is it not through them that he satisfies his passion for undivided power and worship of him, and is it not they who quite consciously prepare humanity for the coming of the beast (Antichrist), corrupting religions and corrupting human souls? Currently, the symbol of his name is spreading everywhere - “666” (Apoc. 13, 18.). these people not only prepare humanity for the coming of the beast, creating an atmosphere that is consonant with it, but by placing symbols of its name everywhere, they seem to invite it to hurry up with its arrival. An example would be a barcode. Next, I take a quote from the book by S.V. Valtsev - “The Decline of Humanity”: A bar code is a number like a number, if not for one BUT. Each barcode contains the encrypted number 666. This means that any product, and now our documents, are marked with the sign of the Antichrist. Is this really true? Everyone is familiar with the white label on the package with black stripes and numbers underneath...
This method of writing numbers was invented in the 19th century in the USA. The barcode indicates the country of origin, quality, name, and sometimes the cost of the product. A modern barcode is a computer type of notation, where each number corresponds to lines of different thickness.
Anyone can verify that each barcode has thin nearby parallel lines at the beginning, middle and end that are slightly longer than all the others. They are called “security parallels”. True, these lines are not signed with any numbers, but they are graphically identical to only one number - six. It turns out that absolutely any barcode includes three sixes. Many specialists working with computer technology, they assure us: “there was no need to use the number 6 sign as a dividing line.”
Thus, the “prince of this world” and the executors of his will are building their own paradise on Earth, which, of course, will correspond to their basic essence. For example, a frog, if it were possible for it, would build its own swamp paradise on Earth. What are they doing in modern world executors of the will of the asuras, director Daneliya Georgy Nikolaevich showed very well in his film “Kin-dza-dza”.
When Sri Aurobindo said that one must live from within, he meant that a person should rely on his heart in his activities in this world. Understanding the world from the inside is the way gods or devas perceive the reality of the Universe. Living from the inside means not being attached to this manifested world, living according to Asuric principles that lead humanity to degradation, and at the same time, using the reality of this world to ascend consciousness. For a person living from within, no moral rules or laws are required, because to live from within means to be in highest harmony with the whole world
Human consciousness has two poles - one of them is facing the outer world, the other is facing the inner world. And if the lower nature reigns in the outer world, then the higher nature reigns in the inner world. Asuric forces are not interested in a person perceiving the world of external values from the inside, since in this case he leaves from under their influence.
Only those values of this world can be true, which are in tune with divine truth. Those that sound in dissonance with it are false values. Another definition is also possible: true values do not tie a person to the values of the material world and do not make him dependent on them. And there is one more important feature - movement towards true values always requires volitional efforts, at the same time, false values are tempting in themselves and no effort is required from a person to move in their direction, all that is required is silent agreement, which they will immediately use and make him dependent on themselves, and accordingly, subsequently transform his worldview. In this case, a kind of mental castration of a person occurs, after which he ceases to notice everything that is consonant with Divine truth, and the voice of conscience subsides in his heart. Now a person will not seek high harmony in his interactions with the world, and he will be completely satisfied with either sensory harmony or mental harmony, based on the ego and external laws and rules.
True and false values have their differences only within a person, but in the external world they are indistinguishable. In the outside world, these are only facets of the same reality. Therefore, if a person lives by his mind, supported by the body of desires, then for him false values will be true, and true values will be false. Among false values, fetishism occupies a special place. A fetish is something that is the subject of unconditional recognition, blind worship (Dictionary foreign words L. P. Krysin ed. Eksmo 2008). Fetish includes many facets of the reality of this world, which can be both creative and destructive for a person. This is due to the fact that a fetish narrows a person’s consciousness and thereby does not allow him to perceive reality as it really is. For example, on socially is authoritative for us social status person, although this position is only a mask that replaces true face this man. But we are not critical, because the fetish evokes unconditional recognition from us social status person and corresponding to this status psychological characteristics. We are completely uncritical of the so-called holy scripture. We believe that it is sacred even when it affirms lies, aggression, betrayal and many other low aspects of human psychology. Blind faith is dangerous because a person does not see reality as it really is. Various statements by people who are authoritative for us, even if these people are unpleasant for us, can significantly change our attitude towards the reality about which these authorities speak. And what about the various holiday dates that act as a trigger on a person. And we ourselves don’t really understand why we feel festive on the appointed holiday. They will show us fireworks and we will come to festive mood. We attach true meaning to the word “democracy”, although this word has long been only a mask behind which lawlessness and lies reign. If you look closely at everything that surrounds a person, it is easy to discover that people live among symbols, a largely symbolic life, among which the fetish occupies an honorable place.
