Patriotism and loyalty to military duty are the moral traditions and foundations of the spiritual potential of the Russian officer corps. Topic Fundamentals of military-patriotic education Patriotism and loyalty to military duty are the main qualities of a defender of the Fatherland

on the course "Military Affairs"

on the topic: “Patriotism, loyalty to military duty is the basis of worthy service to the Fatherland”

Introduction

The idea of ​​patriotism has at all times occupied a special place not only in the spiritual life of society, but also in all the most important spheres of its activity - ideology, politics, culture, economics. The content and direction of patriotism are determined primarily by the spiritual and moral climate of society, its historical roots that nourish the social life of generations. The role and importance of patriotism increase at sharp turns in history, when the objective tendencies of society are accompanied by an increase in the tension of its citizens (wars, invasions, social conflicts, revolutionary upheavals, crises, intensification of the struggle for power, natural and other disasters). The manifestation of patriotism in such periods is marked by high noble impulses, special sacrifice in the name of the Motherland, one’s people, which makes it possible to classify this phenomenon as one of the most complex and extraordinary.

Patriotism is the source of a warrior’s spiritual strength

How many generous impulses and heroic deeds are caused by a deep feeling - patriotism! How many wonderful words have been said and written by thinkers of all nations of the world about patriotic feeling! Let us remember Pushkin’s words: “...My friend, let us devote our souls to our Fatherland with wonderful impulses!” Is it possible to forget the brilliant line: “...And the smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us”! And how many folk proverbs exist about love for the Motherland: “A man without a Motherland is a nightingale without songs,” “One’s own land is sweet even in sorrow.”

The idea of ​​patriotism in Rus' has deep roots. It can be found in the chronicles of the 9th century. True, in those days it was distinguished by very limited features: it did not extend beyond personal devotion to one’s family, squad, or prince.

Since the adoption of Christianity in Rus', the patriotic idea has been enriched with new content - a feeling of devotion to the Christian faith. The patriotic ideal gained national significance.

As the Russian lands were liberated and united into a single centralized state, the shoots of Russian patriotism grew stronger. Calling on the Russian people to unite to fight the invaders, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky said: “So that we all stand with one mind against the enemies and destroyers of the faith of Christian, Polish and Lithuanian people, for the Moscow state...”

The true flowering of patriotism is associated with the personality of Peter I, with his multifaceted activities aimed at strengthening Russia. The great reformer and transformer put loyalty to the Fatherland above all other values, even above devotion to himself.

In the “Table of Ranks” established by Peter I, service to the Fatherland and zeal in state affairs were declared the highest virtue and were enshrined as the most important conditions for receiving ranks and awards. In order to form a patriotic consciousness, appropriate symbols, awards, rituals, and traditions were approved.

The victory in the Battle of Poltava and the subsequent numerous victories of Russian weapons highly raised the prestige of the defender of the Fatherland in Russian society. Patriotic values ​​were enriched by the idea of ​​protecting other peoples and states from foreign slavery. The readiness to defend one's country and come to the aid of peoples in trouble has become a tradition of the Russian military.

Patriotism, courage and bravery have been demonstrated more than once by the miracle heroes A.V. Suvorov. The Patriotic War of 1812 also showed us amazing examples of mass patriotism of the Russian people, which strengthened the national identity of Russians, their pride and dignity. Young and old rose to fight the invaders. And Russia survived and won. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Denis Davydov, wrote that Suvorov “put his hand on the heart of a Russian soldier and studied his beating... He multiplied the benefits brought by obedience tenfold. Combining it in the soul of our soldier with a sense of military pride and confidence in superiority over all soldiers in the world ... "

But, on the other hand, the Patriotic War of 1812 also revealed Russia’s lag in organizing the state and personal life of its citizens, and in ensuring civil liberties.

It is important to note that the development of the patriotic idea in Russia encountered many obstacles along the way. For example, Paul I’s ban on the use of the words “fatherland” and “citizen”.

The word “patriotism” comes from the Greek patris - homeland, fatherland. Vladimir Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary states that a patriot is a lover of the fatherland, a zealot for its good.

Patriotism is love for the Motherland, devotion to one’s fatherland, the desire to serve its interests and readiness, even to the point of self-sacrifice, to defend it. Patriotism is a feeling of immense love for one’s people, pride in them, excitement, concern for their successes and sorrows, for victories and defeats.

Homeland is the territory, the geographical space where a person was born, the social and spiritual environment in which he grew up, lives and is brought up. Conventionally, a distinction is made between a large Motherland and a small one. By big Motherland we mean the country where a person grew up, lives and which has become dear and close to him. The small homeland is the place of birth and development of a person as an individual. A. Tvardovsky wrote: “This small homeland with its special appearance, with its, albeit modest and unassuming beauty, appears to a person in childhood, at the time of lifelong impressions of the childish soul, and with it, with this separate and small homeland, he comes over the years to that big Motherland that embraces all the small ones and - in its great whole - is one for everyone.”

Love for the Motherland arises in every person in its own time. With the first sip of mother's milk, love for the Fatherland begins to awaken. At first this happens unconsciously: just as a plant reaches out to the sun, a child reaches out to his father and mother. Growing up, he begins to feel attached to friends, to his native street, village, city. And only as he grows up, gaining experience and knowledge, he gradually realizes the greatest truth - his belonging to his mother-Fatherland, responsibility for it. This is how a patriotic citizen is born.

At the public level, patriotism can be understood as the desire to strengthen the significance of one’s state and increase its authority in the world community.

A patriot loves his fatherland not because it gives him some benefits and privileges over other nations, but because it is his homeland. A person is either a patriot of his fatherland, and then he is connected to it, like a tree with its roots to the earth, or he is just dust carried by all the winds.

Over the years, many of our compatriots have gone abroad in search of a better life. But many of them never acquired a new homeland and yearn for Russia. Even a long life in a foreign land does not make it the Motherland, despite getting used to someone else's life and nature. Neither territory, nor racial origin, nor customary way of life, nor language, nor formal citizenship of another state in themselves constitute the Motherland. The homeland is not limited to this and cannot be reduced to this. The homeland presupposes a living principle of spirituality in a person, something sacred, beautiful and beloved. “Motherland,” wrote the outstanding Russian philosopher I.A. Ilyin, “there is something from the spirit and for the spirit.”

