Chapter II. The meaning of tradition for the Russian people in calendar holidays and signs
REPORT
Culture and people
1. The concept of culture and people
The concept of “ethnicity” is of Greek origin, which had about ten meanings: people, tribe, crowd, group of people, etc. It pointed to any collection of identical living beings that have certain common properties. The term “ethnos” in its modern sense appeared in the second half of the 19th century, but there is still no established point of view on its essence and meaning. Thus, academician Yu. V. Bromley pointed out: “Determining the place of ethnic communities among various human associations is an extremely difficult task, as is clearly evidenced by significant differences in existing definitions of ethnicity. Some authors, for example, name language and culture as the main characteristics of an ethnic group, others add territory and ethnic identity, some point, in addition, to the peculiarities of the mental makeup; others also include community of origin and state affiliation among ethnic characteristics.”
Thus, ethnicity is a cultural and organic concept. Culture is what largely justifies the existence of a people and a nation before God. Culture is the shrines of the people, the shrines of the nation.
Thus, a people is a genetic community, on the one hand, and a social one, on the other. Ethnic groups most often arise as human populations, but later develop as social systems. Ethnicity is social group, whose members are united by ethnic identity - awareness of their genetic connection with other representatives of this group. It should be noted that what is meant here is not so much the actual genetic connection as the idea of it.
Based on the above, the concept of “people” in the sense of an ethnic community is understood as a group of people whose members have a common name, language and cultural elements, have a myth (version) of a common origin and a common historical memory, associate themselves with a special territory and have a sense of solidarity .
Culture is a huge holistic phenomenon that makes the people inhabiting a certain space from just the population into a people, a nation. The concept of culture has always included religion, science, education, moral and moral norms of behavior of people and the state.
Culture is understood as the material and spiritual environment created by man, as well as the processes of creation, preservation, dissemination and reproduction of norms and values that contribute to the elevation of man and the humanization of society. Culture represents the main meaning and global value of the existence of both peoples and states. Outside of culture, their independent existence becomes meaningless.
It is in culture and through culture that peoples and each individual find themselves in their unique and inimitable historical identity and integrity.
The culture of a people is a historically established national type of spirituality.
2. The people as a subject of culture
The concept of the people as a subject of culture differs significantly from the concept of the people in other social sciences. In demography, a people is a population, but inhabiting a certain space does not automatically mean creating culture within its boundaries. In historical science, a people is the population of certain countries (for example, the Belarusian or French people).
If we talk about the problem of “people and culture,” it should be noted that the thousand-year tradition consisted of the denial of the people as the subject of cultural creativity. This was due, first of all, to the social division of activity into mental and physical and the view of mental activity as a priority, which was reinforced by the social dominance of representatives of the latter. Thus, the people were opposed to the elite.
The people were first identified as a subject of history - the creator of social wealth - in Marxist philosophy, although in it the opposition “people - elite” was not removed. It was assumed that it would disappear with the resolution of the contradictions between city and countryside, between mental and physical labor in the course of communist construction. With this approach, Pushkin, for example, is the elite, and Arina Rodionovna is the people, which means that Pushkin does not belong to the number of people who make up the people? What is a people from the point of view of cultural studies?
The people as a subject of culture are a dynamic community of people, united by material, social and spiritual creativity. A people does not appear in history all at once. The population is not born, but becomes a people in a common historical destiny. With the collapse of common values and unity, the people also fade away. The path to transform a population into a people is long and complicated: a people is capable of not only creating culture, but also, being mistaken, losing it. Already the Hellenes distinguished between populis - the people and its degenerate and aggressive part - vulgus - ochlos.
The people are the creators of culture, but the people consist of individuals - individuals. A personality is a person who, in an individual measure and form, assimilates and transforms his social essence. In this sense, a people consisting of individuals - creators of material and spiritual culture - is the opposite of an impersonal mass.
3. The emergence of a science of peoples and cultures
Numerous historical studies by ethnologists from different countries convince us that throughout human history (from the primitive state to the present day) people have had and still have a need for knowledge not only about their lives, traditions and customs, but also about the culture of surrounding peoples .
The emergence of an independent science of peoples dates back to mid-19th V. and is also associated with many practical needs of the time, primarily with the desire to explain the differences in cultural development peoples, understand the mechanisms of formation and features of ethnic psychology, find out the reasons for racial differences between peoples, establish the relationship between ethnic characteristics and social structure, determine the reasons for the rise and decline of culture and the historical role of a particular people. In response to these problems and needs, theories and concepts began to emerge, scientific directions and schools began to emerge, which gradually transformed into a single science about peoples - ethnology.
The very name of the science, “ethnology,” is formed from the Greek words etnos (people) and logos (word, science). IN ancient times the ancient Greeks applied the concept of “ethnicity” to other peoples (non-Greeks) who differed from them in language, customs, beliefs, lifestyle, values, etc.
Until the 19th century. the concept of “ethnology” was sporadically used to describe various ethnographic processes, but did not denote a special science. The French proposed using this concept as the name of a new science about peoples and cultures. scientist Jean Jacques Ampère, who in 1830 developed a general classification of “anthropological” (i.e., humanities) sciences, among which he singled out ethnology.
Initially, ethnology developed as a science about the backward, i.e. peoples who have not created their own statehood. In this capacity, it existed until the first decades of the 20th century, when ideas about ethnic groups appeared as unique communities of people, independent of the level of their socio-economic development. This methodological approach dominates ethnological science today.
It is worth noting that in the first half of the 20th century. research was largely academic in nature and driven by the desire to preserve information about fading “primitive” cultures; from the second half of the 20th century. the situation is changing radically: the pragmatic value of ethnological knowledge has become obvious. Today, the recommendations and knowledge of ethnologists in various spheres of public life are necessary to solve political, economic and social problems; they are effectively used in mass communications, international trade, diplomacy, etc.
IN last years National self-awareness is actively growing, the attention of various nations, peoples, nationalities to the preservation and development of their cultures, languages, and to the revival of family traditions is increasing. Since this is the third year in our kindergarten The annual task of introducing elements of Russian culture into the educational process is being implemented; we are faced with the task of introducing new generations to historical memory people. Collecting material in Russian folk art, we, first of all, relied on its accessibility for children's perception.
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In recent years, national self-awareness has been actively growing, and the attention of various nations, peoples, and nationalities to the preservation and development of their cultures, languages, and to the revival of family traditions has increased. Since for the third year now our kindergarten has been implementing the annual task of introducing elements of Russian culture into the educational process, we are faced with the task of introducing new generations to the historical memory of the people. When collecting material on Russian folk art, we, first of all, relied on its accessibility for children's perception.
We assume that the implementation of our annual project should help children realize their identity native culture directly through songs, rituals, games, games, exercises, which were instilled in early childhood and passed on as a great value.
I would like to highlight the folk game separately. Since ancient times, the game has been present both in rituals and in everyday life. Its physiological meaning is the formation, development and training of all systems and organs of the body. With the help of the game, children developed memory, attention, intelligence, speed of intellectual and physical reactions, sociability, and friendliness. Research by many scientists also proves that while playing, a child can not only express himself from different angles, but also learn about the world. In this case, if we consider the social role of the game, then in Russian national culture folk games are the main means of education and transmission of experience accumulated by previous generations.
Since one of the sections of the “Development” program is “Expressive Movement”, we believe that acquaintance with Russian folk culture will allow children to develop comprehensively and harmoniously, acquire the best features of the Russian character, learn to respect their Motherland, and be proud of the past and present.
Object of study: Children.
Subject of study:development of expressive movement
Target: contribute to the development of the child’s figurative and plastic creativity, enriching their knowledge of Russian national culture on the basis of teaching the language of expressive movements.
Tasks:
Development of figurative-plastic interaction in children through development creativity in various fields of activity (in song and music, theater, literature, arts and crafts, and other types of creativity) on the basis of integrated education and artistic development personality.
