Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. What should a real intellectual be like? What are his life priorities? The problem of the intelligentsia and revolution - Essays, Abstracts, Reports

According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly held by heroes B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) And Y. Dombrovsky (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the story Y. Trifonova “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not the best. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.

24) The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man - his father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.

25) Human enmity.

In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.

“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.

26) Caring for the beauty of our native land.

In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” the modest klutz Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. Protecting nature became his calling and the meaning of life.

A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.

27) Parental love.

In Turgenev’s prose poem “Sparrow” we see the heroic act of a bird. Trying to protect its offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”, Bazarov’s parents want more than anything in life to be with their son.

28) Responsibility. Rash acts.

In Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard,” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.

The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the fireworks organizers, the irresponsibility of the management, and the negligence of fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.

The essay “Ants” by A. Maurois tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey per month.

29) Theme of happiness.

There are people who do not demand anything special from their life and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

In Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” the main character has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he's bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.

Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person doesn’t need so much to be happy.

30) The riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.

In Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor,” Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

31) Unprincipled.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who, within one minute, completely changes her principles.

She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one vile act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went... into another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.

In Chekhov's story “Chameleon” the police warden Ochumelov also does not have a clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin’s finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.

PROBLEMS OF USE TEXTS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

PROBLEM BLOCKS	RECOMMENDED LITERATURE FOR ARGUMENTATION
1. 1.PROBLEMS OF CREATIVITY, ART, LITERATURE, WRITING
1). The problem of the role of Russian classical literature in the spiritual life of modern society 2). The problem of the writer's moral duty 3). The problem of the writer's responsibility to his compatriots 4). The problem of emigration of cultural figures 5). The problem of perceiving a work of art 6). The problem of the relationship between human qualities and creative obsession 7). The problem of the purpose of genuine art 8). The problem of perception of a child by masters of the old school of painting 9). The problem of the role of books in the development of a child’s personality 10). Book assignment problem 11). The problem of caring for books. 12). The problem of displacement of literature by other forms of art. 13). The problem of preserving culture and spiritual freedom of society 14). The problem of the goals and objectives of poetic (writing) creativity 15). The problem of preserving human culture and spiritual freedom of society	Ray Bradbury “Fahrenheit 471” I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” N.V. Gogol “Portrait” A.S. Pushkin “Prophet” M.Yu. Lermontov “Prophet” A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” » A.S. Pushkin “Autumn” A.S. Pushkin “Prophet” N.A. Nekrasov “Poet and Citizen” A.S. Pushkin “Conversation between a bookseller and a poet” N.A. Nekrasov “Elegy” (“Let us changing fashion speaks”) N.A. Nekrasov “Yesterday at six o’clock” A.S. Pushkin “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”
1. 2.PROBLEMS OF FAMILY RELATIONS AND EDUCATION
1). The problem of fathers and children 2). The problem of mutual understanding between adults and children 3). The problem of attitude towards older people 4). The problem of guilt and remorse for harm caused to loved ones 5). The problem of educating the younger generation 6). The problem of cultivating compassion 7). The problem of comparing modern teenagers and teenagers of past times 8). The problem of moral values and their choice in educating the younger generation 9). The problem of perception of the world of childhood by adults 10). The problem of the role of childhood in the development of a person’s personality 11). The problem of childhood memories 12). The problem of developing the ability to withstand difficulties 13). The problem of the influence of the era on the formation of moral guidelines and basic life attitudes of the younger generation	M. Gorky “Childhood. In people. My universities" L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth" S.T. Aksakov "Childhood years of Bagrov - grandson" I. Bunin "Numbers" L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" D .I.Fonvizin “Undergrown” A.S.Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” N.A.Nekrasov “Peasant Children” V.P.Astafiev “Vasyutkino Lake” I.S.Turgenev “Bezhin Meadow” M.Yu.Lermontov “Duma” »
1. 3.PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS
1). The problem of good and evil 2). The problem of an active life position 3). The problem of true values 4). The problem of the choice that a person has to make 5). The problem of human memory 6). The problem of personality self-esteem 7). The problem of man's place in the world 8). The problem of the significance of the human personality 9). The problem of the strength of the human spirit 10). The problem of memory about experienced trials 11). The problem of the meaning of life 12). The problem of a joyful worldview 13). The problem of forming a harmonious worldview 14). The problem of determining life priorities 15). The problem of the relationship between man and the world 16). The problem of the influence of time on the nature of values 17). The problem of understanding true human values 18). The problem of retribution 19). The problem of the existence of eternal values in the context of time 20). The problem of manipulation of universal human values 21). The problem of the possibility of comparing good and evil 22). The problem of personal value 23). Memory problem	Bible (Gospel) L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter” A.S. Pushkin “If Life Deceives You” A.S. Pushkin “ Evgeny Onegin" A.N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm" F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time" M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" I - W. Goethe "Faust" M .Cervantes “The Cunning Hidalgos Don Quixote of La Mancha” I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov” A.S. Pushkin “Elegy” (“The Faded Fun of Crazy Years”) A.S. Pushkin “The Desert Fathers” A.S. Pushkin “A Vain Gift , a random gift" A.P. Platonov "The Pit", "The Hidden Man" W. Shakespeare "Hamlet" I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco" M. Gorky "The Old Woman Izergil" A. de Saint-Exupery "Little Prince" F.I. Tyutchev "Silentium!" A.I. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor” M.Yu. Lermontov “Both boring and sad” M. Gorky “At the bottom”
