Bashkir folk crafts. Start in science

Including different areas creative activity aimed at producing artistic products for household, ritual and ceremonial purposes - clothing, shoes, household utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, etc.

Types of decorative and applied art differ in the material used (wood, ceramics, bones, leather, metal, textiles) and manufacturing techniques (chasing, burning, embroidery, carving, painting, casting).

Objects of decorative and applied art are associated with the spiritual and material culture of the Bashkirs, their way of life, customs, traditions, and the surrounding nature. Decorative and applied arts are divided into traditional folk art, including crafts, crafts and professional art of craftsmen. Until the 20th century, the Bashkirs practiced mainly traditional folk art.

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Arts and crafts

BSPU FEO specialty " art, drawing and folk arts and crafts""

Asia - Blessed Land: Yurt

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The origins of Bashkir decorative and applied art are connected with the ancient traditions of nomadic culture Turkic peoples, the way of their life in which they were created household items, such as: utensils, clothing, shoes, horse attire and rider equipment, religious and cult items, etc. The needs of the Bashkirs were embodied in the emergence of decorative and applied arts associated with weaving, embroidery, wood and metal processing, and the design of Bashkir clothing, home decoration.

Items of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs were exhibited at art exhibitions held in 1997, 2002, 2008 in the Republic of Bashkortostan, they are exhibited in art galleries Republic, National Museum of the Republic Bashkortostan, Art Museum named after. M. V. Nesterova, Salavat Museum of History and Local Lore, etc.

In the 21st century, the artistic design of felt products was carried out by A. A. Bayramgulova, G. T. Mukhamedyarova and others. In this case, needle-punched technology is used, borrowed from the production of non-woven tapestry.

Much attention is paid to the decoration, design and modeling of clothing. masters A.D. Kirdyakin ( Leather Products, shawls), V. M. Shibaeva (patchwork), E. B. Efimovskaya (multi-layering), etc.

In the 80s, interest in making artistic dolls arose in Bashkortostan. The dolls are made of clay, earthenware, with elegant costumes. The following masters are engaged in the creation of dolls: Bayburin N. G. (dolls "Mayankhylyu", "Khuzha", "Khuzhabika"), Sakhno Z. A. ("Clown"), Kuznetsova V. G. and others.

Literature

• Yanbukhtina A.G. Folk traditions in the decoration of a Bashkir house. Ufa, 1993;
• Yanbukhtina A. G. Decorative art of Bashkortostan. 20th century: from tamga to avant-garde. Ufa, 2006;
• Professional arts and crafts of Bashkortostan: cat. 1 3 rep. vyst. Ufa, 1997–2008.
• Molchaeva A.V. Folk arts and crafts of Bashkortostan - Ufa: Bashkir publishing house "Kitap", 1995.
• Native Bashkortostan: textbook for 6th grade / Aznagulov R.G., Amineva F.Kh., Gallyamov A.A. - 2nd ed. - Ufa: Kitap, 2008.
• Khisametdinov F. G. History and culture of Bashkortostan: Textbook. A manual for students of secondary special education. head - 2nd ed. - additional - Ufa: Galem 2003 - 350 p.
• Shitova S.N. Folk art: felts, carpets and fabrics of the southern Bashkirs (Ethnographic essays). - Ufa: Kitap, 2006.
• Decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs / Author: K.R. Igbaev, R.A. Khafizova, A.R. Khusnullin. Ufa: RIAZ, Informreklama, 2003.
• Kuzbekov F. T. History of Bashkir culture / F. T. Kuzbekov. – Ufa: Kitap, 1997.
• Khismatullina N. Kh. Ornamental and coloristic basis of Bashkir folk art/ N. Kh. Khismatullina. Ufa, 2000.
• Magadeev D. D. The Urals and Bashkortostan from ancient times to the end of 1917 / D. D. Magadaev. Ufa, 2000.
• Omsk Scientific Bulletin No. 2. 2012. Salavatova G. A. St. Study of folk arts and crafts of the Bashkir people.
• Bikbulatov N.V., Farkhutdinova G.G. Bashkir ornament.// Bashkortostan: a brief encyclopedia. - Ufa: Bashkir Encyclopedia, 1996. - P. 451-452. - 672 s. - ISBN 5-88185-001-7.

The fossil resources of Bashkiria, especially non-ferrous metals, iron and building materials, have long been widely used in the economy of the local population. The Bashkirs knew many ore deposits; they were familiar with primitive methods of metal processing. Information has been preserved that in the first quarter of the 18th century. the Bashkirs of the Nogai road smelted cast iron and iron; Bashkirs living along the river. Ai, they were developing silver ore, from which they made jewelry for horse harnesses. The Iletsk salt deposit was discovered by the Bashkirs even before joining the Russian state. In a number of areas of the Southern Urals, the population was searching for gold placers. However, the exploitation of natural resources was on a very small scale and barely went beyond domestic crafts.

More intensive development of mineral resources in Southern Urals began in the middle of the 18th century. In the 40s of the 18th century. Russian entrepreneurs built the Voskresensky (Tabynsky) plant - the first industrial enterprise on the territory of Bashkiria. Following Voskresensky, Preobrazhensky, Verkhotorsky, Arkhangelsky, Verkhniy and Nizhny Avzyano-Petrovsky, Beloretsky, Tirlyansky, Zigazinsky and other plants appeared. They were worked mainly by Russian peasants, brought by the factory owners from the central provinces of Russia. At the same time, the Bashkir population also played a significant role in the development of the mining industry. Entire Bashkir villages in the northern pre-Ural regions were involved in prospecting and mining work. From among the Bashkirs, a kind of industrial group of ore miners emerged, whose services were used by entrepreneurs and factory owners. The development of some ore deposits was entirely in the hands of the Bashkirs. They sold the mined ore to nearby factories. For example, the Bashkirs of the Taininsky volost concentrated in their hands the supply of copper ore to the neighboring Polevskoy plant. History has preserved the name of the Bashkir mine owner Izmail Tasimov, who gained fame with his petition in 1771 to the Senate to open a school in the Southern Urals to train mining specialists. The semi-nomadic pastoral population of the south and east was drawn into the commercial life of the region to a lesser extent, but in these areas, as nomadic cattle breeding declined and the bulk of the population was ruined, latrine trades associated with various auxiliary factory work began to develop.