The Russian army has always been and remains the bearer of the patriotic idea. It is she who preserves and enhances patriotic traditions, symbols, rituals in her midst, and protects the consciousness of soldiers from dubious political ideas.

The patriotic feelings of Soviet soldiers were most clearly manifested during the war years when defending the Motherland from the attacks of aggressors.

Despite the defeat at Lake Khasan in July–August 1938, the Japanese militarists did not abandon their aggressive plans against the USSR. The Japanese military sought to seize the Mongolian People's Republic in order to turn it into a springboard for preparing a war against the Soviet Union. In the spring of 1939, in the area of ​​the Khalkhin Gol River, Japanese troops invaded Mongolia, and the Soviet Union was forced to provide military assistance to the fraternal people. A combined detachment of NKVD troops under the command of Major A.E. took part in the defeat of the enemy group, together with units of the Red Army. Bulygi.

In the order of the 1st Army Group dated October 12, 1939, Corps Commander G.K. Zhukov noted that the combined detachment had honorably completed the tasks assigned to it at the front and to clear the rear of spies and saboteurs. For the bravery and courage shown in battle, 230 soldiers and commanders of the combined detachment were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union.

During the Finnish War of 1939-1940, NKVD troops took an active part in hostilities. Chekist warriors V. Ilyushin and I. Plyashechnik, left alone, despite the threat to life and many times superior enemy forces, covered their comrades with fire and created conditions for victory in the battle.

Patriotism was one of the sources of mass heroism of the Soviet people during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War.

When our Motherland was on the brink of destruction, the Soviet warrior worthily showed his best qualities as a faithful son of the Fatherland.

Already in the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the Chief of the General Staff of the German Ground Forces, F. Halder, noted the persistent nature of the battles with the Russians. “Enemy tank crews,” he wrote in his diary, “in most cases lock themselves in tanks and prefer to burn themselves along with the vehicles.”

The feat of the heroes of the Brest Fortress will not fade in the centuries. Among its heroic defenders were soldiers and commanders of the 132nd separate battalion of the NKVD troops. Red Army soldier Fyodor Ryabov fought fearlessly with the enemy. His combat record included a destroyed fascist tank and up to a dozen Nazis destroyed in counterattacks. He twice saved the life of one of the leaders of the defense of the fortress, political instructor P. Koshkarov. Fyodor Ryabov died on June 29, 1941 while repelling another enemy tank attack. He was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and was forever included in the unit's lists.

In the terrible year of 1941, the defenders of Moscow fought to the death. Each of them realized: “Not a step back - Moscow is behind us!”

Ilya Ehrenburg wrote in October 1941: “We know what we are fighting for: for the right to breathe. We know what we are suffering for: for our children. We know what we stand for: for Russia, for the Motherland.”

In August 1941, near Novgorod, political instructor A. Pankratov accomplished an unprecedented feat: he closed the embrasure of an enemy bunker, saving the lives of his fellow soldiers and ensuring the completion of the combat mission. And during the war years, a similar feat was accomplished by 470 soldiers, of which 150 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. All of them went down in history under the name sailors. The fact is that the feat of Alexander Matrosov, accomplished on February 23, 1943, became known to the country earlier than the feat of other heroes. One of the heroes was the commander of the submachine gunner section of the motorized rifle regiment of the Ordzhonikidze division of the NKVD troops, Pyotr Parfenovich Barbashov. November 9, 1942 in the battle for the village. Gizel (Prigorodny district of North Ossetia), having used up all the ammunition, rushed to the embrasure and closed it with his body. On December 13, 1942, for his accomplished feat, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). On November 21, 1942, the platoon commander of a rifle regiment of the NKVD troops, Pyotr Kuzmich Guzhvin, repeated the feat of his comrade in arms. On March 31, 1943, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Units of the 249th Regiment of Convoy Troops took part in the most stubborn battles for Odessa. Staunchly defending themselves, they, together with Red Army soldiers and sailors, repeatedly counterattacked the enemy. Red Army machine gunner V. Barinov, burst into the enemy's location, shot several dozen soldiers with a machine gun, and destroyed the command post where 12 officers were located. Wounded in this battle, he did not leave the battlefield. For courage and courage, Vasily Barinov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

The Red Army soldier of the 3rd Red Banner Motorized Rifle Regiment V. Lazarenko acted selflessly in the battles for the Caucasus. While part of a tank landing, he destroyed two enemy tanks with bunches of grenades. Being wounded, he destroyed the crew of a German heavy gun, killed an officer and captured a soldier with a cart loaded with ammunition. V. Lazarenko was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on October 25, 1943.

In the winter of 1943, the whole world watched the Battle of Stalingrad. Our soldier survived incredibly difficult battles, defeated selected enemy units, went on the offensive, surrounded twenty-two divisions, captured them, thereby burying the myth of the invincibility of the German army and marking the decline of German fascism.

The history of the Great Patriotic War knows entire units of heroic warriors. The soldiers of the 10th Infantry Division of the Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR wrote their formation in golden letters into the history of the defense of Stalingrad. The division, with a total strength of about 7,600 people, as a result of multi-day battles, destroyed more than 15,000 enemy personnel, 100 tanks, 2 aircraft, 38 vehicles, 3 fuel tanks, 6 guns, 2 ammunition depots. On September 5, 1942, in the battles for Stalingrad, a machine gunner of the rifle regiment of the division A.E. Vashchenko, during an attack on a bunker under heavy machine gun fire, closed the embrasure with his body, making it possible to develop the success of the attack. For his accomplished feat, the brave soldier was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin. On December 2, 1942, for mass heroism and self-sacrifice, an invaluable contribution to the defense of the city, the 10th Rifle Division of the Internal Troops of the NKVD of the USSR was awarded the Order of Lenin.

It was thanks to patriotism that the soldiers of the Red Army were able to overcome the most difficult trials and defeat a cruel, strong enemy.

Patriotism in our country must be sovereign, historically continuous, enlightened and spiritually filled.

The sovereignty of Russian patriotism reflects the historical fact that for almost half a millennium Russia has been a great power - one of those states that, due to its size and power, bore and bear a special responsibility for maintaining stability in international relations.

The historical continuity of Russian patriotism means a commonality of historical memory, historical consciousness of the continuity of the historical state. Attempts to consign certain periods of our history to oblivion are simply senseless, and also cause great damage to the education of Russian citizens.

