Brief autobiography of Dostoevsky. F.M

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a famous Russian writer and thinker. His works are known and loved all over the world. Probably Dostoevsky's most famous work is Crime and Punishment.

In this article we will touch on the most significant dates in the writer’s biography. We will provide a chronology of the most significant events, and also talk about the character of the thinker. In this article we will only touch upon main dates in the author's life history.

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Early years - briefly about the author, how the story began

Fedor Mikhailovich was born November 11, 1821 in a noble family. My father worked in a hospital for the poor. There were many children in the family.

Dostoevsky was the second of seven children. At the age of 16, Dostoevsky loses his mother. It was this year that the father decided to send his eldest sons to K.F.'s boarding school. Kostomarova. Starting this year, the Dostoevsky brothers Mikhail and Fyodor settled in St. Petersburg.

Life, creativity - chronological table of Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich

1837

It was at this time that the author moved to the cultural capital of our Motherland along with his older brother Mikhail. This happens after the death of their mother. They enter the military engineering school. Two years later, the writer's father dies. IN 1843 Fyodor Mikhailovich translates Balzac’s work “Eugenie Grande”.

While studying at the school, the future writer was interested in the works of foreign writers. Among them:

Homer.
Balzac.
Hugo.
Goethe.
Hoffman.
Shakespeare, etc.

He was also interested in the works of Russian authors:

Derzhavina.
Pushkin - he was the most beloved of all Russian writers by Dostoevsky.

1844

We can say that it was from this moment that the stage of Fyodor Mikhailovich’s creativity began. This year the first work of the writer comes out - "Poor people". This novel immediately brought fame to the author. The work was highly appreciated by Belinsky and Nekrasov. This work was positively received by the public. The same cannot be said about the author’s other work, “The Double.” The story was published in 1845–1846. The work remained unclear. In addition, there was a lot of criticism.

1849

December 22, 1849. A date that could have interrupted the life and work of the writer. At this time, the author is sentenced to execution “in the Petrashevsky case.” Many things appear to the writer in a new light.

But the author was not destined to die that year. His death sentence at the last moment is changed to a “softer” one - hard labor. He tried to convey all the sensations that the author experienced at that moment in the monologue of Prince Myshkin from the novel "Idiot".

1850-1854

During this period the author does not write anything. This is a stagnant period. The fact is that the author is in exile in Omsk. After the author served his time in hard labor, he was sent to serve. Fyodor Mikhailovich went to the Siberian battalion number seven, where he served as a simple soldier.

Here the writer meets the traveler and ethnographer from Kazakhstan, Chokan Valikhanov. During these years, Dostoevsky also met Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. She was married to an official on special assignments. Who has been retired for a long time. Dostoevsky and Isaeva begin an affair.

1857

After Isaeva's husband dies, Dostoevsky marries her. But their marriage could not be called happy.

As for creativity, after hard labor, the writer changes his worldview. If in the early work the writer had no ideals, then during this period an ideal appears - Christ.

IN 1859 — The writer's family, consisting of his wife and adopted son Pavel, moves to St. Petersburg from Semipalatinsk. But he is being unofficially monitored.

1860–1866

At this time, Dostoevsky, together with his brother Mikhail, worked in various magazines:

Time.
Epoch.

Also, over the years, the author’s iconic works were written.

IN 1864 year the writer's brother and wife die. This undermined the writer and he begins to play roulette, losing all his money. The author gets into debt. The money quickly ran out and the writer is going through hard times.

At this time he wrote the novel “Crime and Punishment”. The work was written one chapter at a time and sent to the magazine. This was the only way he could avoid losing authorship of this work. For the same purposes, the author begins to write the novel “The Player”. But he lacked the physical strength to write two works at the same time. That is why the writer decides to hire stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina.

Novel "Player" was written in just 21 days.

In 1867, Snitkina became the writer's second wife. She accompanies him abroad and takes care of all financial matters. They go abroad with the money they received for the novel “Crime and Punishment.” Snitkina compiles a diary about a joint trip with her husband.

Author's last years

The last years of his life passed fruitfully in Dostoevsky’s work. In recent years, the author and his wife lived in the city of Staraya Russa, which is located in the Nizhny Novgorod region. At this time, the novel “Demons” was published. A year later, “A Writer’s Diary” appears. In 1875 he published the novel "Teenager". And a year later the story comes out "Meek".

