The most beautiful physics experiments of all time. Cool physics! Entertaining physics experiments for children

Where do real scientists come from? After all, someone makes extraordinary discoveries, invents ingenious devices that we use. Some even receive worldwide recognition in the form of prestigious awards. According to teachers, childhood is the beginning of the path to future discoveries and achievements.

Do primary schoolchildren need physics?

Most school programs require the study of physics from the fifth grade. However, parents are well aware of the many questions that arise in inquisitive children of primary school age and even preschoolers. Experiments in physics will help open the way to the wonderful world of knowledge. For schoolchildren aged 7-10 years old, they will, of course, be simple. Despite the simplicity of the experiments, but having understood the basic physical principles and laws, children feel like omnipotent wizards. This is wonderful, because a keen interest in science is the key to successful studies.

Children's abilities do not always reveal themselves. It is often necessary to offer children a certain scientific activity, only then do they develop inclinations towards this or that knowledge. Home experiments are an easy way to find out if your child is interested in natural sciences. Little discoverers of the world rarely remain indifferent to “wonderful” actions. Even if the desire to study physics does not clearly manifest itself, it is still worth laying down the basics of physical knowledge.

The simplest experiments carried out at home are good because even shy, self-doubting children are happy to do home experiments. Achieving the expected result gives rise to self-confidence. Peers enthusiastically accept demonstrations of such “tricks,” which improves relationships between the children.

Requirements for conducting experiments at home

To make studying the laws of physics at home safe, you must take the following precautions:

Absolutely all experiments are carried out with the participation of adults. Of course, many studies are safe. The trouble is that guys don’t always draw a clear line between harmless and dangerous manipulations.
You must be especially careful if sharp, piercing or cutting objects or open fire are used. The presence of elders is mandatory here.
The use of toxic substances is prohibited.
The child needs to describe in detail the order of actions that should be performed. It is necessary to clearly formulate the purpose of the work.
Adults must explain the essence of the experiments, the principles of operation of the laws of physics.

Simple research

You can begin to get acquainted with physics by demonstrating the properties of substances. These should be the simplest experiments for children.

Important! It is advisable to anticipate possible children’s questions in order to answer them in as much detail as possible. It’s unpleasant when mom or dad suggest conducting an experiment, vaguely understanding what it confirms. Therefore, it is better to prepare by studying the necessary literature.

Different density

Every substance has a density that affects its weight. Different indicators of this parameter have interesting manifestations in the form of a multilayer liquid.

Even preschoolers can conduct such simple experiments with liquids and observe their properties.
For the experiment you will need:

sugar syrup;
vegetable oil;
water;
glass jar;
several small objects (for example, a coin, a plastic bead, a piece of foam, a pin).

The jar needs to be filled approximately 1/3 with syrup, add the same amount of water and oil. The liquids will not mix, but will form layers. The reason is density; a substance with a lower density is lighter. Then, one by one, you need to lower the items into the jar. They will “freeze” at different levels. It all depends on how the densities of liquids and objects relate to each other. If the density of the material is less than the liquid, the thing will not sink.

floating egg

You will need:

2 glasses;
tablespoon;
salt;
water;
2 eggs.

Both glasses need to be filled with water. Dissolve 2 full tablespoons of salt in one of them. Then you should lower the eggs into the glasses. In normal water it will sink, but in salt water it will float. Salt increases the density of water. This explains the fact that it is easier to swim in sea water than in fresh water.

Surface tension of water

Children should be explained that molecules on the surface of a liquid attract each other, forming a thin elastic film. This property of water is called surface tension. This explains, for example, the water strider’s ability to glide across the water surface of a pond.

Non-Spillable Water

Necessary:

glass beaker;
water;
paper clips.

The glass is filled to the brim with water. It seems that one paperclip is enough to cause the liquid to spill. Carefully insert the paper clips into the glass one by one. By lowering about a dozen paper clips, you can see that the water does not pour out, but forms a small dome on the surface.

Floating matches

Necessary:

Bowl;
water;
4 matches;
liquid soap.

Pour water into a bowl and put in matches. They will be practically motionless on the surface. If you drop detergent into the center, the matches will instantly spread to the edges of the bowl. Soap reduces the surface tension of water.

Entertaining experiments

Working with light and sound can be very spectacular for children. Teachers claim that entertaining experiments are interesting for children of different ages. For example, the physical experiments proposed here are also suitable for preschoolers.