The reforms of the 1860s, which cleared the way for capitalism, contributed to more intensive industrial development of Bashkiria. The expansion of mining and metallurgical production, which required wood fuel, led to the emergence of the timber industry. Since the end of the 19th century. The amount of timber harvested made it possible not only to meet the needs of local factories, but also to export it far beyond the Urals.

The factory industry associated with the processing of agricultural raw materials began to develop at a rapid pace. Small flour mills, distilleries, vodka, tanneries, lard refineries and other factories arose everywhere.

The development of industry was accompanied by the formation of the working class. Its basis was made up of Russian peasants, freed from serfdom and previously assigned to factories. Gradually, tens of thousands of bankrupt peasants from neighboring villages were involved in industrial production, and among them there were many Bashkirs. Bashkirs most often worked in the timber industry, in mines and gold mines, in much to a lesser extent in the metallurgical industry and in small enterprises for processing agricultural raw materials. At factories, Bashkirs were used mainly for various auxiliary jobs that did not require qualifications: charcoal burning, transportation of ore, firewood, etc.

However, the involvement of the Bashkir population in industrial production was hampered by the long-term preservation of a semi-nomadic way of life over a large territory, and most importantly, the remnants of feudal-patriarchal relations. Even at the beginning of the 20th century. on permanent jobs Only 13.5 thousand Bashkirs were employed in industry. True, every year, under the pressure of need and hunger, the Bashkirs were hired for seasonal work: logging and rafting of timber, transportation of ore, and gold mining. The timber harvesters Pimenovs and Shchetinins alone recruited up to 5-6 thousand workers from Bashkir villages along the banks of the Ika and Sura.

The situation of workers in factories in Bashkiria was extremely difficult. Workers at South Ural enterprises earned two to three times less than workers at metallurgical plants in southern Russia. The money earned was barely enough to pay fines and cover debts to shopkeepers. Factory and especially mine workers lived with their families in old dugouts or planked barracks; Only some factories had small village-type settlements. In an even worse situation were the Bashkir workers, who were subjected not only to capitalist exploitation, but also to national oppression. Illiteracy, ignorance of the Russian language, and in many cases the temporary nature of the work allowed entrepreneurs to cruelly exploit Bashkir workers. While rafting timber, the Bashkirs had to stand in water, work 14 hours a day. There were no housing at summer logging sites. People died from exhaustion and hunger, but could not leave work, since they were obliged to work off the deposit they received from the entrepreneur in the spring. At the factories, the Bashkirs’ working day lasted 16-17 hours. “A Bashkir,” we read in one of the reports to the Orenburg governor-general, “becomes a serf in the hands of the factory administration, from whom it tries to extract as much benefit as possible, without caring whether his physical strength will bear the labor imposed on him or not.” " Difficult conditions labor, cruel exploitation determined the strong solidarity of the Bashkirs with Russian workers, which was repeatedly manifested in many joint actions against the tyranny of factory owners and factory owners.

Industrial development of Bashkiria in late XIX- early 20th century d its scale and direction were determined, on the one hand, low level the development of capitalism in Russia, on the other hand, the peculiar position of the Urals as an internal colony of tsarism. The existence of mining factories and mines in the Southern Urals, the emergence of the timber, light and food industries did not turn Bashkiria into a developed industrial region of Russia: the share of industry in the total economic output of Bashkiria before the revolution was only 13%.

With the victory of the October Socialist Revolution, broad prospects opened up for the most rational use of the natural resources of Bashkiria. All plants, factories, and mines passed into the hands of the working people. From now on, the free worker became not only a creator, but also the owner of material values. However, the young Bashkir Republic inherited from the past an economy destroyed by the war. In the Southern Urals, which became the arena of the struggle against the counter-revolutionary gangs of Dutov, Kolchak and local nationalists, almost all factories and factories were stopped, mines and shafts were flooded, and the surviving equipment was taken away by the White Guards during the retreat. The republic's industry actually had to be created anew. The pre-war level of industrial development in Bashkiria was achieved in 1928.

The Communist Party and the Soviet government, the Russian people provided the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with enormous assistance in the matter of industrialization. In just a decade, starting from 1929, the republic's economy received about 2 billion rubles from the all-Union budget, most of which was used in industry and transport. The construction of many large industrial enterprises, in particular the Ufa cracking plant, was declared public construction projects of all-Union significance. The country's large factories supplied them with the necessary equipment and machinery and sent their engineers and technicians; skilled workers arrived in Bashkiria from Moscow, Leningrad and other cities. At the same time, many Bashkirs were trained at enterprises in central cities. .Thanks to the help of the entire Soviet people, Bashkiria is already in pre-war years turned into a developed industrial republic.

Modern Bashkiria is one of the country's large industrial regions. The industrial appearance of the republic is determined by the petrochemical industry. In the post-war period, dozens of new oil fields were discovered here, including such large ones as Shkapovskoye, Belebeevskoye, Arlanskoye, Sergeevskoye. In terms of oil production, Bashkiria was far ahead of oil-producing Azerbaijan and became the center of the “Second Baku.” The republic ranks first in the Soviet Union in oil refining. Large quantities of chemical products are produced by the large Novo-Ufa and Novo-Ishimbay oil refineries and the Sterlitamak soda-cement plant. In the general plan of the struggle for “big chemistry”, adopted by the May Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1958, Bashkiria was given one of the first places. Already in 1962, the republic completed the construction of the first stage of the petrochemical giant - the Sterlitamak synthetic rubber plant, the construction of the Ufa synthetic alcohol plant was completed, and a number of production facilities were launched at the Salavat petrochemical plant.

Industrial sectoral centers of the republic have been identified. In the east (Beloretsk, Tilyan) ferrous metallurgy is developing. The center of the coal industry is the south. The oil refining industry covers the central, western and northwestern regions. The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the northern and eastern regions - along the banks of Ufa and Belaya. The main mechanical engineering and chemical enterprises are located in the cities of the central zone: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Ishimbay, Salavat, Blagoveshchensk. The products of Bashkortostan enterprises go to almost all economic regions Soviet Union and in many foreign countries. By 1962, the gross output of large industry increased 214 times compared to 1913.