In 1878, the writer was invited to the palace of Alexander II. The Emperor introduces the writer to his family.

Over the last two years of his life, Dostoevsky created one of his main and best works - the novel The Brothers Karamazov.

On February 9, 1881, the writer dies. His long-standing illness of emphysema worsened. This happened due to severe stress. Dostoevsky had a fight with his sister, who asked the writer to renounce his inheritance. The inheritance included the estate of Kumanina’s aunt.

It is worth recognizing that fame came to the author during his lifetime, but some works became popular only after his death. As a result, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was recognized as one of the greatest writers of Russia, who touched upon pressing issues of everyday life in his works.

Dostoevsky's biography was full of various events. Let us present you with a few facts from the writer’s life:

At that time, Dostoevsky’s name was worth millions, but now it’s worth nothing. But it is worth noting an interesting fact: despite the fact that the novel “Crime and Punishment” sold in large quantities, Dostoevsky was not a rich man. For his labors he received about 150 rubles for each sheet. If we compare with Turgenev, who received 500 rubles for one sheet of his work, then these are mere pennies.
Dostoevsky was married twice. The first time he married the widow Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. It is worth noting that their romance began during the life of Isaeva’s husband. But their marriage with Dostoevsky was not happy. Isaeva suffered from consumption. This affected her character and behavior. She constantly suspected Dostoevsky and took it out on him. The author found peace only in literature.
In 1861, Dostoevsky's brother began publishing a new magazine, Vremya. Dostoevsky moves to St. Petersburg after his service and exile. He works at a magazine. It was in this magazine that the writer published his work “Humiliated and Insulted.”
1864 was a very difficult year for the writer. This year, two of the writer’s relatives are dying – his wife and brother. The writer found it difficult to bear the loss. This led him into debt. He entered into an agreement with the publication, where he undertook to provide a new work by November 1, 1866.
If you look at the biography of Dostoevsky, he lived on the edge all the time, but in the last moments fate itself tries to help him. At this point, help came in the form of stenographer Anna Snitkina. She helped the author publish the novel “The Player”. After that they got married.
Fedor was very jealous. That's why he made a list of rules that his wife had to follow. It was thanks to his second wife that Dostoevsky found happiness and paid off all his debts.

So, we provided a chronological table of Dostoevsky, and also gave a description of Dostoevsky. Who is Fyodor Dostoevsky, who was he? Fyodor Mikhailovich was a great Russian writer. His life is full of trials, which are reflected in his works. We tried to briefly tell the story about the life and work of the author, touching on the main dates in his life.

Dostoevsky's work is very difficult to briefly describe. After all, this writer made a real revolution in literature, making it the subject of knowledge of the human soul, all its secret nooks and intricacies.

The main themes in Dostoevsky's works

The main theme of all the writer’s works was the fate of man, namely the fate of his soul, his path to God, and knowledge of the Truth.

Already in the first of his published works - in the story “Poor People”, the writer talks about the tragic fate of his heroes - a middle-aged petty official and a girl with whom he is in love, but cannot marry her because of his poverty. This story makes the reader think about how difficult it is for a person with a living soul to survive in a cold world where injustice reigns.

In his other novels he describes the fates of no less unhappy people, however, in them there is already a place for the light of Christ’s truth, which gives hope to both the heroes themselves and the readers, consoling them. In addition, the work of the great writer contains several more main themes.

Let's briefly list these topics:

the fate of a small and unhappy person;

man's path to knowledge of God;
a story of apostasy;
using the theme of hero doubles;
the fate of a woman from a poor environment;
the purpose of Russia in the history of mankind.

Results of Dostoevsky's creativity

Dostoevsky's work briefly allows us to understand how great the writer's influence was on the worldview of his contemporaries. Dostoevsky from an ordinary author, published in thick magazines, turned into a symbol of the era, expressing the search of a certain number of intelligent people for their path in the world and understanding of Russia’s place in world history and culture.

The writer forced many of his contemporaries to abandon the ideas of nihilism and revolutionary rebellion. In many ways, he foresaw the ruthless flames of general unrest that engulfed our country 40 years after his death. Therefore, the role of Dostoevsky in Russian literature is very great.

Let us try to briefly summarize his work in each of his great stories and novels.

1. “Poor people” - the fate of a small and useless person, a continuation of the thoughts expressed in Gogol’s “The Overcoat”.

2. “Humiliated and Offended” - continuation of the theme of poor people.