In a serviceman, patriotism, in its highest form, must be manifested in fidelity to military duty, selfless service to the Motherland, and defense of the Fatherland - this is the duty and responsibility of a patriot.

Loyalty to military duty

Patriotism always finds its expression in a sense of duty to the Motherland. Depending on the specific living conditions of people and the nature of their activities, debt takes various forms.

Responsibilities towards the Fatherland are expressed by patriotic, civic duty; to the armed defense of the country - military duty, to comrades - comradely duty. Whatever the form of duty, it is always connected with public interests, with moral values ​​and actions. A high sense of duty helps each of us resist temptations, the wrong step, and maintain conscience and dignity. “We all have it,” noted the prominent Russian writer I.S. Turgenev, “there is one anchor from which, unless you want to, you will never break free: a sense of duty.”

Fulfilling a duty shows the true face of a person, reveals the moral qualities of an individual, and characterizes his civic position. No wonder people say: “Try to fulfill your duty, and you will find out what is in you.”

In peaceful everyday life, military duty requires from every warrior a deep understanding of personal responsibility for the defense of the Motherland, mastery of entrusted equipment and weapons, improvement of one’s moral, combat and psychological qualities, high organization and discipline.

To be faithful to military duty means by all one’s deeds and actions to increase combat readiness, strengthen the country’s combat power, and, if necessary, to stand up for its defense. Russian soldiers have someone to follow by example.

The unfading exploits of the Russian and Soviet troops, of which the entire country is proud, are inscribed in golden letters in the chronicle of the Fatherland. Our soldier always knew what he was fighting for. And therefore, a sense of patriotism and duty was inherent in Svyatoslav’s warriors, and the soldiers of Peter I, and Suvorov’s miracle heroes, and the brave soldiers of the Great Patriotic War.

The historical experience of Russia testifies that its warriors, maintaining continuity, from generation to generation not only preserved, but also accumulated military traditions and increased the glory of their fathers.

As experience in defending the Fatherland accumulated, military heroism gained the strength of a strong moral tradition and became the norm of behavior for the Russian military. The basis of military heroism, its source are patriotism, love for Russia, and loyalty to military duty.

At present, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia continue to be a school of patriotism, life hardening, social maturity and professional excellence for tens of thousands of military personnel.

The feeling of patriotism remains the highest moral value and the most convincing meaning of the service of Russian military personnel. It is gratifying that love for the Motherland among patriotic soldiers is not limited to verbal assurances, but includes a creative beginning and is expressed in specific noble deeds and heroic deeds.

We can safely say: the morale of the Russian troops is quite high and contributes to the solution of the tasks assigned to them. The soldiers are concerned about the fate of Russia. Such moral and combat qualities as military brotherhood, military camaraderie and mutual assistance are manifested with particular force.

For the current defender of the fatherland, such concepts as loyalty to the oath, unquestioning execution of orders and display of military honor are still sacred.

There have been heroes in Russia at all times. It still exists today. And this is the surest guarantee of the indestructibility of our fatherland, its spiritual strength and future revival. As long as the Russian soldier is alive - a faithful son and defender of his fatherland - Russia will also be alive.

The famous Russian military leader and teacher General M.I. Dragomirov noted: “...Where a person loves his homeland, loves his part, there he does not think about sacrificing himself for their good.” To remember and be faithful to this truth is our duty to those heroes whose exploits covered the battle flags of the Armed Forces of our Motherland with unfading glory.

The Russian Army carefully preserves the memory of its heroes. Books are written about them, poems and songs are composed. Beginning in 1840, the warriors who performed the most remarkable feats began to be forever included in the lists of units and subunits. The first on this list is private Tenginsky regiment Arkhip Osipov, who blew up a powder magazine and himself in the Mikhailovsky fortification during the war in the Caucasus. For this feat, by order of the Minister of War A. Osipov was forever included in the lists of the 1st Grenadier Company of the regiment. When this name was mentioned in the ranks, the first private behind him answered: “He died for the glory of Russian weapons in the Mikhailovsky fortification.”

Lieutenant Oleg Babak, deputy company commander for political affairs of the Sofrino operational brigade, will remain forever in the memory of the servicemen of the internal troops as an example of fulfilling military duty. Since March 1991, as part of a unit of internal troops, he carried out tasks to protect public order in the Kubatli region of Azerbaijan. On April 7, having received a message about the murder of a village resident, an officer arrived with a group of military personnel at the scene of the incident, where he was fired upon by unknown persons. Protecting civilians, Lieutenant Babak fought to the last bullet and prevented reprisals against local residents. Posthumously, Lieutenant A.Ya Babak was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

No matter how one views the Afghan page in the history of our country today, it cannot be denied that the overwhelming number of soldiers who went through Afghanistan honestly fulfilled their duty.

Demonstrating examples of courage and heroism, they did not think about honors and awards. The soldiers fulfilled their duty and believed that they were doing the right thing - helping the people of Afghanistan defend their right to a better life. For our army, the Afghan war lasted ten years. But whatever the political assessments, the immutable truth remains the high combat effectiveness of the Soviet soldier - a worthy successor to the exploits of his ancestors. For selfless fulfillment of military duty on Afghan soil, 86 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and more than 200 thousand were awarded orders and medals, of which 110 thousand were soldiers and sergeants. Among the military personnel who fulfilled their military duty in Afghanistan, there are many soldiers of the internal troops.

Private Valery Arsenov took his step into immortality on the soil of Afghanistan, covering the company commander with his chest in battle. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

On February 15, 1989, this war ended. But even today, after a number of years, the Afghan experience is also relevant because this region still remains a hotbed of potential military conflicts.

The Motherland remembers the heroic border guards of the 12th border post of the Moscow border detachment, who on July 13, 1993 fought an unequal battle with 250 Afghan Mujahideen. The “spirits” surrounded 45 Russian border guards in a tight ring and kept the support group away for a long time. Having mined the only road leading to the outpost, they fired massively from commanding heights. The desperate resistance of the encircled outpost lasted 11 hours. Only 18 border guards managed to escape from that hell. Wounded, shell-shocked, bleeding, they broke through to their own, led by the deputy head of the outpost, Lieutenant Andrei Merzlikin. And 25 servicemen died. For courage and heroism, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, 6 border guards were awarded the title of Hero of Russia, 29 servicemen of the Moscow border detachment were awarded the Order “For Personal Courage”, 17 were awarded the Medal “For Courage”. The heroic outpost became known as the 12th border outpost named after 25 Heroes.

