Description of Plyushkin. The image and characteristics of Plyushkin in the poem Dead Souls by Gogol essay

NOUN

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
LEXICAL-GRAMMAR CLASSES

Note: IN fiction artificial names can be used - individual words (in the stories of A. Green: Assol, Gray, Aigle; from L. Kassil: graph Urodonal Chatelain, princess Cascara Sagrada) or combinations of words (in N. Aseev: boy Leave it Not Touch And girl IN Palm Eyes).

The semantic originality of proper names determines the originality of their morphological properties: these words, which serve to individualize an object, are not typically used in plural forms. h. Plural forms. h. here are normal to designate different persons and objects that have the same thing given name: IN one class some Svetlana; IN children's home was six Valentine. Plural forms h. surnames designate, firstly, persons who are in family, related relationships with each other: brothers Zhemchuzhnikovs, spouses Dobrynins, merchants Morozovs, dynasty steelworkers Kuznetsov; secondly, persons having the same surname (namesakes): IN city reside three hundred Ivanovs And two hundred Petrovs; Both They – my namesakes: Alexandrovs Nikolai Grigorievich(gas.).

With a broad understanding of collectiveness, nouns with a collective meaning as a lexical-grammatical (but not word-formative) category can also include words that name a collection of objects: tops, small fry, trash, furniture. All such words express collectiveness lexically, but not word-formatively.

Note: Nouns used in singular forms are not collective nouns. h. in the collective meaning, for example: corn (corn new harvest), feather (stuff pillows pen), enemy (

Distinctive feature of all collective nouns is that they do not form plural forms. h. For exceptions to this rule, see §.

Husband nouns r., naming substances, in genus. p.un. h. along with inflection - A(spelling also - I) have inflection - at(spelling also - Yu): cup tea And tea, piece Sahara And sugar, tile chocolate And chocolate; cm. § .

Abstract (abstract) nouns are words that name abstract concepts, properties, qualities, actions and states: glory, laughter, good, captivity, kindness, closeness, dexterity, run, movement. Most of the abstract nouns are words motivated by adjectives and verbs and formed with the help of a zero suffix ( bitterness, illness[simple], export, replacement), suf. - awn(spelling also - There is) (beauty, freshness, cowardice), -stv(O) (nonentity, majority, championship, boasting), -shchin(A)/ -rank(A) (piecework, turetchina[obsolete]), - change (realism, humanism), -And|j|- / -sti|j|- (spelling words in - no, -effect) (cordiality, calmness), -from(A) (acid, kindness, hoarseness), -purl(A) (white, curvature), -in(A) (depth, gray hair), -neither|j|- / -eni|j|- / -you|j|- (spelling words in - tion, -tion, -tie) (punishment, patience, extraction, development), -To(A) (fuse, hunger strike, bombing), -atsi|j|- / -enci|j|- / -ici|j|- / -qi|j|-/- And|j|- (spelling words in - ation, -ation, -tion, -ition, -tion, -and I) (stylization, compilation, transposition[specialist.], competition), -as much (massage), -hedgehog (payment) and some other, less productive suffixes. A minority of abstract nouns are unmotivated words: trouble, mind, disposition, fear, flour, sadness, passion, grief, cosiness, sadness, essence.

Abstract nouns usually do not have plural forms. h. Plural forms. h. form only those words that can name not only abstract properties, qualities, states or actions, but also their individual manifestations: pain – pain, deception – deceptions, m at ka – m at ki, sadness – sadness, joy – joy, movement – movement.

Animate nouns are morphologically and word-formatively different from inanimate nouns. Animate nouns - names of female persons or animals - are often motivated by a word that names a person or animal without indicating its gender or (less commonly) names a male person or animal: teacher – teacher, student – student, schoolboy – schoolgirl, Muscovite – Muscovite, grandson – granddaughter, pop – priest, a lion – lioness, elephant – elephant, cat – cat, goose – goose.

Animate nouns, as a rule, have the morphological meaning husband. or female R. and only a few - the meaning of environments. r., while the belonging of a noun to one gender or another (except for the middle r.) is determined semantically: nouns husband. R. call a person or animal male, and nouns female. R. - female. Animate nouns. R. are called living beings without regard to gender. This or the name of a non-adult creature ( child), or common type names face, creature, animal, insect, mammal, herbivore(about words child, creature and under. see also § ). Inanimate nouns are divided into three morphological genders - masculine, feminine and neuter.

