Ideas of Leonardo da Vinci. Revolutionary ideas of Leonardo da Vinci
One of the titans of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci. He died on April 15, 1452 in the town of Anchiano near the city of Vinci, located near Florence. His father was Piero da Vinci, a notary who came from famous family city of Vinci. According to one version, the mother was a peasant woman, according to another, a tavern owner known as Katerina.
Leonardo da Vinci fights to restore the role and meaning of sensory knowledge. He argues that sensory values created by man are a means of understanding the natural order of things. In understanding the essence and nature of sensory cognition, he overcomes mechanistic traditions, according to which sensory cognition presupposes direct contact of the cognizing organ with its object.
The subject of his special attention is a special organ of sensory cognition, which allows one to perceive nature in its internal connections - human eye, creating, together with the hand in the process of pictorial creativity, figurative creations - images. It is they, and not the word, that reflect reality and in this case become intermediaries between it and consciousness, the sources of its knowledge.
He views visual imagination as an important means of practical transformation of reality. Painting is the basis of technology and engineering. This manifested Leonardo da Vinci's desire to combine natural knowledge and art. Imagination is thus united for the first time with creativity.
It should be noted that fantasy, starting from antiquity, was considered “bad subjectivity.” Cognitive value was assigned exclusively to the mind, which has a divine nature. Leonardo da Vinci as highest value proclaims the creations of the subject, created by him on the basis of imitation of nature. Enter accordingly new criterion assessments of a person - according to the way of his activities aimed at transforming nature. The essence of a person is expressed in his creative activity, noted Leonardo da Vinci.
Leonardo da Vinci carefully studied the anatomy and biomechanics of the body, which was explained not only by aesthetic and cognitive, but also by practical tasks: to study the principles of operation of a living organism capable of performing functions inaccessible to humans, in order to recreate them in a special engineering design. For example, he built diagrams of flying devices based on studying the muscular system of birds and insects.
"Vitruvian Man" is the common name for graphic drawing da Vinci, made in 1492 as an illustration for entries in one of his diaries. The picture shows a nude male figure. Strictly speaking, these are even two images of one figure superimposed on each other, but in different poses. A circle and a square are described around the figure. The manuscript containing this drawing is sometimes also called the “Canon of Proportions” or simply “Proportions of Man.”
Leonardo created his “Vitruvian Man” as an illustration of the geometric studies he carried out based on the treatise of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius (hence the name of da Vinci’s work). In the treatise of the philosopher and researcher, proportions human body were taken as the basis for all architectural proportions. Da Vinci applied the research of the ancient Roman architect to painting, which once again clearly illustrates the principle of the unity of art and science put forward by Leonardo. Besides, this work It also reflects the master’s attempt to relate man to nature. It is known that da Vinci considered the human body as a reflection of the universe, i.e. was convinced that it functions according to the same laws. The author himself considered the Vitruvian Man as a “cosmography of the microcosm.” In this drawing there is hidden an equally deep symbolic meaning. The square and circle in which the body is inscribed do not simply reflect physical, proportional characteristics. The square can be interpreted as the material existence of a person, and the circle represents its spiritual basis, and the points of contact geometric shapes between themselves and with the body, inserted into them can be considered as a connection between these two foundations of human existence. For many centuries, this drawing was considered as a symbol of the ideal symmetry of the human body and the universe as a whole.
He conducted numerous experiments to study the behavior of different animals in order to study their motor activity; he created an experimental model of the spinal frog, which became a classic for the neuromuscular physiology of the 19th century. Many of his ideas and plans were preserved in sketches, sketches, and drawings, and they testify to the originality of thought and the genius of his plans.
He sought to be in the company of scientists - naturalists, i.e. rebels, not artists. I thought a lot about knowledge. Believed that experience main source knowledge about man and the world. Knowledge that has not passed through experience, and the sensations with which it begins, do not provide the truth about reality.
Experience was understood broadly by him - this included observation of natural phenomena, And physical experiment, and drawing, and engineering design. He puts forward the thesis about the unity of theory and practice.
Leonardo da Vinci is a pantheist. He believed that in nature the “reasonable divine principle, which is open to man as a part of nature,” is blurred. He believed in the power of reason and knowledge, in the creative power of man.
Particularly great, he believed, are the possibilities of an artist who creates something new. He equated the artist with the scientist.