Soldiers of the internal troops prove their love for the Motherland and loyalty to military duty every day when performing combat service to protect public order, important state facilities, and during guard and internal service.

And today, military personnel of the internal troops carry out combat missions with dignity and honor, showing courage, courage and heroism. Here are just a few of them.

Private Andrei Kalyapin, a reconnaissance driver of a reconnaissance company of one of the military units, performed special tasks to protect the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Dagestan.

On August 29, 1999, he took part in a special operation to disarm illegal armed groups in the Kadar zone of the Republic of Dagestan. During the operation, the reconnaissance company captured a strategic height in the area of ​​the village of Chabanmakhi, on which a radio repeater and a television transmission center for the militants were located. At dawn, having brought up large forces, using mortars and anti-aircraft guns, the militants launched an assault on the heights, trying to dislodge the company from their positions.

Waging a fierce battle surrounded by superior enemy forces, the reconnaissance company held its height for five hours. At the most difficult moment of the battle, when the enemy launched a counterattack, Private Kalyapin A.V. I saw an RGD-5 grenade fall next to the commander. The decision was made instantly: saving the life of his commander, the brave warrior rushed to the enemy grenade and covered it with his own body, thereby preventing the death of the commander and the military personnel who were next to him. Andrei was seriously injured from a grenade explosion and was taken to the hospital, where he died from his wounds.

For the courage and heroism shown during the liquidation of illegal armed groups in the North Caucasus region, private Andrei Vyacheslavovich Kalyapin was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously).

To ensure the vital functions of the units of the formation (delivery of ammunition, weapons, property), on January 9, 2000, a column consisting of 23 units of armored vehicles was sent along the route Shali - Argun - Gudermes. Three crews of armored personnel carriers were assigned to the marching guard to accompany the column, one of which included Private Alexander Averkiev as a machine gunner.

At 8:10 a.m. a column in the area of ​​the village. Meskert-Yurt was attacked by superior forces of militants. Thanks to the high professionalism and training of Private A.A. Averkiev, who did not lose his head and, with fire from his machine gun, accurately striking the attackers, forced them to lie down, the attack of the bandits was drowned out, which allowed his armored personnel carrier and four vehicles to break through in the direction of the settlement. Jalka. During the battle, Averkiev personally killed 5 militants and suppressed 2 firing points.

On the outskirts of the village The Jalka column was again attacked by bandits in the amount of 250 people. A fierce battle ensued. Taking advantage of their numerical superiority, the militants began to close the encirclement. Alexander’s machine gun in this situation was the only deterrent to the enemy’s insidious plans.

Seeing this, the enemy concentrated all his firepower on the armored personnel carrier: the armored personnel carrier caught fire, the crew was forced to leave the burning vehicle and take up a perimeter defense. Inspired by success, the bandits were already celebrating their victory and anticipating imminent reprisals against our servicemen. The brave machine gunner, understanding the tragedy of the situation, made the only right decision. Knowing that he was heading for certain death, he returned to the burning car and resumed devastating fire on the enemy. The Wahhabis were discouraged; after the first bursts they lost 4 people killed.

Taking advantage of the confusion in the ranks of the attackers, the unit broke out of the ring, carrying out all the dead and wounded, and delivered weapons and ammunition to the specified area at the appointed time. Until the last bullet and last breath, Alexander covered his colleagues. At the cost of his own life, he saved the lives of many of his comrades and ensured the completion of the assigned task.

For the courage and heroism shown during the liquidation of illegal armed groups in the North Caucasus region, private Alexander Alexandrovich Averkiev was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously).

Conclusion

In the flames of the Eternal Flame, majestic memorials and modest obelisks, in works of literature and art, in the hearts of contemporaries and our descendants, the memory of the immortal exploits of those who were the first to attack, who shielded the commander from the deadly fire, who stood to the death on the field will forever be preserved. battle, who did not break under torture and did not reveal military secrets, who fulfilled their military duty with honor.

1. Heroes of the Fatherland (Collection of documentary essays). – M.: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004.

2. Worthy of the title of hero (About the heroes of the Soviet Union - graduates of the internal troops). – M.: DOSAAF Publishing House, 2006.

3. Gold stars of the internal troops. – M.: 1980

Questions:
1. The origin of the concept of “debt”.
2. Patriotism as the foundation for the development of a sense of duty.

Duty is a category of ethics that expresses the moral task of a certain individual, group of persons, class, people in specific social conditions and situations, becoming for them an internally accepted obligation.
In its universal human content, the concept of “duty” includes the fulfillment of a number of historically developed simple rules of human coexistence. As for the nature of debt, this problem has always been an arena of conflict between different schools and directions of philosophical ethics. The emergence of debt was associated with one or another moral necessity (fulfillment of divine commands, official or unofficial social institutions, etc.).