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
1). The problem of the influence of nature on human nature 2). The problem of mutual understanding between humans and animals 3). The problem of homeless animals 4). The problem of the relationship between man and the world 5). The problem of perception of nature, its beauty	L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” S.A. Yesenin “Song of the Dog” V.V. Mayakovsky “Good attitude towards horses” L.N. Andreev “Bite” S .A. Yesenin “Powder”, “Cheryomukha” N.M. Rubtsov “Star of the Fields” S.A. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'!” F.I. Tyutchev “There is in the original autumn” F.I. Tyutchev “Not what you think, nature” A.A. Fet “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch” V.G. Rasputin “Farewell to Mother" V.P. Astafiev Tsar-fish", "Vasyutkino Lake" M.Yu. Lermontov "I go out alone on the road" M.Yu. Lermontov "Motherland" M.Yu. Lermontov "When the yellowing field is worried"
MORAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
1). The problem of honor and conscience 2). The problem of invincibility of rudeness 3). The problem of showing arrogance, insolence, and rudeness of people towards each other 4). The problem of determining the essence of rudeness 5). The problem of human nobility 6). The problem of sensitivity and callousness 7). The problem of loneliness 8). The problem of conscience and human responsibility for one’s actions 9). The problem of honor and dignity 10). Self-esteem problem 11). The problem of an active life position 12). The problem of true love and friendship 13). The problem of dedication in relationships with a loved one 14). The problem of heroism and self-sacrifice 15). The problem of a person’s attitude to his work 16). Problem of relationships with other people 17). The problem of overcoming selfishness in relationships between people" 18). The problem of formal connections 19). The problem of human memory 20). Problem of feat 21). The problem of duty and responsibility for the life of another person 22). The problem of personality self-esteem 23). The problem of the strength of the human spirit 24). The problem of society's attitude towards celebrities 25). The problem of national character 26). The problem of memory of past trials 27). The problem of a person’s ability to sympathize 28). The problem of the relationship between sympathy and active assistance to a person 29). The problem of human relationships 30). The problem of determining the essence of jealousy 31). The problem of the relationship between love and jealousy 32). The problem of overcoming jealousy 33). The problem of the formation and collapse of love 34). The problem of the tragic loneliness of a person who has chosen for himself the path of selfless service to a cause” 35). The problem of fidelity to duty 36). The problem of human moral capabilities 37). The problem of the relationship between the individual and the team 38). The problem of true friendship 39). The problem of human moral choice 40). The problem of retribution 41). The problem of personal value 42). Problem of love 43). Memory problem	A.S. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” M A. A. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog” I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” I. A. Bunin cycle “Dark Alleys” A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” A. P. Chekhov “The Cherry Orchard” M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man” M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” I.A. Bunin “Cold Autumn” A.P. Chekhov “House with a Mezzanine”, “About Love” “Man in a Case”, “Gooseberry”, “Ionych” ", "Jumping", "Lady with a Dog", "Darling" A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm", "Dowry" A.S. Pushkin "Queen of Spades" L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball" N.M. Karamzin “Poor Liza” A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit” A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin” A.S. Pushkin “Boris Godunov” V.G. Rasputin “Money for Mary” A.S. Pushkin “The Bronze Horseman” » A.I. Kuprin “Olesya”, “Garnet Bracelet” A.A. Blok “Twelve”
PATRIOTIC (IMAGE OF THE MOTHERLAND, HEROIC PAST OF RUSSIA)
1). The problem of attitude towards the homeland 2). The problem of defining heroic 3). The problem of heroism and false heroism 4). The problem of determining the criteria of heroic 5). The problem of maintaining peace on Earth 6). The problem of confronting evil and misanthropy in the era of globalism 7). The problem of the heroic personality 8). The problem of the role of personality in history 9). The problem of outstanding individuals and the masses 10). The problem of historical memory 11). The problem of patterns of historical development of the state 12). The problem of heroism and perseverance in the face of severe military trials 13). The problem of a sense of duty and a sense of self-preservation during the war years 14). The problem of love for homeland 15). The problem of true values in war 16). The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war 17). The problem of war and the preservation of humanity in man 18). The problem of objective assessment of historical events and personalities 19). The problem of patriotism as a universally significant value 20). The problem of relating to the past of one's homeland 21). The problem of patriotism	M.Yu. Lermontov “Borodino” A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter” L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” M.Yu. Lermontov “Motherland” S.A. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'!” M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man” M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don” N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Russia” N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General” A.I. .Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” A.N. Tolstoy “Russian Character” M.A. Sholokhov “They Fought for the Motherland” “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” “The Tale of Bygone Years” A.K. Tolstoy “Prince Silver” I. A. Krylov “Wolf in the kennel” “Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh" A.S. Pushkin "Poltava" N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kulashnikov" L.N. Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus" L.N. Tolstoy "Sevastopol Stories" A .A. Blok “Motherland” by A.A. Akhmatova “Native Land” by N.S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer” by S.A. Yesenin “Soviet Russia”, “Leaving Russia” by A.A. Akhmatova “I had a voice.” A.A.Akhmatova “I am not with those who abandoned the earth” M.A.Bulgakov “The White Guard” B.L.Pasternka “Doctor Zhivago” V.V.Nabokov “Other Shores” A.A.Akhmatova “Requiem” V. Shalamov “Kolyma Tales” Y. Bondarev “Hot Snow” B. Vasiliev “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet” V. Kondratyev “Sashka”

