Forestry and wood processing in Bashkiria. Folk arts and crafts of Bashkortostan
Home crafts and handicrafts received significant development among the Bashkirs. Processing wood, leather, wool, manufacturing fabrics, clothing, shoes, felt were an important addition to the economy, serving for the consumption of the producers themselves. At the same time, elements of the division of labor associated with the development of crafts arose. This was especially noticeable in metalworking.
S.I. Rudenko, who thoroughly researched the material culture of the Bashkir people, wrote that long before entering Russia, the Bashkirs themselves made iron arrowheads and spears, knives, etc., and subsequently guns.
In addition to simple products of the Bashkirs, one could find many valuable weapons and horse harnesses. We find plaques covered with complex patterns on most antique leather quivers and rays. The belt parts of horse harnesses, and sometimes wooden saddle bows, were covered with hammered iron.
The Bashkirs had their own metal craftsmen - blacksmiths and jewelers. There were few of them, since metal processing required special knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, the needs of the Bashkirs metal products were mainly satisfied by the products of their masters.
The great importance of metal in the economy and military affairs gave rise to a respectful attitude towards it, which grew into a religious cult. According to the Bashkirs, iron, especially sharp iron, can ward off and repel diseases and pathogenic evil spirits, and protect against misfortunes. Other properties were attributed to silver products. For example, women were supposed to wear silver bracelets when milking mares and cows; this protected the milk, the animal, and the woman herself from spoilage. In general, white metal was especially revered by the Bashkirs and other related Turkic nomads. Women's bibs and headdresses were abundantly decorated with silver scales, pendants and plaques.
The cult of metal is reflected in the system of personal names among the Bashkirs. Timer “iron, iron”, altyn “gold, golden”, are found in both men’s and female names(Timer-bay, Timerbika, Baytimer, Biktimer, Altynbay, Altynbika). Names based on the word “bulat” were given only to men - Bulat, Timerbulat, Baybulat, Bikbulat.
The Bashkirs made tools from wood, wooden parts of weapons, vehicles, various kinds of vessels and household items.
Crafts for processing animal raw materials were associated with steppe pastoral traditions. The Bashkirs produced leather, furs, and felt. Furs and leather were used to make clothing, shoes, military and hunting equipment, and harnesses. Quivers, bows, various cases and bags were decorated with embossed patterns and metal plates. The felt was decorated with embroidery and appliqué with patterns using the indentation technique.
Weaving also became widespread. Yarn was obtained by processing hemp, nettle, flax and wool. They wove canvas, rough cloth, and rugs. Hemp canvas was the most common. Linen canvas was very rare.
Pile carpet weaving was not widespread. The economy of the Bashkirs was mainly subsistence. Nevertheless, they maintained trade relations with Volga Bulgaria, Central Asia, and the Middle East. In exchange for livestock, furs, and honey, they purchased cotton and silk fabrics, weapons, jewelry, oriental sweets, as well as colored stones, corals, pearls, and shells, which were used in the manufacture of women's jewelry. Of course, expensive eastern goods were available only to the wealthy elite of the tribal nobility.
According to R. Kuzeev, N. Bikbulatov, S. Shitova.
Beekeeping. For an inexperienced person, this word is usually associated with history Ancient Rus', and like many activities for a long time days gone by, myself ancient craft seems to have disappeared without a trace. However, this is by no means the case.
Reference: Beekeeping is the original form of beekeeping, based on keeping bees in tree hollows to produce honey.
In the very heart of Russia, on the territory modern Bashkortostan, a corner has been preserved where honey is still extracted today in the ancient way: using borti. A beehive is a hive of the simplest structure: a hollow or hollowed out block.