In more than 7 thousand pages of Leonardo da Vinci's diaries and manuscripts, which have survived to this day, he devotes a special place to human research. Throughout his life, Leonardo collected and accumulated comprehensive knowledge about man, anatomy and physique, movements and behavior, mental states and their expression in appearance. Analysis of the artist's handwritten heritage allows researchers to assume that he was preparing materials for a kind of encyclopedia of Man. Among Leonardo's works it was even discovered detailed plan supposed grandiose work, which was supposed to include information about all stages of human life - from the prenatal period to old age.
In Leonardo's research great place are occupied by records and sketches of observations of the characteristics of human behavior and psyche, testifying to the exceptional importance that great artist and the thinker attached importance to these issues. Unusual for his time in depth and scale, the focus of Leonardo’s creative thinking on understanding the “problem of the psyche” and an attempt to solve it through the means of art was noted and appreciated in art history, and it is no coincidence that he is considered one of the founders of artistic psychologism (reflecting in the language of art the ideas of the era about inner world person) in European painting.
Get closer to revealing the psychological and historical significance artistic creativity Leonardo is helped by the ideas he expressed about the goals and objectives of painting as an expression top level in knowledge of the world and man. The content of these ideas can be briefly summarized as main idea that knowledge must be directed to the visible and expressed in a sensory image. “Don’t you know,” the artist addresses an imaginary opponent in his notes, “that our soul consists of harmony, and harmony arises only in those moments when the proportionality of objects becomes visible or audible.” Consequently, he believed, “that science is more useful, the fruit of which is most amenable to communication, and also, on the contrary, that which is less amenable to communication is less useful. Painting is able to communicate its final results to all generations of the universe, since it final result there is a subject of visual ability.”
Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci - great Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, mathematician, physicist, naturalist), bright representative like " universal man" - ideal Italian Renaissance. He was called a sorcerer, a servant of the devil, an Italian Faust and a divine spirit. He was several centuries ahead of his time. Surrounded by legends during his lifetime, the great Leonardo is a symbol of limitless aspirations human mind. Having revealed the ideal of the Renaissance “universal man,” Leonardo was interpreted in subsequent tradition as the person who most clearly outlined the range creative quests era. Was the founder of art High Renaissance. No one will deny that the great da Vinci was a true genius. Many of his ideas were brought to life only several hundred years after the master’s death. Ten of the most famous concepts created by the great Leonardo are presented by iscience.ru.
1. Vitruvian Man
Following the ancient architect Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci described the ideal person. Now this drawing is called canonical proportions. By the way, the Vitruvian Man is one of the most recognizable images in the world.
2. Geological time
To comprehend in thought such enormous periods of time during which significant changes in the landscape can occur is not an easy task. Especially when a ready answer to the question is already offered. However, Leonardo da Vinci did not agree with the opinion, which argued that shells on mountain tops are a consequence global flood. He assumed that the mountains were once the shores of the seas and over time they rose very slowly until they became the way we see them. Modern science took Leonardo's side.
3. Self-propelled trolley
Of course, this is not a Ferrari, but for that time the idea was simply revolutionary. By the way, a wooden car was built according to Leonardo’s drawings. But this happened only in 2004. Scientists at one of the museums in Florence brought the genius's plan to life, and to their great surprise the cart worked exactly as da Vinci had imagined.
4. Ideal city
Seeing Milan engulfed in plague, Da Vinci dreamed of a more thoughtful and cleaner city that he would not be ashamed to call home. His architectural drawings are very detailed and even include a description of the ventilation in the stables. Maybe modern Milanese would be disappointed, but there was no stadium planned for the city.
5. Propeller
Today's scientists unanimously insist that such a structure will not be able to take off. However, this idea of Leonardo still remains one of the most famous. The structure had to be driven by four people - alas, there were no engines yet in the 15th-16th centuries.
6. Three-barreled gun
Despite his peaceful nature, Leonardo designed many war machines. For example, more effective guns. This lightweight concept could easily become a fearsome weapon on the battlefield.
7. Winged glider
The conquest of the air element interested the genius no less than penetration into depths of the sea. One of the gliders that da Vinci outlined had an open cockpit, equipped with a control system for the pilot, and was supposed to fly using movable wings.
8. Rotating bridge
This type of bridge, designed by Leonardo da Vinci, would have been required by the armies of the time. The bridge, consisting of one span, was attached to the bank with a vertical hinge, which allowed it to rotate. Such bridges could be installed quite quickly.