Paradigms of animate and inanimate nouns in plural. hours are consistently different: animate nouns in the plural. h. have the form of wines. n., coinciding with the form of the genus. P.; genus . P.: No brothers And sisters, No animals; wine P.: saw brothers And sisters, saw animals. Inanimate nouns in plural. h. have the form of wines. n., coinciding with the form named after. P.; them . P.: peaches, pears And apples lie on table; wine P.: bought peaches, pears And apples. The forms of agreed upon definitions repeat the indicated difference: No relatives brothers And relatives sisters, No no animals, saw relatives brothers And relatives sisters, saw interesting animals And: ripe peaches, sweet pears And Antonovskie apples lie on table, bought ripe peaches, sweet pears And Antonovskie apples.

In the unit paradigm h. Animation and inanimateness are expressed in the words husband. R. I sc., but not in the words of women. and Wednesday R.: in units. h. nouns husband R. the forms of the genus coincide. and wine P. ( No brother, I see brother), and in inanimate. - forms named after and wine P. ( needed pencil, bought pencil). Thus, the shapes of wines. p. in units h. in the words husband. R. vary consistently depending on whether the word names animate or inanimate object. Women's words R. in units h. the formulated rule for expressing animate/inanimate is not followed: No brother And I see brother, But No sisters, I see sister; needed pencil And bought pencil, But needed pen, bought handle. Words Wednesday r., as well as the words of wives. r., in units h.do not have a formal distinction between animate/inanimate. All nouns R. (both animate and inanimate) are formally characterized in the same way as inanimate nouns husband. r., - forms named after. and wine they have the same: appeared unknown animal, saw unknown animal.

The words husband. R. with inflection - A in them etc., as well as in words of general gender in cases where they name a male person, animation is expressed syntactically - by the form of gender. n. of an adjective that agrees with a noun, and is not expressed case forms the nouns themselves: took book at acquaintance young men; moved away from obnoxious crybabies And: met acquaintance young man; remembered obnoxious crybaby.

The only deviation from the consistent expression of animation in the plural. h. is the form of wine. n., equal to them. (not gender) p. in words - names of persons as part of phraseological constructions like go V soldiers, take (whom-n.) V couriers, go V nannies(See "Syntax. Subordinate connections words", §, ).

Note: In abstraction from the gender of the being called, the words are general. R. tend to function syntactically as husband words. R.; For example, in a magazine article, a fish that had lain in the Tertiary formation for 60 million years was named: " Ancient glutton V world".

Abbreviations with a vowel stem of the initial type, for example RONO(district department of public education), ROE(erythrocyte sedimentation reaction) and mixed type (GORONO, general store), mainly belong to the neuter gender.

Indications of the grammatical gender of each individual abbreviation word should be found in dictionaries.

Dead Souls, Where main character decided to buy the souls of dead peasants from the landowners, we meet in different ways landowners of that time. There are five of them, and each one’s soul has long since died. It was Plyushkin, the last of the landowners, where Chichikov came for the souls. Plyushkina in poem Dead we will present souls in our essay.

Plyushkin, characterization of the hero

Considering Plyushkin and making his characterization according to plan, we see not only his description, general image, but also his attitude towards serfs, his family, as well as his attitude towards his estate.

The surname Plyushkin was not chosen by Gogol by chance, because the writer often resorted to symbolic names. Likewise, the surname Plyushkin can be applied to those who are greedy and stingy in life. These people save not for the sake of a good life, but for the sake of saving. They save aimlessly, which is why the lives of such people are aimless. This is exactly what the fifth landowner of the work Plyushkin is with his further characteristics.

So, in Gogol’s work we met Plyushkin, who previously, even if he was a rich landowner and an exemplary family man, then after the death of his wife his life changed. Children left such a father. For all his wealth, he does not want to help them. Having good savings, Plyushkin does not invest his money in anything. He just saves, and he really likes this process.

When Chichikov sees Plyushkin for the first time, he confuses the owner with the housekeeper. He was so poorly dressed that he could have been confused with a beggar at the church. And here we understand that the scumbag feels sorry for spending his money not only on children, but also on himself. Plyushkin is not worried about the estate, which has long been impoverished and stands dilapidated. He continues to save and is happy with everything.

Plyushkin is constantly making himself poor. Despite the stock being plentiful and disappearing, he says he doesn't have enough food. And then we again see his greed, because he does not give out a single crumb from his warehouses to the serfs.

Speaking about his attitude towards serfs, he is very cruel. His serfs, like himself, are dressed like beggars, always hungry and skinny. Despite their hard work, he calls them lazy and accuses them of stealing, although they never took even a crumb without the master’s permission.

In the famous poem “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol, the characters of people are clearly presented using the example of landowners. Their features show all the weaknesses that a person may have. One of these expressed weaknesses is stinginess and greed. These two features form the basis of Plyushkin’s image.