The Shulgan-Tash reserve on the territory of the Burzyansky district of the republic was created specifically to preserve a unique form of beekeeping, which has been known in these parts since the seventeenth century. If we look at history, Bashkiria was famous for its success in beekeeping from the very beginning. “There is hardly any people who could surpass the Bashkirs in beekeeping,” the famous geographer and official Pyotr Rychkov wrote in the eighteenth century about the achievements of the local population in beekeeping. IN XVIII-XIX centuries Almost every Bashkir family had its own sides and nests. And to avoid confusion, the owners of bee colonies marked their trunks and logs with a special personal sign - tamga. Borti in those days were valued among the Bashkirs no worse than real estate is valued today. When giving their patrimony as quitrent, they stipulated the cost of the boards separately: “... for each tree it was worth 10 kopecks, and for a residential bee for a ruble 50 kopecks, and where the bee sat for a ruble, and for the removed top and tamzhena a tree costs 5 kopecks, and for a self-propelled feeder it costs 6 rubles." “A busy tree” meant a new board, “a living bee” was the name of a board with bees, “where the bee was sitting” was a board that had previously been inhabited by bees, “a removed top and a tamzhen tree” was a tree prepared for doing work in it board. The unique fishery almost disappeared in these parts in the middle of the 20th century. However, the advantages of the ancient method of extracting honey were appreciated in time and the conditions for its prosperity were preserved.
Gift of wild bees: on-board honey.
For the development of airborne fishing, a combination rare in nature is needed: hectares of linden forest in combination with tall pine. It is precisely such unique forest areas that have been preserved in the Burzyansky region of Bashkiria.
Another condition for recovery unusual shape beekeeping was the preservation of the wild honey bee population, which has already become an inhabitant of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The wild honey bee, which in these parts is called “kyr korto”, is a special population of bees of the Central Russian breed, formed in climatic conditions Southern Urals.
Currently, this population exists only in the Burzyansky region of the Republic of Bashkortostan, for which these bees are often called “Burzyankas”. Wild bees live in hollows in colonies (families) of up to 80-100 thousand individuals. Large, one and a half times larger than ordinary bees, the wild Bashkir bee is distinguished by a dark gray color with the absence of any yellowness usual for bees. It is this species of bees that is genetically adapted to life in “wild” conditions: they are not spoiled by human help and are able to independently survive fifty-degree frosts, are distinguished by strong immunity, enviable performance and a very angry disposition. The inhabitants of a hollow hive are capable of preparing from 5 to 15 kilograms of honey in two weeks - the short time that the linden tree blooms! During the honey harvest period, a wild bee works with enviable diligence: it flies from early morning until late evening, and even bad weather is not perceived by it as a good reason to rest. Preserving the airborne fishery was not easy, primarily because it was not easy to preserve the wild honey bee population. It was impossible to allow the beet to be completely destroyed: if all the stored honey was taken, the bee colony would be doomed to starvation in the winter. In addition, the breeding characteristics of the Burzyanka turned the need to preserve its breeding purity into a non-trivial task. Wild bees move away to mate 17 kilometers from the nest - with this feature it is almost impossible to avoid the process of crossbreeding, since apiaries with domestic bees roam very close to the reserve. However, scientists managed not only to preserve the “burzyanka”, but also to breed even several daughter populations of the Bashkir bee on the territory of the reserve. Work continues in breeding apiaries and breeding laboratories.
Both reserve specialists and the local population are involved in the revival of on-board beekeeping. The work of a modern beekeeper-beekeeper is practically no different from the work of his “historical” colleagues.
To construct the board, which is called “solok” in Bashkir, a tall and thick-trunked pine tree is selected: about a meter in diameter. Wearing soft shoes and tied to a tree with a special woven belt, the beetleaf climbs along the notches made to a height of 12-15 meters using special devices. Yes, wild bees love heights! Perhaps this is historically conditioned: the higher the bee colony settles, the greater the chances of avoiding ruin - “poaching” a bear or marten could end in a hungry winter for the tireless workers.
Having reached the level at which it is decided to make a hollow, the beekeeper ties a special “lange” stand to the tree, leaning on it, he can work steadily at height. The hollow hollowed out in the trunk communicates with external environment two openings: a small entrance - the entrance/exit for bees and a longer one - a gap that is closed with a flap and through which the beekeeper can inspect the beet and select honey. The artificial hollow, the diameter of which can reach 60-80 centimeters, is carefully scraped out, removed from the inside with dry wood and left to dry well for a year or two. After about this time, a new bee colony will move into a clean, dry room with excellent thermal insulation properties. Demanding new settlers need the entrance to the south, clean water and a rich food supply nearby. In addition, borteviks have their own old, time-tested methods of luring buzzing residents into hollows: rubbing them with fragrant herbs, gluing pieces of honeycomb, etc. A well-made side can last for more than a century and a half!
