Spanish writer 4 letters ri s. The history of Spanish names and surnames, or what is the name of Pablo Picasso

Spanish names, so unusual, varied, and euphonious, are liked by many foreigners. How were these names born? Why do Spaniards have several names? Many names in Spain owe their origin to religious beliefs and Christianity, others appeared in ancient times and changed, taking on the appearance of the language of those who came to this territory (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, Jews, Arabs and others). A considerable part of the names bears the imprint of the vigorous activity of the conquistadors, conquerors of new lands during the heyday of Spain.

The riddle of the name

And in Spain there is a “strange” tradition of giving long names to your children. Did you know that a person whose name contains twenty-two words,– world-famous Spaniard? But he earned fame not because of this, but because of his creativity. Can you already name at least one first and last name of this character? If in doubt, then after reading the article, you will be able to confidently answer not only this, but also many other questions about Spanish names and surnames.

Esperanza and Concepcion from church books

Every Spaniard's name usually includes a personal name (nombre) and two surnames (apellidos). According to Spanish law, a person can have no more than two names and two surnames recorded in his documents.

Previously the Spaniards They gave their children several names because they believed that the child would have more guardian angels.At first these were the names given at baptism - nombre de pila (pila - font). These names were so called becausetraditional name officially recorded at the time of baptism and kept in church records.

Gradually, a tradition developed to call newborns by two names.

The first of them was given by the church: Jose (the name of Jesus' father) for boys and Maria (the name of Jesus' mother) for girls. The second, by which the person was addressed, was chosen by the parents according to family traditions. Girls often had this"abstract" name because it specified the name of the Madonna: Esperanza– hope), Concepción– conception), Dolores– pain), Encarnación– incarnation), etc.

Over time, this tradition has changed, and now parents can give any two names for your children and even more depending on your desire. Typically, the eldest son was given the first name in honor of his father and the second in honor of his paternal grandfather, and the eldest daughter was given the name of her mother and the name of her maternal grandmother. Thus, the same name was passed down from generation to generation.

Still, the main source of names in Spain iscanon , which indicate male and female names. The country's registration legislation is quite conservative and even harsh, so unusual new names are practically not used, especially if they cannot be used to determine a person's gender.

Interestingly, Spanish law allows the change of name or names, provided that the new name does not have more than two simple names or one complex name and the name is not “harmful” to the citizen, i.e. is not offensive or degrading.

It is also important to know that in an official setting it is customary to address someone by their full name, consisting of the first two names. This is similar to a Russian first and patronymic.

An example of the tradition of giving multiple names to newborns is the full name of the former king of spain , consisting of five components: Juan Carlos Alfonso Victor Maria (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María). However, only the first two are used in relation to him in official speech.

Six names of Salvador Dali

Spanish has created a special section that lists the 100 most common male and female baby names by year, starting in 2002. For example, in 2015 the mostcommon spanish names became Antonio and Maria Carmen.

A significant part of the names goes back to the Bible, and many of them have Jewish and Aramaic roots: Eva, Maria, Anna, Magdalena, Isabel, Martha, Jose, Juan, Jacob, Santiago, etc.This is the name of the famous Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava.

Among the names, Greek, German, Roman and Arabic are often found: Cesar, Ricardo, Daniel, Lucas, Martin, Hector, Elena, Catalina, Veronica, Paulina, Barbara, Erica, Matilda, Luisa, Carolina, Farida and Frida. There are names that are religious symbols: Maria de Pilar (pilar– pillar) and Paloma (paloma - dove).Sometimes girls are named after icons and statues. For example, the famous opera singerMontserrat Caballe named after Mary of Montserrat, revered in Catalonia– miraculous statue of the Virgin Mary from the monastery on Montserrat.

The name Salvador (salvador - savior) is also a religious symbol. It is widely known in the world thanks to one of the most prominent representatives of surrealism - Salvador Dali (Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech).

Pe, Jesusra and Chucho

Spaniards love to shorten names. Some of these forms are formed in the same way as Russian ones, using diminutive suffixes: Gabriel– Gabrielito, Fidel– Fidelito, Juana – Juanita. Truncated forms of names are sometimes used: Gabriel– Gabi or Gabri, Teresa– Tere, Penelope – Pe.