9. Scuba
Da Vinci's fascination with the sea resulted in numerous drawings of devices for studying underwater life. His diving suit was made of leather and attached to a reed tube leading to a bell on the surface. The practicality of the artist’s approach is demonstrated by the thoughtfulness of even such details as the container for collecting the diver’s urine.
10. Mirror letter
Was this a technique to maintain the confidentiality of his notes, or simply a need to avoid smearing the ink (Leonardo wrote with his left hand)? Whatever the reasons, the vast majority of Leonardo da Vinci's recordings were made in mirror images.
Incredible facts
This man helped revolutionize science. And sometimes he just came up with something very bizarre, but his line of thought was always different from the generally accepted ones.
Mirror letter
Was this a ploy to confuse his imitators, or simply a way to avoid being covered in ink (Da Vinci was left-handed)? Nevertheless, whatever the motives, da Vinci liked this idea and all his articles and journals were written “the other way around.”
Scuba diving equipment
Da Vinci's fascination with the sea stimulated him to create special clothing for aquatic research. His wetsuit was made of leather and connected to a special breathing tube made of reeds and a bell that floated on the surface. As proof of the master's practicality, a special bag was added to the suit, where da Vinci could go to the toilet without polluting the sea.
Reversible bridge
Da Vinci was always a fan of “fast” life, the same applied to rest and movement. Therefore, he believed that his rotating bridge could best be used in military operations. Made of lightweight but strong materials that were interconnected in a movable system, allowing the army to raise or lower it for passage at any time.
winged glider
Da Vinci's imagination was filled to overflowing with ideas about various aircraft, among other things, he dreamed of a glider with special wings. This open model without a roof, equipped with a seat for the pilot and an instrument panel for control, was nevertheless created, but the package did not include a protective helmet for the pilot.
Triple barrel gun
He was more of a thinker than a fighter, but da Vinci's aversion to various kinds of conflicts did not prevent him from inventing and developing projects for more efficient operation of the gun. As a result, its triple cannon became a deadly weapon on the battlefield, it was fast, light and could carry a large number of additional firepower.
Air propeller
Modern scientists agree with the idea that it could never rise from the ground, but nevertheless, Da Vinci's "helicopter" design is still very popular and is one of his most famous creations. The curious structure had to be controlled by a team of four people, and an ordinary mill could well have inspired Leonardo to create a helicopter.
Ideal city
Da Vinci lived in Milan when the city was struck by the plague, while he built models of an ideal city. His architectural designs were quite detailed and even included a stable with air vents. But many Milanese who study Leonardo's projects today wonder why he did not provide space for a football stadium.
Self-propelled cars
This is certainly not a Ferrari, but Leonardo's ideas regarding self-propelled vehicles Vehicle were revolutionary for his time. His wooden "car" moved as a result of the interaction of gear-related sources. In 2004, scientists from a museum in Florence recreated a similar apparatus based on da Vinci’s design.
Geological time
Tectonic plates? Still not yet. Although most of his contemporaries explained the origin of the mountains and various fossils as remnants of the Great Flood, da Vinci thought differently. He suggested that the mountains had probably once been coastline and over the years they have gradually shifted upward.
Vitruvian Man
Da Vinci modeled his perfect human form according to the proportions proposed by Vitruvius, the ancient Roman architect. Da Vinci's sinister-looking creation has a reason to smile today: he is currently considered one of the most recognizable figures on earth.
Leonardo da Vinci lived at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, but it feels like he flew there from the future. Many of his discoveries, inventions and ideas are very difficult to explain otherwise. Nevertheless, there are a dozen basic ideas and concepts without which our world today would be different.
Vitruvian Man. Leonardo da Vinci developed his concept of the ideal physique based on the proportions proposed by the Roman architect and mechanic Vitruvius. Da Vinci's angry man now has reason to celebrate: it's one of the world's most recognizable sketches.
Geochronology. Most of da Vinci's contemporaries believed that the fossilized shellfish in the mountains were there because of the Great Flood. Italian artist and the inventor thought differently. It was he who first came up with the idea of the movement of tectonic plates.
Self-propelled carriage. Of course, this is not a Ferrari, but for the era of da Vinci, the design of this carriage was truly revolutionary. The wooden “car” moved due to the interaction of springs with the wheels. In 2004, scientists in one of the museums in Florence created exact copy cart and discovered that it actually drove the way the inventor intended.
