Genre and literary direction. Literary trends and methods

In ancient times, Rus' did not know literature. The artistic word existed only in oral form: legends were told about wise princes and brave warriors, legends about the gods, everyday and fairy tales. Ritual songs were sung at holidays, weddings and funerals. No one intended to write down folklore works: they knew them by heart, listened to them many times throughout their lives, and narrated and sang them themselves.

Since the 10th century, writing has been used exclusively for business purposes.

Since 988, when the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Svyatoslavich proclaimed Christianity the state religion in Rus', the need arose to distribute books. Ancient books they were written on parchment, bound in wooden bindings, covered in leather, with the obligatory clasps: without them, the book with thick leather pages would constantly open.

So, after the adoption of Christianity, books appeared in Rus'. In the middle of the 11th century, a completely special genre of historical narration was born in Rus' - the chronicle. In the Old Russian language, the word “summer” meant not only the season of the year, but also the year itself. Each new entry in the chronicle began with the words “in the summer...” - hence the name of the genre.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor creates new edition chronicle, which we call “The Tale of Bygone Years” from its first words. He begins his story with information about the origin of the Slavs, then tells about the territory of the Russian land, about the tribes that inhabited it in ancient times and their customs, talks about the founding of Kiev and the first Russian princes from the Rurik dynasty: about the brave warrior Oleg the Prophet, Prince Igor, killed by the Drevlyans for excessive greed, to his wise and cruel wife Olga, about the glorious Svyatoslav Igorevich. Further, the “Tale of Bygone Years” tells about Vladimir Svyatoslavich and the adoption of Christianity by Russia, about the treachery of Vladimir’s adopted son, Svyatopolk, who began to exterminate his half-brothers, about the victory over him and the glorious reign of Yaroslav the Wise.

Nestor has topics that are especially important. He persistently pursues the idea of ​​the need for peace between the princes: after all, they are all relatives by blood, they all come from Prince of Kyiv Igor.

According to O. Tvorogov

FROM “THE TALE OF BYE YEARS”

Here are the stories of past years, where the Russian land came from, who became the first to reign in Kyiv and how the Russian land arose.

SETTLEMENT OF THE SLAVS

So let's begin this story.

The Slavs settled along the Danube, where the Ugric and Bulgarian lands are now. And from those Slavs the Slavs spread throughout the land and began to be called by the places where they settled. So, some came and settled on a river named Morava and were called Moravians, while others were called Czechs. And here are the same Slavs: white Croats and Serbs. When the Volochs attacked the Danube Slavs and settled among them and began to oppress them, the Slavs went north and settled on the Vistula. They were called Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles.

Some Slavs came and settled along the Dnieper and were called Polyans, and others - Drevlyans, because they settled in the forests, and still others settled between Pripyat and Dvina and were called Dregovichi, others settled along the Dvina and were called Polochans, after the river that flows into the Dvina and is called Polota. The same Slavs who settled near Lake Ilmen called themselves by their own name - Slovenes - and built a city and called it Novgorod. And others settled along the Desna, and the Seim, and the Sula and were called northerners. And so I broke up Slavic people, and after his name the letter was called “Slavic”.

CUE, CHEEK and HOREB

The Polyans lived separately and were governed by their own clans. And there were three brothers: one named Kiy, the other - Shchek and the third - Khoriv, ​​and their sister was Lybid. Kiy sat on the mountain where Borichev is now transported, and Shchek sat on the mountain that is now called Shchekovitsa, and Khoriv on the third mountain, which was nicknamed Khorivitsa after him. And they built a city in the name of their elder brother and called it Kiev. There was a forest and a large forest all around the city, and they caught animals there. And those men were wise and intelligent, and they were called Polyans, from them Polyans are still in Kyiv.

Some, ignorant, say that Kiy was a carrier; At that time, Kyiv had transportation from the other side of the Dnieper, which is why they said: “For transportation, to Kyiv.” If Kiy had been a ferryman, he would not have gone to Constantinople. And this Kiy reigned in his family, and he went to the king - we just don’t know which king, but, they say, this king gave him great honors. Kiy, returning to his city of Kyiv, ended his life here, and his brothers, Shchek and Khoriv, ​​and their sister Lybid died immediately.