2. Formation in children of an emotional-sensual, conscious perception of images of oral folk art (rhymes, chants, proverbs, sayings, riddles, counting rhymes);
3. Purposeful formation of the aesthetic worldview of children through familiarization with cultural values - familiarization with folk crafts (Khokhloma, Gzhel, Gorodets, etc.);
4. Fostering interest and love for Russian national culture, folk art, customs, traditions, rituals, and the folk calendar.
Research hypothesis - implementation of tasks will be more effective if:
1. Create a system of work to introduce children to the origins of Russian folk culture, through the development of expressiveness of movement.
2. Free play activity use all types of folklore (fairy tales, songs, nursery rhymes, chants, proverbs, sayings, riddles, round dances), since folklore is the richest source of educational and moral development children. Introduce children to folk holidays and traditions, folk games in accordance with age characteristics pupils in the group.
3. Involve parents in the educational process through Russian folk outdoor games, familiarization with calendar holidays, their customs and traditions.
4. Create conditions for children to independently reflect the acquired knowledge and skills.
Stages of research activity:
Diagnostic: September.
A) diagnostic examination of children, identifying the level of knowledge and skills;
B) testing parents to identify the level of interest in this issue;
Prognostic stage: September.
A) determining the goals and objectives of the research work;
B) study of literature;
C) approval of the research project.
Organizational stage: October
A) development and approval of the research plan.
C) gaining initial experience.
Practical stage: September - May.
A) work in accordance with the project plan.
Generalization stage: April-May.
A) processing of data obtained during the study.
B) analysis of the performance results obtained during the study.
C) description of the results of research work on the problem.
Control over the assimilation of material:
Final tests for the project are carried out in the form creative work, on the principle of initiation into “warriors”, “knights”, “mother’s assistant”, “handicraftswoman”, “Vasilisa the Wise” and other nominations. Final control in the form of creative work may look like participation in festive event, exhibition and according to the degree of the child’s feasible participation in the event, the teacher can assess the level of mastery of the program.
Long-term project planning
"Traditions of Russian folk culture"
September
Theme: “Visiting Grandma Rasskazushka.”
Lesson No. 1 “Rites of Autumn: “New Year”
Goal: Conversation about the first autumn month, its features and signs. Explain the meaning of Ruen - September for the Slavs - the new year began. Introduce the concept of “Kin, Family Tree.” Decoding of the Russian bow “my heart and mind are at your feet.”
1. Reading the myth about the Family Tree.
2. Game "Fly". Decoding of the Russian bow “my heart and mind are at your feet.”
3. Drawing “Family Tree”
4. Acquaintance with Russian folk riddles about autumn gifts “The Pantry of Autumn”.
Lesson No. 2 “Autumn”
Goal: to introduce children to the custom of celebrating Autumn, to expand knowledge about folk signs and customs associated with it. Develop expressiveness of performance in conveying motor plasticity of time year - autumn. To encourage a creative search for expressive details and “touches” in folk games.
1. Repetition of the call “Vosenushka-autumn”
2. Games “Radish”, “Turnip”, “Cucumbers”.
3. Making a mother doll: Makosh-Osenina.
4. Exhibition of joint creativity of children and parents from natural materials “Golden Autumn”.
Lesson No. 3 "Children's folklore"
Goal: To teach humor, friendly attitude towards each other, resourcefulness, accuracy of the Russian language. “Teases” and “pranks” are repeated. Develop the ability to independently compose “tricks” and “mirilkas”. Develop the ability to feel and understand a partner in figurative and plastic interaction. Acquaintance with children's folklore and its features.
1. Game “Forfeits”, word game “Confusion”.
2. Design of a “Trap Book” with texts of “teasers”, “pranks”, “tricks” invented by children.
3. Evening of nursery rhymes and humorous songs “We got a laugh in our mouth.”
October
Theme: “My home is my fortress”
Lesson No. 1 “Bread is the head of everything”
Goal: acquaintance with ancient tools - flail and sickle. Follow the logical chain: sowing, harvesting, processing grain, baking bread. To cultivate respect for the work of the grain grower. Develop plastic expressiveness in conveying images of field activities. The ability to combine movements with singing.
1. Reading and memorizing proverbs and sayings about work and bread.
2. Games “Tsar”, “Poppy-poppy”.
3. Making bakery products from salt dough.
4. Tea drinking with a loaf of bread “We don’t miss a cup, we treat everyone to tea!”
Lesson No. 2
Goal: To consolidate children’s knowledge of the interior decoration of a peasant hut. Introduce children to such concepts as “the female half is a woman’s kut, and the male half is a konik”, “red corner”. Acquaintance with ornamental round dances reflecting the four elements of the universe. Develop performing expressiveness when performing a round dance.
1. Reading the fairy tale “Jumping Fire Girl” Fire-Sun.
2. Games “Kostroma”, “Dudar”
3. Collective panel of paper dolls in folk costumes “Sunny Circle”.
4. Dramatization of the Russian folk tale “The Fox and the Wolf.”
Theme "Village yard"
Lesson No. 1 "Round dance at the gate."
Goal: To enrich children’s understanding of the components of a peasant yard, the functional significance of individual outbuildings (shed, barn, bathhouse, barn, threshing floor) in the old days. Consolidate knowledge by comparing a modern peasant yard with an ancient one. Draw the attention of children that the yard is an economic complex, convenient in the climatic conditions of Russia. Encourage children to search for options for the composition of a figurative plastic work. Ornamental round dance “Water”
1. Conversation “The Voditsa Sorceress”
2. Reading a fairy tale about living and dead water “Marya-Marevna”
3. Games “Stream”, “Cabbage”
4. Draw the “Water” ornament
5. Watching the cartoon “Goat Dereza”
Lesson No. 2 “Mother Earth feeds and gives water”
Goal: To acquaint students with how the peasants revered the Earth. With folk holidays related to the earth (Pokrov) To form an interest in the world around us. Cultivate aspiration careful attitude to nature. Encourage children to search for options for the composition of a figurative plastic work. Ornamental round dance "Earth"
1. Conversation “Earth”.
2. Game "Shuttle"
3. “Pattern for a peasant shirt”, painting patterns.
4. Church calendar holiday “Pokrov”
Lesson No. 3 "Wooden lace"
Goal: Continue acquaintance with wooden architectural monuments of Russia. Give a new concept of “Wooden architecture”, “Kremlin” Encourage children to search for options for the composition of a figurative and plastic work. Ornamental round dance “Air”.
1. Air conversation.
2. “Golden Gate”, “Tetera was walking”
3. Work in subgroups. Making a model of the “Wooden Kremlin”.
4. Making riddles about objects of peasant labor and everyday life.
November
Theme "Furniture and utensils of a country house"
Lesson No. 1 “Our hostess was smart.”
Goal: To get acquainted with the variety of household items, their names and purposes. Draw the attention of the children that the atmosphere in the hut was modest, strict, everything was in its place, everything was for the good of the cause. To introduce children to the conventional stage way of interaction between partners in outdoor games.
1. Acquaintance with proverbs, sayings, jokes about Russian life.
2. Games “Poker”, “Zarya-Zaryanitsa”
3. Activities-games using a model of a Russian hut.
Lesson No. 2 “When the sun is warm, when mother is good.”
Goal: to form an idea of a family as people who live together. Foster a desire to take care of loved ones, develop a sense of pride in your family. Enrichment of the dictionary “Child, child, cradle”. To develop expressiveness in the execution of images of mother and child, a joint search for motor-plastic details in the embodiment of images.
1. Conversation “Mom, mommy, mummy, mother”
2. Mother’s games: pestles, nursery rhymes, jumping games “ladushki”, “swaddles”, “stretchers”
3. Making a doll's diaper
4. Evening of ditties “For our mothers”.
Theme "Life and Crafts"
Lesson No. 1 “Cricket know your nest.”