3. “Crime and Punishment” is a story about the spiritual death and resurrection of one human soul, which went through all the trials and found the meaning of existence in faith and hope.

4. “” - a story about a wonderful man who could not withstand the blows of fate.

5. “Demons” - criticism of the ideas of nihilism, which lead their bearers to spiritual death.

6. “Teenager” - a story about the mental struggles and growing up of a young man.

7. “” is the central work of Dostoevsky’s work, in which he talks about the history of one family.

In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fyodor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (old style - 11) 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works and achievements of this man in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - with the origin of the future writer, with his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's creativity can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always in one way or another reflects the characteristics of the biography of the creator of the works. In the case of Dostoevsky this is especially noticeable.

Origin of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from the Rtishchev branch, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Rus'. For his special successes, he was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province. The Dostoevsky surname originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family became impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer’s grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author we are interested in, at one time graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received a position as a doctor in an office open to poor people, which was popularly nicknamed Bozhedomka.

Where was Fedor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the future writer's family was located in the right wing of this hospital. In it, set aside as a government apartment for a doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the boy’s first impressions, under the influence of which the future writer’s very unusual view of the world took shape. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.

The situation in the family of the future writer

The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in only two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and hot-tempered person.

Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different type: economical, cheerful, kind. The relationship between the boy's parents was based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, raising the future generation to respect the faith of their fathers. Maria Feodorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery.

First acquaintance with literature

The Dostoevsky family devoted a lot of time to education and science. At an early age, Fyodor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works with which he became acquainted were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky - Maria Fedorovna’s favorite writers.

Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age became acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. In the evenings, his father arranged for the family to read N. M. Karamzin’s work “History of the Russian State.” All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely influenced by the environment from which this writer came.

Mikhail Andreevich seeks hereditary nobility

In 1827, Mikhail Andreevich was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for his diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer well understood the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.

Tragedy from Dostoevsky's childhood

The future writer experienced a tragedy in his youth that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl, with a sincere childish feeling. One summer day a cry was heard in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. The women bent over the girl. From their conversation, Fyodor realized that the culprit of the tragedy was a drunken tramp. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.

Writer's education

Fyodor Mikhailovich received his initial education at a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came from there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents who later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (hero of Shipka). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, world and domestic history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

The tragedy of the "little man"

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to the noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The future writer’s erudition amazed his comrades. But the desire for loneliness and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. At the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called “little man”. Indeed, in this educational institution, the students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to their teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger and was often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which later reflected the work of Dostoevsky.

But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from both his comrades and teachers. Over time, everyone became convinced that this was a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.

Father's death

In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich’s father suddenly died from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed by men for his tough character. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he had a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service as an engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enrolled in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later, he decided to engage in literary creativity, a passion for which he had long felt. At first he began to translate classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea for a novel arose in letters entitled “Poor People.” This was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky’s work began. Then came the stories and stories: “Mr. Prokharchin”, “The Double”, “Netochka Nezvanova”, “White Nights”.

Rapprochement with the Petrashevites circle, tragic consequences

The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who held the famous “Fridays”. He was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of Petrashevites, socialist teachings and plans for revolutionary coups were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

However, the government learned about the circle, and in 1849, 37 participants, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

In Tobolsk, at hard labor

He went to Tobolsk in the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a Gospel in which money was invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for some time.

While in hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the “new Christianity” were from the feeling of Christ, whose bearer is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich brought out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, four years of hard labor was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here Dostoevsky's life and work continued. The writer served as a private, then receiving the rank of officer. He returned to St. Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Magazine publishing

At this time, Fyodor Mikhailovich’s spiritual search began, which in the 60s ended with the formation of the writer’s pochvennik beliefs. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time were marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began publishing a magazine called "Time", and after it was banned - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - Russian, a unique version of Christian socialism.

The writer's first works after hard labor

Dostoevsky's life and work changed greatly after Tobolsk. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work (“Humiliated and Insulted”) reflects Fyodor Mikhailovich’s sympathy for the “little people” who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powers that be. “Notes from the House of the Dead” (years of creation: 1861-1863), which the writer began while still in hard labor, also acquired great social significance. In the magazine "Time" in 1863, "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, Notes from Underground was published. This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work he renounced his previous ideals.