Plyushkin is portrayed as a landowner who has neglected not only himself, but the entire village. His stinginess left its mark on everything, including the furnishings of the house. When Chichikov found himself in Plyushkin’s room, it seemed to him that it was uninhabited. There was a large layer of dust on everything, there were broken objects, small pieces of paper written on them - everything had an unkempt appearance. And in the very corner of the room there was a large pile of garbage. And this pile perfectly reflects Plyushkin’s character. He put everything he came across there, any little thing that he then didn’t use anyway. This is how all misers behave - the heap reflects the fact that they accumulate various rubbish just so that they simply have it. So they feel richer materially because such people do not enrich their inner world, cluttering it with unnecessary things and thoughts.

Plyushkin’s stinginess was not always so visible: he had a family that restrained these character traits. When he was left alone, he had no one to take care of, to try to somehow develop his character, and only one goal appeared for him - to accumulate as much as possible. Stingy people don’t care what they save - everything is not enough for them, stinginess becomes more and more, and they no longer look at what they save. Thus, the stingy try to make up for the lack of human feelings ah - love, friendship, understanding. Because when Plyushkin remembered his friend from his youth, the expression on his face changed - he was able to feel the emotions that he had in childhood and youth. But no one wants to communicate with such people, there is nothing to talk about with them, and therefore they become more and more greedy.

Perhaps if Plyushkin had someone close to him who would not talk to him about money, but would try to develop his inner world, then he would not be so greedy and stingy. Because when his daughter came to him, the conversation still returned to money. It turns out that Plyushkin was not interested in anyone as a person, and because of this he becomes indifferent to the feelings of others and values ​​only material things. If there was a person with him who would strive to help him, to improve his character, then Plyushkin would be a kind and fair landowner.

Option 2

A year ago he was a completely different person. Very happy and kind. He had a wonderful loving family, wife and kids. Plyushkin was wonderful friend and comrade. His estate flourished, he managed it well. The workers had great respect for their employer. But his wife suddenly dies of illness. And this crippled the main character. His wife was his main support and muse. After all, she inspired Plyushkin to work. But he gathered his strength into a strong man's fist, and somehow he stayed afloat. After some time, his beloved daughter runs away from her parents' house. And with whom, with the officer, Plyushkin hated the army to death. And this is the next blow to the heart of the main character. And the son refuses civil service and goes to serve in the regiment.

Plyushkin completely gives up, but finishes him off with the death of his beloved youngest daughter. And his existence is over, he has lost the meaning of life, all his loved ones have died and betrayed him. If before he worked for the benefit of his family, now Plyushkin is going crazy. Now he has directed all his forces in one direction, collecting all the goods and making warehouses. He no longer needs his workers, I work and do well. He doesn't pay any attention to them.

When Chichikov drove around Plyushkin's estate, he was horrified by how everything was slowly disintegrating and fading. A rickety fence, the houses are about to fall. But these people who lived there resigned themselves to such a life, and Plyushkin collects tribute from them in linen and bread. People are impoverished, and Plyushkin collects goods under his roof and does not use them in any way. People watched with tears in their eyes as it all disappeared and lay like a dead weight. They lost respect for their owner, but they still worked for him. But some could not stand such mockery of themselves and about eighty people ran away from such a landowner. Plyushkin didn’t even bother looking for them, since he didn’t care about what was happening around him. His main goal is to take possession of good, and as much as possible.

Gogol described his hero as death, since whatever falls into the hands of the landowner is immediately buried in darkness. Because of his indifference and indifference, the estate turned into a huge dump of goods. The landfill belongs to only one person. But people hope that after Plyushkin’s death his daughter and son will return to their native nest. They will put the estate on its feet, and life will flow with a new stream.

Essay Characteristics of Plyushkin Grade 9

In Gogol's work "Dead Souls" there is a very interesting character, his name is Plyushkin Stepan. Unfortunately, people like him often come across in life.

And so this is not an old, tall man at all. He is dressed quite peculiarly, if you don’t look closely, you might think that it’s elderly woman. Stepan is a rich landowner, he has a huge estate, many souls, but at first glance at the environment around him, you might think that the man is in cramped circumstances. There is terrible devastation around, the clothes of both the master himself and his servants should have been changed to new ones long ago. Despite the rich harvests and crowded barns, he eats breadcrumbs, what can we say about the servants who die of hunger like flies.

Plyushkin was not always so greedy and stingy. With his wife, he simply tried to save, but after her death, every year he became more and more suspicious, greed and hoarding took possession of him more and more. Now Stepan not only saved, but also saved money and did not spend it even on necessary needs. For him, children ceased to exist, and grandchildren, only the goal of profit moved him. Trying to save more, he simply fell out of life. He no longer understood why he was saving and for what. As he gets older, he becomes more and more indifferent to people. He doesn’t give money to his daughter or son; there is some kind of cruelty in him towards his own children. Stepan not only became petty and an insignificant person, but lost his self-esteem and subsequently the respect of his neighbors and his peasants.