Glowing "lava"

This experiment does not create a real lamp, but nicely simulates the operation of a lamp with moving particles.
Necessary:

glass jar;
water;
vegetable oil;
salt or any effervescent tablet;
food coloring;
flashlight.

The jar needs to be filled about 2/3 with colored water, then add oil almost to the brim. Sprinkle a little salt on top. Then go into a darkened room and illuminate the jar from below with a flashlight. The grains of salt will sink to the bottom, taking droplets of fat with them. Later, when the salt dissolves, the oil will rise to the surface again.

Home Rainbow

Sunlight can be broken down into multi-colored rays that make up the spectrum.

Necessary:

bright natural light;
cup;
water;
tall box or chair;
large sheet of white paper.

On a sunny day, you should place paper on the floor in front of a window that lets in bright light. Place a box (chair) nearby and place a glass filled with water on top. A rainbow will appear on the floor. To see the colors in full, just move the paper and catch it. A transparent container with water acts as a prism that splits the beam into parts of the spectrum.

Doctor's stethoscope

Sound travels through waves. Sound waves in space can be redirected and amplified.
You will need:

a piece of rubber tube (hose);
2 funnels;
plasticine.

You need to insert a funnel into both ends of the rubber tube, securing it with plasticine. Now it is enough to put one to your heart, and the other to your ear. The heartbeat can be clearly heard. The funnel “collects” the waves; the inner surface of the tube does not allow them to dissipate in space.

A doctor's stethoscope works on this principle. In the old days, hearing aids for hearing-impaired people had approximately the same device.

Important! Do not use loud sound sources as this may damage your hearing.

Experiments

What is the difference between experiment and experience? These are research methods. Usually the experiment is carried out with a pre-known result, demonstrating an already understood axiom. The experiment is designed to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

For children, the difference between these concepts is almost imperceptible; any action is performed for the first time, without a scientific basis.

However, often awakened interest pushes children to new experiments arising from the already known properties of materials. This kind of independence should be encouraged.

Freezing liquids

Matter changes properties with changes in temperature. Children are interested in the change in the properties of all kinds of liquids when they turn into ice. Different substances have different freezing points. Also, at low temperatures their density changes.

Note! When freezing liquids, use only plastic containers. It is not advisable to use glass containers, as they may burst. The reason is that liquids change their structure when they freeze. Molecules form crystals, the distance between them increases, and the volume of the substance increases.

If you fill different molds with water and orange juice and leave them in the freezer, what will happen? The water will already freeze, but the juice will partially remain liquid. The reason is the freezing point of the liquid. Similar experiments can be carried out with different substances.
By pouring water and oil into a transparent container, you can see the familiar separation. Oil floats to the surface of the water because it is less dense. What can be observed when a container with contents is frozen? Water and oil change places. The ice will be on top, the oil will now be at the bottom. As the water froze, it became lighter.

Working with a magnet

The manifestation of the magnetic properties of various substances is of great interest to younger schoolchildren. Interesting physics suggests checking these properties.

Experiment options (magnets will be needed):

Testing the ability to attract various objects

You can keep records indicating the properties of materials (plastic, wood, iron, copper). An interesting material is iron filings, the movement of which looks fascinating.

Study of the ability of a magnet to act through other materials.

For example, a metal object is exposed to a magnet through glass, cardboard, or a wooden surface.

Consider the ability of magnets to attract and repel.

Study of magnetic poles (like poles repel, unlike poles attract). A spectacular option is to attach magnets to floating toy boats.

Magnetized needle - analogue of a compass

In water, it indicates the direction "north - south". The magnetized needle attracts other small objects.

It is advisable not to overload the little researcher with information. The purpose of the experiments is to show how the laws of physics work. It is better to examine one phenomenon in detail than to endlessly change directions for the sake of entertainment.
Before each experiment, it is easy to explain the properties and characteristics of the objects involved in them. Then sum it up with your child.
Safety rules deserve special attention. The beginning of each lesson is accompanied by instructions.

Scientific experiments are exciting! Perhaps it will be the same for parents. Together, discovering new sides of ordinary phenomena is doubly interesting. It is worth throwing away everyday worries and sharing the childhood joy of discovery.

