The author calls the brave Ruslan a heroic warrior. Knight - etymology

What were Cinderella's shoes made of? January 6th, 2014

It seems that each of us has known the answer to this question since childhood - Cinderella’s shoes were made of crystal. The fairy tale is called: “Cinderella, or the glass slipper.”

Many of us have probably wondered how you can walk in such shoes? But in the end, this is a fairy tale in which everything is possible, and the glass slipper is firmly entrenched in the text of the fairy tale and in the children's consciousness. But was the glass slipper really?

In fact glass slippers appeared in Cinderella as a result of an incorrect translation.

In some editions of this tale French word“fur for edging” was replaced by the similar-sounding word “glass.” This error was reflected in a number of translations into other languages, so we have a slightly different idea of ​​this shoe than what the author intended. Another version of the name is “Squirrel Fur Shoes.”

This is a shoe trimmed with fur (due to the fact that in some French publications the word vair - “fur for trimming” was mistakenly replaced by the word verre - “glass”, in translations of Perrault’s fairy tales into a number of languages, including Russian, an exquisite but incomprehensible image of a “crystal slipper” appeared).

The heroine of a fairy tale, known among different European peoples- Cinderella (English), Aschenputtel or Aschenbrodel (German “stained with ash”), Cendrillon (French, from cendre - “ash” or “ash”).

This hardworking kind girl who does all the menial housework is constantly bullied evil stepmother and her evil, lazy daughters. But goodness triumphs in the end: the stepmother and sisters are punished, and Cinderella, with whom the prince falls in love, becomes a princess. Cinderella is a girl of “unparalleled meekness and kindness.” On the orders of her stepmother, the little girl does all the menial housework. She sews dresses and combs the hair of her stepmother and her two daughters for the ball given by the king's son. Godmother(the sorceress) sees the grief of the booby, who was not taken to the ball, and helps her go there, turning mice, a pumpkin, etc. into a carriage with horses, her wretched dress into a luxurious outfit, giving her shoes trimmed with fur, but setting a condition leave the ball before midnight, when the magic ends.

At the end of the 17th century. French writer Charles Perrault (1628-1703) made a literary adaptation of this tale, called it “Cinderella, or Shoes Trimmed with Fur” and included it in his collection “Tales of My Mother Goose, or Stories and Tales of the Past with Moral Teachings” (1697).

The error crept into the translation and took hold for a long time. The slipper was not crystal, but fur. But the glass slipper has become more familiar and, in the opinion of many, more poetic.

But David Samoilov carefully read the original tale:

Cinderella is looking out the window,
And Cinderella sings:
“Oh, my grief, my grief!”
All sisters were married off
For neighboring kings.
With adversity, with grievances
They all come to her and come to her.
A needle glitters in your hand.
It's winter in the window.
Aging Cinderella
She sews the shoe herself...

And here's more for you Interesting Facts about Cinderella:

1. The earliest version was found in Ancient Egypt- there was a fairy tale about a beautiful prostitute who was bathing in the river, and at that time an eagle stole her sandal and brought it to the pharaoh. The sandal was so small that the pharaoh immediately launched a search. And Fodoris (Cinderella) was found. Moreover, the pharaoh immediately married her.

According to other sources, the Egyptian Cinderella - Fodoris was generally a highly paid “call girl”. But she was not allowed to go to Memphis for the holiday. Left on duty. On the steep bank of the Nile, she was washing her feet when the god Horus, incarnate in a falcon or eagle, took away her shoe. Then, because it was unnecessary, he dropped the shoe in the courtyard of Pharaoh Ahmose I (ruled Egypt in 1550-1525 BC). The fetishist pharaoh fell in love with the shoe and immediately, having found Fodoris after a short search, married her properly.