In the history of the moral development of mankind, the content of duty has been interpreted in different ways, in accordance with the general social or class understanding of the responsibilities lying on a person in a given era; it has always been associated with specific problems of the time and a given society.
Since primitive times, one of the characteristics that distinguishes a person from an animal has been precisely the sense of duty. This feeling is inherent only to humans, and in animals it is replaced by instincts.
There are different types of debt:
Parental duty. Since ancient times, it has been expressed in the desire of parents to raise and educate their offspring.
Gradually, when the parental duty of both parents towards their children has clearly formed in the human community, a reciprocal duty is formed - filial duty. Before it appeared, there were such inhumane customs as getting rid of elderly people (leaving them alone without food or killing them).
The development in history of productive forces and commodity-money relations created the conditions for the emergence of another type of debt - material, monetary debt.
With the advent of the monogamous family as a unit of society, the concept of marital duty began to emerge. This concept was actively supported by the church, understanding that a strong family strengthens society. Today the state is trying to support the family, because it guarantees social stability.
With the emergence of the first states in the world, the need arose to protect their borders from external threats. To protect the state, specially trained people were needed - warriors and an army. With the creation of armies, the concept of “military duty” arose, which was formed over centuries, incorporating the mentality, characteristics, customs and traditions of the Russian people, historical facts and events.
Initially, a sense of military duty among people arose spontaneously in emergency situations when protecting settlements, based on a moral duty to their relatives.
In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” there is a phrase: “And my Kuryans are experienced warriors... They themselves gallop like gray wolves in a field, seeking honor for themselves and glory for the prince.” This is how a warrior’s military duty to the prince was understood, transformed from a duty to his relatives.
The army was the most important instrument in the formation of the Russian state, and the navy often served as an instrument of international politics. Since the time of Peter I, officers have played a significant role in the life of society. Gradually, duty as an element of the spiritual component of a warrior began to be given a special place in the educational process, forming a sense of duty in childhood.
So, Count M.S. Vorontsov noted in his manual of 1859: “Officers must know their duty and feel the importance of their rank...”.
Lieutenant General of the Tsarist Army of the early 20th century N.D. Butovsky wrote: “When a soldier enters the service, he brings with him absolutely no desire for the unusual task that he is forced to perform; all of it is completely dependent on the education that he receives while in the service.”
Teacher A.A. Preobrazhensky said that the patriotic worldview is usually based on historical memory, on memories of the most striking episodes of the past of our people, our Fatherland. So these facts “become united by the common idea of ​​​​the struggle for the independence of the Motherland.”
It is necessary to use this form of education so that the warrior fulfills his duties not out of fear, but, first of all, out of awareness of his sacred duty to the Motherland, not only as a citizen, but also as a servant of his Fatherland.
Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov, who commanded the Pacific squadron in the Russo-Japanese War, in this regard believed that “a Russian soldier does not join the service for money, he looks at the war as the fulfillment of his sacred duty, to which he is called by fate.”
Today's attitude of Russian society towards the performance of military duty is heterogeneous and indicates dramatic changes in the modern life of our country. At the same time, we must remember: by refusing to fulfill his military duty to the Motherland, a citizen bears not only direct criminal liability, but also responsibility for the future of his Fatherland.

A citizen's duty to the Motherland can be associated with filial duty, i.e. duty towards the Motherland as to one’s mother. More often we call such a duty patriotism.
“Duty”, “honour”, “patriotism” - these words for part of today’s younger generation often sound like incomprehensible terms, alien to their hearing and perception. Young people do not comprehend these categories as values, as guidelines for life. As a result, a huge layer of values ​​does not find recognition among our citizens and does not work for the benefit of the country and the personal development of both young and mature people.
As confirmation of this, one cannot help but recall the words of the famous writer, teacher and thinker K.D. Ushinsky: “Just as there is no man without self-love, so there is no man without love for the fatherland, and this love gives education the sure key to a person’s heart and a powerful support for the fight against his bad natural, personal, family and tribal inclinations.”
The definition of patriotism has many variations and is often interpreted differently. “Patriotism is one of the most significant, enduring values, inherent in all spheres of life of society and the state, which is the spiritual heritage of the individual, characterizing the highest level of its development and manifested in active self-realization for the benefit of the Fatherland,” note philosophers V. Lutovinov and V. Karpov. A patriot, according to V. Dahl, is “a lover of the Fatherland, a zealot for its good, a lover of the fatherland, a patriot or fatherlander.”
Patriotism is a multifaceted and multidimensional phenomenon, representing a complex set of properties and characteristics that manifest themselves differently at different levels of the social system, in different ages and generations.
A person’s attitude towards his country, and therefore towards the people around him, towards the choice of government (and therefore the future of this state), towards the state and preservation of architectural wealth and ecology, towards self-respect and the respect of others, depends on the feeling of patriotism. The contribution of a particular individual to science, art, security and many other areas of a person’s social and political life depends on devotion to his country and patriotism.
Childhood and youth are the most fertile time for instilling a sense of patriotism, which will not only be heard by the new generation, but will become sacred to them, pass through the hearts of our children, synthesize with their lives and remain there forever.
The lack of roots, historical memory is a broken connection between entire generations, and the denial of traditions, a lack of attention to the mentality of the people, their history, exploits and valor, and of course, this is a lack of continuity in creating conditions for the growth of patriotism as the basis for the development and formation of military debt.
Unfortunately, these days the ideas of goodness, national unity, love for the Motherland, people and family are replaced in the media by the cult of power, evil, permissiveness, sex, false symbols of prestige and position in modern Russian society.
First of all, parents, social and educational institutions, the state as a whole, and in the Armed Forces - command staff and specialists in working with personnel should instill true life values ​​in young people.
By developing patriotism in children and youth, we create conditions for strengthening and strengthening a person’s connection with his homeland. In the etymology of the word “Motherland” there is a connection with the word “native” for a reason, that is, affection should not be theoretical, but rather a sincere, integral part of each personality.
For Russia, a person’s attachment to the Motherland has always had a special philosophical, moral, even religious and mystical meaning as part of the mentality of the people. In confirmation, we can cite the words of Deacon Andrei Kuraev: “Patriotism is an axiom of the Russian Orthodox consciousness.” And the writer A.N. Tolstoy noted: “Patriotism does not mean only love for one’s Motherland. It's much more than that. This is the consciousness of one’s inalienability from the Motherland and an integral experience with it of its happy experiences and unhappy days.”
During the difficult period of development of our country, which began in the 90s of the last century, patriotic education was assigned a minor role, which immediately affected all aspects of the spiritual and moral development of young citizens of the Russian Federation. This negative fact was also reflected in the increasing cases of evasion of conscription service in the Armed Forces.
The situation changed with the adoption by the Government of the Russian Federation of the state program “Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation”. In accordance with it, educational institutions received a real opportunity to intensify their work on the patriotic education of youth.
However, such education must begin not in schools, but much earlier - in the family, but only under one condition, succinctly noted by the famous philosopher C. Montesquieu. He wrote: “The best way to instill in children love for the Fatherland is for their fathers to have this love.”
If a citizen from a very early age gains an understanding of the various manifestations of duty: parental, material, spiritual, then the fulfillment of his military duty with the help of relatives, teachers and officers will be painless.
Thus, by creating conditions for the formation of patriotism, we are creating the prerequisites for people to responsibly fulfill military duty in the future. This process is long and painstaking and requires compliance with certain conditions:
Nurturing patriotism and creating conditions for the formation and development of a sense of military duty should not be overwhelming or harsh. This can lead to a boomerang effect.
Subjects who solve the problems of patriotic education themselves need to be true patriots of their Fatherland without any reservations.
To develop patriotic sentiments among military personnel, it is especially important to reveal to them the historical purpose of the Armed Forces, more often mention the great victories won by the Russian Army in the past, and promote military traditions.
Forming among personnel loyalty to the military oath and regulations, strict adherence to their requirements both in peace and war is important for the education of patriots of the Fatherland.
It is also important to develop such moral and combat qualities as perseverance, courage, courage, cultivate military camaraderie and collectivism, and achieve respect for the commander.
In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the education of personnel in the spirit of pride in belonging to the Armed Forces of Russia, to a specific type (branch) of troops, to their unit.
In the process of working with people, it is necessary to take into account that they come to understand the essence of patriotism in different ways: some - through nature or art, the culture of their native Fatherland, others - through its history, the exploits of their ancestors, others - through religious faith, and some - through military service.
Patriotic education should contribute to the national revival of Russia as a great power. With its influence, patriotism covers all generations, forming military duty, valor, honor, and pride in the native Fatherland. Thus, patriotism is an element of civil society, and its underestimation leads to a weakening of the socio-economic, spiritual and cultural foundations of society.