and society	The problem of injustice in the social structure of society.	1. I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu". Heroes: the mute serf Gerasim, Tatyana, his beloved lady, who tyranny decides the fates of the people entrusted to her by fate. 2. I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter." The story “Biryuk”: the main character is a forester nicknamed Biryuk. The miserable life of the peasants. Injustice of the social structure of life. 3. V. G. Korolenko.” In bad company." Vasya, a boy from a rich family, makes friends with outcast children - Valek and Marusya. The beneficial influence of kindness on a young hero. 4. N. A. Nekrasov. Poem "Railroad". The dispute between the general and the author about who built the railway. Condemnation of the unjust structure of life. The poem “Reflections at the Front Door”: peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted and driven away. Condemnation of the authorities. 5. N. S. Leskov. "Lefty." The main character is Lefty, he shod the “Aglitsky” flea, but his talent is not appreciated in his homeland: he dies in a hospital for the poor. 6. A M Gorky. The story “Childhood”: a depiction of the “leaden abominations of life.” The fate of the Kashirin family. 7. N.V. Gogol. "Overcoat". Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin is a “little MAN”, he defends his right to a dream. 8. L. N. Tolstoy “After the Ball.” After the ball, the hero in love sees his beloved’s father supervising the beating of a soldier with spitzrutens. The separation of two Russias – rich Russia and poor Russia.
What is the meaning of human life?	1.A. S. Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin” The search for the meaning of life by a young hero, an “extra person” - a person not accustomed to working. 2. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". Pechorin’s misfortune, his own admission, lack of understanding of the meaning of his life, he says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to, could not find a use for it. 3. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. 4. L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". The main thing in the best heroes of the novel - Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov - is the desire for moral self-improvement, the desire to “be quite good, to bring good to people.
The problem of education. The problem of learning. What is the true purpose of learning? What should a good teacher (student) be like?	1. L.N. Tolstoy. “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. An autobiographical trilogy by L. Tolstoy, the main character Nikolenka Irtenev comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze her own and others’ actions. 2. V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents. 3. V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.” Formation of the protagonist's personality during difficult war years. The role of the teacher and her spiritual generosity in the life of a boy. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story. 4. Fazil Iskander. “The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules.” The teacher's influence on the formation of children's character. 5. “Instruction” by Vladimir Monomakh. Already in chronicle sources, enormous influence was given to the problems of education: the “Instruction” speaks of eternal moral values, love for the homeland, respect for elders, the need for kindness, fidelity... 6. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." One of the most important parts of the novel reveals the problems of education: “Oblomov’s Dream” shows how the atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to work and think disfigures the soul of a child. 7. A. S. Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin.” The first chapter of the novel is devoted to the problem of shaping Onegin’s character. The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working form a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” 8. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working form a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin himself realizes his selfishness and admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. This is how his upbringing made him.
	The importance of work in human life.	1. M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun” Mitrasha and Nastya, small children who were left without parents during the Second World War, through hard work earned the respect of their fellow villagers. 2. A P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world.” Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight. 3. A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s yard.” The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.
What influence does personality have on the course of history?	1. L. N. Tolstoy. “War and Peace” One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.
The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society. What is freedom? What kind of person can be called free? The problem of inhumane treatment of people in a totalitarian state	1. N. Tolstoy. “War and Peace.” Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander 1. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who, without fuss, without lofty phrases, fulfill their duty. 2. F. M. Dostoevsky. “Crime and Punishment.” Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right, that is, individuals, and material, “trembling creatures.” A person, according to his theory, is capable of creating history. He remembers Mohammed, Napoleon, and other great people; in the name of “great” goals, in their opinion, they commit atrocities and shed the blood of innocent people. Raskolnikov's theory fails. In both novels, true freedom lies in subordinating one’s interests to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice. 3. The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”: teacher Moroz, having the choice to stay alive or die along with the students whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person. 1A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Gulag Archipelago” 2. A.A. Akhmatova. Poem "Requiem". Written based on personal impressions (repeated arrests and exiles of her husband and son) and under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in Krest, a St. Petersburg prison.
	The problem of patriotism. What is true and imaginary patriotism?	1.N. Tolstoy. “War and Peace.” One of the central problems of the novel is true and false patriotism. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they do things in its name: Atasha Rostova, without hesitation, persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is mortally wounded on the Borodino field. But true patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland. 2. Most books about the war: M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, “They Fought for the Motherland”,
	The problem of choosing a profession.
Human and nature	The problem of man's thoughtless, cruel attitude towards the natural world. How to save the world from environmental disaster?	1.V. G. Rasputin. “Farewell to Matera.” They want to flood the island where people have lived for centuries. Along with environmental problems, there arise problems of a moral nature and historical memory. 2.M. Bulgakov. “Fatal eggs”: Professor Persikov accidentally hatches giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens. "Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!
	The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.	1.V. V. Mayakovsky “Good attitude towards horses. 2. Troepolsky. "White Bim Black Ear". 3. S. Yesenin “Song of the Dog”
	The influence of nature on humans. Why doesn't every person perceive the beauty of nature?	1M. Prishvin. “Pantry of the Sun” 2. Works of Turgenev. The role of landscape in them
Man and man	The problem of the complexity of relationships between people (humane attitude towards other people, indifference to the fate of another person, a person’s moral responsibility to other people).	1.A. From Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin.” “An involuntary egoist,” Onegin is indifferent to the fates of other people, making both himself and other people unhappy. 2. M. Yu Lermontov. “Hero of our time.” 3. K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. A girl, Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there... 4. V. G. Rasputin “Live and Remember.” The deserter husband secretly appears in the vicinity of his native village. His wife Maria is trying to save him, but people’s rumors are worse: persecuted by her fellow villagers, realizing that she is driven into a dead end by circumstances (she is a burden, she cannot give her husband away, but it is also scary to live in a lie), Maria commits suicide. She is selfless, her husband is cowardly and selfish. 5.B. Bykov "Sotnikov". The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.
	The problem of kindness and forgiveness. The problem of responsibility for one's affairs	1M. A. Bulgakov. “The Master and Margarita.” The image of Yeshua is the image of Jesus Christ, carrying the idea of true kindness and forgiveness. He says about all people, even about those who bring him pain and suffering: “Good man,” he forgives the procurator of Judea, who doomed him to a painful death, leaving with him into eternity. The image of the procurator of Judea symbolizes how a person can be punished for cowardice. Because of cowardice, he sends the innocent Yeshua to execution, to terrible torment, for which he suffers both on earth and in eternal life.
	The problem of relationships between “fathers” and “children”. Is it possible to avoid generational conflict? What is the true love of parents for children (children for parents)?	1. And S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons.” A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief. 2.L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”) 3. K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram” " A girl, Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...
	The problem of love/jealousy, friendship/betrayal.	1.A. S. Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin” 2. M. Yu Lermontov. “Hero of our time.” 3. And S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons.” 4. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." 5. And S. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons.”
Man and culture/art	The problem of art perception. The problem of perception of beauty. What is true beauty? What will help cultivate a person’s aesthetic taste? The problem of spirituality in art. The problem of cultural ecology. Why should cultural monuments be protected?	1. Articles by D. Likhachev. 2. L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
	What is mass culture? How does mass culture influence a person? How does television affect a person?
	What is the role of books in a person's life? The problem of choosing books to read. Why do young people read less?
	Can the Internet replace books? Is speed reading always useful?
Man and language/speech	The problem of development and preservation of the Russian language. What is a good speech?	I. S. Turgenev “Russian language”
	How to maintain purity of speech? The problem of clogging speech with slang and borrowed words. The clerical problem. What is the danger of cliches in our speech?
Man and moral values	The problem of true and imaginary values.
	What role does kindness (mercy, responsiveness, compassion) play in a person’s life?
	What is nobility? What actions can be called noble? What is honor, conscience? What is the role of these concepts in the life of modern man? How to maintain moral dignity? What is intelligence? What kind of person can be called intelligent?
philosophical problems	What is evil and good?	1M. And Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”. Woland is the embodiment of evil, Yeshua is the bearer of the idea of good, but evil and good separately do not make sense: Woland the devil says that he is part of evil, which, unwillingly, brings good.