In the Chinese version, the shoe from Ye-xian (that was the name of the Chinese Cinderella) was stolen by the Dragon. Instead of the pharaoh there was a tangerine, but everything else was as usual. Probably the Chinese parents cruelly bandaged the leg from childhood and achieved success - the mandarin was caught. In China, Buddhist monks also helped Cinderella. Shao Lin in action. 2. The fairy tale (in one version or another) was told in Spain, Rome, Venice, Florence, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Finland... Consequently, the fairy tale about the stepdaughter originated in those times when people roamed freely around European continent, from parking lot to parking lot. 3. Of course, Cinderella of the Stone Age was in a hurry not to the ball, but to some modest holiday. And the shoe that she lost was not crystal, but wooden, cloth, fur... However, the myth that formed the basis of the fairy tale can be traced everywhere - the shoe was associated with sacred rites. 4. The name of the heroine - Cinderella, Aschenputtel, Cenerentola, The Cinder Maid, Pepeljuga, Papialushka, Cinderella - is associated with ash and ashes among all nations. It speaks of belonging to fire, the priestess of which could only be the kindest and purest representative of the tribe. Hence the nicknames that her sisters give Cinderella: dirty, dirty.

5. Cinderella’s assistants are a direct indication of which patron the tribe believed in. Here and magical creature(fairy), and a deceased ancestor (white bird), and mice that help sort grain (the latter are much older than those in which fairies appear).

6. The connection between the lost shoe and the subsequent wedding for the people of antiquity did not contain any novelty, because shoes in wedding ceremonies meant an engagement or the wedding itself. The sharing of a pair of shoes indicated the separation of lovers or the search for a partner.

7. After the greats geographical discoveries When Europeans began to study the culture of other peoples, it turned out that the story of the girl who lost her shoe was well known on other continents. For example, in Korean folk tale Cinderella was a fourteen-year-old girl named Khonchhi. The poor stepdaughter, on the orders of her stepmother, sorted through millet and rice, loosened the rocky field with a wooden hoe and shed many tears. But one day a celestial woman appeared in front of her, who helped her manage her affairs and sent her to someone’s wedding. Jumping over a stream, Khonchkhi dropped a kotsin (a cloth shoe embroidered with patterns) into the water, which was found by a kamsa, the head of the province. He ordered the owner of this shoe to be found, declaring that he wanted to marry her.

Today it is estimated that the fairy tale exists in several hundred versions. The most famous retellings are as follows...

"Cinderella" Italian poet and the storyteller Giambattista Basile (1575–1632)

He wrote the fairy tale 61 years before Perrault; it was included in the collection “The Tale of Tales” (1634).

Giambattista Basile's Cinderella was called Zezolla. Having conspired with the nanny, the girl broke her stepmother’s neck with the lid of a chest, then persuaded her father to marry the nanny. One day the king saw the girl and fell in love. He sent a servant to find Zezolla, and while struggling with him, the girl lost her pianella - a stilt-like galosh with a cork sole (these were the shoes worn by women of Naples during the Renaissance). The young king sent messengers who traveled throughout the kingdom and tried on the found pianella for each woman. Zezolla, of course, was found.

"Cinderella" by Charles Perrault (1697)

Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm were familiar with the Pentameron and, apparently, relied on it when creating their collections of fairy tales.

Perrault's fairy tale had a glass slipper and the most gentle plot for children's hearing (known to all of us).

"Cinderella" by the Brothers Grimm

A rich man's wife dies. The stepmother appears with her daughters. A father goes to a fair and asks what to bring for his daughter and stepdaughters. Stepdaughters ask for expensive dresses and precious stones, and Cinderella - the branch that will be the first to catch his hat. Cinderella planted a hazel branch on her mother's grave and watered it with her tears. Grew up beautiful tree. Cinderella came to the tree three times a day, cried and prayed; and every time a white bird flew in. When Cinderella told her about her desire to go to the ball, the bird dropped her a luxurious dress and shoes (three balls and three outfit options). The prince fell in love with the girl, but she always managed to escape.

When the messengers tried on the shoe, one of the sisters cut off her toe. The prince took it with him, but it was discovered that the shoe was covered in blood. The prince turned back. The same thing happened to the other sister, only she cut off the heel. The shoe fits Cinderella, and the prince declares her his bride. When the time came to celebrate the wedding, the sisters decided to be nearby. The eldest stood up right hand from the bride, the youngest - to the left. So we went to church. On the way, pigeons pecked out each of them an eye. When they returned from church, the eldest walked on the left, the youngest on the right. Then the pigeons flew at them again and pecked them out in the eye.