Purpose: To explain to children the reasons for the division of labor in the family in the old days, to give knowledge about the traditions of the Russian people in raising boys and girls. Together with children, compare and highlight the differences in the upbringing of boys and girls in Rus'. Strengthen the ability to combine counting rhymes and lots with games.
1. Introduction to the fairy tale “Seven Simeons”.
2. Games "Pots", "Spinning"
3. Conduct experiments on the use of ancient Russian household items in modern conditions.
4. Competition for coming up with your own rhymes. "One two Three…"
Lesson No. 2 "The master's work is afraid"
Goal: Continue to introduce children to a variety of crafts. Know women's and men's crafts and theirs characteristics. “Good fellows” are father’s assistants, and “fine maidens” are craftsmen and needlewomen.
Develop expressiveness in performing roles.
1. Repetition of proverbs about labor and skill.
2. Role-playing outdoor games. Game for boys “Blacksmiths”, Game for girls “Spinner”
3. Pottery class for boys “Milk Jug”, Class for girls “Embroidery”
4. Calendar folk day of Sinichkin and Kuzminki.
December
Theme "Antique chest"
Lesson No. 1 "Wonderful, wonderful - wonderful miracle"
Goal: Continue acquaintance with folk costume. Learn to see the beauty of folk costume. To consolidate knowledge of what material the clothes were made from. Determine which clothes were festive and which were casual. Enrichment of the dictionary “kokoshnik, kosovorotka, sash, dushegreya, epanechka, kika.”
1. Conversation on the topic: “How the shirt grew” (based on the story of K.D. Ushinsky).
2. Games with objects “Ring”, “Beads”.
3. Introduce children to the loom. And weaving techniques.
4. Poetry competition “Hello winter, winter.”
Lesson No. 2 “Performs like a peahen”
Goal: To consolidate the name of the main elements of women's folk costume: shirt, poneva, apron, kika, gashnik, koruna, volosnik. Women's jewelry and their protective meaning: cassocks-earrings, braid, monisto, arm bracelets, combs. Develop the ability to convey an image only with the help of arms, hands, and fingers. Development of fine motor skills.
1. Reading an excerpt from a fairy tale by A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".
2. Finger games “Maryino Window”, “Fists”, “Guests”.
3. Weaving a beaded ring.
4. Gatherings using appropriate proverbs and sayings about clothing.
Lesson No. 3 "Folk men's costume."
Goal: to consolidate children’s knowledge about men’s peasant clothing. Expand children's knowledge about men's costume: caftan, kosovorotka, kalyta, zipun, nachelnik. Repeat the meaning of ornamental symbols and signs on the collar, hem and shoulder pads. Continue to introduce children to the varieties of Russian folk games. Word games develop Russian speech, preserve the dialect, folk style of communication, imagination, resourcefulness, and attentiveness.
1. Watching the cartoon “The Magic Ring”
2. Word games “Let’s go”, “Nonsense”.
3. Cut out elements of men's clothing from paper.
4. Gatherings “It was in the evening.”
Lesson No. 4 “The dress is fine and elegant.”
Goal: To consolidate knowledge about the color structure of folk costume. Use of decoration (colored braid, embroidery, lace, precious stones, beads, pearls). Comparison of costumes different regions Russia. Develop aesthetic taste, the ability to see the beauty of folk costume. 1. Viewing the fairy tale “Morozko” 2. Game “Two Frosts” 3. Making a wall panel “New Year’s Round Dance” 4. Quiz for the best expert in folk costume “Wonderful Chest”.
January
The theme is “Children dress up when visiting.”
Lesson No. 1 “Every day in January is a holiday”
Goal: Continue to acquaint children with folk holidays, their history and meaning. New Year, Christmas. Christmastide games of carolers. Instill interest in national holidays.
1. Reading the fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse.”
2. Game “Blacksmith”, “Tsarevich King”
3. Making masks for caroling.
4. Celebrating Christmas “Carols in kindergarten”.
Lesson No. 2 "People's Theater"
Goal: Preparing costumes for the symbols of carols, sketches, theatrical performances. Develop the ability to convey character traits character using movements, speech, facial expressions. Explain what games are and how they differ from regular games. Games and the folk calendar: “Driving a horse” on Kolyadki is a symbol of the transition to a new time.
“Bear” is an ancestor, bringing with him wisdom and spiritual wealth. “Goat” is a symbol of harvest, “Crane” is fertility, childbearing.
1. Conversation “Favorite characters of the folk theater (bear, goat, horse, crane).
2. Ritual game “Driving a horse”
3. Making a “Horse” from bast
4. Play sketches with folk theater characters.
Lesson No. 3 "Ritual games with theatrical elements."
Goal: To expand children’s knowledge of what a “rite” is. Develop interest in folk traditions. Folk theater - play sketches with folk theater characters. The ability to convey the characteristic features of a character through movements, speech, and facial expressions. Game: “A Goat Walked Along the Road”, “Bear Fun” (depicts the shortcomings of modern society), “Selling a Horse” (old - old year, young - new year).
1. Ritual games: “Bonfire”, “Smoking room”
2. Making costumes for ritual games.
3. Game sketches “Ritual games”.
February
Theme "Gatherings"
Lesson No. 1 “Glory flows to the hero”
Purpose: To introduce epics about Russian heroes. Good fun - power games. To cultivate love for the Motherland, a sense of pride in the courage of the Russian people, the desire to be like them. Cultivating tolerance. Endurance, development of a good spirit of competition among boys. The ability not to laugh at the weak and defenseless.
1. Watching the cartoon “Ratibor’s Childhood”
2. Power games “Wrestlers”, “Tripods”, “Cockroaches”, “Roosters”.
3. Drawing a hero.
4. Sports entertainment “Well done fun”.
Lesson No. 2 “Who lives in the mansion?”
Goal: To help children understand the meaning of a fascinating and wise fairy tale, fall in love with it, and pay attention to the beginning and end of the fairy tale. See the symbols, understand their meaning. The tower is a symbol of the structure of the world and those who live in it. The mouse is a symbol of time running. The egg is a symbol of life. “Wolf” - “Alien” - a representative of another world. “Geese” is a symbol of ancient knowledge, therefore they teach foolish children who do not obey their parents to serve Baba Yoga. “Bear” is an ancestor, you need to please him, there is no danger with him, but there are trials.
1. Reading fairy tales “The Ryaba Hen”, “Teremok”.
2. Watching the cartoons “The Ryaba Hen”, “Teremok”, to compare the characters in the book and on the screen.
3. Role-playing game with images without words and sounds based on the fairy tale “Ryaba Hen”
4. Outdoor games Game “Wolf and Geese”, “At the Bear in the Forest”.
5. Preparing costumes for the fairy tale “Teremok”
6. Game-dramatization “Teremok”.
Theme "Russian crafts"
Lesson No. 1 “Where does the Firebird’s feather live?”
Goal: To update students’ knowledge about Khokhloma painting; teach how to draw elements of Khokhloma painting
form concepts about ornament; develop figurative representation; cultivate patriotic feelings.
1. Reading the legend of the “Golden Khokhloma”.
2. Games “Tag with tails”
3. Painting patterns of dishes with floral patterns.
4. Evening of nursery rhymes and songs “Children's folklore”.
Lesson No. 2 "Matryoshka sisters."
Goal: To promote patriotic education preschoolers; develop artistic taste; learn to distinguish nesting dolls by shape and color design.
1. Reading the story “Russian Matryoshka”
2. D\i “Who is behind whom.”
3. Games "Tag-centipedes"
4. Teach children to depict the matryoshka toy (in modeling, appliqué, drawing)
5. Exhibition of children's works “My Matryoshka”.
March
Theme "Russian crafts"
Lesson No. 1 "Gorodets painting"
Goal: To expand children’s knowledge about the features of Gorodets painting. To cultivate love and interest in traditional Russian culture, one’s homeland and its history. Develop skills in working with art materials (gouache, watercolor). Develop creative and cognitive activity, artistic imagination and taste.