There are things that he does not care about at all, although they are the ones that require primary attention, but he strictly monitors the decanter with liqueur. Plyushkin has not lived for a long time, but lives out his life in terrible despondency and the desire to profit even more. True, there are still glimpses of humanity. Having sold dead souls, he expressed a desire to help the buyer draw up a bill of sale, was this awakened kindness or an understanding that he was not the only one engaged in enrichment?

How important it is when tragedies happen in life to have someone nearby. He supported me not only financially, but also morally. Many, fixated on their grief, like Plyushkin, begin to degrade. Stepan Plyushkin should be pitied, not despised and condemned.

Meeting with Plyushkin

In the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol “Dead Souls” in the 6th chapter, the main character comes to the estate of Stepan Plyushkin. The author says that he used to be curious about exploring an unfamiliar place and its owners. This time he arrives indifferently. At the same time, the writer describes in detail everything that the character sees.

All the village buildings were dilapidated: the roofs were leaky, the windows were without glass. Then Chichikov saw two rural churches, which were empty and worn out. Next is shown manor house. Outwardly, he is old and weather-beaten. Only two windows were open, and the rest were closed or boarded up. In the text we learn that there was a terrible mess inside, it felt cold, as if from a cellar. It is known that a house is a reflection of its owner. From the description of the estate it follows that Plyushkin is an old man, which is also proven by his words about being in his seventh decade. In addition, Gogol tells us about the stinginess of the landowner. He collects absolutely everything he sees and puts it in one pile. On the way to Plyushkin, Chichikov learned about the nickname “patched.” In one word, the people described the appearance of the landowner and his entire household.

At first glance he looks poor and pitiful, but main character knows that this person has more than a thousand souls. He was a thin old man with a protruding chin. He has small eyes and high eyebrows. The look seems suspicious and restless. Dressed in greasy and torn clothes. We also learn about his past. It turned out that he changed dramatically after the death of his wife.

When Chichikov finally decided to talk about the deal, the landowner showed us his soul. He reproaches the peasants for absolutely everything, and also does not trust them. Every year people run away from him. There is a lot of food rotting in Plyushkin’s barns, which he does not give to anyone. He believes that peasants are gluttonous. He goes to them to eat, under the guise of caring. In addition, he is hypocritical, as evidenced by his words about his good nature.

The poem is not only about buying the souls of dead peasants, but also about making the reader see the souls of these people. Each of them is already dead mentally. Using the example of Plyushkin, Gogol shows stinginess, inhospitality, pettiness, insignificance, hypocrisy and greed. The landowner did not even give any money to his own children who needed his help, despite having huge reserves. With such people it is impossible to find mutual language. He is ready to give even what is no longer there, for the sake of profit alone.

Sample 5

In the poem “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol, a whole gallery of landowners passes in front of us. It ends with Plyushkin.

Stepan Plyushkin is fundamentally different from other landowners. The character of the hero is given in development. Using his example, Gogol shows how man gradually became “a hole in humanity.”

Chichikov meets with Plyushkin on his estate, where everything is in disrepair. The manor's house looks like a grave crypt. Only the garden reminds of life, which is sharply contrasted with the ugly life of the landowner. Plyushkin's estate smells of mold, rot, and death.

At the first meeting of Chichikov with Plyushkin, it is not clear who is in front of him, in any case, he does not look like a landowner - some kind of figure. The landowner's appearance is such that if Chichikov had seen him near the church, he would have taken him for a beggar. It’s dark in Plyushkin’s house and it feels cold. All the rooms are locked, except for two; the landowner lived in one of them. There is chaos everywhere, mountains of garbage. Life has stopped here - this is symbolized by the stopped clock.

But it was not always so. The author shows how Plyushkin gradually degraded to such a state. Once he was a good owner, had a family, communicated with neighbors. But his wife died, the children left home, and he was left alone. He was overcome by melancholy and despair. Plyushkin becomes stingy, petty and suspicious. He does not feel the need to communicate with anyone, even with his own children and grandchildren. Sees everyone as an enemy.

Plyushkin is a slave of things. He drags everything into the house. It senselessly fills warehouses and barns, where everything then rots. Countless wealth is wasted. Plyushkin considers peasants to be parasites and thieves. They live poorly in his village and are starving. As a result of such a life, the peasants die or flee from the estate.

Chichikov's proposal regarding dead souls Plyushkin was amazed. He's happy about this deal. Chichikov purchased from Plyushkin not only dead people, but also fugitives at a low price and was in good spirits.