Experiment is one of the most informative ways of learning. Thanks to him, it is possible to obtain diverse and extensive titles about the phenomenon or system being studied. It is experiment that plays a fundamental role in physical research. Beautiful physical experiments remain in the memory of subsequent generations for a long time, and also contribute to the popularization of physical ideas among the masses. Let us present the most interesting physical experiments according to the physicists themselves from a survey by Robert Kreese and Stoney Book.

1. Experiment of Eratosthenes of Cyrene

This experiment is rightfully considered one of the most ancient to date. In the third century BC. The librarian of the Library of Alexandria, Erastophenes of Cyrene, measured the radius of the Earth in an interesting way. On the day of the summer solstice in Siena, the sun was at its zenith, as a result of which there were no shadows from objects. 5000 stadia to the north in Alexandria, at the same time, the Sun deviated from the zenith by 7 degrees. From here the librarian received information that the circumference of the Earth is 40 thousand km, and its radius is 6300 km. Erastofen obtained figures that were only 5% less than today’s, which is simply amazing for the ancient measuring instruments he used.

2. Galileo Galilei and his very first experiment

In the 17th century, Aristotle's theory was dominant and unquestioned. According to this theory, the speed at which a body falls directly depends on its weight. An example was the feather and the stone. The theory was wrong because it did not take into account air resistance.

Galileo Galilei doubted this theory and decided to conduct a series of experiments personally. He took a large cannonball and launched it from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, paired with a light musket ball. Given their close, streamlined shape, air resistance could easily be neglected and, of course, both objects landed simultaneously, refuting Aristotle's theory. believes that you need to personally go to Pisa and throw something similar in appearance and different in weight from the tower in order to feel like a great scientist.

3. Galileo Galilei's second experiment

Aristotle's second statement was that bodies under the influence of force move with constant speed. Galileo launched metal balls down an inclined plane and recorded the distance they traveled over a certain time. Then he doubled the time, but during this time the balls traveled 4 times the distance. Thus, the dependence was not linear, that is, the speed was not constant. From this Galileo concluded that motion is accelerated under the influence of force.
These two experiments served as the basis for the creation of classical mechanics.

4. Henry Cavendish's experiment

Newton is the owner of the formulation of the law of universal gravitation, in which the gravitational constant is present. Naturally, the problem of finding its numerical value arose. But for this it would be necessary to measure the force of interaction between the bodies. But the problem is that the force of gravity is quite weak; it would be necessary to use either gigantic masses or small distances.

John Michell was able to come up with, and Cavendish to conduct in 1798, a rather interesting experiment. The measuring instrument was a torsion balance. Balls on thin ropes were attached to them on a rocker arm. Mirrors were attached to the balls. Then very large and heavy ones were brought to the small balls and the displacements along the light spots were recorded. The result of a series of experiments was the determination of the value of the gravitational constant and the mass of the Earth.

5. The experiment of Jean Bernard Leon Foucault

Thanks to the huge (67 m) pendulum, which was installed in the Paris Pantheon in 1851, Foucault experimentally proved the fact that the Earth rotates around its axis. The plane of rotation of the pendulum remains unchanged with respect to the stars, but the observer rotates with the planet. Thus, you can see how the plane of rotation of the pendulum gradually shifts to the side. This is a fairly simple and safe experiment, unlike the one we wrote about in the article

6. Isaac Newton's experiment

And again Aristotle's statement was tested. It was believed that different colors were mixtures of light and dark in varying proportions. The more darkness, the closer the color is to purple and vice versa.

People have long noticed that large single crystals split light into colors. A series of experiments with prisms were carried out by the Czech naturalist Marcia English Hariot. Newton began a new series in 1672.
Newton performed physical experiments in a dark room, passing a thin beam of light through a small hole in thick curtains. This beam hit the prism and was split into rainbow colors on the screen. The phenomenon was called dispersion and was later theoretically substantiated.

But Newton went further, because he was interested in the nature of light and colors. He passed rays through two prisms in series. Based on these experiments, Newton concluded that color is not a combination of light and darkness, and certainly not an attribute of an object. White light is made up of all the colors that can be seen by dispersion.

7. Thomas Young's experiment

Until the 19th century, the corpuscular theory of light dominated. It was believed that light, like matter, consists of particles. Thomas Young, an English physician and physicist, conducted his experiment in 1801 to test this claim. If we assume that light has a wave theory, then the same interacting waves should be observed as when throwing two stones onto water.