The extensive use of local energy resources contributes to the great achievements in industry. A large amount of energy is provided by thermal power plants operating on gas fuel; in 1960, the construction of the Pavlovskaya hydroelectric power station on the river was completed. Ufa is one of the largest power plants in the Urals. Currently, Bashkiria produces twice as much electricity as in 1913 throughout Tsarist Russia.

The development of a powerful industry is accompanied by an increase in local workforce. By 1958, more than 800 thousand workers and employees were employed at the enterprises, of which almost 30% were representatives of indigenous nationalities. The influx of the Bashkir population into industry has especially increased in the last decade. Accordingly, the proportion of the Bashkir population in the cities and workers' settlements of the republic is growing rapidly. Bashkirs work in the most important areas of the national economy: in factory shops, oil fields, mines, construction teams, etc. Many of them head individual production areas, workshops and laboratories. A great achievement is the formation of a national! technical intelligentsia. Many Bashkir engineers and technicians, trained by higher and secondary educational institutions of the country, work at factories, factories and construction sites.

Over the years Soviet power Working conditions at industrial enterprises changed dramatically. A regulated seven-, and in hazardous industries, a six- and five-hour working day, widespread use of technology, the introduction of comprehensive automation and dispatch, strictly< соблюдение санитарно-гигиенических условий намного повысили культу ру производства, значительно облегчили труд. Автоматизация основные процессов на многих нефтяных промыслах позволила при сохранении кру глосуточного производства организовать основные работы в дневное время

The movement of innovators, fighters for technical progress, is growing at the enterprises of Bashkiria. I regularly study many workers! technical literature, study in schools of advanced labor methods in correspondence and evening departments of technical schools and institutes. In recent years, a struggle has developed among workers for the title of shock workers of communist labor collectives. More than 3 thousand work brigades of the republic were involved in this struggle, hundreds of them have already been awarded this honorary title; The movement is growing rapidly, taking over entire enterprises and even cities.

The life of workers has changed radically. Workers and their families live in bright, comfortable apartments. Non-family residents live in factory dormitories, in spacious rooms for two to four people. Great assistance to working families is provided by consumer service enterprises, canteens, factory nurseries, and kindergartens. Factories and factories have clubs and libraries. In their free time from work, workers study in various educational institutions, I visit] people's cultural universities, current politics circles, creative circles, sports sections.

Home production and crafts

Before the revolution, most Bashkir crafts did not go beyond home production. Weaving, knitting, sewing shoes and clothes, processing hides, dressing leather, wool. Almost every Bashkir household was engaged in the production of leather (in the southern steppe regions) or wooden (in forest areas) utensils. Only women sewed clothes and shoes. The production of leather and wooden utensils was the work of men.

In the Bashkir cattle breeding farm great place was engaged in the processing of livestock products. With the transition to agriculture, these crafts gradually lost their former importance. The Bashkirs processed the skins in the same way as many other pastoral peoples: they were cleared of the remains of meat and dried in the sun in a stretched form, then rubbed with fresh cheese (yesh king) and fermented for several days. Sheepskins for sewing outerwear were smoked for two weeks in special dugouts from two rooms connected by chimneys; in one room (sokor) pieces of rotten wood were smoldering, in another (ydtyk) skins were hung. Leather was treated in a similar way. The Bashkirs did not use tanning. Leathers for making dishes were sewn together, filled with ash and dried. After the vessels acquired a certain shape, they were smoked. The leather from which shoes and belts were made was also treated with smoke.

Sheep wool was used to make woven ornamented carpets (balads), cloth, knitted items, felt for shoes, stockings and hats, felt koshes (keye$). Felt was felted by hand, placing wool between two mats. In the southern regions, mats were tied around a shaft into which a horse was harnessed, and rolled along the ground until the felt fell off.

Wool was used for weaving, as well as threads obtained from plant fibers: nettle, wild hemp, and later from cultivated hemp and fiber flax. On looms with two or more healds, which moved with the help of footrests, cloth and carpets, simple and patterned canvas were woven. They sewed clothes from homespun canvas and motley fabrics, made towels, curtains, tablecloths and napkins.

Wooden products, especially dishes, occupied a large place in Bashkir culture. Pottery was not known to the Bashkirs. Ladles, bowls, spoons, scoops, etc. were hollowed out of birch growth and burl roots. They also made dishes with an inserted bottom: vessels of various sizes for storing food, tubs and buckets.

The Bashkirs have long been familiar with metal processing. The products of Bashkir blacksmiths and gunsmiths found distribution among the population of surrounding villages. Bashkir blacksmiths were engaged not only in forging metal, but also in fine jewelry work. Individual household items, metal parts of horse harness, and weapons, skillfully decorated with chasing, engraving and blackening, have been preserved. But from the 16th century, when the tsarist government, frightened by the popular movement in the Southern Khral, ​​forbade the Bashkirs to have forges, the jewelry craft began to disappear, and in the 19th century. rare Bashkir jewelers were engaged only in the manufacture of simple women's jewelry from silver and coins.

In the 19th century under the influence of the industrial development that began in the region, crafts related to wood processing became widespread: charcoaling, tar racing, tar smoking, making rims, arches, sleighs, carts, wheels, weaving mats. From the second half of the 19th century c., when cattle breeding in the Bashkir economy lost its former role, forestry became the main occupation of the Bashkir population in many villages in the mountainous regions.

The penetration of commodity-money relations into the Bashkir village led to the development in certain areas of a rather narrow specialization of handicraftsmen. Yes, in the village. Tokyo Ufa district 103 yards were engaged exclusively in cooperage, selling products to visiting buyers. The eastern part of the Sterlitamak district and the Birsky district of the Ufa province became centers for the production of wooden utensils. These products were sold at local fairs and entered central Russian markets through buyers. At the beginning of the 20th century. Bashkir handicraftsmen appeared, engaged in carpentry. Harvesting timber and logs for building houses and selling them to treeless areas of Bashkiria have become almost the only means of subsistence for many Bashkir families along the banks of the river. Inzer and in the upper reaches of the Belaya.