The image of this landowner evokes sadness. Everything human in man has been destroyed. Plyushkin's soul was deadened by greed. In the person of Plyushkin, Gogol depicted spiritual degradation brought to the last line.

9th grade literature

First of September. Near the school there is again noise and bustle, teachers in beautiful outfits, not standard formal suits. Schoolchildren are taking pictures all around and repeating their words, the headmistress, as always, commands the caretaker, you see, he put the microphone in the wrong place.

Plyushkin: character story

Going for the souls of dead peasants, the main character of the poem “Dead Souls” did not even imagine with what bright personalities get acquainted In all the variety of characters in the work, the miser and miser Stepan Plyushkin stands out. The rest of the rich people in the literary work are shown statically, but this landowner has own story life.

History of creation

The idea that formed the basis of the work belongs to. One day, the great Russian writer told Nikolai Gogol the story of fraud, which he heard during his exile in Chisinau. IN Moldovan city Bendery in last years Only people of military ranks died; ordinary mortals were in no hurry to go to the next world. Strange phenomenon the explanation was simple - hundreds of fugitive peasants from the center of Russia flocked to Bessarabia at the beginning of the 19th century, and during the investigation it turned out that the “passport data” of the dead was appropriated by the fugitives.

Gogol considered the idea brilliant and, after thinking about it, came up with a plot in which the main actor became enterprising person, which enriched itself by selling “dead souls” to the board of trustees. The idea seemed interesting to him because it opened up the opportunity to create an epic work, to show the whole of Mother Russia through a scattering of characters, which the writer had long dreamed of.

Work on the poem began in 1835. While most Nikolai Vasilyevich spent years abroad, trying to forget the scandal that erupted after the production of the play “The Inspector General”. According to the plan, the plot was supposed to take three volumes, and in general the work was defined as comic and humorous.

However, neither one nor the other was destined to come true. The poem turned out to be gloomy, exposing all the vices of the country. The author burned the manuscript of the second book, but never started the third. Of course, in Moscow they flatly refused to print literary work, but the critic Vissarion Belinsky volunteered to help the writer, having bothered the St. Petersburg censors.

A miracle happened - the poem was allowed to be published, only on the condition that the title would have a small addition to divert eyes from the raised serious problems: “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls.” In this form, in 1842, the poem went to the reader. Gogol’s new work again found itself at the epicenter of a scandal, because landowners and officials clearly saw their images in it.

Gogol had a brilliant idea - first he showed the shortcomings of Russian life, then he planned to describe ways to resurrect “dead souls.” Some researchers associate the idea of ​​the poem with “ Divine Comedy": the first volume is “hell”, the second is “purgatory”, and the third is “heaven”.

It is assumed that Plyushkin was supposed to transform from a greedy old man into a wanderer-benefactor who tries in every possible way to help the poor. But Nikolai Gogol was never able to convincingly describe the ways of people’s rebirth, which he himself admitted after burning the manuscript.

Image and character

The image of a half-crazy landowner in the work is the most striking of all who meet on the path of the main character Chichikov. It is Plyushkin who the writer gives the most full description, even looking into the character's past. This is a lonely widower who cursed his daughter who left with her lover and his son who lost at cards.

Periodically, the daughter and grandchildren visit the old man, but receive no help from him - only indifference. An educated and intelligent man in his youth eventually turned into a “worn-out wreck,” a grouch and a penny-pincher with a bad character, becoming a laughing stock even for the servants.

The work contains detailed description Plyushkin's appearance. He walked around the house in a decrepit robe (“...which was not only embarrassing to look at, but even embarrassing”), and came to the table in a worn, but quite neat frock coat without a single patch. At the first meeting, Chichikov could not understand who was in front of him, a woman or a man: a creature of indeterminate gender was moving around the house, and the buyer of dead souls mistook him for the housekeeper.

The character's stinginess is on the verge of insanity. There are 800 serf souls in his possessions, the barns are full of rotting food. But Plyushkin does not allow his hungry peasants to touch the products, and with resellers he is unyielding “like a devil,” so the traders stopped coming for goods. In his own bedroom, a man carefully folds the feathers and pieces of paper he found, and in the corner of one of the rooms there is a pile of “goods” picked up on the street.

Life goals come down to accumulating wealth - this problem often acts as an argument for writing essays on the Unified State Exam. The meaning of the image lies in the fact that Nikolai Vasilyevich tried to show how painful stinginess kills a bright and strong personality.

Increase goodness - favorite hobby Plyushkin, as evidenced by even the change in speech. At first, the old curmudgeon greets Chichikov warily, clarifying that “there is no use in visiting.” But, having learned the purpose of the visit, the dissatisfied grumbling gives way to undisguised joy, and the protagonist of the poem turns into a “father”, a “benefactor”.