So the sisters were punished for their anger (apparently, the moral is: don’t covet someone else’s property).

sources

This tale (in one version or another) was told in Ancient Egypt, Spain, Rome, Venice, Florence, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Finland, and Heian Japan... main character this fairy tale is named after Cinderella, Aschenputtel, Cenerentola, Pepeljuga, Papyalushka, Cinderella…

However, the myth that forms the basis of the fairy tale can be traced everywhere - the lost shoe or slipper, which is traditionally associated with sacred rites; hard and dirty work, incl. cleaning the fireplace from ash; magical helpers (fairy, bird, mice, etc.)

The Italian poet and storyteller Giambattista Basile wrote his fairy tale “Cinderella,” which was included in the collection “Tale of Tales” (1634) 61 years before C. Perrault. The first edition of the fairy tale "Cinderella", by Charles Perrault, was published in 1697. Perrault's fairy tale had a glass slipper and the most gentle plot for children's hearing (known to all of us).

The story of Cinderella, (as they would now say, Gothic), was published by the brothers Grimm, Wilhelm and Jacob, German philologists and storytellers of the Romantic era, in “Children’s and Family Tales” and “German Legends”.

By the way, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev translated “Cinderella” into Russian and called her “Zamarashka”.

Fairy tale received new life in music: the opera “Cinderella” was written by G. Rossini and Jules Massenet, and S. Prokofiev’s ballet “Cinderella” became one of business cards Bolshoi Theater.

Director Nadezhda Kosheverova and Mikhail Shapiro with cameraman Evgeny Shapiro, in 1947, shot everyone’s favorite fairy tale film about Cinderella. The script for the film was written by playwright Evgeny Schwartz based on the fairy tale by Charles Perrault. In this fairy tale - Kind fairy, turns a pumpkin into a carriage. Mice into horses, rats into coachmen. A torn dirty dress into a magnificent outfit also gives glass slippers... The stepmother and evil sisters are ridiculed, Cinderella marries the Prince. Sixteen-year-old Cinderella-Zamarashka was played sincerely and reverently by thirty-seven-year-old Yanina Zheimo. The stepmother is the incomparable Faina Ranevskaya. And this film adaptation, and the fairy tale, lives on and lives on...

The story of Cinderella is one of my favorite stories. popular culture: after all the trials, the heroine will be able to change her life for the better, become prettier in face, slimmer in figure, escape from poverty, become almost ideal and will definitely meet a prince. The films “Bridget Jones's Diary”, “Miss Congeniality”, “Mistress Maid”, “Pretty Woman”, “The Devil Wears Prada”, the television series “Don’t Be Born Beautiful”, “Twilight”, “How to Become a Princess”, “Coco Do” were made about this Chanel" and dozens of others.

Based on a fairy tale animated film W. Disney. But the most charming, beautiful and enchanting image of Cinderella was created by director Ivan Aksenchuk and animator Galina Shakitskaya (Soyuzmultfilm, 1979).

In the presentation program:

1. Lyudmila Kaygorodova: “The Tale of the Beautiful Ochikubo” (Japanese version of the story about Cinderella)

2. Natalya Sokolova: “In spite of everything, a shining miracle” (the story of the Soviet fairy tale film “Cinderella” of 1947)

3. Lyudmila Kaygorodova: slide presentation “Cinderella’s Theme in Art.”

Bogatyr - hero Russian epics and a warrior distinguished by his unusual strength, daring, courage and intelligence

Define the first word of syncwine?

2. Brave, courageous.

3. Protects, defends, fights.

4.Defender. Savior. Warrior.

5. Vityaz.

A bogatyr is a hero of Russian epics, a warrior distinguished by unusual strength, daring, courage and intelligence.

Bogatyr

Courageous

How is this word understood now?

Now this word is used in figurative meaning: Human tall and of strong constitution, strong, courageous.