What is the meaning of human life? 1.A. S. Pushkin. “Eugene Onegin” The search for the meaning of life by a young hero, an “extra person” - a person not accustomed to working 2. M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". Pechorin's misfortune, by his own admission, is a lack of understanding of the meaning of his life; he says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply it to, and could not find a use for it. 3. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, was unable to overcome himself and did not reveal his best traits. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. 4. L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". The main thing in the best heroes of the novel - Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov - is the desire for moral self-improvement, the desire to “be quite good, to bring good to people.

darkover666 The problem of learning. What is the true purpose of learning?
1. L.N. Tolstoy. “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. Autobiographical trilogy by L. Tolstoy, the main character Nikolenka Irtenev comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and others’ actions
2.V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents.
3.B. G Rasputin “French Lessons”. Formation of the protagonist's personality during difficult war years. The role of the teacher and her spiritual generosity in the life of a boy. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story. 4. Fazil Iskander. "The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules." The teacher's influence on the formation of children's character.
5. “Teaching” by Vladimir Monomakh. Already in chronicle sources, problems of education were given enormous influence: the “Instruction” talks about eternal moral values, love for the homeland, respect for elders, the need for kindness, loyalty... 6. And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov." One of the most important parts of the novel reveals the problems of education: “Oblomov’s Dream” shows how the atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to work and think disfigures the soul of a child. 7.A. S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". The first chapter of the novel is devoted to the problem of shaping Onegin's character. The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working form a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” 8.M. Yu. Lermontov. "Hero of our time". The lack of a goal in life and the habit of working form a “superfluous person,” a “reluctant egoist.” Pechorin himself realizes his selfishness and admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. This is how his upbringing made him.

The importance of work in human life
1M. M. Prishvin “Pantry of the Sun” Mitrash and Nastya, small children who were left without parents during the Second World War, through hard work earned the respect of their fellow villagers.

2.A P. Platonov “In a beautiful and furious world.” Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend’s devotion and love for his chosen profession performed a miracle: he, having boarded his favorite locomotive, regained his sight.

3.A. I. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s yard”. The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not acquired any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

darkover666What influence does personality have on the course of history?