The miser's vocabulary includes a whole dictionary of swear words and expressions, from “fool” and “robber” to “the devil will get you” and “scum.” The landowner, who has lived all his life among peasants, has a speech full of common folk words.

Plyushkin's house reminds medieval castle, but battered by time: there are cracks in the walls, some of the windows are boarded up so that no one sees the wealth hiding in the dwelling. Gogol managed to combine the character traits and image of the hero with his house with the phrase:

“All this was dumped into storerooms, and everything became rotten and a hole, and he himself finally turned into some kind of hole in humanity.”

Film adaptations

Gogol's work was staged in Russian cinema Five times. Based on the story, two cartoons were also created: “The Adventures of Chichikov. Manilov" and "The Adventures of Chichikov. Nozdrev."

"Dead Souls" (1909)

In the era of the formation of cinema, Pyotr Chardynin undertook to capture on film Chichikov’s adventures. A silent short film with a stripped-down Gogolian plot was filmed at a railway club. And since the experiments in cinema were just beginning, the film turned out to be unsuccessful due to incorrectly selected lighting. He played the role of the stingy Plyushkin theater actor Adolf Georgievsky.

"Dead Souls" (1960)

The film-play staged by the Moscow Art Theater was directed by Leonid Trauberg. A year after the premiere, the film received the Critics' Prize at the Monte Carlo Festival.

The film starred Vladimir Belokurov (Chichikov), (Nozdryov), (Korobochka) and even (a modest role of a waiter, the actor was not even included in the credits). And Plyushkin was brilliantly played by Boris Petker.

"Dead Souls" (1969)

Another television performance conceived by director Alexander Belinsky. According to film fans, this film adaptation is the best film production of the imperishable work.

The film also features prominent actors of Soviet cinema: Pavel Luspekayev (Nozdrev), (Manilov), Igor Gorbachev (Chichikov). The role of Plyushkin went to Alexander Sokolov.

"Dead Souls" (1984)

The five-episode series, directed by Mikhail Schweitzer, was shown on central television.

He reincarnated as a greedy landowner.

“The Case of Dead Souls” (2005)

The latest film work for today, which represents fantasy on famous works Gogol - “The Inspector General”, “Notes of a Madman”, “Dead Souls”. I decided to please the viewer with such an unusual mix, collecting on film set color modern cinema.

They appear on the screen in the role of Nozdryov, in the image of Chichikov, who made an excellent wife of the governor. The audience also admires the acting - the actor is called Plyushkin in the film.

• The meaning of the character's name contains a motive of self-denial. Gogol created a paradoxical metaphor: a ruddy bun - a symbol of wealth, satiety, joyful contentment - is contrasted with a “moldy cracker”, for which the colors of life have long faded.
• The surname Plyushkin has become a household name. This is what they call overly thrifty, manically greedy people. In addition, the passion for storing old, useless things is a typical behavior of people with a mental disorder, medically called “Plyushkin syndrome.”

Quotes

“After all, the devil knows, maybe he’s just a braggart, like all these little money-makers: he’ll lie, he’ll lie to talk and drink tea, and then he’ll leave!”

“I’m living in my seventies!”

“Plyushkin muttered something through his lips, because he had no teeth.”

“If Chichikov had met him, dressed up like that, somewhere at the church door, he would probably have given him a copper penny. But standing before him was not a beggar, standing before him was a landowner.”

“I don’t even advise you to know the way to this dog! - said Sobakevich. “It’s more excusable to go to some obscene place than to go to him.”

“But there was a time when he was just a thrifty owner! He was married and a family man, and a neighbor stopped by to have dinner with him, listen and learn from him about housekeeping and wise stinginess.”

