Examples of youth subcultures. youth subculture
Youth culture is one of the most complex phenomena. This is evidenced by the fact that until recently its very existence was questioned. Nowadays, the number of doubters about its existence has become insignificant, but the problems and difficulties associated with it remain.
The starting points for the study of youth culture are the concepts of youth and youth. Youth is a long phase or stage of life during which each person transitions from childhood to adulthood. The content of this transition is the process of socialization. Since this transition is not carried out alone, everyone making such a transition constitutes . The latter is a socio-demographic group whose common characteristics are age, social status and socio-psychological properties.
It should be said that these signs are very unstable and uncertain; they depend on the nature and level of development of society, culture and the characteristics of the socialization process. In general, the stage of socialization is increasingly extended. Thus, even in the last century, the period of youth most often ended by the age of 20, since by this age a person began his labor activity and entered adulthood.
Today, due to a sharp increase in the period of obtaining education, the upper limit of youth has risen to 30 years or even more. The same thing happens with the lower boundary, although in the opposite direction. Previously, it corresponded to 14 years. Now, due to the phenomenon of acceleration, it is sometimes pushed back to 10 years, especially if we're talking about about youth culture. However, most scientists agree that the age limits of youth are between 14 and 30 years.
These boundaries indicate that youth constitute a huge social group - almost half of the population of society. Because of this, its role in social and cultural life is constantly increasing. Largely for this reason, a completely new phenomenon has arisen in our time: if previously young people sought to become adults or look like them as quickly as possible, now there is a counter-movement from adults. They are in no hurry to part with their youth, they strive to maintain their youthful appearance, borrowing from the youth its slang, fashion, behavior and methods of entertainment. This phenomenon once again demonstrates that youth culture exists, that it forms, first of all, a phenomenon of our time.
At the stage of socialization, the marked characteristics of youth - age, social status and socio-psychological properties - undergo profound, qualitative changes. As age increases, physical, physiological and sexual development and maturation occur. The practically absent social status acquires very specific features: at the age of 18, a person is officially recognized as an adult, which implies corresponding rights and responsibilities.
Social and psychological properties also become quite definite and stable, forming a unique character. In addition, a person entering life receives an education, acquires a profession and qualifications, and masters the traditions, customs, ideals and values existing in society.
The main channels of socialization are family, school and higher education. educational institution, peer society, mass communication. At the same time, cultural socialization itself constitutes the predominant part in its scope and extremely important in its significance.
It is one of the consequences of the process of socialization in general and cultural in particular. Its socio-psychological origins lie in the desire of a young person and youth in general for self-awareness, self-affirmation, self-expression and self-realization. These natural aspirations do not always receive the necessary support. The fact is that almost all of the channels of socialization mentioned above, with the exception of peer society, consider a young person mainly as an object of influence.
In this case, the latter is simply required to accept and assimilate the content and values existing culture. However, a person entering the world does not agree to be a passive object; he does not accept everything in the proposed culture. His fresh look allows him to see things more clearly. that some elements of the culture of the older generation no longer correspond to the spirit of the times, while others need updating.
It is this process of critical reflection and creative renewal of culture, allowing one to truly make it one’s own, that ultimately leads to the emergence of youth culture.
In Western literature, the origins of youth culture are often considered in the light of the theory of “generational conflict”, the conflict of “fathers” and “children”. Such theories, as a rule, are based on Freud's system of psychoanalysis, the core of which is the well-known Oedipus complex. In the ancient myth of the tragedy of King Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother, Freud saw a universal explanation of all interhuman relations, including relations between generations and peoples.
His modern followers view the conflict of generations as the main and universal driving force of history. In their opinion, all previous history was a history of struggle between old and young, fathers and sons, mature masters and young apprentices, old professors and young students. Student and youth movements and youth culture are pointed out as modern manifestations of the struggle of generations.
Although the concepts of youth culture, based on the theory of generational conflict, reflect some features of this phenomenon, in general they suffer from obvious exaggerations, simplifications and schematism. First of all, they contradict the facts of history. In primitive society, the culture was homogeneous, there were no subcultures, as well as generational conflict. At subsequent stages of history, culture begins to differentiate, subcultures arise in it, in particular, urban and rural. However, young people do not yet constitute a special socio-demographic group, which does not give grounds to talk about a generational conflict.
Only in our time do young people become a relatively independent group and become the bearer of a special youth subculture, which, however, exists along with others - women's, urban, rural, etc. Now there are real opportunities for disagreements and contradictions to arise between generations.
Indeed, today the pace of social development is accelerating significantly. This leads to the fact that many principles of relationships, norms and rules of behavior, knowledge, ideals and values, the very conditions and way of life of the older generation, who underwent socialization 25-30 years ago, and the new generation turn out to be so different that they are fraught with potential opportunities for disagreements and contradictions that may develop into conflict. In addition, with age, a person’s ability to adapt decreases; he can no longer perceive and assimilate new things on an equal basis with young people. Therefore, older people are increasingly falling behind the accelerating pace of life. All this increases the likelihood of possible conflicts.
Nevertheless, there is always a fairly strong and solid layer in culture that ensures continuity between generations. But even if at a certain stage the culture does experience deep, radical changes, their real source is not a “conflict of generations.” The latter can only act as an external form of the changes taking place, while the real reasons are hidden much deeper. In addition, cultural revolutions do not occur so often, which also does not support the theory of “generational conflict”.
Young people most often diverge not from the entire culture of previous generations, but according to strengthening positions. First of all, she is not satisfied with the existing hierarchy of values. Typically, the elements that make up culture are arranged in the following order: education and intelligence, skill and skill, moral values, aesthetic values, etc. However, young people put morality first, followed by aesthetic, intellectual and other values. But she often looks at aesthetic and other values through the prism of morality. She is primarily interested in art moral issues. As shown sociological research, cultured person for her it is, first of all, a moral personality.