1. View the presentation “Gorodets”
2. Girls’ get-together games “Shigiryalka”, “Filly”.
4. “Together with Mom”, painting a kitchen spade with a Gorodets pattern.
Lesson No. 2 “Maslenitsa Praskoveika, we welcome you well”
Goal: To expand children’s knowledge about the Maslenitsa holiday. Introduce the meaning of each holiday. To contribute to the restoration of the tradition of celebrating a national holiday in the family. Buffoon games are a symbol of the eternal law of nature - rebirth. “Skomorokh” is a messenger of main events, a bearer of ancient knowledge.
1. The teacher’s story about Maslenitsa.
2. Learning the names of the days of the Maslenitsa week and the customs of each day.
3. Game “Skomoroshiny”, “Zarya-Zarenitsa”, “Burners”
4. Making a Little Maslenitsa doll
5. Sports entertainment “Taking the Snow Town”
Lesson No. 3 "Ritual games and symbols of spring."
Goal: Uniting the children's team, forming friendly relationships through the study of ritual games. Expand children's knowledge of what ritual games are.
1. Watching the DVD “Meeting of Spring”
2. Game "Uroza"
3. Modeling of birds “Vesnyanok” from plasticine and salt dough “Spring, spring, come here!”
4. Making riddles about spring. Learning the chant about spring “Bucket Sun”
Lesson No. 4 “April does not like the lazy, but loves the agile”
Goal: To introduce children to Russian labor customs and actions in the spring in the garden and field. Intensify proverbs about work in children’s speech. Children sowing seeds on their own. Cultivate hard work.
1. Spring songs during sowing of seeds “And we sowed millet”
2. Decorating the “Sprouts and Spikelets” plate with an ornament
3. Quiz “You for me, I for you”, about the seasons using appropriate riddles, signs, poems, chants.
April
Theme: “Toys of our grandmothers”
Lesson No. 1 “To make a joke is to make people laugh”
Goal: To form children’s understanding of folk toy Petrushka as a hero of folk humor. Introduce children to the characters of the folk theater “German”, “master”, “soldier”, as well as types of folk humorous folklore - fables, teasers, tongue twisters. Develop creative imagination children, encourage them to look for unusual movements and the plasticity of the selected character.
1. Learning and independently inventing fables with the participation of Parsley
2. Games “Skomoroshins”, “Tag-monkeys”.
3. Application from colored paper “Parsley”
4. “Performance to everyone's surprise” - acting out game situations using Parsley.
Lesson No. 2
“Expand ideas about toys and fun. Develop an interest and a desire to learn about the craftsmen who made toys and the toys that the children themselves made. Strengthen the ability to convey a contrasting manner of performing a movement: sometimes plastic, sometimes mechanical.
1. The teacher’s story and display of illustrations and toys (windmill, top, hen and chickens, porcelain doll, wooden horse).
2. Game “Hen and Chicks”, fun toy “Pecking Hen and Cockerel”
3. Competition "Mill-Spit". 4. Making a windmill together with parents.
Lesson No. 3 “Easter”
Goal: To introduce children to the concept of Orthodox religious holiday. How is it different from national holidays? Introduction to Easter songs. A teacher's story about celebrating Easter. An introduction to the Russian custom of exchanging eggs on Easter and the meaning of this action.
1. Verbal folk games “Gardener”, “Spillikins”.
2. Playing games with colored eggs.
3. Coloring easter eggs"Pysanki"
4. Folklore leisure “Red Hill”.
Lesson No. 4 "Folk embroidery"
Goal: To introduce children to embroidery and lace patterns. Explain what tools the needlewomen used in their work.
1. Learning the song “I’ve already sowed flax”
2. Game "Sieve"
3. Teaching children to make an ornament for a towel.
4. Quiz “Ancient Legends”. Find out children's knowledge about Russian crafts, the name of the tool.
May
Theme: “Visiting Grandma Rasskushka.”
Lesson No. 1 “Victory does not come in the air, but is achieved with your hands.”
Goal: To form an idea of the heroic past and present of the Russian people. Great Russian heroes - defenders of the Russian land and ordinary people defending their homeland. To cultivate a sense of pride in the heroic strength of Russia, respect for Russian soldiers, and a desire to imitate them. Activation of the dictionary: warrior, hero, epic, storyteller, knight, oratay, chain mail, harness, shield, sword, helmet, equipment, armor, bridle, harness, mace, plowman, scabbard, amulet.
1. Watching the film “Ilya Muromets”
2. Power games “Giants”, “Tightenings”
3. Girls making a gift for boys “Weaving a bracelet” Folklore entertainment “Heroes of the Russian Land”.
Lesson No. 2 "Have fun private people"
Goal: To expand children’s knowledge about the types of ritual dolls. Explain the meaning of each doll, what are their similarities and differences: “Osenina”, “Kolyada”, “Maslenitsa”, “Lelya, Rusalka” “Kolyada”. Develop compositional creativity, encouraging children to come up with options for implementing the plot.
1. Conversation “Time for business, time for fun.”
2. Round dances: “Birch”, “Le-le-li”.
4. Making a ritual doll “Leli”
5. Folklore leisure “Lovely singing” using self-made musical instruments (ratchets).
Literature
1. I.G. Gavrilov “The origins of Russian folk culture in kindergarten”
2. I.A. Boychuk, T.N. Popushin “Introducing young and middle-aged children to Russian folk art”
3. L.S. Kuprina, T.A. Budarina, O.A. Makareeva, O.N. Korepanova. Method. manual “Introducing children to Russian folk art: lesson notes and scripts for calendar and ritual holidays.”
4. I.A. Agapova, M.A. Davydov "We are patriots."
5. E.E. Kayawa " Music games and dancing in kindergarten."
6. M.A. Davydov “Scenarios of musical calendar and folklore holidays”
7. I.N. Kotova, A.S. Kotova “Russian rituals and traditions. Folk doll."
8. L.S.Kuprina, T.A.Budarina and others. “Introducing children to Russian folk art.”
9. G.V. Lunina “Raising children in the traditions of Russian culture.”
10. L.V. Sokolova, A.F. Nekrylova “Raising a child in Russian traditions.”
It is not for nothing that the national culture of Russia has always been considered the soul of the people. Its main feature and attractiveness lies in its amazing diversity, originality and uniqueness. Each nation, developing its own culture and traditions, tries to avoid imitation and humiliating copying. That is why they are creating their own forms of organizing cultural life. In all known typologies, Russia is usually considered separately. The culture of this country is truly unique; it cannot be compared with either the West or eastern directions. Of course, all nations are different, but it is the understanding of the importance of internal development that unites people all over the planet.
The importance of culture of different nationalities in the world
Each country and each people are important in their own way for the modern world. This is especially true when it comes to history and its preservation. Today it is quite difficult to talk about how important culture is for modern times, because the scale of values has changed significantly in recent years. National culture has increasingly begun to be perceived somewhat ambiguously. This is due to the development of two global trends in the culture of different countries and peoples, who increasingly began to develop conflicts against this background.
The first trend is directly related to some borrowing cultural values. All this happens spontaneously and practically uncontrollably. But it carries with it incredible consequences. For example, the loss of the color and uniqueness of each individual state, and therefore its people. On the other hand, countries have increasingly begun to appear that call on their citizens to revive own culture and spiritual values. But one of the most important issues is Russian national culture, which in recent decades has begun to fade against the backdrop of a multinational country.
Formation of Russian national character
Perhaps many have heard about the breadth of the Russian soul and the strength of the Russian character. The national culture of Russia largely depends on these two factors. At one time V.O. Klyuchevsky expressed the theory that the formation Russian character largely depended on the geographical location of the country.
He argued that the landscape of the Russian soul corresponds to the landscape of the Russian land. It is also not surprising that for the majority of citizens living in a modern state, the concept of “Rus” carries a deep meaning.