1. L. N. Tolstoy. “War and Peace” One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

darkover666 The problem of individual freedom and human responsibility to society

1. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases. 2. F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment". Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those “who have the right, that is, individuals, and material, “trembling creatures.” A person, according to his theory, is capable of creating history. He remembers Mohammed, Napoleon, and other great people; in the name of “great” goals, in their opinion, they commit atrocities and shed the blood of innocent people. Raskolnikov's theory fails.
In both novels, true freedom lies in subordinating one’s interests to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice. 3. The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk”: teacher Moroz, having the choice to stay alive or die along with the students whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person.

The problem of patriotism
darkover666 1.N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace". One of the central problems of the novel is true and false patriotism. Tolstoy’s favorite heroes do not speak high words about love for their homeland, they do things in its name: Natasha Rostova, without hesitation, persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded at Borodino, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is mortally wounded on the Borodino field. But true patriotism, according to Tolstoy, lies in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.

darkover666 The problem of man's relationship to nature 1.V. G. Rasputin. "Farewell to Matera." They want to flood the island where people have lived for centuries. Along with environmental problems, there arise problems of a moral nature and historical memory. 2.M. Bulgakov. “Fatal Eggs”: Professor Persikov accidentally hatches giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens.
"Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature!

darkover666 The problem of the complexity of human relationships 1.A. With Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin". “An involuntary egoist,” Onegin is indifferent to the fates of other people, making both himself and other people unhappy. 2. M. Yu Lermontov. "Hero of our time". 3. K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. A girl, Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there 4. V. G. Rasputin “Live and Remember.” The deserter husband secretly appears in the vicinity of his native village. His wife Maria is trying to save him, but people’s rumors are worse: persecuted by her fellow villagers, realizing that she is driven into a dead end by circumstances (she is a burden, she cannot give her husband away, but it is also scary to live in a lie), Maria commits suicide. She is selfless, her husband is cowardly and selfish. 5.B. Bykov "Sotnikov". The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov’s heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies while maintaining his human appearance.

darkover666 Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity 1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
2) V. Hugo in the novel “Les Miserables” tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man. 3) One of the medical scientists insisted that laboratory staff work in the clinic: they had to see how patients suffer. This forced young researchers to work with triple energy, since a specific human life depended on their efforts.

4) In ancient Babylon, a sick person was taken to the square, and every passerby could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person’s misfortune, there is no other person’s suffering.

5) During the filming of the film “Cold Summer 53...”, which took place in a remote Karelian village, all the surrounding residents, especially children, gathered to see “Grandfather Wolf” - Anatoly Papanov. The director wanted to drive away the residents so that they would not interfere with the filming process, but Papanov gathered all the kids, talked to them, and wrote something in a notebook for each of them. And the children, their eyes shining with happiness, looked at the great actor. Their meeting with this man, who interrupted expensive filming for their sake, remained forever in their memory.

6) Ancient historians said that Pythagoras bought fish from fishermen and threw it back into the sea. People laughed at the eccentric, and he said that by saving fish from nets, he was trying to protect people from a terrible fate - being enslaved by conquerors. Indeed, all living things are connected by invisible but strong threads of causality: each of our actions, like a booming echo, rolls out across the space of the universe, causing certain consequences.

7) An encouraging word, a caring look, a gentle smile help a person achieve success and strengthen his faith in his abilities. Psychologists conducted an interesting experiment that clearly proves the validity of this statement. We recruited random people and asked them to make benches for a kindergarten for some time. Workers in the first group were constantly praised, while the other group was scolded for their inability and negligence. What is the result? In the first group, they made twice as many benches as in the second. This means that a kind word really helps a person.

8) Every person needs understanding, sympathy, warmth. One day, the outstanding Russian commander A. Suvorov saw a young soldier who, frightened by the upcoming battle, ran into the forest. When the enemy was defeated, Suvorov awarded the heroes, and the order went to the one who cowardly sat in the bushes. The poor soldier almost collapsed from shame. In the evening he returned the award and confessed his cowardice to the commander. Suvorov said: “I take your order for safekeeping because I believe in your courage!” In the next battle, the soldier amazed everyone with his fearlessness and courage and deservedly received the order.

9) One of the legends tells how Saint Kasyan and St. Nicholas the Pleasant once walked across the earth. We saw a man trying to pull a cart out of the mud. Kasyan, in a hurry to get to an important task and not wanting to stain his heavenly dress, went further, and Nikola helped the man. When the Lord found out about this, he decided to give Nikola two holidays a year, and Kasyan one every four years - February 29.

darkover666
1. Man and homeland
2. A person’s connection with his people
Quotes
1. A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart (K. Paustovsky).
2. I ask my descendants to follow my example: to be faithful to the fatherland until the end of their lives (A. Suvorov).
3. Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with the fatherland (V. Belinsky).

Arguments
A man cannot live without his homeland
1) A famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, was shackled and sent to hard labor.

2) The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

3) The Nazis, having occupied France, invited General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the Civil War, to cooperate with them in the fight against the Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was more valuable to him than political differences.

4) African slaves taken to America yearned for their native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, having thrown off the body, could fly home like a bird.

5) The most terrible punishment in ancient times was the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home there is a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving one’s homeland meant losing everything for a person.

6) The outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a higher salary. Tretyak pointed to the sky and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The famous athlete's answer confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

7) When, in the mid-19th century, an English squadron besieged the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, the entire population stood up to defend their city. Townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented Turkish cannons from conducting aimed fire at enemy ships.