Generally typical for young people emotional and moral perception of the world. Her behavior is dominated by movements, actions and dynamics. It is equally characterized by a sharp contrast between good and evil, categoricalness and maximalism, intolerance to lies, injustice, hypocrisy, insincerity, indifference, etc. It is in this area that young people most often diverge from the culture of older generations.
Here it is most difficult for her to find mutual understanding and mutual trust. Therefore, often the best environment for it is peer communities, which can be both formal and informal. The latter are given clear preference, since they have less hierarchy, any rules and restrictions.
They are where young people feel most at home. Here it is easiest for her to find mutual understanding. They allow you to spend your leisure time with interest, discuss personal problems, and have fun. Through these communities, young people achieve emotional and moral self-affirmation. They turn out to be the main place for the creation of youth culture, which serves as the main form of self-expression and self-realization.
IN in the narrow senseyouth culture is a culture created by the youth themselves. In this respect it is similar to folk culture. In terms of its level, it is also often not too high, but this is compensated by genuine sincerity and honesty, frankness and captivating naivety. Like folk culture, youth culture to one degree or another contrasts itself with official, mass culture and, partly, high culture.
At the same time, youth culture goes beyond what is created by the youth themselves and includes culture specifically created for youth, including mass culture. A significant part of the cultural industry is focused on satisfying the needs and tastes of young people. This especially applies to leisure and entertainment, as well as fashion, the production of clothing, shoes, jewelry, cosmetics, etc.
Main types and forms youth culture is determined by the world of feelings and emotions. Central location occupies it music, because it is she who has the most powerful emotional impact. Only music can express feelings most deeply. It fills life with poetry, infects with energy, changes and lifts your spirits. Music can become the main means of communication. It is the best way to express yourself. The main genres are rock and pop music, and the entire culture is often called rock culture. Rock music in popular culture truly goes beyond art and becomes a style or way of life.
Along with rock and pop music, elements of youth culture also include slang (jargon), clothing, shoes, appearance, behavior, methods of entertainment, etc. Slang, or youth speech, differs from the generally accepted literary language in its special and small vocabulary, as well as increased expressiveness and emotionality. Clothing and footwear include primarily sneakers, jeans and a jacket. In appearance, great importance is attached to hairstyle and hair length: hippies have long hair, punks have short hair and are dyed in bright colors. All elements of culture carry a symbolic load; they signify the community and unity of the carriers of culture and emphasize its isolation and isolation from general culture.
Youth culture is subculture, existing along with others. It is a rather amorphous education, covering student, creative, working, rural youth, various kinds of marginalized people, etc. A significant part of young people are either not connected with it, or this connection is very weak, purely symbolic. Youth culture is divided into many groups and movements, the most active of which unite around certain rock ensembles.
Some of them are fans of some sports team - football, hockey, basketball, etc. For some time, one of the leading groups becomes a leader, then ceding its leadership to another: after the beatniks and hippies, punks appeared, then rockers, metalheads, etc.
In general, the role and significance of youth culture and its influence on general culture remain local. They are not comparable to the role and influence popular culture. However, at certain historical stages, the role and influence of youth culture can increase sharply both in scale and in importance. A striking example of this was counterculture movement, which took place in the West in the 60s, the main driving forces which was addressed by student youth and intellectuals.
Initially, the movement arose as a left-wing political movement. In the early 60s. it merged with the cultural movement and began to quickly gain momentum, becoming a powerful counterculture movement. Without abandoning political goals, it decided to go towards them not directly, but through culture and art, through a revolution in consciousness, lifestyle and value system. The movement was based on the ideas of J.-J. Rousseau, F. Nietzsche, 3. Freud. The guiding thread of the movement was the concept of the modern follower of Freudianism, G. Marcuse. outlined by him in the book “Eros and Civilization” (1955).
The counterculture came out with a complete rejection of the entire Western civilization and the dominant culture. According to its supporters, at the very beginning western civilization had two development trends, one of which was symbolized by Orpheus (Dionysus, Narcissus), and the second by Prometheus (Apollo, Hermes). Orpheus embodies free play and pleasure, love and beauty, sensuality and bliss.
Prometheus, on the contrary, symbolizes labor and necessity, reason and domination over nature, refusal and suppression of freedom, rationalism and practical benefit, restriction and repression of a person’s natural, sensual drives. The Western world chose Prometheus, and its entire evolution can be seen as a consistent forgetting of what Orpheus symbolizes - feeling, play and pleasure, and the affirmation of what Prometheus embodies - reason, work and benefit. The result of this evolution was a “repressive civilization”, based on the dominance of soulless technology, hard forced labor, the conquest of nature and the suppression of man’s sensual and aesthetic abilities. The counterculture came out with a rejection of technocracy, reason and intellect, which fetters and limits sensuality, and a denial of technology as a threat to art. The harshest criticism was directed against the cult of consumerism of mass society and mass culture. Of all the existing culture, according to supporters of the counterculture, the art of the avant-garde, which represented the real “kingdom of freedom,” was declared worthy of preservation and further development.
Counterculture proclaimed new system values, values in which a special place was occupied by a “new sensuality” freed from all external restrictions, freedom of expression, play, imagination and fantasy, “non-verbal” methods of communication, etc. On the path to achieving new values, great importance was attached to the search for a “new community”, the specific forms of which were various kinds of “communes” that arose on the basis of natural, spontaneous relations of brotherhood and love, devoid of any hierarchy or subordination.
A special role was assigned "sexual revolution" which was supposed to make love truly free, to rid it of all restrictions of the former sanctimonious morality. The sexual revolution was one of the main ways of forming a “new sensuality”.