In the fall, when it is necessary to get honey, the beetroot acts in the same way: it climbs the tree with the help of a belt and notches (the bees, surprisingly, do not bother) and, securing itself on required height with the help of a stand, it works like a regular beekeeper: fumigates the inhabitants of the bee, takes out honeycombs, etc.
Along with hollow boards, specialists in breeding wild bees widely use board logs. A hollow is hollowed out in a piece of an old tree trunk according to all the rules for constructing a beehive, and then this hive log is tied to a growing tree at the height preferred by wild bees: 6-15 meters. This method of on-board beekeeping allows you to increase the number of bees in an area suitable for this fishery without damaging healthy trees.
Currently, on the territory of the Bashkir reserve, about 800 families of the Burzyan bee live in the conditions of on-board beekeeping and in natural tree hollows. The interest in the revival of airborne fishing is not accidental: airborne honey is rated as the most environmentally friendly product with pronounced healing properties. It differs from honey from frame hives – both in color and taste. Traditionally, wild honey is dark brown in color because it is rich in wax and beebread. Bee bread is flower pollen, processed by secretions of bee glands and intended for feeding brood. On-board honey is especially valued for its maturity: since on-board bees are disturbed by humans only once a year, closer to autumn, the honey has time to ripen properly. The presence of a large number of microelements, the absence of harmful impurities and a particularly tart taste and delicate aroma make this honey an expensive but highly valuable delicacy. The fishery, which only yesterday seemed like an atavism, is gradually becoming a profitable business. Wild honey is recognized as one of the “Seven Wonders of Bashkortostan”. Today, the Shulgan-Tash nature reserve, located on the territory of Bashkiria, is considered the only place in the world where beekeeping has been preserved, and therefore the only region where you can taste real wild honey.
Russian Federal Republic is multinational state, representatives of many nations live, work and honor their traditions here, one of which is the Bashkirs living in the Republic of Bashkortostan (capital Ufa) on the territory of the Volga Federal District. It must be said that the Bashkirs live not only in this territory, they can be found everywhere in all corners of the Russian Federation, as well as in Ukraine, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Bashkirs, or as they call themselves Bashkorts, are the indigenous Turkic population of Bashkiria, according to statistical data in the territory autonomous republic About 1.6 million people of this nationality live, a significant number of Bashkirs live in the territory of Chelyabinsk (166 thousand), Orenburg (52.8 thousand), about 100 thousand representatives of this nationality are located in the Perm Territory, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions. Their religion is Islamic Sunnism. Bashkir traditions, their way of life and customs are very interesting and differ from other traditions of the peoples of Turkic nationality.
Culture and life of the Bashkir people
Until the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, but gradually became sedentary and mastered agriculture, the eastern Bashkirs for some time practiced going on summer nomads and in the summer they preferred to live in yurts, over time, and they began to live in wooden log houses or adobe huts, and then in more modern buildings.
Family life and celebration national holidays Almost until the end of the 19th century, Bashkirov was subject to strict patriarchal foundations, which in addition included the customs of Muslim Sharia. The kinship system was influenced by Arab traditions, which implied a clear division of the line of kinship into maternal and paternal parts; this was subsequently necessary to determine the status of each family member in matters of inheritance. The right of minority was in effect (superiority of the rights of the youngest son), when the house and all the property in it after the death of the father passed to youngest son, the older brothers were supposed to receive their share of the inheritance during the life of the father, when they got married, and the daughters when they got married. Previously, the Bashkirs married their daughters quite early; the optimal age for this was considered to be 13-14 years (bride), 15-16 years (groom).
(Painting by F. Roubaud "Bashkirs hunting with falcons in the presence of Emperor Alexander II" 1880s)
The rich Bashkorts practiced polygamy, because Islam allows up to 4 wives at the same time, and there was a custom of conspiring with children while still in their cradles, the parents drank bata (kumiss or diluted honey from one bowl) and thus entered into a wedding union. When marrying a bride, it was customary to give a bride price, which depended on the financial status of the newlyweds’ parents. It could be 2-3 horses, cows, several outfits, pairs of shoes, a painted scarf or robe; the mother of the bride was given a fox fur coat. IN marital relations ancient traditions were respected, the levirate rule was in effect ( younger brother must marry the elder's wife), sororate (a widower marries younger sister his late wife). Islam plays a huge role in all spheres of public life, hence the special position of women in the family circle, in the process of marriage and divorce, as well as in inheritance relations.