• Armor (plate, chain mail, sword, war horses, clothes...)
• What then will be the purpose of the lesson, in your opinion? (Determine who the heroes are)

What Russian heroes do you know?

Bogatyrs

Nikitich

Ilya Muromets

Alesha Popovich

Svyatogor

Mikula Selyaninovich

What do you think this work could be about?

About the feat of the knight Ruslan in the battle with the Basurmans.

We will read the text, making stops, and try to understand why exactly this excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin taken during a lesson.

• What did you imagine when listening to the poems?
• Who is Ruslan? How does the author relate to his hero?
• Try to describe Ruslan yourself. Work in pairs.

• honesty,
• courage,
• straightforwardness,
• fidelity in love and word

• How do you think the battle ended? Victory for the people of Kiev.
• Who played the most main role in this victory? Vityaz Ruslan.

Reading a passage with commentary

First part. “The battlefield was dozing”

• reading the first 2 lines: Determine when the events will take place? (In the morning).
• after 3-4 lines: As you understand in inactive peace?(Nothing happened.)
• after 5-7 lines: Find in the passage the words with which the author depicts the awakening of the battlefield? (Rising up. Sudden.) Choose synonyms. He came to life and quickly stood up. Unexpected.

Part 2. "The sudden cry of battle broke out."

• After lines 8-9: Why were the people of Kiev confused? (They heard a sudden scream.)
• What will happen next? Read to the end.
• What picture did you imagine? A battle, a battle, the people of Kiev in fright and suddenly - “Shining in armor, as if on fire, a wonderful warrior on horseback.”

Part 3. “Our knight fell to the infidel.”

• What do you think armor is? (Metal armor to protect a warrior from blows.)

How did Pushkin describe the appearance of Ruslan? What epithets did he choose?

RUSLAN

Our knight

God's thunder

Wonderful Warrior

• Shining in armor as if on fire.
• How God's thunder, our knight.
• Think about why the author uses comparisons?

How do you understand the line?

Our knight fell on the infidel.

• He brought his sword down on the heads of his enemies unexpectedly and swiftly.

Have you noticed how the tempo and intonation change from part to part?

• The pace quickens.

• Draw a conclusion about who was considered a hero in Rus'.

Wonderful warriors, strong, brave, winning victories.

• Tell me, what do you think they were doing?
• They protected their native borders from enemy attacks.
• What moment is described in the excerpt from the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”?
• So who is Ruslan himself?

Exercise:

• Make up a syncwine - your understanding of the word “hero”.

The children got it like this:

1. Bogatyr.

2. Brave, strong.

3. Wins, fights, fights.

4. A wonderful warrior on horseback.

5. Vityaz.

Homework:

Write five sentences on the topic: “Who can be called a “hero” in our time?

Excerpts from student work:

“... I would really like that in our days there were such heroic warriors who you could always rely on.”

“...When I grow up, I will become a military man, because, I believe that in our time only military personnel can be called heroes.”

“...And I consider all men who have a sense of duty to their Motherland, children, and parents to be heroes.”

Bogatyr Warrior

hero-warrior, hero-warrior

Together or separately? Spelling dictionary-reference book. - M.: Russian language. B. Z. Bukchina, L. P. Kakalutskaya. 1998 .

See what a “hero-warrior” is in other dictionaries:

Male, Tatar. a tall, portly, stalwart and distinguished man; extraordinary strongman; brave and lucky, brave and happy warrior, knight. Fairy-tale heroes, giants, beating dozens of enemies and various monsters in one fell swoop. | They were called heroes (in Tver... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

BOGATYR- Hero of the Russian epic (see epic *), a warrior distinguished by extraordinary strength, courageous, brave and fair defender of the Russian land from enemies. The word bogatyr is borrowed from Turkic languages, in which it meant ‘brave warrior’... Linguistic and regional dictionary

Victor Vasnetsov. “Bogatyrs” (Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich). 1881 1898. Bogatyrs and knights artistic images heroes who defended the lands Kievan Rus, the Russian people from invasions of enemies or from evil evil spirits, created by anonymous ... ... Wikipedia