As new values were put into practice, a transition had to take place from Promethean reason to Orphic sensuality, from productive labor to carefree play. The highest and final goal of the counterculture movement is proclaimed to be society as a work of art. Art in such a society - in the spirit of avant-garde - will have to merge with life itself. In this society, the path to aesthetic pleasure and enjoyment will no longer be mediated by art. Pleasure and enjoyment will arise directly in every activity understood as play.
One of the remarkable phenomena of the counterculture was "hippie", whose lifestyle and behavior were especially clearly shown by some character traits the whole movement. Their protest against the existing society and culture took the form of an escape from this life and culture. They chose Jesus Christ, Buddha, Gandhi, and Francis of Assisi as role models. They left the cities and lived in communes. Flowers were symbols of love, which hippies wore in their hair, on clothes, or embroidered on them, cut out of paper, and woven into wreaths. Hence their movement was called the “flower revolution”. Along with love, hippies were addicted to drugs.
In the early 70s. The counterculture movement is experiencing a crisis and is gradually fading away. It gives way to neoconservatism, which proclaimed a new system of values, in many ways the opposite of the counterculture. In the 70s youth culture is returning to its status as one of the subcultures.
Youth culture is a transitional stage in the life of young people. Along with the completion of the socialization process and inclusion in adulthood, young people become either consumers of mass culture or give preference to high culture, to one degree or another remaining faithful to some elements of youth culture.
Subcultures and counterculture
Culture, taken in all its manifestations, is heterogeneous and contradictory. Even inside is relatively holistic culture, for example, the culture of a particular people in a certain era, we can distinguish various groups people (rural, urban, professional, age, etc.) with their own special attitudes, values, preferences, customs. Consequently, all these groups exhibit relatively independent cultural tendencies. Such independent cultural spheres located within the dominant culture, are called subcultures.
Subcultures are characterized by a number of features that are reflected in the main areas of life of a particular group. For example, we can talk about the subcultures of youth, representatives of the art world or the criminal world, where they have their own special moral standards, language (jargon), manners, and style of behavior.
Many of these subcultures not only differ from the official culture, but are directly opposed to it. For example, the youth movements of the 1960s were distinguished by a sharply critical attitude towards the values accepted in the dominant culture. (hippies, rockers, punks, etc.) Taken together, such protest subcultures form a counterculture. Thus, counterculture can be called a set of attitudes directed against official culture.
The entire process of cultural history is sometimes presented as a struggle between official culture and counterculture. For example, Christian communities in the first centuries of the new era sharply contrasted their values with the dominant attitudes of the era of antiquity and the time of decline. In the Soviet Union, all attitudes directed against communist and state ideology were recognized as countercultural. In both cases, the counterculture after for long years struggle supplanted official culture and took its place.
Such global changes in culture occur extremely rarely - in times of crisis, when dominant values no longer correspond to the changed reality. The rest of the time they remain an unclaimed reservoir of innovation. Modern interest to countercultures both in the West and in Russia is due precisely to the fact that modern culture shows all the signs of a systemic value crisis. It is possible that ways out of this crisis are now being formed in protest countercultures.
Counterculture
Counterculture- sociocultural attitudes that oppose the fundamental principles underlying a particular culture, characterized by a rejection of established social values, moral norms and ideals, standards and stereotypes of mass culture. The term “counterculture” appeared in Western literature in 1960. It was introduced by American sociologist Theodore Roszak (b. 1933), who attempted to unify various spiritual influences directed against the dominant culture into a relatively coherent phenomenon. Counterculture theory aimed to overthrow modern culture, which seemed to be organized violence against the individual. This protest took place various shapes- from passive to extremist.
Youth counterculture has become the most significant in the life of modern humanity. Initially it was directed against the technocracy of industrial society. Property, family, personal responsibility and other fundamental values of modern civilization were proclaimed superstitions, and their defenders were viewed as retrogrades.
The most famous example of counterculture were the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s. beatniks and hippies, who concentrated anti-bourgeois ideas and opposed the Western way of life and bourgeois morality. In the mid-1940s. the founders of beatnikism D. Kerouac, W. Burroughs A. Ginsberg began to experiment with the concepts of friendship, a new vision and a new consciousness, and in the 1950s. their books appeared, where they tried to substantiate a new worldview associated with the poeticization of masculinity, masculinity and rebellion, the rejection of puritanism and hypocrisy of bourgeois morality and the traditions of consumer society. These searches led them to the East, instilling in subsequent generations an interest in Buddhism and psychedelic practices, which hippies were especially fond of.
By the 1960s The range of youth movements in the counterculture has expanded, increasingly involving teenagers - teenagers from 13 to 19 years old - into their ranks.
Rockers- leather-clad motorcyclists, terrifying on ordinary people who cultivate the “masculine spirit,” cruelty and directness of interpersonal relationships based only on physical strength. They are aggressive, rude, loud and confident. The embodiment of their lifestyle is rock music, the heavy and simple rhythm of which fits well into their lives.
Punk movement became especially popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The punks shocked respectable people with their breathtakingly colored and designed hairstyles and curse words, as well as with their outfits - old school uniform, “decorated” with garbage bags, toilet chains, and pins. They were opposed teds(“Teddy Boys”), who declared themselves the guardians of social order, and fashion(“modernists”), who sought to get closer to the middle class. Later they broke away from the “mods” skinheads, or “skinheads”, aggressively disposed towards all deviant, from their point of view, groups.
In other words, these movements arise, then decline, but new movements are born and suffer the same fate. But they do not disappear without a trace. Their value orientations dissolve in the bosom of the dominant culture, which begins to change under their influence. It can be said that countercultures have a powerful creative charge that contributes to the dynamics of culture.
The presence of counterculture is not a specific feature of the 20th century. Confrontation with the dominant culture, the birth of new values occurs in world culture again and again. How Christianity arose as a counterculture in the Roman Empire, secular culture during the Renaissance, romanticism at the end of the Enlightenment. Any new culture is born as a result of awareness of the crisis of the culture of the previous period on the basis of existing countercultural attitudes.