Guidelines.
The group leader should use during the lesson examples from Russian history, works of fiction, documentary literature, etc., which will help students understand the concepts of “patriotism” and “military duty”. To arouse interest in the topic, the leader must appeal to facts that affect personally significant aspects of the students’ lives.
It is advisable to ask the audience to give their own definitions of the terms “patriotism” and “duty” and compare them with existing scientific definitions.
For better perception and assimilation of the topic under study, you can organize a discussion on the role of patriotism in modern Russian society.
In the final part of the lesson, the leader needs to draw conclusions, thank the most active participants in the discussion of the topic, and answer questions from the audience.

Recommended reading:
1. Agapova I., Davydova M. Patriotic education at school - M.: “Iris-Press”, 2002.
2. Lutovinov V, Karpov V. Patriotism, loyalty to military duty are the essential qualities of a Russian warrior // Landmark, No. 6, 2000.
3. On military duty and honor in the Russian Army / Comp. Yu.A. Galushko, A.A. Kolesnikov. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1991.
4. Patriotic education / Comp. I.A. Pashkovich. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2006.

Natalya DYACHENKO, senior lecturer at the Academy of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences

§ 47. Patriotism and loyalty to military duty - qualities of a defender of the Fatherland

A serviceman is a defender of the Fatherland, and he is entrusted with the responsibilities of preparing for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation.

The Fatherland is not only the past, not only a community of historical destiny, but above all the present of the people living in a specific territory and having a state structure.

Patriotism is a feeling of love for one’s people, pride in their successes and victories, and bitterness for failures and defeats.

Military duty is a moral and legal norm of conduct for a military personnel.

To fulfill his duties in defending the Fatherland, a serviceman must be faithful to the Military Oath and serve selflessly. to live for one’s people, courageously, skillfully, not sparing one’s blood and life itself, to defend the Russian Federation, to fulfill one’s military duty, to endure the hardships of military service.

In order to fully meet his mission, a serviceman must first of all be a patriot of his state - the Russian Federation.

A sense of patriotism is the basis of the spiritual qualities of Russian soldiers. Patriotism personifies love for one’s Motherland, inseparability with its history, culture, achievements, and problems.

We are all children of one Motherland - Russia. No matter what political and economic events take place in it, no matter how difficult and difficult it may be for us at certain periods of time, it remains our Motherland, the land of our ancestors, our culture. We live here and we must do everything to make our country great and prosperous.

Homeland is the territory, the geographical space where a person was born, the social and spiritual environment in which he grew up and lives.

Fatherland is a concept close to the concept of the Motherland, but with a deeper content.

Our Motherland is also the Russian language, which unites us all in a common house of nations. Russian is the official language. The Motherland is our literature, music, theater, cinema, painting, science, this is our entire Russian spiritual culture.

The Motherland is everything that our ancestors created, this is the place where our children will live, this is all that we are obliged to love, cherish, protect and improve.

Patriotism is the spiritual and moral principle of every citizen of the country; it is love for one’s Motherland, people, its history, language and national culture. A citizen of a country is first and foremost a patriot.

For military personnel, patriotism is manifested primarily in loyalty to military duty, selfless service to the Motherland, and readiness to defend its interests with arms in hand at any time.

What is meant by the concept of debt? A person lives in society and cannot be independent of it. We are all interdependent on each other, everyone contributes a part of their labor to the common cause, and everyone enjoys the benefits of civilization. To satisfy their needs, each person uses the benefits created by older generations and society before him. Society, in turn, makes certain demands on a person and obliges him to act and live in accordance with established, time-tested norms of behavior. One part of the norms of behavior is determined by state laws and other legal documents. The other part remains in the memory of the people and represents generally accepted norms of morality and ethics 1 .

Legal and moral norms are closely interrelated and define the concepts of duty and honor.

Duty is a person’s moral obligations, performed out of promptings of conscience. Conscience is an expression of an individual’s ability to exercise moral self-control, independently formulate moral duties for himself, demand that he fulfill them, and make a self-assessment of his actions.

Military duty represents the unity of the legal and moral requirements of society. Its essence is to protect the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and the security of the state when repelling an armed attack, as well as to carry out tasks in accordance with the country’s international obligations.

In peaceful everyday life, military duty obliges every soldier to deeply understand personal responsibility for the defense of the Fatherland, requires mastery of the entrusted weapons and military equipment, constant improvement of his moral, combat and psychological qualities, high organization and discipline.

The history of our Fatherland provides vivid examples of selfless service to Russia and the fulfillment of military duty by Russian and Soviet soldiers. At all times, the exploits of Russian warriors were revered by the people, and the younger generation was brought up by their examples.

1 Morality (morality) is a special form of social consciousness and a type of social relations, one of the main ways of regulating human actions in society with the help of norms. Unlike simple custom or tradition, moral norms receive ideological justification in the form of ideals of good and evil, justice, etc.

conclusions

Every serviceman of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must be a patriot of his Fatherland.

The military personnel's understanding of their military duty and responsibility for defending the Motherland is manifested in active and conscientious military work, readiness to overcome any difficulties and hardships of military service.

Military service is an effective means of moral education of citizens and acquisition of personal responsibility for the defense of the Fatherland.

Military service contributes to the formation of the personality of a citizen and patriot.

Questions

Why should a serviceman of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, first of all, be a patriot? Justify your answer.

What is the military duty of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?