Traditions and customs of the Bashkir people
The Bashkir people hold their main festivals in spring and summer. The people of Bashkortostan celebrate the Kargatuy “rook holiday” at the time when the rooks arrive in the spring, the meaning of the holiday is to celebrate the moment of nature’s awakening from winter sleep and also an occasion to turn to the forces of nature (by the way, the Bashkirs believe that it is the rooks that are closely connected with them) with a request about the well-being and fertility of the coming agricultural season. Previously, only women and the younger generation could participate in the festivities; now these restrictions have been lifted, and men can also dance in circles, eat ritual porridge and leave its remains on special boulders for rooks.
The plow festival Sabantuy is dedicated to the beginning of work in the fields; all residents of the village came to the open area and participated in various competitions, they wrestled, competed in running, raced horses and pulled each other on ropes. After the winners were determined and awarded, a common table was set with various dishes and treats, usually a traditional beshbarmak (a dish of crumbled boiled meat and noodles). Previously, this custom was carried out with the goal of appeasing the spirits of nature so that they would make the land fertile and it would produce a good harvest, and over time it became a regular spring holiday, marking the beginning of hard agricultural work. Residents of the Samara region have revived the traditions of both the Rook's holiday and Sabantuy, which they celebrate every year.
An important holiday for the Bashkirs is called Jiin (Yiyyn), residents of several villages took part in it, during it various trade operations were carried out, parents agreed on the marriage of their children, and fair sales took place.
Bashkirs also honor and celebrate everything Muslim holidays, traditional for all adherents of Islam: this is Uraza Bayram (the end of fasting), and Kurban Bayram (the holiday of the end of the Hajj, on which it is necessary to sacrifice a ram, a camel or a cow), and Mawlid Bayram (famous for the Prophet Muhammad).
Mavlyutova Z.A.
The life and development of the peoples of Russia is based on centuries-old socio-historical experience and cultural potential. At the same time, the ethnocultural image of each nation, while maintaining its fundamental properties, is at the same time constantly enriched through creative cooperation and the exchange of achievements with other peoples. This is clearly confirmed by the history of the development of Bashkir decorative applied arts. In the Volga-Ural region, Finno-Ugric, East Slavic, and Turkic ethnic groups have long interacted, and a unique social, confessional and cultural situation has developed. Political changes in the socio-economic sphere since the 16th century, when the region became part of Russia, determined a number of features of material and spiritual culture, historical memory and ethnic self-awareness of peoples.
The decorative art of each ethnic group is closely connected with its spiritual culture, since it participates in the formation of the environment in which the life of the people takes place. Folk art enriches the worldview of people through the most large-scale representations, reflects the model of the world, which is embodied in certain compositions and motifs, plots and forms. Currently, there is an intensive revival of traditional crafts and types of decorative and applied arts - both in the professional sphere and directly in the everyday practice of people.
So, the ways of development of the Bashkir folk art and the formation of its subject environment depended on natural and climatic conditions and the prevailing historical and cultural situation. The natural environment has determined special forms and the principles of arranging living space, clothing and items needed in everyday life. At the same time historical development made adjustments to individual components of folk art. Under the influence of production development, changes social structure population, living conditions, new types of products and techniques for their execution appeared, new features in the design of clothing and housing.
Active contacts between the Bashkir population and neighboring peoples affected the introduction of new forms and elements in all areas of traditional art. With the adoption of Islam, new elements of a religious nature appear in folk art, organically fitting into familiar structures (prayer rugs, skullcaps, turbans, sayings from the Koran in the interior). The comparative rarity of plot motifs in Bashkir decorative and applied art is also associated with the influence of Islam, which prohibited the depiction of humans and living beings.
The principles of formation of the composition of Bashkir clothing and the peculiarities of its functioning correlated it with housing and objects of decorative and applied art. The space of the home and objects served as a background for her, against which clothes stood out due to the concentration of all decorative means. Usage natural materials, which were at hand, helped to fit the costume into a certain setting and bring it together with other products. The spatial environment also shaped all kinds of household products. For example, the presence of forests and sustainable traditions of economic activity ensured the development of wood processing and the use of tree species growing on the territory for this purpose. Hence the variety of wooden dishes and utensils among the Bashkirs.