To imitate stones, Jung used an opaque screen with two holes and light sources behind it. The light passed through the holes and a pattern of light and dark stripes was formed on the screen. Light stripes formed where the waves reinforced each other, and dark stripes where they extinguished each other.

8. Klaus Jonsson and his experiment

In 1961, German physicist Klaus Jonsson proved that elementary particles have a particle-wave nature. For this purpose, he conducted an experiment similar to Young’s experiment, only replacing the light rays with electron beams. As a result, it was still possible to obtain an interference pattern.

9. Robert Millikan's experiment

Even at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the idea arose that every body has an electric charge, which is discrete and determined by indivisible elementary charges. By that time, the concept of an electron as a carrier of this same charge had been introduced, but it was not possible to detect this particle experimentally and calculate its charge.
American physicist Robert Millikan managed to develop an ideal example of grace in experimental physics. He isolated charged drops of water between the plates of a capacitor. Then, using X-rays, he ionized the air between the same plates and changed the charge of the droplets.

Introduction

Without a doubt, all our knowledge begins with experiments.
(Kant Emmanuel. German philosopher g.)

Physics experiments introduce students to the diverse applications of the laws of physics in a fun way. Experiments can be used in lessons to attract students’ attention to the phenomenon being studied, when repeating and consolidating educational material, and at physical evenings. Entertaining experiences deepen and expand students' knowledge, promote the development of logical thinking, and instill interest in the subject.

The role of experiment in the science of physics

The fact that physics is a young science
It’s impossible to say for sure here.
And in ancient times, learning science,
We always strived to comprehend it.

The purpose of teaching physics is specific,
Be able to apply all knowledge in practice.
And it’s important to remember – the role of experiment
Must stand first.

Be able to plan an experiment and carry it out.
Analyze and bring to life.
Build a model, put forward a hypothesis,
Striving to reach new heights

The laws of physics are based on facts established empirically. Moreover, the interpretation of the same facts often changes in the course of the historical development of physics. Facts accumulate through observation. But you can’t limit yourself to them only. This is only the first step towards knowledge. Next comes the experiment, the development of concepts that allow for qualitative characteristics. In order to draw general conclusions from observations and find out the causes of phenomena, it is necessary to establish quantitative relationships between quantities. If such a dependence is obtained, then a physical law has been found. If a physical law is found, then there is no need to experiment in each individual case; it is enough to perform the appropriate calculations. By experimentally studying quantitative relationships between quantities, patterns can be identified. Based on these laws, a general theory of phenomena is developed.

Therefore, without experiment there can be no rational teaching of physics. The study of physics involves the widespread use of experiments, discussion of the features of its setting and the observed results.

Entertaining experiments in physics

The description of the experiments was carried out using the following algorithm:

Name of the experiment Equipment and materials required for the experiment Stages of the experiment Explanation of the experiment

Experiment No. 1 Four floors

Devices and materials: glass, paper, scissors, water, salt, red wine, sunflower oil, colored alcohol.

Stages of the experiment

Let's try to pour four different liquids into a glass so that they do not mix and stand five levels above each other. However, it will be more convenient for us to take not a glass, but a narrow glass that widens towards the top.

Pour salted tinted water into the bottom of the glass. Roll up a “Funtik” from paper and bend its end at a right angle; cut off the tip. The hole in the Funtik should be the size of a pin head. Pour red wine into this cone; a thin stream should flow out of it horizontally, break against the walls of the glass and flow down it onto the salt water.
When the height of the layer of red wine is equal to the height of the layer of colored water, stop pouring the wine. From the second cone, pour sunflower oil into a glass in the same way. From the third horn, pour a layer of colored alcohol.

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Experience No. 2 Amazing candlestick

Devices and materials: candle, nail, glass, matches, water.

Stages of the experiment

Isn't it an amazing candlestick - a glass of water? And this candlestick is not bad at all.

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Figure 3

Explanation of experience

The candle goes out because the bottle is “flown around” with air: the stream of air is broken by the bottle into two streams; one flows around it on the right, and the other on the left; and they meet approximately where the candle flame stands.

Experiment No. 4 Spinning snake

Devices and materials: thick paper, candle, scissors.

Stages of the experiment

Cut a spiral out of thick paper, stretch it a little and place it on the end of a curved wire. Hold this spiral above the candle in the rising air flow, the snake will rotate.