How is the patriotism of a serviceman of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation manifested?

What is the relationship between patriotism and love for the Motherland?

Tasks

Prepare a message on the topic “The main qualities inherent in a soldier of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - a defender of the Fatherland.”

Select two or three historical examples of the heroic, selfless service of Russian soldiers to the Motherland.

Prepare a message about how you understand the meaning of military duty for military personnel in peaceful everyday life.

Explain the meaning of the famous expression “Heroes never die.”

Patriotism- this is love for your homeland, people, its history, language, national culture.

Everyone must understand that patriotism means not only and not just love for the Motherland, but devotion to it, pride in it, the desire to serve its interests, and protect it from enemies. This is a purposeful activity for its progressive development and prosperity.

A true patriot loves his Fatherland not because it gives him some benefits and privileges over other nations, but because it is his Motherland. And therefore he is faithful to her in the most difficult moments.

A person is either a patriot of his Fatherland, and then he is connected to it, like a tree with its roots to the earth, or he is just dust carried by all the winds. You cannot be born a patriot. Patriotism cannot be gained by changing your place of residence. Over the years, many of our compatriots have gone abroad in search of a better life. But many of them never acquired a new homeland and yearn for Russia. Even a long life in a foreign land does not make it the Motherland, despite getting used to someone else's life and nature.

Loyalty to military duty

Patriotism always finds its expression in a sense of duty to the Motherland. Depending on the specific conditions of people’s lives and the nature of their activities, the sense of duty takes different forms. Responsibilities towards the Fatherland are expressed by patriotic, civic duty; to the armed defense of the country - military duty, to comrades - comradely duty. Whatever form the sense of duty appears, it is always connected with public interests, with moral values ​​and actions. A high sense of duty helps each of us resist temptations, the wrong step, and maintain a clear conscience and dignity.

Fulfilling one's duty shows the true face of a person and reveals the moral qualities of an individual. No wonder people say. “Try to do your duty and you will find out what is in you.”

No matter from which republic, territory, region a young man is called up for military service, he is responsible for the reliable defense of our common land, people, culture, relatives, loved ones, loved ones, that is, for our entire Fatherland. The security of the Fatherland largely depends on the depth and strength of the patriotic feelings of its defenders.

True patriotism is manifested not in words, but in deeds and, above all, in loyalty to one’s constitutional, military duty.

Debt is a concentrated expression of a person's specific responsibilities. The highest expression of duty is civil, patriotic duty to the Fatherland.

Each person's awareness of public responsibilities as their own, their clear implementation is the fulfillment of a public duty. Without this, the full life of any organization, team, family, or even each individual person is impossible.

Military duty- this is the moral and legal norm of behavior of a military personnel. It is determined by the requirements of society, the state and the purpose of the Armed Forces.

Military duty, in comparison with other types of public duty, includes additional moral duties inherent in the purpose of the Armed Forces. Fulfilling military duty is not easy. However, it must be carried out in good faith, despite the difficulties encountered.

From time immemorial, a person is judged by his deeds. The power of duty is manifested in practical action. The quality of practical performance of duty is one of the moral characteristics of an individual. It is not without reason that a warrior who skillfully directs his knowledge, thoughts, feelings and will to fulfill an order, a combat mission, or the requirements of military regulations is said to be a conscientious and morally mature military man.

What does it mean for a Russian soldier in modern conditions to be faithful to military duty? The answer to this question is very clearly given in the Federal Law “On the Status of Military Personnel” (1998). “Protecting the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, ensuring the security of the state, repelling an armed attack, as well as performing tasks in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation,” the Law notes, “constitute the essence of military duty, which obliges military personnel to:

To be faithful to the Military Oath, selflessly serve your people, courageously and skillfully defend your Fatherland;

Strictly observe the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the laws of the Russian Federation, the requirements of general military regulations, unquestioningly carry out the orders of commanders;

Treasure the honor and military glory of the defenders of your people, the honor of military rank and military camaraderie;

Improve military skills, maintain weapons and military equipment in constant readiness for use, and take care of military property;

Be disciplined, vigilant, keep state and military secrets;

Comply with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.”

Anyone who knows these requirements and follows them every day, hourly in his deeds and actions, shows loyalty to military duty.

A true citizen, a patriotic warrior always remembers his duty to the Fatherland and checks his life path against it, like a compass.

The history of the wars that the peoples of Russia had to wage in defense of their Motherland is a history of military valor and soldier's glory.

In difficult years for the Motherland, a rise in the morality of Russians was always felt. The lofty word “Fatherland” was associated with such concepts as “oath”, “duty” and “feat” in the name of its protection and independence. In Russia, violation of the oath and treason against the Motherland have always been not only condemned, but also severely punished.

One of the striking examples of mass patriotism of the peoples of Russia was the Patriotic War of 1812. During this period, everyone stood up to defend the Motherland - rich, poor, elderly, young, men and women, that is, everyone who cherishes freedom and independence Motherland.

The traditions of patriotism and loyalty to the Motherland were most evident during the Great Patriotic War, when the question of the fate of the country was being decided. The Patriotic War is replete with thousands of examples of self-sacrifice of Russian people, when a soldier covered the embrasure of a bunker with his chest, blew himself up and his enemies with the last grenade, a pilot went to ram an enemy plane or sent a burning plane to a concentration of the enemy, the partisan died on the gallows, but did not become a traitor.

For the courage and heroism shown in battles against the Nazis, over 11.6 thousand soldiers were awarded the highest degree of distinction - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and more than 7 million people were awarded orders and medals.

Currently, Russian soldiers, largely trained on the exploits of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War, honor and enhance their glorious military traditions. This happened in 1969 on Damansky Island, in 1978-1989. in Afghanistan, this was repeated in the Chechen Republic in 1995-1996. and at the end of the 90s.

It would seem that years of betrayal, lies and indifference should have erased the historical memory of self-sacrifice in people, especially young people, but this did not happen. The feat of the Pskov guards-paratroopers showed the whole world that the Russian people, even in our time, have not lost their readiness to give their lives “for their friends.”

There were 90 of them. Ninety paratroopers who blocked the path of the militants of Basayev and Khattab at an unnamed height near the village of Ulus-Kert, in the Argun Gorge of Chechnya. Ninety heroes who took on an unequal battle with two thousand heavily armed bandits. 84 guardsmen died heroically, but did not let the enemy through. Their feat can be compared with the battle in the Thermopylae Gorge of three hundred Spartans against the hordes of Persians who were going to conquer Greece. They all died, but by their heroic example they saved their homeland.