8) One day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak tree that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak tree: “Why can’t I defeat you?”
The oak replied that it was not the trunk that was holding it up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the homeland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of ancestors makes a people invincible.

9) When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed over England, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, and people of ordinary rank enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the “invincible armada” of the Spaniards was defeated.
10) The Turks during their military campaigns captured captured boys and young men. Children were forcibly converted to Islam and turned into warriors called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that the new warriors, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, would become a reliable stronghold of the state. But this did not happen: the Janissaries had nothing to defend, they were cruel and merciless in battle, they fled in case of serious danger, constantly demanded higher salaries, and refused to serve without a generous reward. It all ended with the Janissary detachments being disbanded, and the residents, under pain of death, were forbidden to even utter this word.

11) Ancient historians talk about one Greek athlete who refused to fight for Athens, explaining that he needed to prepare for sports competitions. When he expressed a desire to participate in the Olympic Games, the citizens told him: “You did not want to share our grief, which means you are not worthy to share our joy.”

12) The famous traveler Afanasy Nikitin saw a lot of strange and unusual things during his travels. He talked about this in his travel notes “Walking across Three Seas.” But the exoticism of distant countries did not extinguish his love for his homeland; on the contrary, his longing for his father’s home flared up in his soul even more strongly.
13) Once during the First World War, at a military meeting, Nikolai-2 uttered a phrase that began like this: “To me and Russia...”. But one of the generals present at this meeting politely corrected the tsar: “Your Majesty, YOU probably wanted to say “To Russia and to you...” Nicholas II admitted his mistake.

14) Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” reveals the “military secret” - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against armies, then in Russia the entire people opposed him. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the fight against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

] 5) The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was his love for his homeland that gave him moral strength.

16) Napoleon, having entered Russia, knew that the peasants were greatly oppressed by the landowners, so he hoped for the support of the common people. But imagine his surprise when he was informed that the men did not want to sell fodder for hard currency. “They don’t understand their benefit?!” - the emperor exclaimed in bewilderment and confusion.

17) When the outstanding Russian doctor Pirogov came up with a device for inhaling ethereal vapors, he turned to a tinsmith with a request to make it according to the drawings. The tinsmith learned that this device was intended to operate on soldiers who fought during the Crimean War, and said that he would do everything for free for the sake of the Russian people.

18) German General Guderian recalled an incident that struck him. During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet artilleryman was captured while single-handedly dragging a cannon with a single shell. It turns out that this fighter knocked out four enemy tanks and repelled a tank attack. What force forced a soldier, deprived of support, to desperately fight against enemies - the German general could not understand. It was then that he uttered the now historic phrase: “It doesn’t look like we’ll be walking around Moscow in a month.”

Heading. “Fight and search. Find it and don’t give up!”
1. Problems
1. The meaning of human life
2. Fidelity to your calling
3. Finding your life path
4. True and false values
5. Happiness
6. Freedom

Quotes
1. There is nothing insurmountable in the world (A.V. Suvorov, commander).
2. Only work gives the right to enjoyment (N. Dobrolyubov, literary critic).
3. To live honestly, you have to be willing to get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness (L. Tolstoy, writer).
4. What is life? What is its meaning? What is the goal? There is only one answer: in life itself (V. Veresaev, writer).
5. And the two wings behind my shoulders no longer glow at night (A. Tarkovsky, poet).
6. To be born, live and die, you need a lot of courage (A. Maclean, English writer).
7. The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them (M. Zoshchenko, Russian writer).
8. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when to die (D. Orwell, English writer).
9. There are no great talents without great will (O. Balzac, French writer).
10. To think and create, to create and think - this is the basis of all wisdom (I. Goethe, German writer).
11. Man is born to live either in convulsions of anxiety or in the lethargy of boredom (Voltaire, French writer). 12. A person who chooses evil is, to a certain extent, better than one who was forced into Good (E. Burgess, English writer).

darkover666 Arguments
Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness
1) The life drama of Evgeny Onegin, an extraordinary man, is caused precisely by the fact that “he was sick of persistent work.” Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing: to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence “without tears, without life, without love.” 2) It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, the tireless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.
3) A. Chekhov in his works shows how smart, full of strength people gradually lose their “wings,” how high feelings fade away in them, how they slowly plunge into the swamp of everyday life. “Never give up!” - this call sounds in almost every work of the writer. 4) N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
5) The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams. 6) M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

7) Overcoming difficulties, intense struggle, tireless search - these are necessary conditions for the development of a person. Let's remember the famous parable about the butterfly. One day a man saw a butterfly trying to get out through a small gap in a cocoon. He stood for a long time and watched the unsuccessful attempts of the unfortunate creature to get out into the light. The man’s heart was filled with pity, and with a knife he parted the edges of the cocoon. A frail insect crawled out, dragging its helpless wings with difficulty. The man did not know that the butterfly, breaking the shell of the cocoon, strengthens its wings and develops the necessary muscles. And with his pity he doomed her to certain death.