Subculture
Subcultures- large components of integral local cultures (ethnic, national, social), distinguished by certain local specifics of certain features and arising due to the fact that any society is heterogeneous in its composition and includes different social groups- national, demographic, professional, etc. Despite the differences between them, they have some common values and norms, determined by general living conditions - the dominant culture. But the differences between groups at the same time shape each of them own culture, called a subculture. In essence, it is part of the general culture of a people, in some aspects different from the dominant culture, but in its main features consistent with it. As a rule, subcultures are associated with large, compactly located and relatively isolated groups of people. Typically, subcultures are located on the outskirts of the area of distribution of an integral culture, which is associated with the specific conditions that have developed there. The formation of subcultures occurs according to ethnographic, class, confessional, professional, functional characteristics, based on age or social specifics. The social group that has formed the subculture may differ from representatives of the dominant culture in language, lifestyle, behavior, customs, etc. Although the differences can be very strong, the subculture does not oppose the dominant culture and includes a number of values of the dominant culture, adding to them new values characteristic only of non-dominant ones. Examples of subcultures include rural and urban cultures. Thus, Russian Old Believers differ from the basic culture in the specificity of their religious views; the specific way of life of the Cossacks is associated with their special professional functions as defenders of the country’s borders; the subculture of prisoners arises due to their isolation from the general population; subcultures of youth and pensioners arise in connection with age differences, etc.
As a rule, subcultures strive to maintain a certain autonomy from other cultural layers and groups and do not claim the universality of their culture or their way of life. Because of this, they are distinguished by a certain locality and a certain isolation, but remain loyal to the basic values of this culture. Subcultures are only deviations from the main path of cultural development. They do not set as their goal to remake the dominant culture, but adapt to it in their own way and in this way differ from the counterculture, which seeks to remake the world.
Content:
Subculture concept
What are modern youth associations, what are they based on and how do they influence the formation of the personality of adolescents and young people - these are the questions that most teachers ask. The answers to them, we hope, will tell adults how to use the attributes and elements of youth subcultures for pedagogical purposes.
Subculture concept
On one of the Internet sites there is a list of common phrases of a modern person, for which in 1990 a person was threatened with ending up in a psychiatric hospital. For example, “I’ll call you back from the forest.” Another example: in a bookstore, up to two-thirds of books have titles and genres that were impossible a couple of decades ago.
In the lives of teenagers, boys and girls, young people, these socio-technical innovations and cultural influences take shape in the form of modern youth subcultures and activities.
Subculture - these are patterns of behavior, life styles, specific values and their symbolic expression of a social group.
Not only age cohorts and special layers of youth, but also professional groups have their own subcultures. Subcultures Doctors, astronauts, actors, TV people, teachers have them... The usual teacher words “window”, “clock”, “rusichka”, “extension” are not understood by all representatives of other professions. Try to decipher the slang of TV journalists: “brick”, “canned food”, “live”, “ruler”, “parquet”... Distinctive cultural features are also inherent in political associations: the subculture of the same communists is not very similar to the subculture of liberals.
youth subculture – These are patterns of behavior, clothing styles, musical preferences, language (slang), specific values and their symbolic expressions characteristic of groups of young people (12−25 years old).
Youth subcultures have existed for a long time, at least since the second half of the twentieth century. In our country, they attracted the attention of society and the media in the 1980s. In those years, bearers of such special cultural practices were usually called participants in informal youth associations. Most famous examples– hippies, punks, rockers, metalheads.
The main socio-psychological feature of informal youth associations is symbolization appearance, lifestyle, behavior, in particular, clothing, speaking style. For example, long hippie hair is not only long hair, but also a symbol of freedom; the English-language layer of hippie slang is an orientation toward Western patterns of behavior; an apartment where informal people gather is not just a room, but a flat, where everyone is their own, united by an unpretentious style of everyday life.
Gromov Dmitry Vyacheslavovich, candidate psychological sciences"Youth subcultures"The predominant orientation of those youth and youth groups was asocial. Asocial, but not antisocial! Asociality in this terminology is interpreted as non-acceptance of the norms of appearance, behavior, communication, and pastime prevailing in official society. While antisociality is the orientation of an individual, a group containing an aggressive principle opposing society and tending to merge with a criminal culture.
The number of young people, teenagers belonging to youth subcultures 15–20 years ago, even in big cities, was small. According to a number of surveys in the early 1990s, 1-3% of boys and girls definitely considered themselves to be informal groups.
In the 2000s, significant changes occurred and are occurring in youth culture. First of all, this is the increase, the growth of youth groups, united by new, sometimes very unusual, types of activities, such as role-playing games (role-playing games), mountbacks, fire shows, photo crosses, city games (watches, encounters, quests), parkour, street dances, street balls, graffiti, paintballs, bikers, stretchers. Some of these groups, the same bikers and racers, significantly go beyond the youth age.
Sometimes a subculture of its own arises around such activities: its own clothing traditions (the same cap for mountain bakers or the gloves of fire fighters), its own idols, gathering places, traditions, rules of “hanging out.” But often young men and teenagers, getting carried away by new activities, do not perceive themselves as belonging to any special group. For them, activity is just activity.
Modern youth subcultures
The main distinctive features of modern youth subcultures are, firstly, an increase in the number of activity associations (that is, those in which some specific, relatively new youth activity is organized); secondly, the immersion of modern youth subcultures in the vastness of the Internet, where they look for “their own,” organize meetings and events, identify idols, and use its capabilities to organize relevant activities.
From a pedagogical point of view, several bases can be identified for the classification of modern subcultures.