Near Ulus-Kert, a company of Pskov guards paratroopers stepped into immortality, into eternal life. Many beautiful words were said about them by politicians, marshals, and genders. But how can they compare with the words of the Hero’s widow, Alexei Vladimirovich Vorobyov, Lyudmila, which were heard throughout the country: “I want Alyosha to know that I will raise his son just like him.”

And those who love Russia will always remember that our guys fought to the death at an unnamed height. For us, for our children, for our Motherland!

>>OBJD: Patriotism, loyalty to military duty are the essential qualities of a Russian warrior, the basis of heroism

Patriotism, loyalty to military duty are the essential qualities of a Russian warrior, the basis of heroism

A military serviceman is, first of all, a citizen of the Russian Federation. He has all the rights and freedoms of man and citizen provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

A serviceman is a defender of the Fatherland, and he is entrusted with the responsibilities of preparing for armed protection and armed defense of the Russian Federation.

To fulfill his duties in defending the Fatherland, a serviceman must be faithful to the Military Oath, selflessly serve his people, courageously, skillfully, not sparing his blood and life itself, defend the Russian Federation, fulfill military duty, and steadfastly endure the difficulties of military service.

In order to fully meet his mission, a serviceman must first of all be a patriot of his state - the Russian Federation.

The feeling of patriotism is the basis of the spiritual qualities of Russians warriors. Patriotism personifies love for one’s Motherland, inseparability with its history, culture, achievements, and problems. Patriotism is a feeling of love for one’s people, pride in their successes and victories, and bitterness for failures and defeats.

We are all children of one Motherland - Russia. No matter what political and economic events take place in it, no matter how difficult and difficult it may be for us at certain periods of time, it remains our Motherland, the land of our ancestors, our culture. We live here and we must do everything to make our country great and prosperous.

The homeland is the territory, the geographical space where a person was born, the social and spiritual environment in which he grew up and lives.

Fatherland is a concept close to the concept of the Motherland, but with a deeper content. The Fatherland is not only the past, not only a community of historical destiny, but above all the present of the people living in a specific territory and having a state structure.

Our state - the Russian Federation - is spread over an area of ​​17.4 million square meters. km and occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

As of January 1, 2002, the population of Russia was 145.5 million people. More than 120 nationalities and nationalities live on the territory of Russia, of which 82.5% are Russian. Among other nationalities, whose number exceeds 1 million people: Tatars - 5.5 million, Chuvash - 1.8 million, Bashkirs - 1.3 million, Mordvins - 1.1 million people. 78% of the population live in its European part, the rest - in Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

The Russian Federation includes 21 republics, 6 territories, 49 regions, 2 federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg), one autonomous region and 10 autonomous districts.

Our Motherland is also the Russian language, which unites us all in one common house of nations. The Russian language is the State language of the Russian Federation - the language of interethnic communication. Our commitment to it presupposes respect for the languages ​​of all nations and nationalities united by the Russian border. In the Russian Federation, all its peoples are guaranteed the right to preserve their native language and create conditions for its development and study.

The Motherland is our literature, music, theater, cinema, painting, science, this is our entire Russian spiritual culture.

The concept of Motherland includes the conditions of the material and spiritual life of people: a territory that has certain boundaries and geographical features, the peoples inhabiting it, the socio-economic and political system, culture, way of life, language, folk customs and traditions.

The Motherland is everything that our ancestors created, it is the place where our children will live, it is everything that we are obliged to love, cherish, protect and improve.

Patriotism is the spiritual and moral principle of every citizen of the country; it is love for one’s Motherland, people, its history, language and national culture. A citizen of a country is first and foremost a patriot of his state.
For military personnel, patriotism is manifested primarily in loyalty to military duty, selfless service to the Motherland, and readiness at any time to defend its interests, its integrity and independence with arms in hand.
What is meant by the concept of debt? A person lives in society and cannot be independent of it. We are all interdependent on each other, everyone contributes a part of their labor to the common cause, and everyone enjoys the benefits of civilization. To satisfy their needs, each person uses the benefits created by older generations and society before him. Society, in turn, makes certain demands on a person and obliges him to act and live in accordance with established, time-tested norms of behavior. Some norms of behavior are determined by state laws and other legal documents. The other part remains in the memory of the people and represents generally accepted norms of morality and ethics. (Morality (morality) is a special form of social consciousness and a type of social relations, one of the main ways of regulating human actions in society with the help of norms. In contrast to simple custom or tradition, moral norms receive ideological justification in the form of the ideals of good and evil, due, justice and so on.)

Legal and moral norms are closely interrelated and define the concepts of duty and honor.

Duty is a person’s moral obligations, performed out of promptings of conscience. (Conscience is an expression of an individual’s ability to exercise moral self-control, independently formulate moral duties for himself, demand that he fulfill them, and make a self-assessment of his actions.)

The highest expression of duty in society is civil, patriotic duty to the Fatherland, which is always connected with the public interests and needs of the people. The awareness of each member of the team of social responsibilities as their own, their clear implementation in practice is the fulfillment of a public duty.

Military duty is a moral and legal norm of conduct for a military personnel. Military duty represents the unity of the legal and moral requirements of society. Its essence lies in the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and the security of the state in repelling an armed attack, as well as in carrying out tasks in accordance with the country’s international obligations.

In peaceful everyday life, military duty obliges every soldier to deeply understand personal responsibility for the defense of the Fatherland, requires mastery of the entrusted weapon and military technology, constant improvement of their moral, combat and psychological qualities, high organization and discipline.
The history of our Fatherland provides vivid examples of selfless service to Russia and the fulfillment of military duty by Russian and Soviet soldiers. At all times, the exploits of Russian warriors were revered by the people, and the younger generation was brought up by their examples. The main distinguishing feature of the Russian warrior was that love for the Motherland was always higher than the fear of death.

1.Name the basic concepts and definitions of patriotism of a Russian citizen and soldier.
2. What is the military duty of military personnel of the RF Armed Forces?
3.Prepare a message on the topic “The main qualities inherent in a Russian warrior - defender of the Fatherland.”

Smirnov A. T., Mishin B. I., Vasnev V. A. Fundamentals of life safety, grade 10
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