TRIBUTE TO THE KHAZARS

After death three brothers The Drevlyans and other surrounding people began to oppress the glades. And the Khazars found them on these mountains in the forests and said:

Pay us tribute.

The clearing conferred and gave a sword each from the smoke. And the Khazars took the swords to their prince and to their elders and said to them:

Well, we have found a new tribute.

They also asked:

They answered:

In the forest on the mountains, above the Dnieper River.

The Khazar elders asked again:

What did they give?

They showed swords.

And the elders said:

This is not a good tribute, to the prince. We found her with weapons that were sharp only on one side - sabers, but these weapons had double-edged weapons - swords. The day will come when they will collect tribute from us and from other lands.

And everything came true: the Russian princes still rule the Khazars to this day.

Retelling by T. Mikhelson

Nestor the chronicler. Sculptor M. M.Antokolsky. 1890

Questions and tasks

1. What events were reflected in the chronicles?

2. Retell the article about ancient Russian literature.

3. What historical events are told in excerpts from The Tale of Bygone Years?

4. How to explain the names of the texts included in it?

5. Read another passage “In praise of Prince Yaroslav and books”:

“Yaroslav loved books, reading them often both at night and during the day. And he gathered many scribes, and they translated from Greek into Slavic. And they copied many books, and faithful people learn from them and enjoy the divine teaching. It’s as if someone plowed the land, and another sowed it, while others now eat food that never fails: his father Vladimir plowed the land and softened it, that is, he enlightened it with baptism, but Yaroslav sowed in bookish words the hearts of faithful people, and we reap by accepting book teaching.”

How do you understand this text? Explain the words “enjoy”, “unfailing”, “sown with bookish words”, “reaping the teaching of the book”.

6. Retell one of the passages from “The Tale of Bygone Years” using old words and expressions, for example:

So let's begin this story;

The smoke hit the sword;

Russian princes own it.

In Ancient Rus' story They called chronicles, and sometimes lives - written stories about the lives of saints.

Chronicles- monuments of historical writing and literature of Ancient Rus'. The narration in them was carried out year by year in chronological order. The story about the events of each year began with the words “in the summer...” - hence the name “chronicle”.

For you, curious ones

A handwritten book is a manuscript in the form of separate notebooks, sewn together and bound. The notebook was sewn to belts, which, in turn, were attached to wooden binding boards (hence the phrase: “read a book from board to board”). The outside of the boards was covered with leather or some kind of fabric or covered with frames. The spine of the binding in Ancient Rus' was made flat or rounded. Leather ties or clasps were attached to the bindings.

The printed book was first published in China in the first half of the 11th century. In Europe, printing dates back to the 40s of the 15th century, when Johann Gutenberg published the Bible, and the first Slavic printed books were published in 1491. The first accurately dated book in Moscow - “The Apostle” - was printed in 1564 by Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets.

"Apostle". 1564 Frontispiece

Monument to Cyril and Methodius on Slavyanskaya Square in Moscow. Sculptor V. M. Klykov. 1992

Creators Slavic alphabet brothers Cyril (c. 827-869) and Methodius (c. 815-885) - educators, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Church Slavonic.

In honor of Saints Cyril and Methodius on May 24 at Slavic countries Days of Slavic Literature and Culture are held.

Meet some special terms related to book publishing. Now you can talk about the book and its features.

Cover- cover of a brochure, magazine or book.

Binding- hard cover of the book.

Flyleaf- a double sheet of paper connecting the book block with the binding cover.

Frontispiece- a page with an image placed on the left half of the first spread of the book, the right side of which is occupied by the title page. The frontispiece is an illustration of the entire work.

Title page- title page of the publication containing information about the book.

Title turnover- reverse side title page, which contains information about the book and annotation.

annotation- brief information about the contents of the publication (books, brochures, articles).

Output- information about the book (usually on the last page), which indicates the year of publication, circulation, address of the publisher and printing house.

Circulation- number of copies of the publication.

From the fables of the peoples of the world.

AESOP

The name of Aesop is mentioned in ancient Greek literature in 440-430 BC. It, like the image of Aesop himself, is overgrown with legends. Nothing is known for certain about Aesop. We don't even know if he was a historical figure. According to legends, he was an old man, a participant in feasts, and a wise interlocutor. He is a slave, but smarter than free citizens, ugly (“the belly is distended, the head is like a cauldron, snub-nosed, with dark skin, crippled, humming..."), but taller than the handsome men. His appearance did not at all correspond to the ideas of the aristocrats about the ideal person.