False values
1) I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was. 2) Newspapers talked about the fate of a successful manager who became interested in role-playing in a fight club. He was ordained a knight, given a new name, and the invented life captivated the young man so much that he forgot about work, about his family... Now he has a different name, a different life, and he regrets only one thing: that he cannot leave forever from real life to the life that he invented for himself 3) When Socrates was born, his father turned to the oracle to find out how to raise his son. The oracle replied that the boy does not need either mentors or educators: he has already been chosen on a special path, and his spirit-genius will guide him. Later, Socrates admitted that he often heard a voice inside himself that ordered him what to do, where to go, what to think about. darkover666This semi-legendary story expresses the belief in the chosenness of great people who are called upon by life for great achievements

The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world 2. The role of the individual in history 3. The moral choice of a person 4. The conflict between man and society 5. Man and nature Arguments The fate of the world is in everyone’s hands 1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy, who did not listen to the unknown voice and scared away the butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly away into the royal garden, and the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will get scared and die, and power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people.

2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Virgin Plague.
One day a peasant went to mow the grass. Suddenly the terrible Plague Maiden jumped onto his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he would carry her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all the people died: small children, gray-haired old men, beautiful girls, and handsome guys.
This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death?

4) A. Kuprin wrote the story “The Wonderful Doctor”, based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently speaks of the fact that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.darkover666

The role of personality in history

1) “Notes of a Hunter” by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

3) American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” which told about the fate of a meek black man beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel shook up the entire society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.

1. The role of art (science, media) in the spiritual life of society
2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person
3. The educational function of art

Quotes
1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).
2. The whole life of mankind was consistently deposited in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer).
3. Conscientiousness is a feeling that literature must excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer).
4. Art is designed to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer).
5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer).
6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer).
7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer).
8. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).
9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist).
10. The purpose of art is to condensely convey the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher).
11. There is no poet’s career, there is a poet’s destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer).
12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak to the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher).
13. The artist’s job is to create joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).

Arguments
1) Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. One day he missed the train and stayed overnight on the station square with street children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, began to listen with bated breath to the story about the lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their fate.

6) When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony had a huge impact on the city’s residents. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of “The Minor”. They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical figure exactly as he is depicted in a work of art. Even tyrants trembled before this truly regal power of the artist. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medici expressed displeasure about his lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: “Don’t worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you.”

10) As children, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas “The Three Musketeers”. Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d'Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, the personification of treachery and cruelty. But the image of the novel's villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten during the religious wars, the words “French”, “homeland". He banned duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and fiction Dumas affects the reader much more powerfully and vividly than historical truth.

Scientific progress and human moral qualities
2) Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what lurks there, around the bend.

3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box.
A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

4) In M. Bulgakov’s story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after much research, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist for a long time did not dare to publish data about his discovery, because he understood that such news would change people’s ideas about the world order. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism.

The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”.

The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them.

The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and the Kremlin is preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

3) The problem of relating to the past, loss of memory, roots.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality

Essay based on the text:

Is it possible, considering oneself a cultured and intelligent person, to allow dishonest actions towards others and towards oneself? Where are the acceptable limits of lies and dishonesty? The famous literary critic and publicist D.S. discusses this. Likhachev.

It would seem like an ordinary case: someone took someone else’s book and “forgot” to return it. At the same time, there was not even a feeling of awkwardness from the fact that I had let the other person down, put him in an ambiguous position. The author called this modern phenomenon “moral color blindness” and tried to explore the problem from the point of view of ethical standards. Whatever explanations the supporters of such actions put forward, one thing remains unconditional: theft remains theft, a lie can never be justified. By forgiving yourself for small evils, it is easy to slide into great evil. By sacrificing your conscience, committing an immoral act, you yourself will suffer, wittingly or unwittingly destroying your dignity. And with this statement D.S. Likhachev, you will certainly agree if you consider yourself an intelligent person or strive to be so.

Writers of the nineteenth century often addressed problems of moral purity and decency. The heroes of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky made mistakes, suffered, doubted, but always retained their moral dignity. Pyotr Grinev, hero of “The Captain’s Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin, observes his father’s behest “take care of honor from a young age” and does not lose dignity either in front of the formidable Pugachev or in the face of death. He protects not only his good name, but also the honor of his beloved.

Favorite heroes of L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” go through serious moral tests and do it with honor, without stooping to cowardice and humiliation. The old Prince Bolkonsky, seeing off his son to the active army, says that he can survive his death, but will not survive his dishonor. And for Prince Andrey, the concepts of duty and honor are unshakable. Of course, his son will also be faithful to these traditions.

Why have many moral concepts and values been so devalued today? Perhaps we should be more demanding and uncompromising of our own conscience and the actions of those around us.

Text by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev:

(1) Once upon a time, a very long time ago, they sent me an important publication, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” (2) For a long time I couldn’t understand: what’s the matter? (3) At the institute they signed that they received the book, but there was no book. (4) Finally it turned out that one respectable lady took it. (5) I asked the lady: “Did you take the book?” (6) “Yes,” she answered. - (7) I took it. (8) But if you need it so much, I can return it.” (9) And at the same time the lady smiles flirtatiously. (10) “But the book was sent to me. (11) If you need it, you should have asked me for it. (12) You put me in an awkward position in front of the person who sent it. (13) I didn’t even thank him.”

(14) I repeat: this was a long time ago. (15) And we could forget about this incident. (16) But I still remember him sometimes - life reminds me. (17) It really seems like such a trifle! (18) “Read” the book, “forget” to return it to the owner... (19) Now it has become as if in the order of things. (20) Many people make excuses by saying that I need this book more than the owner: I can’t do without it, but he can do without it!