Among the values that a person often considers to be the highest for himself, there are both true and false.
In the novel “The Master and Margarita,” M. A. Bulgakov invites the reader to reflect on which ideals should be considered true and which should be considered false, but did not give a clear answer to this question. Each of the heroes of this work has its own values and ideals (and some of the heroes change their worldview as the plot develops).
For example, at the beginning of the book, the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Bezdomny does not think about anything in his life except writing mediocre “anti-religious” poems.
(In the thirteenth chapter, he “promises” and “swears” to the master not to write these “monstrous” poems anymore).
The only valuables for Griboedov's regulars are beautiful life with delicious dinners, dancing and relaxing at sea. Of particular importance to them is the decision " housing issue". According to the author, "every second" people are "breaking" into the door with such an inscription.
A separate theme in the novel is the recognition of money as the most important human value. As Woland noted in chapter twelve,
-Well... they are people like people. They love money, but that's always been the case. "Even in the time of Pontius Pilate, money was recognized as one of the main values. Judas of Kiriath betrays his teacher precisely because of it.
The Variety administration is characterized by greed and greed. Throughout the entire development of the action, money constantly appears in the novel as the main false value of humanity: be it the “Yershalaim” chapters or the events taking place in Moscow. Everywhere money is an object of desire, and the goal of many people’s lives is to achieve wealth.
The author makes it clear how far she is from true moral, ethical, human values. All this tinsel: luxurious life, beautiful clothes. There is a lot of falsehood, insincerity and delusion in all this. The thirst for profit gives rise to many other vices, such as deceit and deceit. All these qualities are inherent in both the Variety administration and the critic Latunsky, Aloysius Mogarych and Judas. Often, out of fear of losing their earnings and their position in society, people value their prestigious position and, in order to maintain it, are ready to commit dishonest and cowardly actions. This also applies to the heroes of the Moscow chapters, but mainly it is worth remembering the action of the hero of the novel, master Pontius Pilate. "Cowardice is the most terrible vice“- so say Yeshua Ha-Nozri, and the procurator of Judea was subject to this vice.
The decision to execute Yeshua was dictated by nothing more than the fear of losing his position and position.
So, most of Bulgakov's heroes initially have false ideas about values. But this is done in order to create an even greater contrast between them and those who will be on the side of the truth from the very beginning. The only such heroes are Yeshua, the Master and Margarita. Yeshua preaches love for people, calling them good. The main characters of the novel proclaim the power of love and creativity as their core values.
These highest values the author considers true and eternal. For the sake of love, Margarita sacrifices a lot; she accepts help from Satan, for which she had to participate in his ball.
The master has to endure a lot for his creativity. His works are persecuted, so he suffers, and then ends up in a psychiatric hospital, where he meets Ivan Bezdomny, who, like Yeshua’s disciple, Levi Matthew, having talked with the “teacher” understands the true life value. For the Master this is the power of creativity. Helps make the Master and Margarita's dream come true" devilry"in the person of Woland and his retinue. They give them the opportunity to get the peace they deserve... The heroes received freedom of love and creativity. Pontius Pilate also says goodbye. His dream - to be next to Yeshua - came true thanks to Margarita, who shouted: “Let him go” Love gives the master and Margarita strength and is evidence of other bright qualities that they have: kindness, responsiveness, honesty and many others.