Explanation of experience

The snake rotates because air expands under the influence of heat and warm energy is converted into movement.

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Figure 5

Explanation of experience

Water has a higher density than alcohol; it will gradually enter the bottle, displacing the mascara from there. Red, blue or black liquid will rise upward from the bubble in a thin stream.

Experiment No. 6 Fifteen matches on one

Devices and materials: 15 matches.

Stages of the experiment

Place one match on the table, and 14 matches across it so that their heads stick up and their ends touch the table. How to lift the first match, holding it by one end, and all the other matches along with it?

Explanation of experience

To do this, you just need to put another fifteenth match on top of all the matches, in the hollow between them.

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Figure 7

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Figure 9

Experience No. 8 Paraffin motor

Devices and materials: candle, knitting needle, 2 glasses, 2 plates, matches.

Stages of the experiment

To make this motor, we don't need either electricity or gasoline. For this we only need... a candle.

Heat the knitting needle and stick it with their heads into the candle. This will be the axis of our engine. Place a candle with a knitting needle on the edges of two glasses and balance. Light the candle at both ends.

Explanation of experience

A drop of paraffin will fall into one of the plates placed under the ends of the candle. The balance will be disrupted, the other end of the candle will tighten and fall; at the same time, a few drops of paraffin will drain from it, and it will become lighter than the first end; it rises to the top, the first end will go down, drop a drop, it will become lighter, and our motor will start working with all its might; gradually the candle's vibrations will increase more and more.

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Devices and materials: thin glass, water.

Stages of the experiment

Fill a glass with water and wipe the edges of the glass. Rub a moistened finger anywhere on the glass and she will start singing.

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Demonstration experiment “Observation of diffusion”

Devices and materials: cotton wool, ammonia, phenolphthalein, diffusion observation device.

Stages of the experiment

Let's take two pieces of cotton wool. We moisten one piece of cotton wool with phenolphthalein, the other with ammonia. Let's bring the branches into contact. The fleeces are observed to turn pink due to the phenomenon of diffusion.

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Figure 13

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Figure 15

Let us prove that the phenomenon of diffusion depends on temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster diffusion occurs.

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Figure 17

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Figure 19

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Figure 21

3.Pascal's ball

Pascal's ball is a device designed to demonstrate the uniform transfer of pressure exerted on a liquid or gas in a closed vessel, as well as the rise of the liquid behind the piston under the influence of atmospheric pressure.

To demonstrate the uniform transfer of pressure exerted on a liquid in a closed vessel, it is necessary to use a piston to draw water into the vessel and place the ball tightly on the nozzle. By pushing the piston into the vessel, demonstrate the flow of liquid from the holes in the ball, paying attention to the uniform flow of liquid in all directions.

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There are very simple experiments that children remember for the rest of their lives. The children may not fully understand why this is all happening, but when time passes and they find themselves in a physics or chemistry lesson, a very clear example will certainly emerge in their memory.

website I collected 7 interesting experiments that children will remember. Everything you need for these experiments is at your fingertips.

Fireproof ball

Will need: 2 balls, candle, matches, water.

Experience: Inflate a balloon and hold it over a lit candle to demonstrate to children that the fire will make the balloon burst. Then pour plain tap water into the second ball, tie it and bring it to the candle again. It turns out that with water the ball can easily withstand the flame of a candle.

Explanation: The water in the ball absorbs the heat generated by the candle. Therefore, the ball itself will not burn and, therefore, will not burst.

Pencils

You will need: plastic bag, pencils, water.

Experience: Fill the plastic bag halfway with water. Use a pencil to pierce the bag right through where it is filled with water.

Explanation: If you pierce a plastic bag and then pour water into it, it will pour out through the holes. But if you first fill the bag halfway with water and then pierce it with a sharp object so that the object remains stuck into the bag, then almost no water will flow out through these holes. This is due to the fact that when polyethylene breaks, its molecules are attracted closer to each other. In our case, the polyethylene is tightened around the pencils.

Unbreakable balloon

You will need: a balloon, a wooden skewer and some dishwashing liquid.

Experience: Coat the top and bottom with the product and pierce the ball, starting from the bottom.

Explanation: The secret of this trick is simple. In order to preserve the ball, you need to pierce it at the points of least tension, and they are located at the bottom and at the top of the ball.