Household life also reflects remnants of the past. After all, if we talk about the culture, traditions and character of the Russian people, we can note that it was formed a very long time ago. Simplicity of life has always been a distinctive feature of the Russian people. And this is due primarily to the fact that the Slavs suffered many fires that destroyed Russian villages and cities. The result was not only the rootlessness of Russian people, but also a simplified attitude towards everyday life. Although it was precisely those trials that befell the Slavs that allowed this nation to form a specific national character, which cannot be assessed unambiguously.
The main features of the national character of a nation
Russian national culture (namely its formation) has always largely depended on the character of the people who lived on the territory of the state.
One of the most powerful traits is kindness. It was this quality that was manifested in a wide variety of gestures, which can still be safely observed in the majority of Russian residents. For example, hospitality and cordiality. After all, no nation welcomes guests like they do in our country. And such a combination of qualities as mercy, compassion, empathy, cordiality, generosity, simplicity and tolerance is rarely found among other nationalities.
Another important trait in the character of Russians is their love of work. And although many historians and analysts note that as much as the Russian people were hardworking and capable, they were just as lazy and lacking initiative, it is still impossible not to note the efficiency and endurance of this nation. In general, the character of a Russian person is multifaceted and has not yet been fully studied. Which, in fact, is the highlight.
Values of Russian culture
In order to understand a person's soul, it is necessary to know his history. The national culture of our people was formed in the conditions of a peasant community. Therefore, it is not surprising that in Russian culture the interests of the collective have always been higher than personal interests. After all, Russia lived a significant part of its history in conditions of military operations. That is why, among the values of Russian culture, extraordinary devotion and love for one’s Motherland is always noted.
The concept of justice in all centuries was considered the first thing in Rus'. This has come since the time when every peasant was allocated equal plot land. And if in most nations such a value was considered instrumental, then in Russia it acquired a goal-oriented character.
Many Russian sayings say that our ancestors had a very simplified attitude towards work, for example: “Work is not a wolf, it will not run away into the forest.” This does not mean that work was not valued. But the concept of “wealth” and the very desire to get rich have never been present among Russian people to the extent that is attributed to them today. And if we talk about the values of Russian culture, then all of it is reflected in the character and soul of the Russian person, first of all.
Language and literature as values of the people
Whatever you say, the greatest value of every nation is its language. The language in which he speaks, writes and thinks, which allows him to express his own thoughts and opinions. It is not for nothing that there is a saying among Russians: “The language is the people.”
Old Russian literature arose during the adoption of Christianity. At that moment there were two directions of literary art - this world history and the meaning of human life. Books were written very slowly, and the main readers were representatives of the upper classes. But this did not stop it from developing over time Russian literature to the world's peaks.
And at one time Russia was one of the most reading countries in the world! Language and national culture are very closely related. After all, it was through the scriptures that experience and accumulated knowledge were passed on in ancient times. Historically, Russian culture dominates, but the national culture of the peoples living in the vastness of our country also played a role in its development. That is why most works are closely intertwined with historical events other countries.
Painting as part of Russian culture
Just like literature, painting occupies a very significant place in the development of the cultural life of Russia.
The first thing that developed as an art of painting in the territories of Rus' was icon painting. What in Once again proves high level spirituality of this people. And at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, icon painting reached its apogee.
Over time, the desire to draw also arises among ordinary people. As stated earlier, big influence The formation of cultural values was influenced by the beauties in whose territory the Russians lived. Perhaps that's why great amount paintings Russian artists were dedicated to the open spaces native land. Through their canvases, masters conveyed not only the beauty of the surrounding world, but also their personal state of mind, and sometimes the state of mind of an entire people. Often the paintings included a double secret meaning, which was revealed exclusively to those for whom the work was intended. Art school Russia is recognized by the whole world and occupies an honorable place on the world pedestal.
Religion of the multinational people of Russia
National culture largely depends on what gods the nation worships. As you know, Russia is a multinational country, home to about 130 nations and nationalities, each of which has its own religion, culture, language and way of life. That is why religion in Russia does not have a single name.
Today, there are 5 leading trends in the Russian Federation: Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, as well as Catholicism and Protestantism. Each of these religions has a place in a huge country. Although, if we talk about the formation of the national culture of Russia, then since ancient times Russians belonged exclusively to the Orthodox Church.
At one time, the great Russian principality, in order to strengthen relations with Byzantium, decided to adopt Orthodoxy throughout Rus'. In those days, church leaders were necessarily included in the tsar’s inner circle. Hence the concept that the church is always connected with state power. In ancient times, even before the baptism of Rus', the ancestors of the Russian people worshiped the Vedic gods. The religion of the ancient Slavs was the deification of the forces of nature. Of course, there were not only good characters, but mostly the gods of the ancient representatives of the nation were mysterious, beautiful and kind.
Cuisine and traditions in Rus'
National culture and traditions are practically inseparable concepts. After all, all this is, first of all, the memory of the people, what protects a person from depersonalization.
As mentioned earlier, Russians have always been famous for their hospitality. This is why Russian cuisine is so varied and tasty. Although a few centuries ago the Slavs ate fairly simple and monotonous food. In addition, it was customary for the population of this country to fast. Therefore, the table was basically always divided into modest and lean.
Most often, meat, dairy, flour and vegetable products could be found on the table. Although many dishes in Russian culture have exclusively ritual significance. Traditions are tightly intertwined with kitchen life in Russia. Some dishes are considered ritual and are prepared only on certain holidays. For example, kurniks are always prepared for a wedding, kutya is cooked for Christmas, pancakes are baked for Maslenitsa, and Easter cakes and Easter cakes are baked for Easter. Of course, the residence of other peoples on the territory of Russia was reflected in its cuisine. Therefore, in many dishes you can observe unusual recipes, as well as the presence of non-Slavic products. It’s not for nothing that they say: “We are what we eat.” Russian cuisine is very simple and healthy!
Modernity
Many are trying to judge how much the national culture of our state has been preserved today.
Russia is truly a unique country. She has rich story and difficult fate. That is why the culture of this country is sometimes gentle and touching, and sometimes tough and militant. If we consider the ancient Slavs, then it was here that a real national culture arose. Preserving it is more important than ever today! Over the past few centuries, Russia has learned not only to live with other nations in peace and friendship, but also to accept the religion of other nations. To this day, most of the ancient traditions have been preserved, which Russians honor with pleasure. Many traits of the ancient Slavs are present today in the worthy descendants of their people. Russia is a great country that treats its culture extremely carefully!
Municipal budgetary educational institution
secondary specialized school No. 7
« National culture of the Russian people"
Completed by: teacher primary classes
MBOU SSSH No. 7 of the urban district - city
Kamyshin, Volgograd region
Spirina Nadezhda Evgenievna
Holidays and traditions of the Russian people.
Target: introduce students to folk traditions, customs, rituals, thus expanding their understanding of the culture of the Russian people; cultivate interest in history and folk art; develop an aesthetic and moral perception of the world.
Equipment: computer, projector, presentation.
During the classes:
Russia is a multinational state, on whose territory more than 180 people live, more than 67% of its population is of one nationality, while in official UN documents Russia is a multinational state.
National culture is national memory people, what makes them stand out given people among others, it protects a person from depersonalization, allows him to feel the connection between times and generations, receive spiritual support and support in life.
The Russian people are primarily distinguished from other peoples by their special hospitality, breadth of traditions and other features.
And today we will talk about the holidays and traditions of our country, our people.
(slide 1)
Each holiday in Rus' is associated with its traditions.
(slide 2)
“Tradition”, “custom”, “rite” - essential elements culture of every nation, these words are familiar to everyone, evoke certain associations and are usually associated with memories of that “gone Rus'”. The invaluable value of traditions, customs and rituals is that they sacredly preserve and reproduce the spiritual image of a particular people, its unique characteristics, the cultural experience of many generations of people, bringing into our lives the best of the spiritual heritage of the people. Thanks to traditions, customs and rituals, peoples are most different from one another.