During Soviet times, factory products - clothing, shoes, fabrics, household utensils, furniture - gradually replaced household and handicraft products. Now it is difficult to find leather workers, woodcarvers, and jewelers in Bashkir villages. Despite the fact that many Bashkir women know how to sew clothes, preference is given to factory-made products. At the same time, a strong place in the Bashkir folk life continue to be occupied by artistic weaving items. In the north of the republic they weave decorative towels, tablecloths, and curtains; in the west and south - mainly carpets, in the southeast - shawls. There is an Art Factory in Ufa that produces pile and lint-free carpets, panels, and runners. Artists and craftswomen of the plant widely use Bashkir folk ornaments in their work. Folk motifs are also reflected in the products of the Ufa factory of stitched embroidered products. In the south of Bashkiria, in the Zianchurinsky district, a workshop has been created where folk knitters and weavers are busy making down and woolen shawls.

Knitting is still widely developed. Socks, mittens, scarves, and scarves are knitted from goat down and sheep's wool. Trades related to wood processing received further development. In the mountainous forest areas there are many workshops producing rims, wheels, sleighs, and carts. Joiners and carpenters are united into collective farm construction teams. A factory of Bashkir souvenirs has been created in Birsk, producing wooden (birch burl) carved and painted honey jars, boxes, snuff boxes, women's jewelry, etc.

23.07.2017 09:00:00

Since the beginning of the year, I called several dozen villages in search of folk craftsmen in the Tuymazinsky and Sharansky districts and was quietly horrified. There is no one left. I call numbers in old notebooks. Everyone died, more than 20 people. Simple, bright people.

“What about their students, children?” - I ask sadly into the phone. “Who needs this now?” - they answer me.

Together with folk crafts, the unique spirit of the Ural-Volga ethnic groups melts away. I remember the masterpiece Kandrinsky, Nizhny Trotsk maple sleds (letkas), which a teenager could lift, without a single nail, tied together with leather and bast. 26 letok, seized by the district police officer in 2003 and handed over to the forestry department (they were made from poached wood). When the confiscated goods were sold to pay for damages, people from all over Russia began to come to this craftsman for tap holes. One thing is consoling: someone took over the secrets of maple molding, copied it, and passed it on to others.

Gafurovsky, Nizhny Troitsk embroidered felt boots are a separate story! They even had thicker knurled soles. Trimmed with Russian, Mari, Tatar ornaments. Embroidered wire rods stuck splinters into the hearts of beauties. But the masters left, the unique secrets sank into oblivion. Attempts to make a remake on the Internet do not contain the main thing - the age-old soul and ingenious folk simplicity. In the villages, for example, of the Tuymazinsky and Sharansky districts, there are not even those left who know how to weave bast shoes and goose nests, or linden carvers. Look it up. You won't find it. Not a single inter-district center of folk crafts, at least some serious public organization? Apart from dance and song groups (they will not disappear), there is nothing in the western part of Bashkiria. I remember Evgeny Kravchenko (co-author of the Kalashnikov assault rifle) from Serafimovka. People from Komsomolskaya Pravda came to photograph its carved window frames in the 80s. He left no disciples. His houses with outbuildings and tiles, reminiscent of architectural monuments, were demolished.

Once, in a friend’s bathhouse, I was plunged into aesthetic shock by a simple oak ladle. Comfortable, sleek and durable: an insert handle with simple carvings in a hollowed out bucket. A friend was cracking nuts with this ladle. When I asked to sell the masterpiece, the ladle was varnished and placed on a shelf at home. The businessman’s soul woke up: “The only memory is from my grandfather. In! The men were there before! “I did it with a knife and a hatchet in one winter day,” he told me. “I’ll try too.”

A Tuymazinsky horse breeder entrepreneur opened a kumys workshop. He calls me, they say, did you know any kumys makers? “No way,” I say. - God cleaned it up. Now search all over Bashkiria.”

He needed a recipe not for Kazakh or Mongolian, but for Bashkir kumiss from the Bashkir breed of horses. With great difficulty I found a 76-year-old woman who knew her grandfather’s recipe for making sourdough... In Mordovia. They seem to have reproduced the taste of the Bashkir kumiss starter. This required barrels made of certain types of wood and leather bags. According to rumors, the first batch of the original Bashkir strong-sour kumis (there are also slightly acidic ones) in a barrel was sold for foreign currency to an anti-tuberculosis sanatorium in Kazakhstan.

The erosion of national authenticity and its replacement with Western glamor is like mold infecting the fruit from the edges. In many villages they have forgotten how to weave, knit, embroider, lay out and paint stoves, and do not know how to bake bread.

Today the Japanese can reproduce the katana sword using 12th-century technology, and we are looking for a recipe for the original Bashkir kumiss starter in Mordovia. The Germans will teach us how to make on-board Bashkir honey (they learned from us and introduced it at home).

What will we show foreigners in 30-40 years? Disposable kitsch made in a soulless industrial way? They are already rowing it on the Arbat. What do we have left? Ufa Association of Folk Crafts “Agidel” on Tramvaynaya Street. That's something. It’s good that they thought of transferring it to government funding in the early 2000s. Otherwise they would have been lost long ago unique masters in a bankrupt haze. Because they do not have hairy hands with claws as support, some are already over 50 years old.

It is necessary to immediately implement at least some semblance of a state program to revive folk crafts. So that not only journalists, but also a group of saddlers, carpenters, honey makers, weavers, braiders would travel to all the villages, record and distribute unique recipes and techniques that have been tested for centuries. Otherwise, we will get a generation that believes that Nadezhda Babkina’s songs are folklore, and best honey made in Germany.

A man without a craft is like a bird without wings

Subsistence farming by the Bashkirs required the development of home production. Cattle breeding required a lot of different supplies. Let's say, to control a lashada, different harnesses are required. It is necessary to make bridles, halters, halter reins, harnesses, reins, a collar, a bow and much more. All this was made by hand at home from scrap materials. In every Bashkir village there were masters who made saddles. Saddles consisted of a wooden frame, usually covered with leather. This frame of a special configuration could be solid, or could consist of four parts, secured with straps: a front and rear bow, as well as two tree-like planks. The tree itself could be solid, semi-cylindrical. Each master sought to give a different configuration to the pommel of the saddle (say, the shape of a bird's head). The front bow was decorated with mortise patterns of spirals and rosettes.

Men's, women's and children's saddles were somewhat different from each other. A sweat cloth was made from thick felt, most often using goat hair. A felt saddle cloth with a leather or cloth top was placed on a sweatshirt, and a saddle was mounted on the saddle cloth. Saddle cloths also carried an aesthetic meaning; it was customary to decorate them with colored appliqué or embroidery. Saddle accessories include stirrups, mainly iron or brass, forged or brass. Wooden stirrups (bent, solid, carved) were made from birch, birch root, and bird cherry. Often wooden stirrups were decorated using notched lines, dotted dots, etc.