A traditional Bashkir house is a round lattice yurt, the design and interior decoration of which met the requirements of a semi-nomadic way of life. The yurt had a folding base consisting of bars and a dome, which were fastened together with leather straps and covered with felt on top white. The entrance opening was closed by a double-leaf wooden door. Under the hole in the dome there was a place for the hearth.
The interior space of the yurt was divided by a curtain - sharshau into two halves - the male one, where the guest place of honor was located, and the female one. Each of them was decorated in a certain way.
Sharshaws were woven from linen or cotton yarn. The patterns on them were made with colored wool, garus, and cotton threads were also used. In the central part, in the area of the guest place, the most valuable items in the life of nomads were placed - chests with property and bedding, felt mats and rugs, as well as the most colorful items of clothing. On the side, to the left of the entrance, on female half there were utensils and dishes decorated with ornaments. In the men's quarters, horse harnesses and weapons – bows, quivers, hunting bags – decorated with patterns and silver plates were hung on the walls. By their arrangement, they organized the interior space of the home, at the same time being a means of artistic decoration. Yurts stopped being used at the beginning of the 20th century, so to see the peculiar decoration of the Bashkir nomadic dwelling Today it is possible only in local museums.
Decorative finishing of the house, its decoration carved platbands, valances and friezes, the design of façade pediments became widespread only in the 19th – early 20th centuries. in connection with the transition of the Bashkirs to permanent settlement. Decorative motifs and images, composition techniques and methods of their execution were derived from several sources. The most important of them were the established traditions of folk ornamentation, through which the long-established decorative and aesthetic views of the Bashkir people were transmitted. However, folk art mutually enriched. So, from Russian and Tatar peasants, the Bashkirs borrowed a lot of construction equipment, principles of village development and estate planning, and methods of decorating houses.
Many carved decorations on Bashkir houses repeat the patterns on Russian platbands, friezes, and pediments peasant houses. To a large extent this is the result of borrowing or influence. However, it must be emphasized that the Bashkir master carvers did not adopt all patterns, but mainly those decorative elements for which they were prepared by the internal development of their culture. Bashkir ornamentation organically included, first of all, those patterns that coincided with development trends fine arts Bashkir people.
In particular, decoration The design of platbands among the Bashkirs relied heavily, especially in the more distant past, on traditional folk ornamentation and on the established technique of applying patterns to wooden objects. The pattern applied with paint often repeated the patterns common on items of embroidery, weaving, and appliqué.
Throughout eastern Bashkiria and in the Trans-Urals there are platbands made using the ancient mortise technique. There is usually one pattern associated with this technique - a semicircle with rays extending out like a fan, depicting the rising sun. Sometimes a full solar circle is placed in the center of the window board, surrounded by smaller rosettes, freely scattered over the entire area of the board. The main decorative load was borne by the wide top of the casing, on which the entire “cosmogonic” ornament was concentrated. Solar patterns made using the trihedral or lance-notched technique were also used in the design of Bashkir gates.
Solar ornament is one of the widespread themes in the art of many nations. They were used to decorate frames or wooden household items among the Udmurts, Komi, Ob Ugrians, and Altai peoples. Platbands are well known in central Russia and often decorate the houses of the Russian population of the Southern Urals. This pattern has existed since ancient times in Bashkir art, decorating mainly traditional household items. The Bashkirs often painted platbands with a solar pattern, and the coloring, like wooden utensils, was dominated by green color.
size-medium wp-image-1959" src="http://futureruss.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/htmlimage-300x224.jpg" alt=""Bashkir women", cutting board ( wood, painting, varnish), 2002, Ufa
The main area for the production of artistic tableware was the mountain and forest regions of the Urals. Here, at the junction of tracts of birch and linden forests - the main raw material for making tableware - most of the thin-walled ladles and elegant tepans preserved in the collections of museums in Bashkortostan were created, surprising our contemporaries with the complexity of the design and the thoroughness of the workmanship.
A favorite theme of Bashkir carvers was the image of a bird’s head, in some cases reminiscent of a black grouse or wood grouse, or a duck. Perhaps there once was a ritual of worshiping the bird. In the summer, women gathered near the river, drank tea, sang songs, and danced. Zoomorphic images are most clearly visible in the products of Bashkir craftsmen in the area of the upper reaches of the river. White. Buckets in these places are characterized by a hemispherical shape, the end of the handle looks like a crest on the head of a fairy-tale bird.