However, there are abbreviated forms that cause confusion among many foreigners: for very long names, the main part seems to be “torn off” (Concepcion– Conchita, Guadalupe– Lupita and Lupilla). Sometimes the connection between a diminutive and a full name cannot be detected by ear at all: Francisco– Pancho, Paco or Curro, Eduardo– Lalo, Alfonso – Honcho, Jose – Pepe, Anunciación– Chon or Chonita, Jesusa– Chucho, Chuy or Chus.

Diminutive forms are formed not only from individual names, but also from double ones: Jose Maria– Chema, Jose Angel– Chanhel, Juan Carlos– Huanca, Juancar, Huanqui, Maria Luisa– Marisa, Maria Teresa – Maite, Jesus Ramon– Hesusra, Hera, Herra, Chuimoncho, Chuimonchi, etc.

Another interesting fact is that recently such diminutive and abbreviated forms of names can be officially registered.

How many surnames does a Spaniard have?

Every Spaniard has two surnames: his father (apellido paterno or primer apellido) and his mother (apellido materno or segundo apellido). In official address, only the first one is used, i.e. paternal, surname. By inheritance, only the father's main surname is usually passed on, but in some cases (usually in noble families, as well as among the Basques), the mother's surnames of the parents are also passed on to the children.

For example, the famous poetFederico Garcia Lorca , we all know him by his mother’s last name – Lorca. However, his contemporaries called him Señor Garcia.

Sometimes, in addition to the two required surnames, a third one was given. It used to be that the longer the name, the higher the social status of a person.That's why many famous Spaniards have very long names.

Spanish women do not change their last name when they get married. They only add the husband's surname to the father's surname. For example, Laura Riario Martinez, having married a man with the last name Marquez, might sign herself Laura Riario de Marquez or Laura Riario, Señora Marquez. This is an old tradition, inherited from the Romans, when women, not having their own names, were called by their family name and kept it when they got married.

The most common surnames are Garcia, Fernandez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Martinez, Sanchez, Perez, Gonzalez.

Who were the ancestors of Zapatero and Almodóvar?

Many Spanish surnames end in -ez, such as Rodriguez. Initially, this was the name of the son, thereby denoting his belonging to the father. For example, Rodriguez is the son of Rodrigo.And in the case of such surnames as Martín, Simón and some others, simply the father’s name was taken as the surname, without any additions in the form of suffixes.

AND It has long been the custom to use the name of a person's place of origin as a surname, to which the name was attached using the preposition de: Juan de Valencia, Pedro de la Peña, Simón el Sevillano. For example, a surname with the preposition de for oneone of the most famous flamenco guitarists Paco de Lucía. Over time, the combinations lost de and became Juan Valencia, Pedro Peña, Simon Sevillano.

Surnames are formed according to the same principle.famous Spanish artist, a bright master of the Romantic era Francisco Goya ( Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes) and Spanish writer, creator of the novel "Don Quixote"Miguel de Cervantes (Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra).

Often there are surnames derived from the names of professions, occupations, religious concepts, positions or titles: Herrero (herrero - blacksmith), Sastre (sastre - tailor), Cabrero (cabrero - goatherd), Abad (abad - abbot), Monje (monje - monk), Conde (conde - count), Duque (duque - duke), Alcalde (alcalde - mayor). An example is the name of former Prime Minister José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero (zapatero - shoemaker).

The singers, father and son Julio and Enrique, became famous throughout the world.Iglesias's, but those who do not know Spanish do not think that their surname is associated with a religious theme (iglesia - church).

Here also It would be appropriate to recall the names of the famous Spanish actress, who was the first to receive an Oscar statuette, Penelope Cruz (cruz – cross) and the greatest opera singer Placido Domingo (domingo – Sunday).

Some surnames come from nicknames, nicknames, names of animals or plants: Gordo (gordo - fat), Calvo (calvo - bald), Rubio (rubio - blond), Feo (feo - ugly, ugly), Alegre (alegre - cheerful), Franco (franco - frank), Toro (toro - bull), Borrego (borrego – lamb), Manzano (manzana – apple), etc.