The gallery of persons with whom Chichikov enters into transactions is completed by the landowner Plyushkin - “a hole in humanity.” Gogol notes that such a phenomenon is rare in Rus', where everything likes to unfold rather than shrink. The acquaintance with this hero is preceded by a landscape, the details of which reveal the soul of the hero. Dilapidated wooden buildings, dark old logs on the huts, roofs resembling a sieve, windows without glass, covered with rags, reveal Plyushkin as a bad owner with a deadened soul. But the picture of the garden, although dead and deaf, creates a different impression. When describing him, Gogol used more joyful and bright hues- trees, “a regular sparkling marble column”, “air”, “cleanliness”, “neatness”... And through all this one can see the life of the owner himself, whose soul has faded away, like nature in the wilderness of this garden. In Plyushkin’s house, too, everything speaks of the spiritual disintegration of his personality: piled-up furniture, a broken chair, a dried lemon, a piece of rag, a toothpick... And he himself looks like an old housekeeper, only his gray eyes, like mice, run from under his high eyebrows . Everything dies, rots and collapses around Plyushkin. The story of the transformation of a smart person into a “hole in humanity,” which the author introduces us to, leaves an indelible impression. The extreme degree of human degradation was captured by Gogol in the image of the richest landowner in the province (more than a thousand serfs) Plyushkin. The indelible imprint of the hero’s life practice, his relationship to the world is carried by Plyushkin’s portrait; it clearly indicates the erasure of the human personality, its death. To an outsider's eye, Plyushkin appears to be an extremely amorphous and indefinite creature. His only purpose in life is to accumulate things. As a result, he does not distinguish the important, the necessary from the trifles, the useful from the unimportant. Everything he comes across is of interest. Plyushkin becomes a slave to things. The thirst for hoarding pushes him along the path of all sorts of restrictions. But he himself does not experience any unpleasant sensations from this. Unlike other landowners, his life story is given in full. She reveals the origins of his passion. The greater the thirst for hoarding becomes, the more insignificant his life becomes. At a certain stage of degradation, Plyushkin ceases to feel the need to communicate with people. The character's biography allows us to trace the path from a "thrifty" owner to a half-crazy miser. "Previously, he was a good, zealous owner, even neighbors went to him to learn housekeeping. But his wife died, eldest daughter married a military man, her son began to pursue a career in the army (Plyushkin was extremely hostile towards the military), she soon died and youngest daughter, and he was left alone and became the guardian of his wealth. But this wealth was worse than poverty. It accumulated without purpose, not finding not only reasonable, but also no use. He began to perceive his children as plunderers of his property, not experiencing any joy when meeting them. As a result, he found himself completely alone. Plyushkin has sunk to the extreme in senseless hoarding. As a result, that moral degradation of the individual began, which made a good owner “a hole in humanity,” a sickly miser who collects all sorts of rubbish, be it an old bucket, a piece of paper or a pen. This comparison indicates the pettiness, suspicion, and greed of the hero. Just as a mouse drags into a hole everything it finds, so Plyushkin walked along the streets of his village and picked up all kinds of garbage: an old sole, a shard, a nail, a rag. He dragged all this into the house and put it in a pile. The landowner's room was striking in its squalor and disorder. There were dirty or yellowed things and things piled up everywhere. Plyushkin turned into some kind of asexual creature. The tragedy of loneliness is playing out before us, developing into a nightmarish picture of lonely old age. To an outsider's eye, Plyushkin appears to be an extremely amorphous and indefinite creature. “While he (Chichikov) was looking at all the strange decorations, a side door opened and the same housekeeper whom he had met in the yard came in. But then he saw that it was rather the housekeeper than the housekeeper; The housekeeper, at least, doesn’t shave her beard, but this one, on the contrary, shaved, and, it seemed, quite rarely, because his entire chin with the lower part of his cheek looked like a comb made of iron wire, which is used to clean horses in a stable.” With all the general amorphousness of Plyushkin’s appearance, individual sharp features. In this combination of formlessness and sharply prominent features - all of Plyushkin. “His face was nothing special,” “one chin only protruded very far forward, so that he had to cover it with a handkerchief every time so as not to spit; the small eyes had not yet gone out and ran from under their high eyebrows, like mice, when, sticking their sharp muzzles out of the dark holes, pricking their ears and blinking their whiskers, they look out to see if a cat or a naughty boy is hiding somewhere, and sniff the very air suspiciously.” . Small running eyes, diligently looking out for everything around, perfectly characterize both petty greed and Plyushkin’s wariness. Nose special attention When depicting Plyushkin's portrait, the writer dwells on the hero's costume. “His attire was much more remarkable: no amount of effort or effort could have been used to find out what his robe was made of: the sleeves and upper flaps were so greasy and shiny that they looked like the kind of yuft that goes into boots; in the back, instead of two, there were four floors dangling, from which cotton paper came out in flakes. He also had something tied around his neck that couldn’t be made out: a stocking, a garter, or a belly, but not a tie.” This description vividly reveals the most important feature of Plyushkin - his all-consuming stinginess, although nothing is said about this quality in the description of the portrait.