First of all, this is the attitude of a particular youth subculture to those accepted in society social values. We can talk about three social and value orientations of youth subcultures:
- procultural (prosocial) subcultures: most musical styles and role-playing games);
- antisocial: hippies, punks, metalheads, emo;
- countercultural (antisocial): youth groups close to the adult criminal subculture, skinheads in their radical form.
Another basis for classification is the degree of inclusion of activity in a young person’s lifestyle. Based on this criterion, it is possible to divide youth subcultures into behavioral and activity-based.
Behavioral subcultures include those in which the main features (the core of the subculture) include styles of clothing, appearance, behavior, and communication characteristic of representatives of these groups. For these communities of teenagers and young people, constant engagement in any activity is not an important group characteristic (for example, goths, emo, hipsters).
Activity subcultures include those teenage, youth, youth communities in which the main feature is a passion for specific youth activities that require individual activity to one degree or another (for example, role-players, parkour artists, graffiti artists).
Modern youth activities themselves, which are more or less subcultural in nature, can be divided into sports, art activities and games.
Sports activities:
- parkour – cross-country with natural obstacles in a populated area;
- mount bake – jumping and “acrobatic” exercises on special (“mountain”) bikes;
- frisbee - throwing a plastic disc;
- sox (footbag) - games with small balls filled with sand;
- skateboarding – exercises on a board with rollers;
- snowboarding - exercises on a board on a snowy slope.
Art activities:
- streetdance – dance styles, developing the traditions of breakdancing;
- fire show - juggling with luminous objects, including fire;
- graffiti - drawing on buildings, fences, etc. in a specific visual technique.
Games:
- role-playing games - role-playing by a group of people of situations based on the content of a book (or film) in the form of spontaneous actions of player characters corresponding to the original plot;
- historical reconstruction - role-playing games in which historical events are played out on the ground;
- urban orienteering (encounters, photocross, patrols, etc.) - games in the form of competition between teams in orienteering in a real rural or urban environment, completing tasks along the route;
- computer online games.
But let us repeat: participation in these types of activities does not necessarily mean that a boy or girl belongs to one or another subculture; often the activity remains just an activity.
Reasons why subcultures are attractive
At the personal level, youth subculture is a way of compensating for a negative attitude towards oneself, insufficient self-esteem, and non-acceptance of the image own body and style of behavior (including non-compliance with masculine and feminine standards).
The fact of joining a subcultural group allows you to exaggerate your dissimilarity, giving yourself an aura of exclusivity and specialness.
Socio-psychological reasons are associated with the emotional attractiveness of the informal lifestyle, which does not (unlike the normative, school one) impose increased demands on focus, dedication, and responsibility.
We can talk about three groups of probable consequences, trends in the influence of youth subculture on the socialization of a young person:
- a positive tendency is manifested in the development of social roles in a group, social and cultural self-determination, creative self-realization (in specific subcultural forms), social trials and social experimentation;
- a socially negative tendency is found in joining criminal or extremist subcultures, alcohol and drugs;
- the individual negative tendency manifests itself in the avoidance of social and cultural self-determination, self-justification of infantilism, and escape from social reality.
Determining which trends prevail in a particular subculture, and even more so in the life of a particular young person, is very difficult.
Sources and influence
There are several sources for the emergence of a subculture in Russian youth reality.
It's no secret that over the past 15–20 years, the daily lives of adults and children have changed a lot. The transition to a market-oriented social system, accompanied by openness to Western (Europe, the United States of America) and Eastern (Japan, Korea) cultures, has shaken and even dissolved many traditions, values, and stable relations of Russians. No less a force changing people's lives was the new scientific and technological revolution, embodied, first of all, in the phenomena of the computer, the Internet, and the mobile phone.
One of the ways of broadcasting youth subcultures is their relatively spontaneous spread. However, spontaneous spread is often a by-product of quite purposeful activity. social institutions: Media, parties, fashion distributors, etc.
Another way is youth and commercial organizations they take spontaneously existing forms of youth leisure and transform them into completely organized ones (for example, a commercial street dance competition). And this process requires special technologies. According to experts, when interacting with potentially positive informals, it is necessary to maintain at least three rules: negotiate with leaders, provide them with funds and opportunities for actions, events (time, platforms, technical means) and agree on restrictive norms of behavior and activity (which should be minimal!) during organized events.
From the standpoint of social education, that is, education in schools, camps, and additional education structures, three main pedagogical strategies can be distinguished in relation to specific types of youth activities: not to notice, to expect spontaneous penetration into social life and then to work with it, or to purposefully analyze the educational potential youth activities and use it in the interests of personal development.
Educational potential of youth subcultures is that the forms, types, directions of teenage and youth activities that have arisen in the non-pedagogical sphere, including in the sphere of free communication of young people, which have the potential, with appropriate pedagogical instrumentation, of a socially positive nature.
The practice of modern education rather timidly comes into contact with such teenage and youth realities. Moreover, most often this contact occurs in situations of summer camps, in children's public associations and much less often at school.
Mikhail Lurie “Youth subcultures are the path to yourself or an escape from reality”Probably one of the main questions, the solution of which will show whether practical pedagogy is coming to terms with the lives of modern teenagers and high school students or whether they (pedagogy and life) are increasingly moving away from each other, is whether they will gain class teachers, educators have the desire and ability to see, pedagogically comprehend and draw new youth activities and hobbies into the circle of their actions.
Sergey Polyakov, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk.
- This is the third international event organized by. In 2013, a three-day conference was held, and in 2015, the International Anniversary Conference “Youth and Society: In Search of New Solidarities” was held.
– What are the most striking youth subcultural practices and communities that can be identified in modern Russia?