The Bashkirs widely made leather utensils from the skins of horses, bulls, cows and calves, sheep and goats, as well as camels. The remaining fat and meat were carefully removed from the removed skin, then dried and the wool was removed. Parts of the vessel were cut out of stretched leather. Cow tendons or horsehair were used to sew the vessel. They sewed with tight stitches, and the bottom of the vessel was attached with a double seam. The outer side of the skins became the inner side of the vessel. Next, the vessel had to be hardened in smoke (smoked) for 2-3 weeks, then lubricated with horse fat. Then the vessel became completely waterproof.

The most voluminous leather vessel, holding 6-12 buckets of liquid, is ha6a (saba), which was made from the skin of a horse's body. This vessel was a tetrahedral pyramid with a rectangular base, its wide neck was covered with a leather cover. The specific shape of the subwoofer was achieved by sewing triangular wedges into the side parts. Saba was used for preparing and maintaining kumiss. In saba, mare's milk was periodically churned with a large wooden lutovka (beshkek) with a heavy mushroom-shaped base. This contributed to better, more uniform souring of the milk.

Saba occupied an exceptional place in the life of the Bashkir family. It was located on a special permanent place in the home. There is a well-known custom of a young bride saying goodbye before leaving her parents' house for her future husband's house: she comes up to her wife, hugs her and thanks her for feeding her. As a gift, the girl hangs it on

Leather vessels. Loom.

sabu a piece of canvas or thread.

Another type of leather vessel, turgyk (tursyk, tursuk), was used to transport kumys. When going on the road, the Bashkirs took with them tursyk with kumys. To make tursyk, they used skins from the upper legs of young animals, most often horses. The vessel was sewn together from two pieces with seams on the sides. The neck of the vessel narrowed slightly, and belt loops were attached to the shoulder protrusions. There were tursyks with sewn-in side triangular wedges. Tursyk usually held 2-3 buckets of kumys.

Another type of vessel was made from horse or cow skin - a flat travel flask with a narrow bottom - murtai. This vessel has a flattened pear-shaped shape; ears are sewn at the neck for attaching straps. The back and front walls of the flask are semi-oval; a wedge-shaped strip of leather is inserted between them. Murtai could be of various sizes, usually it was made 30-35 centimeters high. The medium-sized vessel burkyk (bursyk, waterskin) was sewn from the whole skin of a sheep, goat or calf.

In the everyday life of the Bashkir family, wooden utensils were widespread, which by the beginning of the 20th century had replaced leather utensils almost completely. Bashkir craftsmen made numerous and varied types of utensils by chiseling a single piece of wood. Solidly hollowed out tableware and kitchen utensils were made from the trunk of a linden tree, from the roots of birch and larch, from the growth of willow and birch.

Homemade wooden bowls for food were varied. For example, a round bowl with a protruding handle (ashlau) has sloping walls on the inside. The less sloping outer walls merge into the base. The handle has the shape of a semicircle or a vertical corner; often the handle is carved in the shape of a snake or a bird’s head. Ashlau was often used as a ritual cup. Large festive ashlaus could even reach one meter in diameter.

Ordinary everyday utensils (tobacco) have the shape of a plate with a stable bottom and a wide bent edge. A round dish with flat, low walls and a wide bent edge was called koshtabak. It served boiled meat and poultry covered in fat. The soup was served in a medium-sized bowl on a heavy, massive base with thick, vertical walls (altyr). The craftsmen also made a deep wooden bowl with two handles.

Bowls were made for serving drinks. In deep large bowls with a capacity of 4-5 liters, it was customary to take drinks to the dining area. The liqueur was poured with a special wooden ladle for each guest into small bowls (tustak, tagayak, tustagan). These ladles and scoops could be carved, capacious, with a short or elongated handle, etc.

Small wooden bowls were used to feed children. They drank milk and mead from such dishes; honey, butter, and sweets were served in them. The vases for honey had a specific shape. Some vases were carved in the form of deep bowls with a lid. Others were shallow bowls on a patterned stand.

A variety of kitchen utensils were made from wood. For winnowing grain, sifting flour, and kneading dough, special trays (yulpys, yulpych) were used. They were made from half a thick tree trunk by chiselling. Long (up to 80 centimeters), they retain the round shape of the tree. Their side walls are sloping, narrow edges gradually turn into protrusions-handles at both ends of the tray. A similar product, a dugout trough (yalgash), was used for storing food or washing clothes, or for feeding livestock and poultry.

Wooden mortars (keel) were used for peeling millet, crushing dried grains of wheat and barley, and grinding salt. They have an elongated upper part, which gradually tapers downwards and rests on a thick lower base. The height of the keel reaches 75 centimeters, but its working part is very small. The keel was cut from an elongated piece of wood. A double-sided pestle with a recess in the middle for a hand was made from a pole.

Among the elements of wooden kitchen utensils made by Bashkir craftsmen are chef's spoons, scoops and spatulas. Spoons had different purposes. For example, long-handled ladles were used for stirring food during the cooking process. This ladle was made with a protrusion-hook on the handle so that it could be hung on the edge of the cauldron. Special wooden spoons with holes in the bottom were used to select dumplings from the broth. Wooden scoops with a short handle were made, and they were used to scoop up grain and flour. Flatbreads and bread were placed in the oven using a long-handled spatula, and small wooden spatulas were intended for kneading dough.

Wooden tubs were varied: from large tubs for storing flour and other products to small tubs for carrying food. Various buckets were made by chiselling (milk bowls, water buckets, small buckets). Milk bowls with a capacity of up to six liters looked wide and stable. A handle made of braided twine was attached to the holes in the wall of the bucket. Water buckets held up to 10 liters of liquid. Small buckets were used for collecting berries, carrying kumiss, and ayran. They were as tall as milk bowls, but narrow, elongated and held 3-4 liters of liquid.

Wooden vessels for collecting and transporting honey were given an elongated shape. These vessels had a tight lid; with the help of a special handle they could be carried behind the back or hung on the shoulder. In winter, honey and oil were stored in the same vessels. Special low tubs with straight walls were also made for storing butter and honey. Similar vessels (tapan) were used to serve kumiss and mead to guests. These vessels had slightly convex walls, decorated with carved ornaments. Special wooden jars were also used for salt, butter, and sour cream.