The fable in his mouth is a weapon for protecting the oppressed people from the nobility. But since direct attacks against the rulers were dangerous, Aesop chose the allegorical genre, the form of fable. He seems to entertain listeners with an oral story, but his goal is to convey the rules that are followed in society and at home, to teach life lessons. true stories and cases.

Hence the name - Aesopian language - allegorical language, under the guise of entertainment, jokes, it is used for ridicule and instruction. Aesop's fables - oral jokes - teachings. Aesop was and is considered the founder of the fable genre, the discoverer, and the inventor of fable plots.

All subsequent fabulists (Phaedrus, La Fontaine, Krylov, etc.) used plots first introduced into literature by Aesop. Since he sought to both entertain and instruct, the fable can be called a fictional, entertaining and instructive story.

According to M.L. Gasparov

THE RAVEN AND THE FOX

The raven took away a piece of meat and sat down on a tree. The fox saw it and wanted to get this meat. She stood in front of the Raven and began to praise him: he was great and handsome, and could become a king over the birds better than others, and he would, of course, if he also had a voice. The Raven wanted to show her that he had a voice; He released the meat and croaked in a loud voice. And the Fox ran up, grabbed the meat and said: “Eh, Raven, if you also had a mind in your head, you wouldn’t need anything else to reign.”

The fable is appropriate against an unreasonable person.

FOX AND GRAPES

The hungry Fox saw a grapevine with hanging grapes and wanted to get to them, but she couldn’t; and, walking away, she said to herself: “They are still green!”

It’s the same with people: others cannot succeed because they lack the strength, but they blame circumstances for this.

Translation by M.L. Gasparova

Questions and tasks

1. Make an outline for an article about Aesop and prepare a detailed answer to it.

2. How did you understand the statement of M.L. Gasparov that the fable in the hands of Aesop is “a weapon for protecting the oppressed people from the nobility”?

3. What does the expression “Aesopian language” mean? Define the concept of “allegory”.

4. What is the moral of Aesop's fables you read?

Jean de La Fontaine (1621-1695)

Jean de La Fontaine was a French fabulist who lived during the reign of Louis XIV. He is the author of several collections of fairy tales, which were admired by the philosopher and writer Voltaire. But the most significant and remarkable of all that he created are his fables.

Lafontaine retold already familiar stories in new way, but nevertheless turned out to be the creator of original, unique fables. The main thing for him is a narrative full of life, movement, actions, feelings, speeches. The moral comes from his story.

FOX AND GRAPES

The Gascon fox, or perhaps the Norman fox

(They say different things)

Dying of hunger, I suddenly saw above the gazebo

Grapes, so visibly green,

In ruddy skin!

Our friend was glad to feast on them,

Yes, he could not reach him and said: “He is green -

Let all the rabble feed on it!”

Well, isn't this better than idly complaining?

Translation by M.L. Gasparova

Questions and tasks

2. The fables of Aesop and Jean de La Fontaine in the textbook are given in translation by M.L. Gasparova. How does the translation of the last fable differ from the previous two?

3. What word in La Fontaine’s fable “The Fox and the Grapes” seemed unexpected to you? Find synonyms for it.

4. Compare the fables of the fabulists on the theme “The Fox and the Grapes.” What are the similarities? What is the difference? Let us take as an example the reasoning of literary critic V.I. Korovina.

The literary art of Ancient Rus' originates in the Middle Ages and dates back to the end of the 10th and the first years of the 11th century. This time is so far from us that it is difficult for a person living now to understand the unique book and cultural world. In order to penetrate into it, you need to know the history, religion, and peculiarities of the aesthetic ideas of the people of that time.

With the adoption of Christianity, Orthodoxy as state religion, which came to us from Byzantium through the lands of the southern Slavs, mainly through Bulgaria, books appeared in Ancient Rus' - church-service and narrative-historical. They were written in Church Slavonic. This is how Ancient Rus' became familiar with Greek and Pan-Slavic Orthodox writing and culture.