South Bashkir craftsmen decorate their ladles with a straight or zigzag border. In the Orenburg Regional Museum, ladles and a koumiss bowl, decorated on both sides with twisted handles connected by a wooden chain, have been preserved. The style of the carving suggests that it came from the same workshops that made the ladles. Honey bowls were rarely decorated with carvings; if an ornament was used, it was discreet and consisted of a narrow strip of shallowly embedded triangles or corners located one above the other.
A special place among wooden products produced in the Western Urals is occupied by chains of up to 100 links, decorated with a ring with an inscribed figure of a running animal. In some cases the animal resembles a marten or a fox, in others it resembles a wolf or a bear. The animal figures are clearly depicted, and the dynamics of their movement are emphasized with great skill.
Wooden products made in traditional technique undoubtedly constituted a special layer of spiritual culture and applied art of the Bashkir people.
In this regard important event in mastering folk traditions and using them in production artistic products and souvenirs was the founding of the Agidel production association in 1963.
It included scattered enterprises of the art industry: a carpet weaving factory, an embroidery and knitting workshop in Ufa, and the Birsk factory of wooden souvenirs and toys. The artists of the experimental workshop "Agidel" in their work continue to rely on the traditions of Bashkir decorative and applied art and the art of other peoples of Russia. They use folk ornament, traditional shape of products, characteristic color combinations.
“Agidel” came to its creative takeoff through years of searching for large and small finds. These years can be called a kind of prologue in the history of “Agidel”.
In 1974 – 1975 a huge restructuring of production unfolded, the creative enthusiasm of adherents of the revival of the ethnocultural direction in the decorative and applied arts developed against the background of far from flattering conversations of its opponents different levels. But at the exhibition in Moscow “Agidel-76” the Bashkir Art Association gained its own style and official recognition.
In 1974-1977 New branches of wood painting were created in the Agidel association. From known back in the 17th century. Khokhloma painting borrowed only the technology of painting itself. Khokhloma painting, as is known, is distinguished by a characteristic combination of gold color with black, red, green, sometimes brown and orange. Images of plants and berries, fruits, birds and fish form a whimsical patterned ornament. All this is inherent in a truly popular understanding of beauty and goes back to the rich artistic culture Ancient Rus'.
Bashkir craftsmen, relying on already developed technological techniques, themselves developed the shapes of products and their decorative structure, color, composition, and ornament. The range of products is quite diverse - these include various sets of dishes for kumys, honey, bishbarmak, katyk, as well as many individual items: spoons, glasses, dishes for utilitarian and decorative purposes.
Applied art, while remaining a sphere of manifestation of the artist’s bright individuality, turns into collective creativity. This has been reflected in the revival of numerous artistic crafts that convey the beauty and harmony of folk art through utilitarian objects and souvenirs.
The development of Bashkir decorative and applied art is currently being carried out in different, but unfortunately complex, ways. In rural conditions, the individual creativity of local craftswomen continues to improve. Art crafts are developing on the basis of folk traditions. National art is reflected in the works of Bashkir architects and artists. Each of these areas has its own history and difficult development.
So, in modern conditions labor-intensive production does not find a place. The skills of leather stamping and artistic metal processing, previously necessary in the manufacture of horse harnesses and weapons, have been lost; the making of patterned seat holders and felts, and the weaving of multi-colored braid for yurts have been forgotten. Carved and painted stands for chests and bedding are rare. For a long time they have not woven large curtains - sharshau, nor have they made swearing linen for clothing. At the same time, embroidery (chain and satin stitch), carpet weaving, patterned knitting, and braided weaving continue to develop.
IN Lately In Bashkir creativity, based on the technology of Fedoskino miniature painting, original lacquer miniature painting was developed. The introduction of this industry in Bashkiria is justified by the fact that the culture of fine arts, its own school easel painting have already taken shape. Combining its best features with tradition decorative arts gave an interesting artistic result.
So, the most important task contemporary artists applied workers - not only to study and carefully preserve folklore elements in art, but also to develop it further. You can simply repeat folk traditions in patterns and shapes, or you can create completely new ones. The traditions of applied art of the Bashkirs, which originated many centuries ago, are carefully preserved by artists and craftsmen working today in the State Unitary Enterprise “Agidel”. Their products combine beauty and functionality, a unique flavor of folklore and applicability in everyday life.