Narrow hollowed out vessels were used for making kumis and churning butter. Large kumys vessels with a capacity of up to 7 buckets of milk were also made; similar vessels, but lower, were made as special churns. Oil and ayran were prepared in these cylindrical vessels. Such vessels had a round lid with a hole for a whorl; this made it possible to avoid splashing of liquid from the vessel when churning butter.

Large dugout tubs were used for storing grain, flour, collecting sour milk or salting meat. They could hold up to 10 buckets of liquid or 60-80 kilograms of grain.

The hollowed out vessels had a uniform manufacturing technology. The tree was cleared of bark and branches, sawn into pieces of the required length and dried. The outer surface was treated with a special plow. The wood inside the trunk was cut down with a chisel, and in thick trunks the dense core was burned out. The inner walls were scraped out. If the bottom was plug-in, then special grooves were cut out. The round bottom was made of oak or maple and inserted into place, previously steamed.

The production of wooden vessels from stave planks appeared among the Bashkirs relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century. For such vessels, oak or aspen rivets, metal or bird cherry hoops were used. Among similar riveted vessels of the Bashkirs we can mention buckets, tubs for butter, sour cream, sour milk, and for salting meat. Riveted butter churns and narrow tubs for preparing ku-mys could also be riveted. In shape and size, riveted vessels corresponded to their dugout counterparts.

The Bashkirs of forest areas have long been engaged in making utensils from birch bark and the bark of various trees, from bast and bast. However, such household utensils also found their owners in other areas of Bashkir settlement, coming to them mainly as a result of trade transactions.

Rectangular bodies and boxes were obtained by sewing together solid pieces of birch bark with horsehair. Milk was settled in large boxes with a capacity of 20-30 liters of liquid. In the form of a low box, rectangular trays were made from a single piece of birch bark. The edge of the box was made turned away, all corners were stitched with threads from twisted horsehair. Bread and flour for everyday consumption, dried berries, etc. were stored in such a tray (tuzayak). Small round or rectangular containers with a rope handle were used to collect berries. Birch bark utensils could also have a wooden bottom.

The moisture resistance of such vessels was ensured by dense walls consisting of two or three layers of birch bark. The walls were stitched in several rows or the edges were tightly woven, having previously cut them with arrow-shaped teeth. Such vessels could be small, designed to hold 2-3 liters of liquid, or large, with a capacity of up to 20 liters of liquid.

Bashkir artisans made boxes, bodies, bags, tubs, sieves from linden or birch bast, as well as from elm bark. Such utensils were made from a single piece, using bird cherry hoops for reinforcement. A rectangular box made of linden bark and bast could be long, oblong, or have the shape of a box or trough. Such a box was used for settling milk, collecting sour milk, and for straining curd mass. Box big size could hold up to three hundredweight of grain and was used for storing grain and flour. To store the kurt, a high bast box was made, as well as a bast body with a wide rectangular base and triangular side walls tapering upward. Another type of high body had a barely outlined bottom and walls that flared upward. Lubok tubs were intended for storing flour.

A shoulder bag was made from bark or bast, intended for collecting berries. The rectangular bottom of the bag was made narrow, the vertical walls could be up to one meter high, the top was reinforced with a hoop, and straps were provided on the back wall.

Bast was also used to make nests for geese, as well as scoops and sieves for winnowing grain. The side of the sieve was made of bast bast, the mesh was made of bast or hair.

Bashkir craftsmen also made utensils from bast. Boxes, bags, baskets, bodies, and knapsacks were made from linden, birch or elm bast. Solid bast boxes were rectangular in shape and were adapted to be worn over the shoulder. Bast baskets and bodies were made low, round or oval-shaped. They also made tall bast bags for bottles. Round in cross-section, tapering at the top, they repeated the shape of the bottles.

CLOTHING, FOOTWEAR AND JEWELRY

The tree has red leaves, the man has clothes

The Bashkirs wore simple and comfortable clothes, and shoes matched them. Everyday clothing for men and women consisted of a shirt, pants and stockings. Bloomers were sewn long and wide. middle part the bloomer consisted of one single piece of fabric; trouser legs with one or two pairs of wedges were sewn to it. The harem pants were tied together at the waist with a special cord. They were worn tucked into boots. Men's outer trousers (salbar, chalbar) were sewn from rough hemp canvas, or from homemade cloth. Unlike the lower pants, the upper ones usually had one pocket on the right side. Cloth outer pants were intended to be worn in winter.

Over the shirt they wore a camisole (kamzul) or a cazakin (kazaki) - clothing like a flared caftan. If necessary, a bishmet, one of the types of robe with sleeves, made from factory fabric, was worn over a camisole or cazakin. The bishmet is sewn below the knees, it is fastened with 4-6 buttons, its lower part widens below the waist. The bishmet, cazakin and camisole are sewn fitted, with lining, the collars are low and stand-up. Bishmet and kazakin have internal ties at the waist. Kazakin is shorter than bishmet (slightly above the knees in length), with short sleeves. The camisole is made even shorter from dark factory material and also without sleeves.

Women's bishmet, cazakin and camisole are made more carefully. The women's camisole is slightly wider than the men's and is fastened with two buttons located at the waist and at the collar. A women's camisole is made of dark fabric, half-silk or velvet with a chintz lining. Braiding, small coins, corals, etc. decorate the women's camisole along the sides, along the hem and at the collar.

Outerwear chekmen (sәkmәn, chikmen) was also the same cut for men and women. Long, wide in the main part and in the sleeves, the checkmen also served casual clothes. For women's checkmen, white cloth was usually used; it did not have ties or fasteners and was not belted. Along the edge of the collar, along the sides and along the hem, the women's checkmen were trimmed with a wide strip of red cloth and a narrow strip of green (or yellow) fabric. Triangles, squares and spiral strips of colored cloth were sewn along the sides and on the back. There could be embroidery with colored wool on the shoulders, at the ends of the sleeves, and along the hem.