The basis of Church Slavonic texts was the system religious ideas about the world, according to which God is the Creator of all things. When starting his work, the writer of that time, whose image was embodied by Pushkin in the chronicler Pimen in the tragedy “Boris Godunov,” first of all enlisted the support of God, asking Him in his prayers to help him in the work he was undertaking. Old Russian literature described various historical events- campaigns of princes, battles against the Pechenegs and Polovtsians, battles of princes for the Kiev throne.

The medieval writer knew well the reason for the events that took place: for him they were all manifestations of God's will. Old Russian literature is distinguished by its high spirituality. Her main interest is focused on the life of the human soul, on education and improvement moral principle in a person, while the external, objective, recedes into the background. Just as in an icon the entire foreground is occupied by the face and eyes (the face is the light of the soul, the eyes are the entrance to inner world and reflection of inner light), and in literature the ancient Russian writer glorifies eternally valuable spiritual qualities - mercy, modesty, unselfishness, sincerity and openness.

Old Russian literature was exclusively historical in nature. She didn't allow fiction. This allowed academician D. S. Likhachev to call her style “the style of monumental historicism.” Fiction is allowed into ancient Russian texts no earlier than the 17th century, when secular literature began to take shape.

The medieval writer is not interested private person with his purely earthly worries, sorrows and joys. He is busy with events of national scale and significance, and therefore the focus of his attention is on princes, boyars, governors, and clergy of high rank. They are in historical light on two levels - real-historical and religious-symbolic. Ancient people in Rus' believed that Prince Vladimir baptized Rus' and that there were black demons, with wings and tails, tempting them to do bad things.

The ancient Russian scribe could not write, “listening indifferently to good and evil.” He passionately and openly expressed his political and moral positions. Another feature ancient Russian literature lies in the fact that she always observes etiquette - the etiquette of the world order, the etiquette of behavior and the etiquette of words. According to D.S. Likhachev, the writer of that time clearly understood “how this or that course of events should have taken place,” “how the actor", "What words should a writer use to describe what is happening." Everything had its own order, its own order, which could not be violated. Therefore, in the monuments there are a lot of “ common places" The Old Russian writer valued the general, repetitive, and easily recognizable and avoided everything unusual, particular, and accidental. That is why the abundant citations from various sources that medieval books resorted to are evidence of high education, erudition and culture. But this does not mean that the writer could not take advantage of different written and oral traditions, which is what makes “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” different.

The content and aesthetics of ancient Russian literature are embodied in a unique system of genres. Each genre was directly related to practical life and served its own area of ​​activity. Chronicle writing was caused by the state's need to have its own written history. The genres of liturgical literature (Prologue, Apostle, Book of Hours, etc.) were intended for sending church services(requirements) and rituals. Feats of arms were depicted in military stories. Traveling with different purposes- on the move. Descriptions of the lives of saints or princes are in the lives, which also had their own differences. Each genre had its own canon 1. Written literature developed epic genres(story, legend), lyrical (word, teaching), lyric-epic (life). There was a strict hierarchy among the genres: the main genre was considered Holy Bible, followed by hymnography and “words” interpreting Scripture and explaining the meaning of Christian holidays, then the lives of the saints. In the 17th century, Old Russian literature was enriched with poetic forms, the genres of satire and drama, and the life of the saint developed into a story of an everyday or memoir-autobiographical nature.

Old Russian literature, spanning seven centuries, has gone through a long and impressive path of development. Her first period- XI - first third of the XII century, when there were two centers in Ancient Rus' - Kyiv and Novgorod. This period is distinguished by the relative unity of literature and is generally characterized as a period of apprenticeship. main idea works - the superiority of Christianity over paganism ("The Tale of Bygone Years", "The Life of Theodosius of Pechersk", "The Sermon on Law and Grace" by Metropolitan Hilarion, "The Walk" by Abbot Daniel, "The Teaching" by Vladimir Monomakh).

Second period- second third of the 12th - first third of the 13th century. This period is characterized by the appearance regional literature centers (Vladimir, Rostov, Smolensk, Galich, Polotsk, Turov). The main works are “The Lay of Igor’s Host”, the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon, “The Lay” by Kirill of Turov, “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik.

Third period- tragic, associated with the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the fight against it (second third of the 13th - end of the 14th century). One theme dominates here - heroic, coupled with faith in national revival.