Working in conditions market economy, the team needed to make large-scale changes and mobilize forces to further development all types of diversified activities of the enterprise, for which reform was carried out while maintaining all directions production activities, the main types of which are the production of products with embroidery for table and bed linen, home furnishings, as well as a group of clothing; production of turning products with painting in the national ornamental tradition; papier-mâché and turning products with lacquer miniature paintings; hand painting on fabric, hot and cold batik; wood carving (volumetric and planar); national musical instruments: saz, dumbra, kyl-kubyz, kurai. Manufacturing remains a special trade Bashkir yurts– wooden structures – frames, the interior of which is decorated at the request of the customer traditional items home furnishings produced at the enterprise.
The company takes part in exhibitions held in the republic and abroad (Alma-Ata, Moscow, London, Izmir (Republic of Turkey), etc.). At the Russian folk arts and crafts fair “Ladya-2006”, “Agidel” was awarded a Diploma for preserving national traditions. Samples of products are stored in the enterprise museum, adjacent to works of old Bashkir masters brought by artists from ethnographic expeditions. The museum exhibits tell about the history and development paths of the State Unitary Enterprise BHP "Agidel".
Artists and craftsmen, with tireless hard work and professional skill, managed to preserve the spirit of their ancestors and national traditions Bashkir decorative and applied arts.
Literature
1. Vlasov I.V. Russians: folk culture(history and modernity). T.5. Spiritual culture. Folk knowledge. M., 2002. P.376.
2. Solovyova N.M. Russian souvenir. Easter eggs. M., 1997. P.7.
3. Bikbulatov N.V. Bashkir village. Ufa. 1969. P.69.
Alsou Garayeva
Realizable educational areas : Cognitive development (Formation of a holistic picture of the world). Social and communicative development. Artistic and aesthetic development.
Subject: Ethnography of the ancient Bashkirs. Dwelling (yurt, occupations of the ancient Bashkirs (cattle breeding, making kumiss, leather goods, carpet weaving, festive and casual wear ancient Bashkirs. "Let's decorate the carpet" (application).
Target: introducing children to universal human culture, developing imagination, moral principles, historical and national identity, knowledge of one's roots, respect and careful attitude to the material and spiritual culture of different peoples.
Tasks: 1. Introduce children to the life of the ancient Bashkirs (dwelling (yurt), activities of the ancient Bashkirs (cattle breeding, making kumiss, leather goods, carpet weaving, festive and everyday clothing of the ancient Bashkirs).
2. Give the concept of folk arts and crafts. Teach children how to expressively create images of Bashkir art.
3. Continue to cultivate love for native land- Bashkortostan, to instill respect for craftsmen, to develop an aesthetic sense and taste.
4. Continue acquaintance with the Bashkir folk craft - carpet weaving, its compositional structure, teach silhouette cutting of ornamental elements, instill interest in folk art, cultivate respect for the work of weavers, develop independence, creativity, artistic taste.
Materials and equipment:
1. Illustrations reflecting the life, way of life, work and culture of the Bashkirs;
2. Samples of household items;
3. Samples of everyday and festive clothing of the ancient Bashkirs;
4. Colored paper, glue, scissors.
Preliminary work: conversations about where we live (Republic of Bashkortostan, the city of Ufa, what peoples inhabit our republic (Bashkirs, Tatars, Russians) - their languages; excursion to the kindergarten mini-museum "Dwelling of the Bashkirs", printed board games: "Hundreds of carpet ", "Find your element", "Collect Bashkir dishes", "Bashkir lotto".
Performance by the vocal and instrumental ensemble "Miras" with a program dedicated to Bashkir culture.
PROGRESS OF THE CLASS:
Educator: Hello guys. Tell me, what republic do we live in?
Children: Bashkortostan.
Educator: Right. Do you know why it is called that? Because Bashkortostan means the country of the Bashkirs. A long time ago, only Bashkir tribes lived on this land. Today we will travel back in time and see how the ancient Bashkirs lived and what they did.
In order to survive, our ancestors engaged in hunting and fishing. Back then, guys, they couldn’t grow bread, sow wheat, vegetables - they would do this later. Their main occupation was breeding horses and sheep. There were many, many of them, whole herds of horses and flocks of sheep. The Bashkirs ate the meat of these animals, drank their milk, and made kumiss from horse milk.