Thus, intertwining completely different worlds, Bulgakov wants to highlight values that remain at all times and even exist outside of time, that is, they are eternal. But, according to the author, it is not completely possible to get rid of false values. The epilogue says that Aloisy Mogarych “not only existed, but also now exists, ... in the position of financial director of the Variety Show.”
There have always been values that were considered an immutable truth; attention, love, mutual understanding, loyalty, empathy, trust. Gradually a person learns to communicate with other people and gains experience. He develops his own view of the world, of people, and gradually develops his own system of values. Everyone chooses how to behave in a given situation. But a person makes a choice based on his existing value system.
People with completely different views on the world are shown in Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. In the work, the author talks about the lives of people from various walks of life. The author's favorite heroes are the conductors of true values in the epic novel. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova. At the same time we observe life secular society filled with insincerity, selfishness and arrogance.
Tolstoy contrasts false values with true values and reveals them in full using the example of the Kuragin family.
We meet the head of the family, Vasily Kuragin, already in the first chapter of the novel. During a conversation with Anna Pavlovna Scherer, we learn that the main purpose of visiting Kuragin was not to ask about the health of the maid of honor (she had the flu) or to talk about the war with France. No. The main task was to find out “whether it is true that the Dowager Empress wants to appoint Baron Funke as first secretary in Vienna.” Prince Vasily wanted to appoint his son to this place. Subsequently, we learn that Kuragin only wanted wealth for himself and his children, which is why he married his daughter Helen to the rich Pierre Bezukhov.
Anna Scherer also shows an interest in wealth. Her attitude towards Pierre changed dramatically as soon as he became rich.
At the first meeting, “Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow that belonged to people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon.” When the count received the inheritance, “everything he said came out charming.” For both Kuragin and Anna Scherer, the main advantage of a person was his wealth.
The Kuragin family is opposed to the Bolkonsky family. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky undoubtedly loves his children. He considers it necessary to constantly study mathematics with his daughter. He himself is constantly busy with some kind of physical or mental activity: “a high table for writing, on which lay an open notebook, a lathe with tools laid out and with shavings scattered around.” Nikolai Andreevich also loves his son Andrei. Old Prince knew the military and political circumstances of Europe in every detail, but did not dissuade his son from going to war, although he was very worried. Unlike Prince Kuragin, Bolkonsky did not try to place his son in a prestigious, profitable position.
A lot of space in the novel is devoted to the description of military events. This is the Battle of Shengraben, and Battle of Austerlitz, and the Battle of Borodino. In the work, when describing the Battle of Shengraben, the author talks about the manifestation of heroism by Captain Tushin and the manifestation of heroism by Fedor Dolokhov.
Dolokhov, who had recently been demoted to the ranks of soldiers, sought to regain the rank of officer as quickly as possible. Fedor proved himself by killing one Frenchman and capturing an officer of the enemy army. But perhaps the least of all thoughts flashed through his mind that he was fighting for the good of the country, and not for his own benefit. It was important for Dolokhov that his action was noticed and remembered by the regimental commander. Fyodor persistently repeats: “I captured an officer. I stopped the company... Please remember, Your Excellency.” Thus, Dolokhov only cares about returning his rank, he is only concerned about promotion. Unlike Tushin, who cares about the success of the common cause, Dolokhov is only concerned with selfish interests.
Captain Tushin showed considerable heroism and courage in battle. With only four cannons, the captain repelled French attacks for a long time. The captain will show courage by not allowing enemies to approach the main army. Tushin could have drawn the attention of Prince Andrei to his contribution to the common cause when he arrived with the order to retreat, but did not do this, since he was not looking for glory.
Tolstoy developed family thought throughout the entire work. At the end of the novel, the results are summed up. The author concludes "War and Peace" with a description of the life of two families. Maria Bolkonskaya married Nikolai Rostov, and Natasha Rostova married Pierre Bezukhov. Mutual understanding reigned in the families, the spouses loved each other. Using the example of Natasha Rostova, the author shows that being rich is much more important in life spiritual world, love for people, the ability to empathize and sympathize with them, rather than external indicators. Comparing Natasha with Helen, whose “unchangeable smile” never left her face, we can say that Natasha did not seek her own benefit in communicating with people, did not seek happiness in money and wealth. She shows sincere feelings and emotions. She loves to sing and dance. Natasha seems alive, real. With the formation of a family, Natasha finds happiness. She devotes herself completely to her family; she now sees her purpose in serving her husband and children.