The fourth period- the end of the XIV-XV century - the time of rise national identity, manifested in the idea of ​​​​gathering lands, in the formation of a moral ideal. This was reflected in the lives of the saints written by Epiphanius the Wise.

Fifth period- the era of the Moscow centralized state (late XV-XVI centuries). It is characterized by the merging of regional literatures into all-Russian ones. Journalism reaches an extraordinary flowering here. The main works are “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom” by Ermolai-Erasmus, “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, “The Great “Cheti-Minea””, “Domostroy”, correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky. The sixth period is a time of troubles, a clash of old and new principles of writing. This period is divided into two segments: from the beginning to the 60s of the 17th century and from the 60s to the end of the 17th century. In the first segment, the old method of depicting reality is destroyed and updated genre system. In the second segment, literature is divided into democratic and official. Attention to the person becomes common, and the autobiographical principle intensifies. Main works - “The Tale of Shemyakin court", "The Tale of Ersha Ershovich", "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum".

The seventeenth century completes the history of ancient Russian literature with its inherent unified principles. After this, the history of secular fiction opens from the 18th century.

Questions and tasks

1. What was the basis of Church Slavonic texts and what distinguished Old Russian literature?
2. What genres of ancient Russian literature existed and which of them are familiar to you from previous classes?
3. What works of ancient Russian literature do you know from courses in grades 5, 6, 7, 8? Name the heroes of previously studied works of ancient Russian literature. Tell us about one of them.
4. What periods did ancient Russian literature go through in its development?
5. Re-read and write an article about ancient Russian literature, compose detailed plan text.

1 Canon - strict rules and norms.

1. Ancient literature is filled with deep patriotic content, the heroic pathos of serving the Russian land, state, and homeland.
2. The main theme of ancient Russian literature is world history and the meaning of human life.
3. Ancient literature glorifies the moral beauty of the Russian person, capable of sacrificing what is most precious for the sake of the common good - life. It expresses a deep belief in the power, the ultimate triumph of good and the ability of man to elevate his spirit and defeat evil.
4. A characteristic feature of Old Russian literature is historicism. The heroes are mainly historical figures. Literature strictly follows fact.
5. A feature of the artistic creativity of the ancient Russian writer is the so-called “ literary etiquette" This is a special literary and aesthetic regulation, the desire to subordinate the very image of the world to certain principles and rules, to establish once and for all what and how should be depicted.
6. Old Russian literature appears with the emergence of the state, writing and is based on book Christian culture and developed forms of oral poetic creativity. At this time, literature and folklore were closely connected. Literature often perceived plots, artistic images, visual arts folk art.
7. The originality of ancient Russian literature in the depiction of the hero depends on the style and genre of the work. In relation to styles and genres, it is reproduced in monuments ancient literature hero, ideals are formed and created.
8. In ancient Russian literature, a system of genres was defined, within which the development of original Russian literature began. The main thing in their definition was the “use” of the genre, the “practical purpose” for which this or that work was intended.
9. The traditions of Old Russian literature are found in the works of Russian writers of the 18th-20th centuries.

TEST QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. How does Academician D.S. characterize Likhachev ancient Russian literature? Why does he call it “one grandiose whole, one colossal work”?
2. What does Likhachev compare ancient literature with and why?
3. What are the main advantages of ancient literature?
4. Why would the artistic discoveries of literature of subsequent centuries be impossible without the works of ancient literature? (Think about what qualities of ancient literature were adopted by Russian literature of modern times. Give examples from works of Russian classics known to you.)
5. What did Russian poets and prose writers value and adopt from ancient literature? What did A.S. write about her? Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, A.I. Herzen, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak?
6. What does ancient literature write about the benefits of books? Give examples of “praise of books” known in ancient Russian literature.
7. Why were ideas about the power of words high in ancient literature? What were they connected with, what did they rely on?
8. What is said about the word in the Gospel?
9. What do writers compare books to and why; why are books rivers, sources of wisdom, and what do the words mean: “if you diligently look for wisdom in the books, you will find great benefit for your soul”?
10. Name the monuments of ancient Russian literature known to you and the names of their scribes.
11. Tell us about the method of writing and the nature of ancient manuscripts.
12. Name historical background the emergence of ancient Russian literature and its specific features in contrast to modern literature.
13. What is the role of folklore in the formation of ancient literature?
14. Using vocabulary and reference material, briefly retell the history of the study of ancient monuments, write down the names of the scientists involved in their research and the stages of study.
15. What is the image of the world and man in the minds of Russian scribes?
16. Tell us about the depiction of man in ancient Russian literature.
17. Name the themes of ancient literature, using vocabulary and reference material, characterize its genres.
18. List the main stages in the development of ancient literature.