– This conference is notable for its emphasis on new types of urban communities and formations, interactions and communications of youth, both in Russian cities, and in the global dimension. It is difficult to say what new cultural youth types have emerged in modern Russia. We note several key trends that we find most interesting in the modern youth space. Firstly, some fading of subcultural activities in their “classical” version. It's not that subcultures have disappeared. Rather, we are talking about the fact that some key and significant core values, around which subcultural solidarity was formed, are becoming more mobile and “soft.” And these values can be perceived by wider audiences, i.e. subcultures are losing their closedness, which was inherent in them in the classical sense. At the same time, within the subcultural scenes themselves there is a constant fragmentation, the identification of new and new subtypes, such more targeted formations that, while maintaining the most significant value, at the same time develop an additional special quality that separates them, distinguishes them and makes them recognizable among other subcultures.
– What does the extinction of subcultural activities in their “classical” version mean?
– Using the example of the Gothic scene, we see that they (the Goth subculture) are actually disappearing. We made this conclusion, among other things, based on data collected during a survey of students who recognized Goths as a separate subculture only in St. Petersburg (the survey was conducted in St. Petersburg, Ulyanovsk, Kazan, Makhachkala). And then a very small percentage of young people are familiar with who the Goths are, and only a few admitted that they are part of this subculture. But the very idea of promoting the cult of dark forces or something incomprehensible, mysterious, otherworldly meaning was accepted by a variety of smaller groups, small communities, and these ideas continue to gather “followers”, but mostly it goes into the music scene.
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– So subcultures are no longer so closed?
– Using the example of classical subcultures, we see that they were formed based on 4-5 key ideas. For example, for hippies such ideas were unisex, a fundamental rejection of violence, pacifism, anti-capitalist values, the cult of movement and travel, soft drugs, the search for a different reality, refusal to necessarily follow the accepted one in society. successful career, cult of nature and everything natural, including close relationships, rejection of militarism, war, etc. If, for example, we talk about “Hipsters” or “Teddy Boys” - this is still a cult of style and special communication, these are young people who have a higher status due to a rather shocking, special style that brings them (at least symbolically) closer to a more high class. If these are skinheads, then the ideas of workers, male brotherhood, tough heterosexual masculinity, strength, aggression, protection of local values (one’s territory), such male solidarity prevail here. If we talk about punks, then this is a symbolic challenge to the consumer society, the cult of gloss, and disdain for money and wealth. And they are developing the DIY economy, veganism, vegetarianism and so on. All these and other key “points” and ideas begin to be perceived by broader youth groups, modified, refracted through local features, and implemented in a more diverse subcultural youth space and participation.
– This was all about the first trend, but what other trends do you highlight?
– The second trend that I would like to note in the youth space today is the development of sports practices that define urban functionality differently, i.e. reformat the city in terms of the convenience and applicability of a specific place or places for sports. And here we see “natural” and “commercialized” sports – fitness. By the first, we mean such types of sports practices as parkour, tracing, workout, where young people refuse any commercial forms (paid fitness, trainer, etc.), and focus on the natural. Here we also see other types of careers that do not involve finance or commercial success.
The third popular trend is an emphasis on a healthy lifestyle, which, by the way, intersects with the previous trend. And here it is worth mentioning a real healthy lifestyle, where practices are implemented through asceticism in consumption, which can manifest itself not only in the refusal of alcohol, smoking, drugs, but also in simply a certain ideology of ascetic food (vegans, vegetarians, etc.), as well as virtual healthy lifestyle, for example, communities on VKontakte, pages of certain people on Instagram, in which photographs appear, tips on maintaining a healthy lifestyle and data from groups and pages collect hundreds of thousands of subscribers.
Fourthly, I would like to highlight activism, which over the past five years has also become a trend among young people. Young people and women are involved in formally organized structures or movements that may or may not be funded, such as student organizations or organized NGOs. But more and more often we come across a variety of initiatives, informally created, refusing commercialization, acting exclusively independently. And here, too, there is a trend towards being involved in some kind of civic activity and participating in some form in the management of the city.
All these trends characterize youth as a very heterogeneous social group, and this diversity helps to see and understand new types of youth involvement in the city.
– How do you solve this problem?
– If we talk about deproblematization at the methodological level, at the level of research practices and techniques, then we solve this problem using different methods. We not only try to capture the overall picture using survey techniques, but also strive to understand the different meanings and interpretations of young people regarding certain political and cultural practices, we pay attention to the features of youth rhetoric in order to avoid any moral, value judgments that may manifest itself in the formulation of questions or the conduct of interviews. We try to reproduce youth everyday life as accurately and completely as possible; we listen to the youth themselves and enter into equal communication with them. This is precisely where the understanding of youth as an active, reflective subject, and not as an object of political manipulation and control, is manifested.
And finally, the actual rhetoric of academic writing is very important. A very important point is how we present research results: presentations, articles, books. We strive for the most inclusive and frank view so as not to distort with our own assessment what we heard in the interview or saw during the observation. Thus, if we manage to show all this diversity and find common features and trends, it seems to us that the methodology has been implemented successfully.
– Please introduce Professor Hilary Pilkington as a researcher. Why did you feel it was important to invite her?
– Professor Hilary Pilkington She works at the University of Manchester and is a sociologist. She and I have been working together for more than 20 years and have carried out many joint projects and research together. During collaboration the main strategy, the concept of youth research, was developed. It's hard to say whose contribution is greater. It's more like this general a joint project, during which we all learned from each other. We consider her to be the formal and informal academic director of the school of youth studies. In addition, key books were written together with her -"Looking West" and a book about skinheads“Russia’s Skinheads: exploring and rethinking subcultural lives” , many joint articles and general academic activities. Hilary is a very honest and distinguished, well-known sociologist with an established reputation in Britain and Europe. At the same time, she is a very effective leader. Under her leadership, the third international project, each of which involves more than 15 European countries. It's global and very ambitious projects. Receiving such grants and such large projects speaks volumes about its reputation.