Tradition, custom, ritual are identical concepts in general terms, but have their own characteristic features and characteristics.
Tradition- this is the transmission from previous generations of customs and rituals, aimed at the spiritual world of the individual and serves as a means of reproducing, repeating and consolidating generally accepted social relations not directly, but through the formation of the moral and spiritual image of a person, developing in accordance with these relations. (For example: Russian hospitality)
Custom prescribes more detailed behavior and actions for a person in certain situations. It is not only symbolic, but any generally repeated action established by tradition. (For example: handshakes when meeting close friends or relatives, morning and evening prayers to God, the harmful custom of treating alcohol to relatives, friends and acquaintances).
Ritual specifies the form of expression of behavior generally accepted in a particular area in particular bright moments human life (For example: wedding ceremonies, baptism, burial). Rituals were considered as necessary a component of life as holidays.
Ritual culture - this is order in all manifestations of social life this case, ritual actions of the people, an ethical code regulating collective moods and emotions. And we probably need to start with the folk calendar.
The folk calendar in Rus' was called the monthly calendar. The month book covered the entire year of peasant life, “describing” it day by day, month by month, where each day had its own holidays or weekdays, customs and superstitions, traditions and rituals, natural signs and phenomena. The folk calendar is a kind of encyclopedia peasant life. It includes knowledge of nature, agricultural experience, rituals, norms of social life and is a fusion of pagan and Christian principles, folk Orthodoxy.
Russia is a truly unique country that, along with a highly developed modern culture, carefully preserves the traditions of its nation, deeply rooted not only in Orthodoxy, but even in paganism. Russians continue to celebrate pagan holidays and believe in numerous folk signs and legends.
Christianity gave Russians such wonderful holidays as Easter, Christmas and the rite of Epiphany, and paganism gave Maslenitsa and Ivan Kupala.
New Year. (slide 3)
In 1699, Peter I issued a decree according to which they began to consider the beginning of the year 1st of January. This was done following the example of everyone Christian peoples, who lived not according to Julian, but according to Gregorian calendar. Peter I could not completely transfer Rus' to the new Gregorian calendar, since the church lived according to the Julian calendar. However, the Tsar in Russia changed the calendar. If earlier years were counted from the creation of the world, now the chronology began from the Nativity of Christ. The king steadily ensured that New Year's celebration ours was no worse and no poorer than in other European countries. (slide 4-5)
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The first day of the New Year 1700 began with a parade on Red Square in Moscow. And in the evening the sky lit up with the bright lights of festive fireworks. It was from January 1, 1700 that folk New Year's fun and merriment gained recognition, and the celebration of the New Year began to have a secular (not church) character. As a sign of the national holiday, cannons were fired, and in the evening, multi-colored fireworks, never seen before, flashed in the dark sky. People were having fun, singing, dancing, congratulating each other, etc. 
Arrived New Year's gifts.
Christmas (slide 6)
Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, the savior of the world, with whose coming people found hope for mercy, kindness, truth and eternal life. Orthodox Church celebrates the Nativity of Christ according to the Julian calendar on January 7, in contrast to Western churches, which celebrate it on December 25 according to the Gregorian calendar. (slide 7)
Christmas traditions: Christmastide (slide8)
The twelve days after the Feast of the Nativity of Christ until Epiphany are called Christmastide, that is, holy days, since these twelve days are consecrated by the great events of the Nativity of Christ. On Christmastide, it is customary to go on a visit, visit the sick, the elderly, and give gifts. On Christmastide, all fasts are canceled, treats are plentiful and varied.
Winter Christmastide began with caroling. The youth dressed up and went around all the houses in the village singing Christmas songs. Kolyada and Ovsen - mythological characters of songs - were supposed to bring a bountiful harvest and domestic happiness to the peasants.
Winter Christmastide was a noisy and cheerful holiday: bonfires were lit, people gathered for games, parties were held, and girls told fortunes.
According to legend, for eight days after the birth of Jesus Christ, evil spirits roam the earth, prowl the streets, scaring passers-by. The mummers, representing evil spirits, wore horned and bearded masks, scared and amused people. (slide 9)
(singing carols)
Epiphany (Orthodox holiday) (slide 10)
Epiphany is one of the main Christian holidays. The holiday of Epiphany ends the Christmas holidays, which last from January 7 to January 19. The holiday begins on the evening of January 18, when all Orthodox Christians celebrate Epiphany Eve.
The holiday of Epiphany is celebrated every year on January 6 for Catholics and January 19 for Orthodox believers., according to the official modern calendar. This holiday is associated with the baptism of Jesus Christ in the Jordan River. During his earthly life, only adults were baptized who fully felt faith in one God and realized in themselves this, at that time new, religion, because at that time Christians were persecuted and monotheism was rejected. Therefore, it is not surprising that Jesus Christ was baptized at the age of 30.
In churches, water is blessed on this day. Previously, it was taken from the nearest river or lake by drilling a hole in the ice in the shape of a large cross. The priest prayed over the water, lowered a church cross into the hole, and parishioners of the nearest church sang psalms. After all these actions, the water in the river was considered baptized. It was collected into various vessels and carried home. They believed that such water healed various ailments, gave vigor and health, so the custom of plunging into ice holes was widespread. Currently, water is practically not taken from rivers and lakes - the ecology is not the same. It is immediately poured after the service near the church. Agree - this is very practical. The custom of plunging into an ice hole has survived to this day. But more often, “walruses” show the audience miracles of endurance. The rest are stomping around on the shore, and, widening their eyes, look at the wonderful people in swimming trunks and in the snow. (slide 11)
In addition to cooling mortal bodies, water was also used in the active struggle against various evil spirits, which “besieged” the houses of poor Belarusians in armies. In order to drive out this very household evil spirits from the corners, they sprinkled baptized water on all rooms, the courtyard and outbuildings. After such rituals, each person tried to drink plenty of holy water in order to be healthy, happy, and therefore carefree and cheerful all year. At least, drinking this water, many dreamed about it and hoped only for the best
Easter (Orthodox holiday) (slide 13)
Easter is a bright holiday of the resurrection of Christ. This holiday came to Rus' from Byzantium along with baptism at the end of the 10th century. Since then, this Christian holiday has been widely, beautifully and solemnly celebrated throughout Russia.
On the eve of Easter, all churches hold all-night vigils and processions around the church. By this time, traditional holiday pastries had already been baked in all the houses - Easter cakes, which symbolize the body of Christ, and eggs had been painted. And right in the morning, believers go home with refreshments, giving their friend colored eggs, saying: “Christ is risen!” - “Truly risen!” This custom of greeting and congratulations, accompanied by hugs and kisses, is called “Christification.” The holiday of Christian Easter lasts seven days and is called Holy Week or Week. (slide 14)
Easter- This is a day of abundant food. After Great Lent, a variety of different and delicious dishes. And among them, ritual foods occupy the first place. And, above all, these are Easter cakes, Easter cakes and colored eggs.
The egg, which was traditionally painted in red colors and its shades, has become an obligatory attribute and symbol of Christian Easter since the 12th century. And the Easter cake was always baked from yeast dough, tall and round. The top of the Easter cake is decorated with the image of a cross. It is believed that if the Easter bread is a success, then everything will be fine in the family. When eating, the cake is cut not lengthwise, but crosswise, keeping the top intact to cover the rest of the cake.
Maslenitsa (pagan holiday)
(
slide 15)
Perhaps the most joyful holiday in Rus' can be called Maslenitsa. This holiday is considered an echo of pre-Christian times, when the Slavs were still pagans.
In the old days, Maslenitsa was considered a holiday of remembrance of the dead. So the burning of Maslenitsa is its funeral, and pancakes are a funeral treat. But time passed, and the Russian people, greedy for fun and relaxation, turned the sad holiday into a daring Maslenitsa. But the tradition of baking pancakes remained - round, yellow and hot, like the sun, and horse-drawn sled rides and sleigh rides were added to it. ice mountains, fist fights, mother-in-law get-togethers. Maslenitsa rituals are very unusual and interesting, as they combine the end of the period of winter holiday rituals and the opening of a new, spring period of holidays and rituals that were supposed to contribute to a rich harvest.