Bashkir outerwear jilyan (elәn) resembles Central Asian robes and also has the same cover for men and women. Jilyan is sewn long and wide, with a straight back and a turn-down collar. It has no fasteners, buttons, and is not belted. Rich men wore dzhilyans made from semi-silk Central Asian fabric. The women's jilan is not so wide and is sewn at the waist. It could be made of paper fabric, simple, without decoration, or it could be a richly decorated velvet robe. The jilyan was sewn with a lining; for women's jilyan, a fastener was sometimes provided on the chest. Strips of red or green cloth were sewn along the edges of the chest. A red stripe was sewn along the edges of the sides, along the hem, and at the ends of the sleeves. The female jilan was also trimmed with strips of tinsel in several rows and small silver coins, metal plaques, and coral threads.

The outer work clothing for men and women was a canvas caftan. It was worn over a shirt or bishmet.

In ancient times, a woman's dress (kүldәk) was made from homespun canvas, which was then replaced by factory-made fabrics. The dress was made from a whole strip of fabric without seams on the shoulders, with wide, straight sleeves. Two wedges on the sides widened the dress downward. The collar was low, standing, and was fastened with a hook or tied with a ribbon. There was a cutout on the chest, around which several strips of multi-colored ribbons and several silver coins were sewn. Another type of women's dress consisted of two parts. Its upper part is the same as the dress described above. The lower part is gathered at the waist and a narrow strip of some brightly colored fabric is inserted between the parts. Instead of this stripe they could have sewn wide frill, which was trimmed with strips of colored tape. It was customary to decorate this dress with multi-colored braid and embroidery.

A specific addition to a woman’s dress is an apron (alyapkys, alyapkych). A simple apron was worn by both men and women during various chores. Such an apron consisted of an upper and lower part, the first of which covered the chest and was tied at the back of the neck. The ribbons in the middle part of the apron were tied at the back. Even such an everyday women's apron was decorated with various embroidery. Other aprons formed a unique colorful ensemble together with the dress. Thus, the apron served as a cloth decoration for a Bashkir woman.

One type of fabric women's jewelry is a breastband (kүkrәksә) - a rectangular piece of chintz with ties at the corners. A rectangular piece of colored fabric of a smaller size, embroidered with colored threads, was sewn onto it. The breastband was worn under the dress and covered the chest in the area of ​​the dress slit. A similar bib could have a spade shape; two or three rows of multi-colored ribbons were sewn onto it. The ribbons were arranged in an arc and silver coins or round metal plaques were sewn onto them. Such a bib was often trimmed with braid.

Another type of bib (khakal) covered the entire chest, going down to the waist and below. It was a spade-shaped piece of double fabric, trimmed with several rows of coral threads along the edges, and coins in the middle part. This bib was worn over the dress, it had two
ties in the upper corners.

The seltār breastplate consisted of two parts. The upper fabric part was completely lined with corals. The lower part consisted of a coral mesh lying loosely on a fabric base. Silver coins were also sewn onto such a breastplate. In some areas of residence, it was customary to wear bash-kir special variety a breastplate that forms a single whole with a backrest. This decoration covered the chest, back and shoulders. As decoration they also wore a bandage across the shoulder and chest (hasitә), to which various religious sayings, prayers, and all sorts of amulets were attached.

Bashkirs wore special neck decorations. Neck jewelry includes coral, amber or glass beads (tөymә), as well as necklaces. The latter could consist of large silver coins fastened together with metal plaques and rings. The velvet collar (muyynsa) was fastened at the front with a silver buckle with pendants. Special women's headbands were decorated with various ornaments

When braiding their braids into one (girls) or two (women) braids, Bashkirs wove special laces into them, from which they hung large coins. Openwork or patterned metal sulpa (chulpa) pendants with coins and inserts of stones and colored glass could be used. Also used various decorations for braids They could be fastened threads of multi-colored beads (their number reached 16). At the top these threads were attached to the braid, at the bottom they ended in multi-colored tassels. Another decoration for braids consisted of a narrow and long colored fabric, onto which coins were sewn in two rows. A metal plaque or large agate in an openwork frame was fixed in the upper part. Pendants were sewn at the bottom of the ribbon. This decoration was long, it went down over the braid to the waist.

Other Bashkir women's jewelry includes earrings, rings and rings, hairpins and clasps. On both hands above the wrist, Bashkirs wore bracelets (twisted silver with pendants or plate-shaped ones). Coins and plaques, gold and silver, carnelian and turquoise were most often used in women's jewelry. sea ​​shells and corals, amber and glass.

The most common men's clothing, the shirt, is made long and wide. The shirt is cut from a single piece of fabric without seams on the shoulders, and has wide sleeves. There are no fasteners at the opening on the chest; the collar is tied with a special braided cord. The laces are made with tassels and wrapped with gold and silver threads. The Bashkir men's shirt is worn untucked and is often decorated with stitching along the collar, sleeves and hem.

Bashkir men wore a variety of belts. An ordinary belt (bilbau) is a piece of long factory fabric. It is folded in several layers and wrapped twice. The long belt could also be made of wool or woven. A narrow belt belt had a hook-shaped buckle; a leather bag, a knife and a case for a whetstone were hung from such a belt. The belt could have embossed patterns or could be decorated with metal plaques with a silver chased pattern. Rich Bashkirs wore carpets

sashes (kamar bilbau) with expensive silver or copper

engraved buckles. These belts were richly decorated with plaques with semi-precious stones. The surface of some sashes of this kind was decorated with silver plates covered with a chased pattern with inset stones.

Bashkir men shaved their hair and wore skullcaps, a permanent headdress. Usually they wore Tatar tube-teikas made of black or red velvet. Skullcaps were decorated with tinsel, sparkles, and silver embroidery. In the summer, a kolәpәrә headdress was worn over the skullcap, somewhat reminiscent of a malakhai, but made of homespun white cloth without lining. At the end of the 19th century, felt hats became widespread. They could be hemispherical with medium-sized fields curved upward. Another type of felt hat had a cone shape, a truncated top and small brims.

The winter headdress malakhai (kolaksyn) was made from sheepskin or fox skin. This is a pointed hat with a small visor at the front. Very long ears and together with them the long back of the malachai allow you to cover the back of the head, cheekbones, shoulders and upper back. Often the kolaksyn was covered with some kind of fabric on the outside. Sometimes such a hat was made of felt and lined with fur.