Read also the articles in the section “ National identity ancient literature, its origin and development."

Literature, like no other type of creative human activity, is connected with social and historical life people, being a bright and imaginative source of its reflection. Fiction develops along with society, in a certain historical sequence, and we can say that it is a direct example artistic development civilization. Each historical era is characterized by certain moods, views, attitudes and worldviews, which inevitably manifest themselves in literary works.

A common worldview, supported by common artistic principles creation of a literary work separate groups writers, forms various literary trends. It is worth saying that the classification and identification of such trends in the history of literature is very conditional. Writers, creating their works in different historical eras, did not even suspect that literary scholars would, over the years, classify them as belonging to any literary movement. Nevertheless, for the convenience of historical analysis in literary criticism, such a classification is necessary. It helps to understand more clearly and structuredly the complex processes of the development of literature and art.

Main literary trends

Each of them is characterized by the presence of a number famous writers, who are united by a clear ideological and aesthetic concept set out in theoretical works, and general view on the principles of creation work of art or artistic method, which, in turn, acquires historical and social traits, inherent in a certain direction.

In the history of literature, it is customary to distinguish the following main literary trends:

Classicism. It was formed as an artistic style and worldview by the 17th century. It is based on a passion for ancient art, which was taken as a role model. Striving to achieve simplicity of perfection, like antique samples, the classicists developed strict canons of art, such as the unity of time, place and action in drama, which had to be strictly followed. Literary work was emphatically artificial, reasonably and logically organized, rationally constructed.

All genres were divided into high genres (tragedy, ode, epic), which glorified heroic events and mythological stories, and low - depicting the everyday life of people of the lower classes (comedy, satire, fable). The classicists preferred drama and created a lot of works specifically for the theatrical stage, using not only words, but also visual images to express ideas, in a certain way constructed plot, facial expressions and gestures, scenery and costumes. The entire seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries passed under the shadow of classicism, which was replaced by another direction after the destructive power of the French.

Romanticism is a comprehensive concept that has powerfully manifested itself not only in literature, but also in painting, philosophy and music, and in each European country it had its own specific features. Romantic writers were united by a subjective view of reality and dissatisfaction with the surrounding reality, which forced them to construct different pictures of the world that lead away from reality. Heroes romantic works- powerful, extraordinary personalities, rebels who challenge the imperfections of the world, universal evil and die in the struggle for happiness and universal harmony. Unusual Heroes and unusual life circumstances, fantastic worlds and unrealistically strong deep experiences, writers conveyed with the help of certain language their works were very emotional, sublime.

Realism. The pathos and elation of romanticism was replaced by this direction, the main principle of which was the depiction of life in all its earthly manifestations, very real typical heroes in real typical circumstances. Literature, according to realist writers, was supposed to become a textbook of life, so heroes were depicted in all aspects of personality manifestation - social, psychological, historical. The main source influencing a person, shaping his character and worldview, becomes environment, real life circumstances with which the heroes constantly come into conflict due to deep contradictions. Life and images are given in development, showing a certain trend.

Literary directions reflect the most general parameters and features of artistic creativity in a certain historical period development of society. In turn, within any direction, several movements can be distinguished, which are represented by writers with similar ideological and artistic attitudes, moral and ethical views, and artistic and aesthetic techniques. Thus, within the framework of romanticism there were such movements as civil romanticism. Realist writers were also adherents of various movements. In Russian realism it is customary to distinguish philosophical and sociological movements.

Literary movements and movements are a classification created within the framework of literary theories. It is based on philosophical, political and aesthetic views eras and generations of people at a certain historical stage development of society. However, literary trends can go beyond just one historical era, therefore they are often identified with an artistic method common to a group of writers who lived in different times, but expressing similar spiritual and ethical principles.