The first such project, MyPlace, was dedicated to historical memory and the attitude of youth to history in countries that have experienced war and the situation of a totalitarian regime, the second (HORIZONT 2020) is a project about the inclusion of youth in society, new forms of youth participation and exclusion. We are just now starting a third project together; it is dedicated to the radicalization of youth activism, primarily related to religion. She is a very strong researcher. By the way, the book she wrote “Loud and Proud: Passion and Politics in the English Defense League (New Ethnographies)”. The British Sociological Association recently named it the best book of 2016.
She is not only a strong sociologist, but also a good friend of the Center for International Research, so it is extremely important and honorable for us that she will open this conference.
– What is the purpose of the conference?
– The purpose of our conference is to look at the diversity of youth cultural activities as a space for learning, growing up, experimenting, protest, creativity, and communication.
To do this, we intend to invite empirical scholars from different disciplines and countries to participate in the conference in order to discuss contemporary youth cultural contexts and the latest approaches to youth research.
– How can I become a participant in the conference?
– To participate in the conference, you must send an abstract of no more than 350 words along with a cover letter, which should indicate your place of work and position, email addresses and telephone number for contact. Abstracts can be prepared in Russian or English and must be sent before May 28, 2017 to: [email protected]. The selection results will be known on June 11, 2017. We are waiting for applications!
· Hipsters
Hipsters, hipsters (indie kids) is a term that appeared in the United States in the 1940s, derived from the slang “to be hip,” which roughly translates as “to be in the know” (hence the “hippie”). This word originally meant a representative of a special subculture formed among fans of jazz music; in our time it is usually used in the sense of “wealthy urban youth interested in elite foreign culture and art, fashion, alternative music and indie rock, arthouse cinema, modern literature, etc.”
Ideology:
Some call hipsters “anti-capitalists,” liberals with a socialist philosophy. The representatives of this subculture themselves do not openly promote anything; they are in every possible way for the external and internal freedom of a person, and therefore support movements for women’s and gay rights. Hipsters, as a rule, do not belong to any religious denomination; most often they are agnostics or atheists.
Origin:
Hipsters are the most controversial subculture in terminology. There is still fierce debate about its appearance. It is usually dated to the late forties. Judging by the composition of the people drawn into this subculture, we can say with confidence: there were neither racial boundaries nor social restrictions for hipsterism.
Burroughs wrote in “Junkie”: “The hipster is the one who understands and speaks jive, who knows the trick, who has it and who has it.”
It is now known for certain that this subculture originated in New York. Moreover, just like the original concept, it is also modern.
A hipster listens only to trendy music. In the 40s he was drawn to jazz, in the 60s - to psychedelic rock. Hipsters of the 90s were the first to know what trip-hop was. The modern hipster listens to Americans Clap Hands Say Yeah and Arcade Fire, etc. Some people are seriously interested in collecting records and CDs of certain styles: jazz, noise or indie rock.
Attributes:
Skinny jeans.
T-shirt with print. The T-shirt usually features funny phrases, animals, sneakers, cars, chairs, Moleskins, Lomographs and London.
Glasses with thick plastic frames. They often have glasses without diopters.
Lomograph.
iPod/iPhone/MacBook.
Blog on the Internet.
Football hooligans
Football hooligans are representatives of one of the youth subcultures, characterized by the fact that they consider belonging to the category of football fans of a certain team (club) as a symbol of their association into certain groups within the subculture. Like any other subculture, football fanaticism has certain features that characterize it: “professional” slang, certain fashions in clothing, behavioral stereotypes, hierarchical societies, opposing oneself to “opponents,” etc.
Origin:
Football hooliganism in the form in which it exists on currently, began to emerge in Great Britain in the late 1950s.
In Russia, the process of the emergence of a new subculture is directly related to the beginning of the away activities of a certain part of fans of Soviet clubs. Fans of Spartak were the first to attend away games of their club in the early 1970s; they were soon joined by fans of other Moscow teams, as well as fans of Dynamo Kyiv and Zenit Leningrad.
Currently:
Currently, Russian “near-football” can be called an established social phenomenon with a clear pronounced features English style supporting the club both at home and away matches. Almost all clubs of the Russian national football championship, right down to the teams of the second league, have their own gangs (in slang - “firms”). Among Russian hooligans, the ideas of Russian nationalism are very strong.
It is worth distinguishing between football hooligans and an organization such as ultras. Ultras are highly organized fans of a particular club. The Ultras group is, as a rule, an officially registered structure that unites from ten to several thousand of the most active fans engaged in all kinds of information promotion and support for their team - promotional attributes, popularization of their movement, distribution and sale of tickets, organization of special shows in the stands, organizing trips to away matches of your favorite team.
Signs:
· Lack of paraphernalia typical for ordinary fans (T-shirts, club-colored scarves and pipes).
· Jackets, T-shirts, polos, sweaters from Lonsdale, Stone Island, Burberry, Fred Perry, Lacoste, Ben Sherman and more.
· White sneakers with Velcro and straight soles.
· Rectangular shoulder bags pulled higher towards the back or kangaroo-type handbags worn over the shoulder and pulled closer to the neck.
Football hooligans have their own style and their own brands, their own pubs, their own music bands, their own feature films.
Some hooligan slang words:
Action is an operation carried out by a group of fans against another
Argument - stone, bottle, stick, iron buckle, etc.
Bamner is a banner (usually with the emblem of a club or fan group) placed by fans in the stands during a match. - As a rule, contains a concise, relevant statement that is directly related to the topic of the match
Departure - a trip of fans to another city/region/country for a match of their team
To endure - to win a fight with fans of another team
Glumam - active support of the team in the stands
Demrby (English Derby) -- 1. a meeting of two teams from the same city; 2. a meeting between two teams at the top of the standings
Zaryamd - chant
Lefty - fans who are not related to official fan associations
Myamchik - football match
Promvody - attack during departure of one fan group to another
Romza - scarf with club attributes
Scamut - scout
Trophy - a removed scarf, a taken away yarn or flag
Rastafarians
Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism.