(21) A new phenomenon has spread - “intellectual” theft, seemingly completely excusable, justified by passion, a craving for culture. (22) Sometimes they even say that “reading” a book is not theft at all, but a sign of intelligence. (23) Just think: a dishonest act - and intelligence! (24) Don’t you think this is simply color blindness? (25) Moral color blindness: we have forgotten how to distinguish colors, or more precisely, to distinguish black from white. (26) Theft is theft, theft is theft, a dishonest act remains a dishonest act, no matter how or how they are justified! (27) But a lie is a lie, and in the end I don’t believe that a lie can be a salvation. (28) After all, even riding as a “hare” on a tram is theft. (29) There is no small theft, there is no small theft - there is just theft and just theft. (30) There is no small deception and big deception - there is simply deception, a lie. (31) It’s not for nothing that they say: faithful in small things, faithful in big things. (32) Someday, by chance, fleetingly, you will remember an insignificant episode when you sacrificed your conscience in the most seemingly harmless and insignificant thing - and you will feel a reproach of conscience. (33) And you will understand that if anyone suffered from your trifling, insignificant act, then you yourself suffered first of all - your conscience and your dignity.

Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty-six years old,

Languishing in idle leisure,

No work, no wife, no business

I didn't know how to do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”

3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.

1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive hero in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” He is smart, brave, independent in his judgment, a progressive man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.

2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.

3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment.” It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”. In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Live a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “man of God”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the scary world of the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son, Rodion, returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is peace, they live forever;

And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,

But a person contains everything within himself,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11)Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in peaceful life, will prove historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, and kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.

3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” conditioned by his upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. His role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.

We consider 2.M.Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.

15) Officials. Power.

1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. It’s not for nothing that Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.

3. Our society has moved to a new level of management, so the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In the comedy “The Cherry Orchard,” A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17)Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew foreign languages perfectly and had studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests and give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.

2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:

And the right to a place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Glory to the workers only,

Only for them - a wreath for centuries!

19)Theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!

20)Purity of language.

1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language was the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, and the abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant that your beloved be different!

21)Nature. Ecology.

1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about its preservation, about its purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,

Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...

In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.

2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:

You can live without Pushkin

And without Mozart's music too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

Without a doubt, you can live.

Even better, calmer, simpler

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And more carefree, of course,

Just how to meet this deadline?..

23) About our little brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate animal trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When, for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Homeland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of homeland”:

Woven over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls to people.

Come on people, never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

You should be happy

Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.

26)Theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music, born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with him With such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great man. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,

It would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the USSR Writers' Congress calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, and public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works are “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin’s Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

Unfortunately, money and the passion for hoarding have recently become the universal measure of all the values of many people. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.

For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .

30)Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.

31) Time problem.

During his long creative life, L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...

32) Theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin,

Because they doubted God,

He punished everyone with love

So that in pain we learn to believe.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:

And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin

It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In S. Yesenin’s poems we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:

O Rus', flap your wings,

Put up another support!

With other names

A different steppe is emerging.

36)Theme of war memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...

Two meanings, which use the word " intelligentsia”, and accordingly “intelligence” in the modern world: functional And social.

From Wikipedia:

Functional meaning and Latin origin of the word "intelligence":

The concept of "intelligence"

From the “Dictionary of a Practical Psychologist” by S.Yu. Golovin:

I. Bestuzhev-Lada believes that

Expression of intelligence in a person

From the “Psychological Dictionary-Reference Book” by Dyachenko M.I., Kandybovich L.A.:

Manifestation of human intelligence

From the “Psychological Dictionary-Reference Book” by Dyachenko M.I., Kandybovich L.A.:

Who can be intelligent?

I. Bestuzhev-Lada believes that

*Igor Vasilievich Bestuzhev-Lada (born 1927) is a Russian scientist, historian, sociologist and futurologist, specialist in the field of social forecasting and global studies.

What is characteristic of an intelligent person?

*Internationalism (from the Latin inter – “between” and nation – “people”) is an ideology that preaches friendship and cooperation between nations.

The main signs of intelligence are a complex of the most important intellectual and moral qualities from the “Dictionary of a Practical Psychologist” by S.Yu. Golovin:

The words “intelligent” and “intelligent” are paronyms. Don't confuse them.

From the express reference book by E.D. Golovina “Differentiate between words: Difficult cases of modern Russian word usage”:

What do modern young people understand by intelligence?

1.does not create difficulties for others by his behavior
2.must understand art
3.wishes everything living and surrounding him to be harmonious. ...
4.at least heard about the Ten Commandments
5. emits some special light, this is called spiritual beauty.
6.has high morality
7.high level of knowledge and being coincide
8.distinguished by internally free thinking and emancipation of spirit
9.distinguished by the desire to acquire new knowledge, interest in history and true art
10.wants to understand the other
11. striving for spiritual perfection (do not understand the connection only with religious faith)
12.first of all, sincere
13.cannot put his own benefit above the interests of other people
14.does not feel very comfortable in the corridors of power
15.we can recognize an intelligent person by his simplicity
16. will not insist on his own, will definitely listen to others
17.very fine mental organization - they feel others well
18.the power of good prevails
19.always a patriot whose soul is rooted for the fate of the Motherland
20.characteristic of thinking about the fate of one’s people