Further work of Dostoevsky

Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel entitled “Crime and Punishment” appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel in which an attempt was made to create a positive hero who confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Novels such as “Demons” (published in 1871) and “The Teenager,” which appeared in 1879, became widely known. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up Dostoevsky's work. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer was always interested in the problem of man above all others. Let's write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.

Man in creative writing

Throughout his entire creative career, Fyodor Mikhailovich reflected on the main problem of humanity - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation between people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky’s work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives; it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his entire life to the topic of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky short biography about the most important things

A brief message about the personal life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky for children in grades 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky - briefly about the life and work of the classic of Russian literature. His work had a great influence on the development of public consciousness, since in his works the writer raised extremely painful social problems of Russian society.
Speaking briefly about Dostoevsky, it should be noted that he, along with Leo Tolstoy, is the most widely read author in the world, whose works are in the first positions in the ratings of the best classical books. In many European countries, Dostoevsky is valued not only as a brilliant writer, but also as an outstanding psychologist. His work had a strong influence on many cultural and scientific figures. Among them were the French writer Camus, the great physicist Albert Einstein, psychologist Sigmund Freud and many others.

The writer's childhood

Dostoevsky was born in 1821 in the family of the staff doctor of the Mariinsky Hospital. The writer's father belonged to a noble family. He was a gloomy, nervous and irritable person, and when he drank, he became extremely cruel. It was this ferocity towards his peasants that became the reason for his death - Dostoevsky’s father, according to rumors, was killed by them.
Brothers Mikhail and Fedor continued their home schooling in a private boarding school.
The family loved to read. These were the works of Karamzin, poems by Derzhavin and Pushkin. Dostoevsky loved the works of Alexander Sergeevich most of all, and was very worried about the death of the poet. In 1837, the future writer suffered two heavy losses at once: the death of his mother from tuberculosis and the death of Pushkin in a duel.

Studying at a military school

With the death of his mother, childhood ended for the future writer. A year after this tragedy, Dostoevsky, briefly speaking, entered the Engineering School in St. Petersburg. It was his father's decision, and therefore the writer did not like to remember this time. Moreover, a year later he suffered another loss - the death of his father. This news made such a grave impression on Dostoevsky that he suffered an attack of epilepsy. Since then, the disease has made itself felt more than once.
During his studies, Dostoevsky, to put it briefly, was known as an unsociable and reserved person. His only close friend was the future famous writer Grigorovich.
The writer’s first literary experience is also associated with his student years. Having become acquainted with the work of Balzac, Dostoevsky was so inspired by it that he translated the novel “Eugenia Grande”, which was published. A year later he finishes his first novel, Poor People. His work was a resounding success. There are few writers in the world who become widely known immediately after the publication of their first book. Dostoevsky was one of them.

Arrest and hard labor

After graduating from college, the writer worked in the engineering department for only a year and then quit. In 1849 he was arrested as a member of the Petrashevsky circle. Despite the fact that the writer denied all accusations against him, he, along with the other nine arrested members of the circle, was recognized as one of the dangerous state criminals. According to the verdict, Dostoevsky, in short, was deprived of all civil rights, his title of nobility and the death penalty was chosen for him by hanging. At the very last moment, already on the scaffold, the death sentence was commuted to hard labor. He spent 5 years there.

After hard labor, the writer is sent to Semipalatinsk as a simple private. A year later, Emperor Nicholas I dies and Dostoevsky asks his influential acquaintances to help obtain a pardon. In 1856, the writer was given back his title of nobility and promoted to ensign. At the same time, he marries his old acquaintance, with whom he was deeply in love. The writer's happiness is overshadowed only by another epileptic seizure.

After returning to St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky, briefly speaking, began working on a magazine published by his brother. His new works appear in it, such as the novel “Humiliated and Insulted.”
In 1864, the writer's wife and his brother died. Dostoevsky, while traveling around Europe, becomes interested in playing roulette and loses huge sums. Debts force him to accept difficult terms of a contract with a book publisher. He must write a new novel in a short time. A month before the end of his term, Dostoevsky creates one of his famous works - the novel “The Gambler”. After this, he marries the stenographer to whom he dictated the book - Anna Snitkina. She managed to arrange the writer’s life, sort out his confusing financial situation and help him give up playing roulette forever.
After returning to St. Petersburg, the writer works a lot and fruitfully. “Demons”, “The Idiot”, “The Brothers Karamazov” were written at this time. Dostoevsky died in 1881 from progressive lung disease.