Maslenitsa is celebrated for a whole week before Lent. Moreover, each day of Maslenitsa week was dedicated to special rituals. (slide 16)
Monday, Maslenitsa
On Monday we celebrated Maslenitsa. On this day, they made a stuffed Winter from straw, put old women's clothes on it and drove it on a sleigh around the village, singing. Then the scarecrow was placed on a snowy mountain, where the sledding began. Skiing down the mountains is not just fun, but an ancient ritual, because it was believed that the one who slides down the mountain more times will have higher flax.
Tuesday, Maslenitsa
Tuesday was called “flirt”. From that day on, all sorts of entertainment began throughout the village: sleigh rides, folk festivals, performances by buffoons and puppet theaters led by Petrushka. Masked mummers walked the streets, driving around to familiar houses, where cheerful home concerts were held impromptu. Large groups rode around the city, on troikas and on simple sleighs.
Wednesday, Maslenitsa
Wednesday - the gourmet - opened the treat in all houses with the iconic Maslenitsa dish - pancakes - and other dishes. Each family set tables with delicious food, baked pancakes, and brewed beer. Trade stalls were popping up everywhere. They sold hot sbitn (drinks made from water, honey and spices), roasted nuts, and honey gingerbread. Here, right in the open air, you could drink tea from a boiling samovar.
Thursday, Maslenitsa
Thursday - revelry - was the middle of games and fun. It was then that the hot Maslenitsa fist fights took place.
Friday, Maslenitsa
If on Wednesday the sons-in-law treated themselves to pancakes at their mother-in-law's house, then on Friday they organized pancake evenings at their mother-in-law's house.
Saturday, Maslenitsa
Saturday in Maslenitsa week was dedicated to sister-in-law's gatherings. Young daughters-in-law hosted their relatives. (slide 17)
Sunday, Maslenitsa
Sunday was called “Forgiveness”. On this day, close people asked each other for forgiveness for all the insults and troubles caused to them; in the evenings it was customary to visit cemeteries and “say goodbye” to the dead. On the last day of Maslenitsa week, the most interesting event takes place - seeing off Maslenitsa - with the ceremonial burning of the effigy of Winter. People also threw pancakes and leftover food into the big fire. The children were told that all the nourishing food was burned in the fire, thereby explaining to them why during Lent they eat only lean food.
Farewell to Maslenitsa
Farewell to Maslenitsa ended on the first day of Lent - Clean Monday, which was considered a day of cleansing from sin and meager food. On Clean Monday, they always washed in the bathhouse, and women washed the dishes, clearing them of fat and remnants of the savory food.
Trinity (Orthodox holiday) (slide 18)
The holiday received its first name in honor of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles, which Jesus Christ promised them before His ascension into heaven. The descent of the Holy Spirit indicated the trinity of God - “ God the Father creates the world, God the Son redeems people from slavery to the devil , God the Holy Spirit sanctifies the world through the dispensation Churches". On the day of Pentecost the universal apostolic church
Russians celebrate Holy Trinity Day (usually just Trinity) was one of the most important holidays of the annual cycle. Numerous folk customs and traditions associated with this day, as well as with the weeks before and after Trinity. On the Saturday before Trinity, one of the most important commemorations of the deceased ancestors of the year took place. (slide 19-20)
On Trinity, it was customary to decorate churches, huts, courtyards and even streets with fresh herbs, flowers and branches. A special place was given to young birch branches.
In addition, Russians have preserved an ancient custom that has pre-Christian roots. It consisted of coming to church on Trinity Sunday with a bunch of grass that was to be mourned. Tears meant rain. It was believed that after this there would be no drought in the summer. (slide 21)
(poems about the Trinity)
Ivan Kupala (pagan holiday) (slide 22)
AND 
Since ancient times, all the peoples of the world celebrated the peak of summer at the end of June. In Rus', such a holiday is Ivan Kupala. On the night of June 23-24, everyone celebrated this mystical, mysterious, but at the same time wild and cheerful holiday, full of ritual actions, rules and prohibitions, songs, sentences, all kinds of signs, fortune telling, legends, beliefs.
Even during the time of paganism, the ancient Russians had a deity named Kupala, personifying summer fertility. In his honor, in the evenings they sang songs and jumped over the fire. This ritual action turned into an annual celebration of the summer solstice, mixing pagan and Christian tradition. Ivan b 
The deity of Kupala began to be called after the baptism of Rus', when he was replaced by none other than John the Baptist (more precisely, his folk image), who baptized Christ himself and whose birth was celebrated on June 24. (slide 23)
On this day, people girded themselves with bandages of flowers and put wreaths of herbs on their heads. They led round dances, sang songs, lit bonfires, in the middle of which they placed a pole with a burning wheel mounted on it - a symbol of the sun.
In the songs that were sung in the villages, Kupala is called loving, clean, cheerful. On the day of Ivan Kupala, girls made wreaths of herbs, and in the evening they put them into the water, watching how and where they floated. If the wreath sinks, it means that the betrothed has fallen out of love and cannot marry him.
On Midsummer's Day it was customary to pour dirty water everyone you meet. It was believed that the more often a person runs to swim, the purer his soul will be. Bathing was prescribed at dawn: then bathing had healing powers. (slide 24)
On bathing night, cleansing fires were lit. They danced around them, jumped over them; whoever is more successful and taller will be happier. In the Kupala bonfires, mothers burned the shirts taken from sick children, so that the illnesses themselves would be burned along with this linen. The youth, having jumped over the fires, made noisy funny Games, brawls, racing. We certainly played burners.
The people believed that all miraculous and healing herbs bloom just on the night of Ivan Kupala. Therefore, knowledgeable and experienced people, and especially village doctors and healers, under no circumstances missed Midsummer's Night and collected medicinal roots and herbs for the whole year.
There were rumors that ferns bloom at midnight on Kupala. A wonderful fiery flower can show the lucky person the location of all treasures, no matter how deeply they are buried. Around midnight, a bud appears on the wide leaves of the fern, which rises higher and higher, then staggers, turns over and begins to “jump”. Exactly at midnight, a ripe bud opens with a bang and a fiery red flower emerges from it. A person cannot pick it, but if he sees it, all his wishes will come true. (slide 25)
People associated ideas about miracles with Ivan Kupala Day. On the night of Kupala, one could not sleep, as all the evil spirits came to life and became active: witches, werewolves, ghouls, mermaids... It was believed that on Ivan Kupala, witches also celebrated their holiday, trying to cause as much harm to people as possible.
This is how the holiday of Ivan Kupala passed - in riotous rituals, fortune telling and other funny and cute pranks... (slide 26)
(song about the holiday Ivan Kupala)
Conclusion: Today we got acquainted with the traditions and customs of some Christian and pagan holidays, which have long been and widely celebrated in our country. (slide 27)
The culture of the peoples of Russia is one of the most diverse in the world. More than 190 peoples live on its territory, each of which individually has its own unique culture, and the greater the number, the more noticeable the contribution of this people to the culture of the entire country.
Most numerous in Russia Russian population— it amounts to 111 million people. The top three most numerous nationalities are completed by Tatars and Ukrainians.
Russian culture
Russian culture has a huge historical and cultural heritage and dominates the state.
Orthodoxy is the most widespread religion among the Russian people, which has had a huge impact on the development of moral culture peoples of Russia.
The second largest religion, although incomparably inferior to Orthodoxy, is Protestantism.
Russian housing
A traditional Russian dwelling is considered to be a hut, built of logs, with a gable roof. The entrance was a porch; a stove and cellar were built in the house.