Cauliflower

Will need: 4 cups of water, food coloring, cabbage leaves or white flowers.

Experience: Add any color of food coloring to each glass and place one leaf or flower in the water. Leave them overnight. In the morning you will see that they have turned different colors.

Explanation: Plants absorb water and thereby nourish their flowers and leaves. This happens due to the capillary effect, in which water itself tends to fill the thin tubes inside the plants. This is how flowers, grass, and large trees feed. By sucking in tinted water, they change color.

floating egg

Will need: 2 eggs, 2 glasses of water, salt.

Experience: Carefully place the egg in a glass of plain, clean water. As expected, it will sink to the bottom (if not, the egg may be rotten and should not be returned to the refrigerator). Pour warm water into the second glass and stir 4-5 tablespoons of salt in it. For the purity of the experiment, you can wait until the water cools down. Then place the second egg in the water. It will float near the surface.

Explanation: It's all about density. The average density of an egg is much greater than that of plain water, so the egg sinks down. And the density of the salt solution is higher, and therefore the egg rises up.

Crystal lollipops

Will need: 2 cups of water, 5 cups of sugar, wooden sticks for mini kebabs, thick paper, transparent glasses, saucepan, food coloring.

Experience: In a quarter glass of water, boil sugar syrup with a couple of tablespoons of sugar. Sprinkle some sugar onto the paper. Then you need to dip the stick in the syrup and collect the sugar with it. Next, distribute them evenly on the stick.

Leave the sticks to dry overnight. In the morning, dissolve 5 cups of sugar in 2 glasses of water over a fire. You can leave the syrup to cool for 15 minutes, but it should not cool too much, otherwise the crystals will not grow. Then pour it into jars and add different food colorings. Place the prepared sticks in a jar of syrup so that they do not touch the walls and bottom of the jar; a clothespin will help with this.

Explanation: As the water cools, the solubility of sugar decreases, and it begins to precipitate and settle on the walls of the vessel and on your stick seeded with sugar grains.

Lighted match

Will be needed: Matches, flashlight.

Experience: Light a match and hold it at a distance of 10-15 centimeters from the wall. Shine a flashlight on the match and you will see that only your hand and the match itself are reflected on the wall. It would seem obvious, but I never thought about it.

Explanation: Fire does not cast shadows because it does not prevent light from passing through it.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region

Plastovsky technological branch

GBPOU SPO "Kopeysk Polytechnic College named after. S.V. Khokhryakova"

MASTER CLASS

"EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIMENTS

FOR CHILDREN"

Educational and research work

"Entertaining physical experiments

from scrap materials"

Head: Yu.V. Timofeeva, physics teacher

Performers: OPI group students - 15

annotation

Physical experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

Unfortunately, due to the overload of educational material in physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments

With the help of experiments, observations and measurements, dependencies between various physical quantities can be studied.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this purpose, the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us were used.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Introduction
	Main content
	Organization of research work
	Methodology for conducting various experiments
	Research results
	Conclusion
	List of used literature
	Applications

INTRODUCTION

Without a doubt, all our knowledge begins with experiments.

(Kant Emmanuel - German philosopher 1724-1804)

Physics is not only scientific books and complex laws, not only huge laboratories. Physics is also about interesting experiments and entertaining experiences. Physics is about magic tricks performed among friends, funny stories and funny homemade toys.

Most importantly, you can use any available material for physical experiments.

Physical experiments can be done with balls, glasses, syringes, pencils, straws, coins, needles, etc.

Experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

When conducting experiments, you not only have to draw up a plan for its implementation, but also determine ways to obtain certain data, assemble installations yourself, and even design the necessary instruments to reproduce a particular phenomenon.

But, unfortunately, due to the overload of educational material in physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments; much attention is paid to theory and problem solving.

Therefore, it was decided to conduct research work on the topic “Entertaining experiments in physics using scrap materials.”

The objectives of the research work are as follows:

Master the methods of physical research, master the skills of correct observation and the technique of physical experiment.

Organization of independent work with various literature and other sources of information, collection, analysis and synthesis of material on the topic of research work.

Teach students to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.

To instill in students a love for physics, to increase their concentration on understanding the laws of nature, and not on their mechanical memorization.

When choosing a research topic, we proceeded from the following principles:

Subjectivity - the chosen topic corresponds to our interests.

Objectivity - the topic we have chosen is relevant and important in scientific and practical terms.