The round hat (burk) was covered with black cloth. It was made from sheepskin, often with fox or beaver fur piping. A flat-cylindrical hat, slightly widening at the top, was also made of sheepskin. The bottom of such a hat was made of cloth, the fur band was made of fox paws. A similar hat with a band made of otter or beaver fur is called kamsat burk (kama burek).

In accordance with Muslim customs, Bashkir women always covered their heads. Usually, scarves (shawls) were used for this, and older women used a special long strip of fabric (tastar). The head was wrapped so that one end of the fabric lay on the chest, the other on the back. Tastar was decorated with embroidery and multi-colored stitching. The Kashau women's headdress is a kind of cap, made of canvas and lined with coins and corals. On the back of this cap is sewn a long (floor-length) blade made from homemade woolen fabric. The kashau was placed on the head and fastened with a special buckle under the chin.

Another women's headdress - takiya - is a hemispherical canvas cap, trimmed along the edge and in the center with colored fabric. The surface of the cap is entirely lined with silver coins, and a metal cone is installed on top. Three rows of corals are sewn around the cone. The bottom of this headdress ends with a fringe of coral threads; coins are attached to the end of the threads. Bashkirs also wore a headband (harauys), embroidered with silk. In winter, in addition to shawls, they also wore fur hats (kama burk).

The winter outerwear of the Bashkirs was a variety of long and wide fur coats (tun) and short fur coats (bille tun) with straight backs, covered with cloth or other fabric. Sheepskin coats were made from white sheepskin, which were common winter clothing for men and women, designed for bitter frosts and snowstorms. The sheepskin coat was sewn spacious and very long. Men wore it with a belt.

furs, etc. Special fur coats were sewn from horse skins with the fur on the outside - yilky tun. Such a fur coat could also be worn over a sheepskin coat (a similar fur coat made from foal skin is called kolon tun). When cutting these fur coats, it was planned that the manes would run the full length of the fur coat along the back and along the shoulders, along the sleeves.

As for shoes, one of the most common types were shoe covers (saryk) - an ordinary leather sole with a leather toe and a cloth boot, without soles and heels, sewn to it. Rawhide was used to make shoe covers, they were sewn with horse tendons, and later they began to use grit. These shoes were knee-high and tied at the top with laces woven from colored wool. A bedding made of grass or straw was placed inside. Low leather backs and several triangles of leather were sewn onto men's shoe covers as decoration. Women's shoe covers were decorated at the back with colored cloth embroidery.

The permanent footwear was also boots (itek), sewn from rawhide horsehide, with rather thick soles and a low heel. The tops of the boots were made short, the toes straight and wide. Women's boots were made more elegant, they could also be made with patterns. Soft morocco boots (sitek, chitek) were worn in a non-working environment. When going outside, rubber galoshes or special leather shoes were put on boots.

Winter footwear was felted galoshes and felt boots. The poor masses, both in winter and summer, could walk in bast shoes - in bast shoes (sabata, chabata). They were woven neat and light; in dry summer times they were the most comfortable work shoes. One of the types of bast shoes - bashymly sabata - is woven from bast with birch bark ribbons. A cloth boot is sewn to the tightly woven lower part, tightened with a cord around the leg.

Shoes were worn with onuchas made of canvas or cloth and with stockings. Short onuchi (sylgau, chylgau) were worn with boots, and long ones (yshtyr) were worn with bast shoes. There are different types of stockings: woolen knitted (baylәm oyok), cloth stockings made from homespun cloth (tula oyok), felt stockings (keyez oyok). Felt white stockings were usually worn by men in winter.

IN last decades Bashkir national clothing, shoes, and women's jewelry left the stage. In this sense, the Bashkirs are Europeanized. Traditional clothes and shoes can only be seen in museums and theaters. True, fashion salons have already begun to turn to historical sources national clothes and shoes, but still very timidly. It’s a pity, because this is a whole layer of traditional culture of the people!

Folk arts and crafts represent an integral heritage and national wealth of the peoples of the Republic of Bashkortostan and are one of the forms of folk art.
The main occupation of the Bashkirs was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The herd consisted of horses, sheep, goats and cattle. The main role in the household was played by the horse. Horse meat and fat, kumiss from mare's milk constituted the main food of the Bashkirs. Quivers, shields, and harnesses were made from horse skin. The horse was both a labor force and a means of transportation.
There were few cattle, since these animals could not get food themselves in winter, as horses did, breaking the snow with their hooves, freeing the grass from the snow cover. And yet, dairy products occupied a prominent place in the Bashkir cuisine. Ghee, cheese, and red cottage cheese were prepared for the winter; ayran drink was made from sour milk. Sheep were important in the Bashkir economy. Lamb was also used for food and for making clothes. Sheep wool was used to make felts, carpets, and cloth.
HUNTING AND FISHING
Rich steppes and forests made it possible to catch and shoot plenty of game and animals, keep birds of prey, and fish with various tackles. Hunting on horseback was mostly carried out in the autumn. Groups of people, covering wide spaces, looked for wolves, foxes and hares, shot them with a bow, or, catching up on horseback, killed them with clubs and flails. Collective hunting played a big role in teaching young people the art of war - archery, spear and flail skills, and horse riding. Fishing was not as common as hunting. Nevertheless, in forest and mountainous areas, fishing played a significant role. In dry years, as well as during periods of military devastation, and in the steppe zone, the population resorted to fishing.
BEREANING
In forest and mountain forest regions, beekeeping, apparently adopted from the Bulgars and Finno-Ugric population of the region, was of great importance in the economy of the Bashkirs. Beekeeping existed among the Bashkirs in two forms. The first was that the beekeeper looked for a hollow tree in the forest in which wild bees had settled, carved his ancestral or family tamga on it, widened the hole leading into the hollow tree and inserted blocks into it to collect honey. The side tree became his property.
Another form is associated with the manufacture of artificial beads. To do this, a straight tree with a thickness of at least 60 centimeters was selected from the forest and a voluminous hollow with holes for the bees to enter was hollowed out at a height of 6-8 meters. During the first half of the summer, enterprising beekeepers tried to make as many bees as possible in places attractive to bees. In mid-summer, during swarming, new families of bees moved into almost all the sides. The practice of making artificial borders made it possible to regulate the settlement of bee colonies and concentrate border holdings individuals and tribal communities in limited areas that are most favorable for collecting honey and ensuring the protection of beetles from bears.