Thus, in Tolstoy's novel great attention is given true values. Their bearers are the author’s favorite heroes. They care about each other and love their fatherland. Lies, cunning, opportunism are unacceptable to them. Tolstoy shows that it is precisely such people that the future belongs to, it is precisely such people that Russia can be proud of.
Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -
In his immortal novel "The Master and Margarita" Bulgakov raised eternal questions of various nature. For example, he considers the problem of true and imaginary values in human life. According to Bulgakov, one of the the most important values in this world there is true art, true creativity. At the very beginning of the novel, the writer introduces us to two heroes - representatives of the “writing fraternity”. One of them is the chairman of the board of the largest Moscow literary association, the other is a poet published in this magazine. The author clearly shows us the narrowness, stupidity, and limitations of Berlioz. For him, talent is measured by devotion to the word of the party. Berlioz has no idea about true art. Berlioz’s young friend, Ivan Bezdomny, agrees with him in everything, but he has a chance to rethink his views, including his “poetry.” That is why Homeless ends up in a mental hospital, where his rebirth takes place. For the author, assessing the truth of art is especially painful; it is no coincidence that many literary scholars guess Bulgakov himself under the mask of the Master. The writer shows us members of MASSOLIT, caring only about filling their stomachs. They are not creators, the ideals of these hacks are their own, purely material, well-being. The master is expelled from this environment because he is different. Bulgakov is sure that the artist has no right to sell himself, otherwise he will lose his gift. This is the main one moral law a real creator. If the Master is an incarnation true creativity, then Margarita is the ideal of “real, true, eternal love" I believe that in true love she was (in Bulgakov’s understanding) truly moral, she followed her lover to Satan himself. Fateful meeting The Master and Margarita was like lightning. Life, for which “many women would give anything,” seems so empty to Margarita that one spring she goes out with yellow flowers to find someone she loved “a long time ago.” And it was not beauty, but the “unseen loneliness in the eyes” of Margarita that struck the Master. It must be said that this heroine embodies the author’s ideal of love and beauty; Bulgakov painted a truly worthy girlfriend of the great artist. The master cannot stand the persecution and wants to leave life, hiding in a clinic for the mentally ill. But Margarita remains faithful to him. Her love can crush all barriers. With the help of her image, Bulgakov revealed the theme of true devotion. So, the Master wrote a novel about Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The Master’s Yeshua is not a “divine phenomenon”, but simply a wandering philosopher, bringing to the world with its teachings simple but eternal moral values. Through the biblical line in the novel, Bulgakov continues to affirm the theme of true and false values in human life. Thus, using the example of the image of Pontius Pilate, the procurator of Judea, the author illuminates the issue of conscience in the novel. Pilate sees that before him during interrogation stands an innocent man, capable of bringing only good to people. The procurator faces a serious choice - true or false value - truth or career. Frightened of losing his high position, the hegemon sentences Yeshua to terrible death penalty. The payback for cowardice for the procurator was immortality and eternal torment of conscience. It is important that in the “real” Moscow of the 20s of the 20th century, Bulgakov observes only people who were possessed by vices. Styopa Likhodeev, Varenukha, Rimsky, Georges Bengalsky - they all forgot about morality, about simple human values. Self-interest, bribery, lust, drunkenness and gluttony - all this, as Bulgakov shows, typical features Muscovites of the early 20th century. And it is for them that they bear punishment - each to their own, but terrible. Thus, in his brilliant novel M. A. Bulgakov touched upon a huge number eternal themes and questions. Thus, among others, in his work the writer touches on the problem of true and false values. He argues that moral - biblical - attitudes are eternal. Only they are capable of keeping a person’s soul immortal.