Feasibility - the tasks and goals we set in our work are real and feasible.

1. MAIN CONTENTS.

The research work was carried out according to the following scheme:

Formulation of the problem.

Studying information from various sources on this issue.

Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.

Collecting your own material - collecting available materials, conducting experiments.

Analysis and synthesis.

Formulation of conclusions.

During the research work, the following physical research methods were used:

1. Physical experience

The experiment consisted of the following stages:

Clarification of the experimental conditions.

This stage involves familiarization with the conditions of the experiment, determination of the list of necessary available instruments and materials and safe conditions during the experiment.

Drawing up a sequence of actions.

At this stage, the procedure for conducting the experiment was outlined, and new materials were added if necessary.

Conducting the experiment.

2. Observation

When observing phenomena occurring in experience, we paid special attention to changes in physical characteristics, while we were able to detect regular connections between various physical quantities.

3. Modeling.

Modeling is the basis of any physical research. When conducting experiments, we simulated various situational experiments.

In total, we have modeled, conducted and scientifically explained several interesting physical experiments.

2.Organization of research work:

2.1 Methodology for conducting various experiments:

Experience No. 1 Candle by bottle

Devices and materials: candle, bottle, matches

Stages of the experiment

Place a lit candle behind the bottle, and stand so that your face is 20-30 cm away from the bottle.

Now you just need to blow and the candle will go out, as if there were no barrier between you and the candle.

Experiment No. 2 Spinning snake

Equipment and materials: thick paper, candle, scissors.

Stages of the experiment

Cut a spiral out of thick paper, stretch it a little and place it on the end of a curved wire.

Hold this spiral above the candle in the rising air flow, the snake will rotate.

Devices and materials: 15 matches.

Stages of the experiment

Place one match on the table, and 14 matches across it so that their heads stick up and their ends touch the table.

How to lift the first match, holding it by one end, and all the other matches along with it?

Experience No. 4 Paraffin motor

Devices and materials:candle, knitting needle, 2 glasses, 2 plates, matches.

Stages of the experiment

To make this motor, we don't need either electricity or gasoline. For this we only need... a candle.

Heat the knitting needle and stick it with their heads into the candle. This will be the axis of our engine.

Place a candle with a knitting needle on the edges of two glasses and balance.

Light the candle at both ends.

Experiment No. 5 Thick air

We live thanks to the air we breathe. If you don't think that's magical enough, try this experiment to find out what other magic air can do.

Props

Protective glasses

Pine board 0.3x2.5x60 cm (can be purchased at any lumber store)

Newspaper sheet

Ruler

Preparation

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Wear safety glasses. Announce to the audience: “There are two types of air in the world. One of them is skinny and the other is fat. Now, with the help of fatty air, I will perform magic.”

Place the board on the table so that about 6 inches (15 cm) extends over the edge of the table.

Say: “Thick air, sit on the plank.” Hit the end of the board that protrudes beyond the edge of the table. The plank will jump into the air.

Tell the audience that it must have been thin air that sat on the plank. Place the board on the table again as in step 2.

Place a sheet of newspaper on the board, as shown in the picture, so that the board is in the middle of the sheet. Flatten the newspaper so that there is no air between it and the table.

Say again: “Thick air, sit on the plank.”

Hit the protruding end with the edge of your palm.

Experiment No. 6 Waterproof paper

Props

Paper towel

Cup

A plastic bowl or bucket into which you can pour enough water to completely cover the glass

Preparation

Lay out everything you need on the table

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Announce to the audience: “Using my magical skill, I can make a piece of paper remain dry.”

Wrinkle up a paper towel and place it in the bottom of the glass.

Turn the glass over and make sure the wad of paper remains in place.

Say some magic words over the glass, for example: “magic powers, protect the paper from water.” Then slowly lower the upside down glass into a bowl of water. Try to hold the glass as level as possible until it completely disappears under the water.

Take the glass out of the water and shake off the water. Turn the glass upside down and take out the paper. Let the audience touch it and make sure it remains dry.

Experiment No. 7 Flying ball

Have you ever seen a man rise into the air during a magician's performance? Try a similar experiment.

Please note: This experiment requires a hairdryer and adult assistance.

Props

Hairdryer (to be used only by an adult assistant)

2 thick books or other heavy objects

Ping pong ball

Ruler

Adult assistant

Preparation

Place the hairdryer on the table with the hole facing up where hot air is blowing.