There are still many huts in Russia, for example, in the city of Vyatka, Arbazhsky district Kirov region. There is an opportunity to visit the unique Museum of Russian Hut in the village of Kochemirovo, Kadomsky District, Ryazan Region, where you can see not only a real hut, but also household items, a stove, a loom and other elements of Russian culture.
Russian national costume
In general, men's folk costume consisted of a shirt with an embroidered collar, trousers, bast shoes or boots. The shirt was worn untucked and secured with a fabric belt. As outerwear put on a caftan.
Women's folk costume consisted of a long embroidered shirt with long sleeves, sundress or skirt with a frill, and on top of the woolen skirt - poneva. Married women wore a headdress called a warrior. The festive headdress was a kokoshnik.
IN Everyday life Russians folk costumes no longer worn. The best samples This clothing can be seen in ethnographic museums, as well as at various dance competitions and festivals of Russian culture.
Traditional Russian cuisine
Russian cuisine is famous for its first courses - cabbage soup, solyanka, ukha, rassolnik, okroshka. Porridge was usually prepared as a second course. “Soup cabbage soup and porridge are our food,” they have long said.
Very often cottage cheese is used in dishes, especially when preparing pies, cheesecakes and cheesecakes.
It is popular to prepare various pickles and marinades.
You can try Russian dishes in numerous restaurants of Russian cuisine, which are found almost everywhere both in Russia and abroad.
Family traditions and spiritual values of the Russian people
Family has always been the main and unconditional value for a Russian person. Therefore, since ancient times it was important to remember one’s family. The connection with the ancestors was sacred. Children are often given names in honor of their grandparents, sons are named after their fathers - this is a way of showing respect to relatives.
Previously, the profession was often passed on from father to son, but now this tradition has almost died out.
An important tradition is the inheritance of things and family heirlooms. This is how things accompany a family from generation to generation and acquire their own history.
Both religious and secular holidays are celebrated.
The most widely celebrated public holiday in Russia is the New Year holiday. Many people also celebrate the Old New Year on January 14th.
The following holidays are also celebrated: Defender of the Fatherland Day, International Women's Day, Victory Day, Workers' Solidarity Day ("May" holidays on May 1-2), Constitution Day.
The largest Orthodox holidays are Easter and Christmas.
Not so massively, but the following are also noted Orthodox holidays: Baptism of the Lord, Transfiguration of the Lord ( Apple saved), Honey Saved, Trinity and others.
Russian folk culture and the Maslenitsa holiday, which lasts a whole week until Lent, are practically inseparable from each other. This holiday has its roots in paganism, but is now celebrated everywhere and Orthodox people. Maslenitsa also symbolizes farewell to winter. Business card festive table- pancakes.
Ukrainian culture
The number of Ukrainians in the Russian Federation is approximately 1 million 928 thousand people - this is the third largest number among the total population, and therefore Ukrainian culture is an important component of the culture of the peoples of Russia.
Traditional Ukrainian housing
The Ukrainian hut is an important component of the Ukrainian traditional culture. A typical Ukrainian house was wooden, small in size, with a hipped roof made of straw. The hut had to be whitewashed inside and out.
There are such huts in Russia, for example, in the Orenburg region, in the western and central regions of Ukraine, in Kazakhstan, but almost always the thatched roof is replaced with slate or covered with roofing felt.
Ukrainian folk costume
The men's suit consists of a linen shirt and trousers. The Ukrainian shirt is characterized by an embroidered slit in the front; they wear it tucked into their pants, belted with a sash.
The basis for a woman's outfit is a long shirt. The hem of the shirt and sleeves were always embroidered. On top they put on a corset, yupka or andarak.
The most famous element of traditional Ukrainian clothing is vyshyvanka - a men's or women's shirt, distinguished by complex and varied embroidery.
Ukrainian folk costumes are no longer worn, but they can be seen in museums and at festivals of Ukrainian folk culture. But embroidered shirts are still in use and are even gaining more and more popularity - Ukrainians of all ages love to wear them, both as a festive outfit and as an element of their everyday wardrobe.
The most famous Ukrainian dish is red borscht made from beets and cabbage.
The most popular product in Ukrainian cooking is lard - it is used to prepare many dishes, eaten separately, salted, fried and smoked.
Wheat flour products are widely used. National dishes include dumplings, dumplings, verguns, and lemishki.
Ukrainian cuisine is loved and popular not only among Ukrainians, but also among many other residents of Russia - it is not difficult to find a restaurant serving Ukrainian cuisine in large cities.
The family values of Ukrainians and Russians are largely identical. The same applies to religion - Orthodox Christianity ranks most among the religions of Ukrainians living in Russia; Traditional holidays are almost no different.
Tatar culture
Representatives of the Tatar ethnic group in Russia number approximately 5 million 310 thousand people - this is 3.72% of the total population of the country.
Tatar religion
The main religion of the Tatars is Sunni Islam. At the same time, there is a small part of the Kryashen Tatars, whose religion is Orthodoxy.
Tatar mosques can be seen in many cities of Russia, for example, the Moscow Historical Mosque, the St. Petersburg Cathedral Mosque, the Perm Cathedral Mosque, the Izhevsk Cathedral Mosque and others.
Traditional Tatar housing
Tatar housing was a four-walled log house, fenced on the front side and set back from the street, with a vestibule. Inside, the room was divided into women's and men's parts, the women's part was also a kitchen. Houses were decorated with bright paintings, especially the gates.
In Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, many such estates remain, not only as architectural monuments, but also as residential buildings.
The costume may differ depending on the subgroup of the Tatars, but clothing had a great influence on the uniform image of the national costume Volga Tatars. It consists of a shirt-dress and trousers, for both women and men, and a robe was often used as outerwear. The headdress for men was a skullcap, for women - a velvet cap.
Such costumes are no longer worn in their original form, but some elements of clothing are still in use, for example, scarves and ichigs. You can see traditional clothing in ethnographic museums and thematic exhibitions.
Traditional Tatar cuisine
A distinctive feature of this cuisine is that its development was influenced not only by Tatar ethnic traditions. From different cultures, Tatar cuisine has absorbed bal-mai, dumplings, pilaf, baklava, tea and other various dishes.
Tatar cuisine boasts a variety of flour products, among them: echpochmak, kystyby, kabartma, sansa, kyimak.
Milk is often consumed, but most often in processed form - cottage cheese, katyk, sour cream, syuzme, eremchek.
A lot of restaurants throughout Russia offer menus Tatar cuisine, and the best choice, of course, is in the capital of Tatarstan - Kazan.
Family traditions and spiritual values of the Tatars
Creating a family has always been the highest value Tatar people. Marriage is considered a sacred duty.
The moral and spiritual culture of the peoples of Russia is in one way or another connected with religious culture, and the peculiarities of Muslim marriage lie in the fact that it is inextricably linked with religious culture Muslims For example, the Koran prohibits marrying an atheist or agnostic woman; Marriage with a representative of another religion is not very much approved.
Nowadays Tatars meet and marry mostly without family intervention, but previously the most common marriage was through matchmaking - the groom’s relatives went to the bride’s parents and proposed.
The Tatar family is a family of the patriarchal type; a married woman was completely under the power of her husband and supported by him. The number of children in a family sometimes exceeded six. The spouses lived with the husband's parents; living with the bride's parents was shameful.
Unquestioning obedience and respect for elders is another important feature of the Tatar mentality.
Tatar holidays
The Tatar culture of celebration includes Islamic, original Tatar, and all-Russian public holidays.
Major religious holidays are considered to be Eid al-Fitr - the holiday of breaking the fast, in honor of the end of the month of fasting - Ramadan, and Kurban Bayram - the holiday of sacrifice.
Until now, the Tatars celebrate both kargatuy, or karga butkasy - a folk holiday of spring, and sabantuy - a holiday marking the completion of spring agricultural work.
The culture of each people of Russia is unique, and together they represent an amazing puzzle, which will be incomplete if any part is removed. Our task is to know and appreciate this cultural heritage.