Many surnames are Arabic in origin and have undergone changes over the centuries. As a rule, they begin with “al” or are associated with the names of flowers, plants, trees, areas (Olmo, Castaño, Encina, Palma, Robles, Granados). The surname of the famous Spanish director, producer and screenwriter also belongs to these roots.Pedro Almodovar(Pedro Almodóvar Caballero).

Some of these surnames are quite common: García, Guzmán, Moreno, Guerra, Morales, Molina, Corté s. The surname of the Spanish conquistador was Arabic in origin.Hernan (Hernando, Fernando) Cortez(F Ernando Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano).

Citizenship for Sephardim

The names of Sephardim (Spanish Jews) deserve special attention. In 1492, the Catholic kings - Isabella of Castile and Fernando of Aragon - issued a decree according to which all Jews had to either leave the kingdom or become Christians. Those who chose the second path received Spanish surnames mainly based on their place of residence: Zamora, Toledano, Soria, etc. Jews - descendants of exiles from Spain - also have surnames such as Albo (white), Bueno (good, kind), Callado (quiet), etc. Although it is worth noting that there are native Spanish families who have the same surnames, but do not have Jewish roots.

In 2014, the Spanish government published a list of 5,220 Jewish surnames whose owners could potentially qualify for Jewish surnames.Spanish citizenship . Here are some of them: Aaron, Atias, Asraf, Baruch, Ben-David, Biton, Danon, Dadon, Zuarets, Hemo, Isaac, Medina, Moreno, Naftali, Saban, Schlesinger.

Solution

Now let's return to the question asked at the beginning of the article. Let's check the answers!

This hero of Spain -Pablo Ruiz y Picasso , whose full name is– Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima Trinidad Martir Patricio Ruiz and Picasso(Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martir Patricio Ruiz y Picasso). Impressive, isn't it? Now the name of some Sergio Carlos Alonso, a housemate, will no longer seem long...

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July 21 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of Ernest Hemingway. This date is celebrated both in his homeland - the USA, and in other countries of the world, among which Spain occupies a special place. After all, the writer loved this country and dedicated many of his works to it.

Two themes associated with Spain run through the entire work of Hemingway - writer and journalist. This is the romance of Spanish bullfighting, martial arts between man and bull, and the Spanish civil war of the thirties of the last century - the clash of the country's left-wing republican government with the army generals who rebelled, supported by fascist Germany and Italy.

The writer, in his own words, loved Spain very much, preferring only America to it. Why Spain? After all, Hemingway visited many countries. He lived in France, Cuba, traveled to Africa...

“Hemingway’s Spain is a country of bright colors, wild fun, fierce passions, thrills and hospitable, cheerful people,” explains the literary critic, professor at the University of Madrid Maria Salcedo. – Foreigners who come here are usually amazed by the bright sunshine. Hemingway, as his biographers have repeatedly noted, loved everything here: the light, the warmth, the smells of Spain, its food, its wines, the bounty of its land, its people. He visited almost every corner of the country, but most of all he liked Madrid, which he considered the personification of the whole country."

The future Nobel laureate became acquainted with bullfighting back in 1923, when he first arrived in the city of Pamplona, ​​where the feast of Saint Fermin is celebrated annually in early July - bullfighting and the famous jogging of thrill-seekers racing against fighting bulls are held. By the way, these runs, admittedly, became famous throughout the world thanks to the light hand of the writer. He described bullfighting in numerous journalistic works, as well as in the novels The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon.

Today, Pamplona is literally covered with plaques dedicated to Hemingway, and near the bullring there is a bust of him, on which the city mayor each year ties a red scarf, the distinctive sign of a participant in the feast of St. Fermin. In addition to the residents of Pamplona and other Spaniards, hundreds of Americans and Western Europeans take part in the running with the bulls, influenced by the works of Hemingway. Councilor of the City Hall of Pamplona Jose Sanchez tells how Pamplona recently celebrated the 50th anniversary of the writer’s last visit to the city: “It is to Hemingway that we owe the worldwide popularity of the feast of St. Fermin. We timed the anniversary to coincide with an international competition for the best Hemingway imitator double. It turned out to be the American Thomas Grisar. The prize was presented to the winner by the writer’s grandson John Patrick Hemingway, who was on the jury for the look-alike competition."