Seeing Plyushkin for the first time, Chichikov “for a long time could not recognize what gender the figure was: a woman or a man. The dress she was wearing was completely indefinite, very similar to a woman’s hood, on her head was a cap worn by village courtyard women, only her voice seemed somewhat hoarse for a woman: “Oh, woman! - he thought to himself and immediately added: “Oh, no!” “Of course, woman!” It could never have occurred to Chichikov that he was a Russian gentleman, a landowner, the owner of serf souls. The passion for accumulation disfigured Plyushkin beyond recognition; he saves only for the sake of hoarding... He starved the peasants, and they are “dying like flies” (80 souls in three years). He himself lives from hand to mouth and dresses like a beggar. With the eerie mien of a half-crazed man, he declares that “his people are painfully gluttonous, and out of idleness they have acquired the habit of cracking food.” About 70 peasants from Plyushkin escaped and became outlaws, unable to endure starvation. His servants run barefoot until late winter, since the stingy Plyushkin has only boots for everyone, and even then they are put on only when the servants enter the vestibule of the master's house. He considers peasants to be parasites and thieves, hates them and sees them as beings of a lower order. Already appearance villages speaks of the hopeless lot of serfs. The deep decline of the entire serf way of life is most clearly expressed in the image of Plyushkin.

Plyushkin and others like him slowed down economic development Russia: “On the vast territory of Plyushkin’s estate (and he has about 1000 souls) economic life froze: mills, fulling mills, cloth factories, carpentry machines, spinning mills stopped moving; hay and bread rotted, luggage and haystacks turned into pure manure, flour turned into stone, into cloth. canvases and household materials were scary to touch. Meanwhile, on the farm, income was still collected, the peasant still carried the quitrent, and the woman still carried the linen. All this was dumped in the storerooms, and it all became rot and dust." In the village of Plyushkin, Chichikov notices "some kind of special disrepair." Entering the house, Chichikov sees a strange pile of furniture and some kind of street trash. Plyushkin is an insignificant slave of his own things. He lives worse than “the last shepherd of Sobakevich.” Countless riches are wasted. Gogol’s words sound warningly: “And to what insignificance, pettiness, and disgust a person could descend! He could have changed so much!.. Anything can happen to a person." Plyushkin folded pieces of paper, pieces, sealing wax, etc. A symbolic detail in the interior: “a clock with a stopped pendulum.” So Plyushkin’s life froze, stopped, lost connections with the environment peace.

Plyushkin begins to be indignant at the greed of officials who take bribes: “The clerks are so unscrupulous! Before, it used to be that you would get away with half a piece of copper and a sack of flour, but now send a whole cart of cereals, and add a red piece of paper, such love of money!” And the landowner himself is greedy to the last extreme. In the scene buying and selling dead the shower opens expressively main feature the hero is stinginess brought to the point of absurdity, crossing all boundaries. First of all, Plyushkin’s reaction to Chichikov’s proposal attracts attention. With joy, the landowner is speechless for a moment. Greed has so permeated his brain that he is afraid of missing out on the opportunity to get rich. He had no normal human feelings left in his soul. Plyushkin, how wooden block, he doesn’t love anyone, he doesn’t regret at all. He can only experience something for a moment, in in this case- the joy of a good deal. Chichikov quickly finds a common language with Plyushkin. The “patched” master is only concerned about one thing: how to avoid incurring losses when making a deed of sale. Soon the landowner's usual fear and concern return to him, because the deed of sale will entail some expenses. He is unable to survive this.

From the scene of the purchase and sale of “dead souls” one can learn new examples of his stinginess. So, Plyushkin for all the servants: both young and old, “had only boots, which were supposed to be in the entryway.” Or another example. The owner wants to treat Chichikov to a liqueur that used to contain “boogers and all sorts of rubbish,” and the liqueur was placed in a decanter that “was covered in dust, like a sweatshirt.” He scolds the servants. For example, he addresses Proshka: “Fool! Eh, you fool! And the master calls Mavra “robber.” Plyushkin suspects everyone of stealing: “After all, my people are either a thief or a swindler: they will steal so much in a day that there will be nothing to hang a caftan on.” Plyushkin deliberately becomes poor in order to “snatch” an extra penny from Chichikov. What is characteristic in this scene is that Plyushkin bargains with Chichikov for a long time. At the same time, his hands tremble and shake with greed, “like mercury.” Gogol finds a very interesting comparison, indicating the complete power of money over Plyushkin. The author’s assessment of the character is merciless: “And to what insignificance, pettiness, and disgust a person could condescend! Could have changed so much!” The writer calls on young people to save “everything human movements", in order to avoid degradation, so as not to turn into Plyushkin and others like him.

The description of the hero's life and morals reveals all his disgusting qualities. Stinginess has taken up all the space in the character’s heart, and there is no longer any hope of saving his soul. The deep decline of the entire feudal way of life in Russia was most realistically reflected in the image of Plyushkin.

The image of Plyushkin is important for implementation ideological plan the entire work. The author in the poem poses the problem of human degradation. The hero completes the portrait gallery of landowners, each of whom is spiritually insignificant than the previous one. Plyushkin closes the circuit. He - terrible sample moral and physical degeneration. The author claims that “dead souls” such as Plyushkin and others are ruining Russia.