Ideal city. Da Vinci lived in Milan during the plague, but dreamed of a cleaner and more thoughtful city that he could be proud of. He left behind very detailed architectural drawings, which even included covered stables with a ventilation system. Da Vinci proposed building a two-level city, where the upper level would be for pedestrian and surface roads, and the lower level would be for tunnels and canals connected to the basements of houses, along which freight transport would move.
Helicopter. Modern scientists agree that this design is unlikely to have ever flown, but da Vinci's helicopter concept is still one of the most famous. This thing had to be operated by a team of four people. There is a version that the design of the helicopter was inspired by a children's toy in the form of a windmill, popular during the time of the inventor.
Machine gun. More of a thinker and scientist than a fighter, da Vinci still often thought about weapon concepts. For example, he proposed a more efficient cannon design, which had three barrels instead of one.
Winged paraglider. Da Vinci's imagination was filled to the brim with ideas for flying machines, including several concepts for paragliders with flapping wings.
Rotating bridge. A fan of fast travel, da Vinci believed that his rotating bridge would be best used in warfare. According to the concept, the bridge, made of lightweight but strong materials attached to a rope-and-roller system on wheels, allowed the army to quickly turn around and collapse in the right place.
Diving suit. Da Vinci was also very fascinated by the sea, and this inspired him to create concepts for exploration vehicles. underwater world. His underwater suit was made of leather and connected to a reed breathing tube and a bell that floated on the surface of the water. The inventor even provided a bag for collecting urine.
Mirror letter. Was Leonardo's famous handwriting an attempt to avoid plagiarism, or did Da Vinci write in such a way as to avoid smearing ink on the paper with his hand? Anyway, he liked it: most of his entries are made from right to left.
Leonardo da Vinci lived at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, but it feels like he flew there from the future. Many of his discoveries, inventions and ideas are very difficult to explain otherwise. Nevertheless, there are a dozen basic ideas and concepts without which our world today would be different.
Vitruvian Man.
Leonardo da Vinci developed his concept of the ideal physique based on the proportions proposed by the Roman architect and mechanic Vitruvius. Da Vinci's angry man now has reason to celebrate: it's one of the world's most recognizable sketches.
Geochronology.
Most of da Vinci's contemporaries believed that the fossilized shellfish in the mountains were there because of the Great Flood. The Italian artist and inventor thought differently. It was he who first came up with the idea of the movement of tectonic plates.
Self-propelled carriage.
Of course, this is not a Ferrari, but for the era of da Vinci, the design of this carriage was truly revolutionary. The wooden “car” moved due to the interaction of springs with the wheels. In 2004, scientists at a museum in Florence created an exact replica of the cart and discovered that it actually drove as the inventor intended.
Ideal city.
Da Vinci lived in Milan during the plague, but dreamed of a cleaner and more thoughtful city that he could be proud of. He left behind very detailed architectural drawings, which even included covered stables with a ventilation system. Da Vinci proposed building a two-level city, where the upper level would be for pedestrian and surface roads, and the lower level would be for tunnels and canals connected to the basements of houses, along which freight transport would move.
Helicopter.
Modern scientists agree that this design is unlikely to have ever flown, but da Vinci's helicopter concept is still one of the most famous. This thing had to be operated by a team of four people. There is a version that the design of the helicopter was inspired by a children's toy in the form of a windmill, popular during the time of the inventor.
Machine gun.
More of a thinker and scientist than a fighter, da Vinci still often thought about weapon concepts. For example, he proposed a more efficient cannon design, which had three barrels instead of one.
Winged paraglider.
Da Vinci's imagination was filled to the brim with ideas for flying machines, including several concepts for paragliders with flapping wings.
Rotating bridge.
A fan of fast travel, da Vinci believed that his rotating bridge would be best used in warfare. According to the concept, the bridge, made of lightweight but strong materials attached to a rope-and-roller system on wheels, allowed the army to quickly turn around and collapse in the right place.
Diving suit.
Da Vinci was also very fascinated by the sea, and this inspired him to create concepts for devices for exploring the underwater world. His underwater suit was made of leather and connected to a reed breathing tube and a bell that floated on the surface of the water. The inventor even provided a bag for collecting urine.