Hemingway himself visited the San Fermin festival nine times over the years. He last stayed at the La Perla Hotel, located in Plaza Castile in Pamplona. Now it costs 500 euros to spend the night in his room, and one thousand seven hundred on holidays. For the past 10 years, the room has been occupied for the holiday by the same Swedish citizen, a fan of bullfighting and Hemingway. Now the Swede has bought himself an apartment in Pamplona, ​​and the Americans have booked the room for many years in advance.

After some fights, the writer even personally bandaged the wounds inflicted by the bull on the bullfighter.

How can one explain Hemingway's passion for bullfighting?

“Hemingway seems to us to be a life-loving, emotional person with strong passions,” says Maria Salcedo. “His whole life confirms this.” He enjoyed and lived life to the fullest, not sparing himself. He also saw the play of passions in a bullfight. An almost equal fight between two living beings - a man and a bull. The fight is risky - martial arts on the verge of life and death. Bullfighting really evokes strong emotions, especially for us Spaniards. After all, this is both art and a bright holiday. I think that bullfighting attracted the writer precisely because of its beauty and its passion.”

In addition to Spanish bullfighting, Hemingway was a lover of both good Spanish wine and good cuisine. In Madrid, he usually dined at the Botin restaurant, which is located near the Plaza Mayor, the main city square in the historical center of the capital. This restaurant is now a place of pilgrimage for tourists who consider it their duty to dine at Hemingway’s favorite restaurant. Here guests can get acquainted with newsreels telling about the writer’s passion for Spanish cuisine:

“Whenever Hemingway came to Spain, Hemingway would certainly visit the Botin restaurant. He was connected by friendship with Emilio Gonzalez, the father and grandfather of the current owners of the restaurant. They remember how the writer over the years tried to learn how to cook “paella,” a type of Spanish pilaf. But It must be said that as a cook he succeeded much less than as a writer. For the evening, he usually ordered himself a roasted pig, which he accompanied with pink Navar wine. Here, in the restaurant, he transfers the action of the novel “The Sun Also Rises.” Today “Botin” "It is a must-visit destination for tourists, especially from the United States."

But let's go back to the 30s of the last century. In the spring of 1937, when the civil war was already raging in Spain, Hemingway went to this country as a war correspondent for the North American Newspaper Association and screenwriter for the documentary film “Land of Spain,” which was shot by the Dutch director Joris Ivens. His sympathies lie with the legitimate republican government of the country. The writer provides newsreel footage of the defense of Madrid, filmed on the front line, with his own comments.

Ernest Hemingway: The enemy is hiding in the basements of a destroyed building. These are Moroccans and Civil Guards. These are professional soldiers fighting against an armed people. They are trying to impose the will of the military on the people. That's why people hate them. The military rebellion would have been crushed in six weeks if the rebels had not received help from Italy and Germany.

During his trip to Spain, Hemingway makes acquaintances among the fighters of the international brigades, primarily in the Lincoln Brigade, where there were many Americans who came to help the Republicans. Friendly relations connect him with the Hungarian Mate Zalka, writer and military leader, the famous “General Lukács”. Subsequently, the writer grieved the death of this man. Returning to the United States in May of the same year, 1937, he began to raise funds for the Spanish people, the residents of Madrid, who found themselves in a desperate situation as a result of the conflict. His documentary depicting the tragedy of the Spanish War was shown on cinema screens.

Ernest Hemingway: Residents of Madrid spend the entire day queuing to buy something for dinner. But often the food runs out before it’s their turn. Sometimes a shell falls near the line. And then the expectations of family members turn out to be useless. They have no one else to bring food to them. The enemy, unable to capture the city, tries to destroy it by bombing.

Returning to his homeland, Hemingway speaks at the Second Congress of American Writers with an anti-fascist speech, by the way, the only speech of a political nature in his life. He says, in particular: “Truly good writers continue to be such under almost any political regime. There is only one form of government that is incompatible with good writers. We are talking about fascism. Fascism is the lie itself, invented by murderers. Writer "who does not lie cannot live and work under fascism."

The second trip to warring Spain took place in August 1937 and lasted until the end of January. At this time he lives at the Florida Hotel in Madrid. Sometimes shells explode in front of his windows and people die.