Rastafarianism is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that arose in Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s based on a mixture of Christianity, local Caribbean beliefs, the beliefs of blacks - descendants of slaves from West Africa and the teachings of a number of religious and social preachers (primarily Marcus Garvey ), which led to the formation of the reggae music style in the 1960s.
The emergence of Rastafarianism in Russia:
In Russia, this youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space in the early 1990s. Moreover, its representatives are not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. Many people listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the green-yellow-red color combination for identification (for example, in clothing), and some wear dreadlocks.
One of the first representatives of the Rastafarian movement in Russia is the reggae music group “Jah Division”, which appeared in 1989.
Now in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities there are quite large Rastafarian communities that hold cultural events (usually concerts or festivals), maintain websites, and publish media materials. Almost all Russian reggae groups consider themselves Rastafarian - at least they use characteristic symbols and revere Bob Marley.
Ideology:
Usually Rastafarians advocate the legalization of marijuana, which is reflected in songs and paraphernalia.
Rastafarians have a positive attitude towards Jah and a negative attitude towards the so-called “Babylon” as a pragmatic socio-political system based on Western material culture.
Many Rastafarians also have a negative attitude towards taking opiates, amphetamines and alcohol, as well as a negative attitude towards taking psychedelics, which does not at all make them related to the hippie subculture, as is commonly believed, but on the contrary, repels them.
o Ultra-right. NS skinheads
Ultra-right, extreme right, radical right is a term for those with extreme right-wing political views. IN modern world used primarily to refer to racial supremacists, neo-fascists, neo-Nazis and ultranationalists.
NS skinheads (Nazi skinheads or National Socialist skinheads) are a youth far-right subculture, whose representatives adhere to National Socialist ideology, one of the directions of the skinhead subculture. The activities of NS skinheads are usually extremist in nature.
Origin:
Initially, the skinhead subculture arose in Great Britain in the late 60s of the 20th century. It was apolitical in nature and was closely associated with the English subculture of this period - mods, as well as with black Jamaican emigrant youth and the popular music of that time among them - reggae and, in to a lesser extent, ska.
NS skinheads appeared towards the end of 1982, as a result of political agitation by the leader of the rock band Skrewdriver (which later became a cult for NS skinheads). Then, for the first time, the Celtic cross was borrowed as a symbol of their movement, and the image of the NS skinheads (in the image of the Crusaders) was formed - soldiers of the Holy Racial War who fights against - not all Aryans, mainly numerous immigrants from third world countries, but also homosexuals, drug addicts and left-wing youth.
At the turn of the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the NS skinhead subculture penetrated into Russia.
Ideology
NS skinheads position themselves as a national liberation movement and fight for the ideas of superiority of the white, Aryan race, while striving for racial separatism.
NS skinheads are extreme racists, anti-Semites and xenophobes, opponents of illegal immigration, mixed marriages and sexual deviations, especially homosexuality.
NS skinheads consider themselves defenders of the interests of the working class, in some cases citing the fact that newcomers take jobs
A special cult among NS skinheads exists around the personality of Hitler and some other leaders of the Nazi movement.
Many NS skinheads are agnostics or even atheists. In Russia, there are groups of NS skinheads who profess Orthodoxy, while the rest are extreme opponents of Christianity and Orthodoxy in particular, since Jesus Christ is a Jew, and Christianity arose in the context of the messianic movements of Judaism.
As participants in right-wing radical movements, NS skinheads are supporters of extreme measures using violence, which is usually interpreted as extremism. Many of them are close to the idea of revolution, that is, a coup d'etat with the aim of establishing a national socialist regime.
Appearance:
o Shaved head or very short haircut
o Lonsdale and Thor Steinar brand clothing
o Heavy high boots (Dr. Martens, Grinders, Steels, Camelot)
o Light blue jeans (Levi's, Wrangler) or boiled jeans
o White T-shirts, black or brown shirts, polos and T-shirts (Fred Perry, Ben Sherman)
o Short, black and dark green jackets with a zipper without a collar - “bombers”, or with a collar - “navigators”
o Nazi symbols
o Tattoos
· Hip-hop. Rappers
Hip-hop (English) hip hop) is a cultural movement that originated among the working class of New York. November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa was the first to define the five pillars of hip-hop culture: emming, DJing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge (a certain philosophy). Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.
Origin:
Originating in the South Bronx, hip-hop became part of youth culture in many countries around the world in the 1980s. Since the late 1990s, from a street underground with a strong social orientation, hip-hop has gradually turned into part of the music industry, and by the middle of the first decade of this century, the subculture had become “fashionable” and “mainstream”. However, despite this, many figures within hip-hop still continue its “main line” - protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to those in power.
Subculture aesthetics:
Despite the hip-hop fashion changing every year, in general it has a number of characteristic features. Clothes are usually loose sporty style: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight peaks) of famous brands (e.g. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS, ECKO, Nike, Adidas) T-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and hoodies, sock-like hats pulled down over the eyes, baggy pants. Hairstyles are short, although short dreadlocks are also popular. Massive jewelry (chains, medallions, keychains) is popular among rappers themselves, but wearing jewelry is more common among African Americans.
As examples, I looked at the most popular, in my opinion, youth subcultures in Russia today. But along with them, there are many other diverse youth subcultures and movements.
Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)- a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and lifestyles that differ from the dominant culture to which they belong.
Subculture- Part public culture, different from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of a subculture.
From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values of traditional culture, but complement it.
A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain political views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, public organizations.
The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.
In 1950, American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, introduced the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.
The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.
In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.” The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.
The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.
The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.
The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.
Typology of youth subcultures:
1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;
2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;
3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);
4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);
5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);
6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;
7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).
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