Guys, have any of you drank kumiss, what is it like?
Children: sour, healthy.
Educator: And listen to the riddle about kumiss:
First they beat, they beat,
Then they pour and drink,
We take away from foals
Yes, we drink ourselves.
Why does the riddle say: “It will hit you in the mouth and hit you in the nose”? (children's answers).
Educator: And from the skins of these animals they made various leather items: shoes, belts, bags, horse harness and even leather utensils for storing kumiss! Felt was made from sheep wool (explanation, display, fabrics and carpets were woven.
In order for horses and sheep to always be able to eat fresh grass, the Bashkirs often had to move from one pasture to another. (explanation of the word "pasture"). And of course, they could not transport their wooden houses from one place to another. Guys, they lived in these round dwellings called “yurts”, they can be easily disassembled and transported. (Demonstration, explanation of the composition of the yurt: wooden frame, outside warm felt made of wool). It was very beautiful inside the yurt. Carpets are hung and spread everywhere on the walls and floor. There were chests with clothes. We slept right on the floor.
Fizminutka: How do horses click? (cluck loudly).
How does a horseman gallop on a horse? (we gallop, pretend to be a horseman).
How does a Bashkir shoot a bow? (we pull the string).
How people fished (pulling the net).
Look how the Bashkirs danced (Bashkir footsteps, hands on the belt).
Educator: And look, guys, what beautiful clothes the Bashkirs wore on holidays. On the heads and chests of women there were decorations made of silver coins, corals, and beads. When the women walked, the coins jingled beautifully. A scarf was tied on the head. A long shirt is required underneath, and a Bashkir robe “Zilyan” on top.
Men spent most of their time on horseback. So look how interesting men's pants"salwar" - they were very comfortable for riding a horse.
The “kulmyak” shirt was necessarily long, down to the knees, with red fabric inserts under the sleeves. There were no fasteners; the collar was tied with laces. A long caftan was worn on top. And a beautiful leather belt with a buckle. On your head a skullcap or winter cap fur hat- "kolaksyn".
Educator: Look what a beautiful carpet I brought. What kind of carpet is this, what else can you call it? (Palace). What were the rugs intended for? That’s right, they covered the floor of the yurt and the bunks. Bashkirs slept on carpets, rested, and decorated their homes with them.
Guys, tell me about the carpet, what is it like? Yes, the carpet has a black background with bright colors, the geometric pattern consists of polygons, squares, and ladders along the edges. The alternation of colors is contrasting, for example, beautiful combination yellow with black, red with green.
Today our entire group is a weaving workshop. We will be weavers and “weave” carpets with which we will decorate our group. Watch closely as I cut out the polygon. Fold the square of paper in half, and in half again. We bend the resulting small square diagonally. The result is a triangle. For this triangle, with one stroke of the scissors, cut off the triangle on either side of the fold line. After this, keeping the sharp angle of the fold line from the middle of the cut side, we cut out a ladder, rising up to the middle of the other side. The result is a patterned polygon.
The yellow stepped outline is cut out like this: bend the strip in four, hold the fold line with your fingers. Stepping back from the edge of the opposite side, we begin to cut out a ladder consisting of four steps.
You can decorate the remaining free spaces in your own way so that your carpet turns out beautiful in composition and color combination. You will work in teams of three people.
During the making of the applique, music sounds - Bashkir melodies.
Educator: Guys, now I invite you to music hall, where the girls of our group and I will perform folk dance"Bashkir patterns" to the music "Ete kyz" ("Seven Girls").
Role-playing game "Bashkir tea party".
References:
1. Molcheva A.V. Folk arts and crafts of Bashkortostan - for preschoolers. - Ufa: Bashkir publishing house "Kitap", 1995, - 112 p. : ill.
2. Kolbina A.V. Program for children’s decorative activities preschool age based on Bashkir decorative and applied art. - Ufa, LLC "Business Dynasty", 2014 - 28 p.
3. Shitova S.N. Bashkir folk clothing. - 1st ed. - Ufa: Kitap, 1995. - 240 p., ill.
4. Bulgakov R. M. Material culture Bashkir people. - Ufa: Kitap, 1998. - 20 p., ill.