Ernest Hemingway: Death comes to the residents of this city every morning. It is sent by rebels stationed on the hills two miles from the city. Exploding shells and broken granite buildings smell of death. Why don't the people of Madrid leave the city? Because this is their city. This is their home, this is their work. This is their fight. The struggle for the opportunity to live with human dignity.

The result of the second trip was the author’s only theatrical work, “The Fifth Column,” about the siege of the Spanish capital. In 1938, he would make two more trips and witness the agony of the republican government. His reports from Spain continued to be full of optimism and belief in a Republican victory. And only years after the defeat of the Republic he would write: “The period of struggle - the spring of 1937 - when we thought that the Republic could win, was the happiest in our lives. The war was lost in advance, but during the war one cannot admit a possible defeat even to oneself "To yourself. If you admit it, it means you will be defeated in advance. After all, it is known that the one who does not admit defeat and continues to fight, ultimately wins, of course, if he does not die in the fight." Many literary scholars believe that in discussions about the Civil War the same idea of ​​Hemingway is heard, which was later formulated in the story “The Old Man and the Sea”: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. Man can be destroyed, but cannot be defeated.”

However, some researchers believe that during the years of the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway “became politicized”, thereby betraying himself. The writer, who always stood outside politics, praising individualism, lone heroes not associated with any ideology, suddenly took a very specific position in support of the Spanish Republicans, that is, the “Reds”. The critic Edmund Wilson even reproached him for being a Stalinist. A Spanish researcher of his work does not agree with this interpretation Maria Salcedo.

“He was a liberal, he was a rebel, he valued freedom,” says Maria Salcedo. “Of course, he was not a politician, but he was an idealist, like many of his compatriots. They supported the Spanish Republic because it opposed the military rebels of General Franco , whom Hemingway considered a fascist and an enemy of freedom. A similar position was taken by hundreds of Americans who went to defend the republic as part of the international brigades, being neither leftists, nor even communists. Their position is quite clear to those who know the traditions of America, where freedom is put above all else "These Americans, Hemingway among them, first of all defended freedom from totalitarianism, a cause that they continued during the Second World War."

The opinion of some of Hemingway's critics, who accused him of left-wing political leanings, is also refuted by the writer's subsequent work, first of all, his main work dedicated to the Spanish Civil War - the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, published in 1940. In it, the author rises above the conflict and presents war only as the greatest tragedy befalling humanity. Hence the most famous quote from his novel:

“There is no person who would be like an Island, in itself, each person is part of the Continent, part of the Land; and if a wave carries a coastal Cliff into the sea, Europe will become smaller, and the same if it washes away the edge of a cape or destroys your or a friend’s Castle yours; the death of every Man diminishes me too, for I am one with all Mankind, and therefore do not ask for whom the bell tolls: it tolls for You."

Random riddle:

Jail. There is a bypass river around the prison. 3 prisoners plan their escape at different times, without knowing about each other. The first convict escapes from prison, swims across the river, and is suddenly eaten by a shark. The 1st prisoner died. The 2nd escapes, swims across the river, suddenly the prison guards noticed him, quickly swam up on boats, stunned him, pulled him out by the hair and shot him while trying to escape. The 2nd prisoner also died. The 3rd prisoner escapes. Swims across the river, nothing stopped him, ran on and disappeared. The 3rd prisoner escaped. Question: where did I deceive you in three places? If you guess all three deceptions, I'll treat you to beer.

Random joke:

Does your hair have dry ends and oily roots? What a monstrosity - you either coat it with fat or dry it.

Did you know?

Mercury is a rather difficult object to observe at high latitudes of the Earth due to the fact that it is always observed at dawn - morning or evening - against the backdrop of the twilight sky, and quite low above the horizon (especially in northern latitudes). The period of its best visibility (elongation) occurs several times a year (lasting about 10 days). Even during these periods, it is not easy to see Mercury with the naked eye (a relatively dim star against a fairly light background of the sky). There is a story that Nicolaus Copernicus, who observed astronomical objects in the northern latitudes and foggy climate of the Baltic states, regretted that he had never seen Mercury in his entire life. At low latitudes, Mercury is clearly visible.