To install it in this position, use books. Make sure that they do not block the hole on the side where air is sucked into the hair dryer.

Plug in the hairdryer.

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Ask one of the adult spectators to become your assistant.

Announce to the audience: “Now I will make an ordinary ping-pong ball fly through the air.”

Take the ball in your hand and release it so that it falls on the table. Tell the audience: “Oh! I forgot to say the magic words!”

Say magic words over the ball. Have your assistant turn on the hair dryer at full power.

Carefully place the ball over the hair dryer in the air stream, approximately 45 cm from the blowing hole.

Tips for a learned wizard

Depending on the blowing force, you may have to place the balloon a little higher or lower than indicated.

What else can you do

Try to do the same with a ball of different sizes and weights. Will the experience be equally good?

2. 2 RESEARCH RESULTS:

1) Experience No. 1 Candle by bottle

Explanation:

The candle will float up little by little, and the water-cooled paraffin at the edge of the candle will melt more slowly than the paraffin surrounding the wick. Therefore, a rather deep funnel is formed around the wick. This emptiness, in turn, makes the candle lighter, which is why our candle will burn out to the end.

2) Experiment No. 2 Spinning snake

Explanation:

The snake rotates because air expands under the influence of heat and warm energy is converted into movement.

3) Experiment No. 3 Fifteen matches on one

Explanation:

In order to lift all the matches, you only need to put another fifteenth match on top of all the matches, in the hollow between them.

4) Experiment No. 4 Paraffin motor

Explanation:

5) Experience No. 5 thick air

When you hit the board for the first time, it bounces. But if you hit the board on which the newspaper is lying, the board breaks.

Explanation:

When you smooth out the newspaper, you remove almost all the air from underneath it. At the same time, a large amount of air on top of the newspaper presses on it with great force. When you hit the board, it breaks because the air pressure on the newspaper prevents the board from rising up in response to the force you apply.

6) Experience No. 6 Waterproof paper

Explanation:

Air occupies a certain volume. There is air in the glass, no matter what position it is in. When you turn the glass upside down and slowly lower it into the water, air remains in the glass. Water cannot get into the glass due to air. The air pressure turns out to be greater than the pressure of the water trying to penetrate inside the glass. The towel at the bottom of the glass remains dry. If a glass is turned on its side under water, air will come out in the form of bubbles. Then he can get into the glass.

8) Experiment No. 7 Flying ball

Explanation:

This trick doesn't actually defy gravity. It demonstrates an important ability of air called Bernoulli's principle. Bernoulli's principle is a law of nature, according to which any pressure of any fluid substance, including air, decreases with increasing speed of its movement. In other words, when the air flow rate is low, it has high pressure.

The air coming out of the hair dryer moves very quickly and therefore its pressure is low. The ball is surrounded on all sides by an area of low pressure, which forms a cone at the hole of the hair dryer. The air around this cone has a higher pressure, and prevents the ball from falling out of the low pressure zone. The force of gravity pulls it down, and the force of air pulls it up. Thanks to the combined action of these forces, the ball hangs in the air above the hair dryer.

CONCLUSION

Analyzing the results of entertaining experiments, we were convinced that the knowledge acquired in physics classes is quite applicable to solving practical issues.

Using experiments, observations and measurements, the relationships between various physical quantities were studied.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us.

Therefore, without experiment there can be no rational teaching of physics. The study of physics and other technical disciplines involves the widespread use of experiments, discussion of the features of its setting and the observed results.

In accordance with the task, all experiments were carried out using only cheap, small-sized available materials.

Based on the results of educational and research work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

In various sources of information you can find and come up with many interesting physical experiments performed using available equipment.

Entertaining experiments and homemade physics devices increase the range of demonstrations of physical phenomena.

Entertaining experiments allow you to test the laws of physics and theoretical hypotheses.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

M. Di Spezio “Entertaining experiences”, Astrel LLC, 2004.

F.V. Rabiz “Funny Physics”, Moscow, 2000.

L. Galpershtein “Hello, physics”, Moscow, 1967.

A. Tomilin “I want to know everything”, Moscow, 1981.

M.I. Bludov “Conversations on Physics”, Moscow, 1974.

ME AND. Perelman “Entertaining tasks and experiments”, Moscow, 1972.

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