I; m. 1. Hero of Russian epics and fairy tales; a warrior distinguished by extraordinary strength, daring, courage, and ingenuity. ● The main characters of the epics Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich and other heroes defended the Russian land from raids and ruin. 2.… … encyclopedic Dictionary

hero- I/, m. 1) A hero of Russian epics, performing feats of arms, an epic knight. And a brave host of heroes with a loyal squad of princes is preparing for a bloody battle (Pushkin). 2) transfer A man of great stature and strong build. He a real hero.… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language

hero- I/; m. see also. heroic 1) Hero of Russian epics and fairy tales; a warrior distinguished by extraordinary strength, daring, courage, and ingenuity. The main characters of the epics Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich and other heroes defended the Russian land from... ... Dictionary of many expressions

hero- BOGATYR1, I, m Peren. About a man of great stature and strong physique, distinguished by great physical strength; Syn.: Hercules. The director of the institute was a real hero, a strong man and two meters tall. BOGATYR2, I, m Mythological... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

I m. 1. Hero of Russian epics and fairy tales. 2. A warrior distinguished by extraordinary strength, courage, and daring; Defender of the Motherland. II m. 1. Tall, strong build, strong man. 2. transfer decomposition An extraordinary person, outstanding in any field. Intelligent... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Splint. “Strong and brave hero Anika warrior” Ani ... Wikipedia

I. INTRODUCTION II. RUSSIAN ORAL POETRY A. Periodization of the history of oral poetry B. Development of ancient oral poetry 1. The most ancient origins of oral poetry. Oral poetic creativity of ancient Rus' from the 10th to the mid-16th century. 2.Oral poetry from the middle of the 16th century to the end... ... Literary encyclopedia

Books

• Varangian. Bogatyr, Alexander Mazin. Time for legends. Time for heroes. Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Baptist. Sovereign. Caesar. There were no equals to him and there will not be a thousand years later. And many hundreds of years after his death, the people...

Tsvetova Elena

Research work

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MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 7 PAVLOVO, NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH WORK

“Who is he, a real hero?”

HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF RNPK

JOURNALISM SECTION

Work completed

Tsvetova Elena Vyacheslavovna,

9B grade student, 15 years old.

Scientific director

Russian language teacher and

Literature MBOU Secondary School No. 7

Morozova Lidiya Nikolaevna

Pavlovo, 2014

1. Introduction________________________________________________________________page 2

2. Main part_______________________________________________page 4

• The epic and its heroes _____________________________________________________page 4
• Images of heroes in the works of A. S. Pushkin._________________page 5
• The heroic theme in the work of M. Yu. Lermontov.____________p.6
• Heroic images in the work of N.V. Gogol.______________p.7
• Images of heroes in literature about the Great Patriotic War.__________________________________________________________page 9
• Images of heroes in Russian animation.______________p.10
• Who do you consider to be the real heroes?____________________ p. 12
• Can those who defended our country during the Great Patriotic War be called heroes?______________________________ p. 13
• Results of the survey._____________________________________________page 13

3. Conclusion_________________________________________________page 15

4. Literature ________________________________________________page 16

5. Applications_________________________________________________page 17

Introduction.

“It all starts from childhood...” - familiar to us catchphrase. When thinking about the origins of patriotic feelings, we always turn to the impressions of childhood: this is the tree under the window, and native melodies, and fairy tales and epics that once amazed us, facts and events. The talented Russian people, in the distant past, contributed to the treasury of world culture wealth that arouses in us the feeling national pride. Epic tales are such wealth - special kind ancient Russian folk epic songs historical content, the main characters of which are heroes. Yes, since ancient times, heroic strength and courage have been glorified. Many works have been written about the exploits and battles of masters of words in subsequent eras. The artists tried to convey the images of the defenders of the homeland in their canvases. Television, as the most widespread art form at present, also influences the formation of a sense of patriotism in young viewers.

So what do we see on TV screens? Does what you see differ significantly from works of other forms of art? How did the image of the heroic defender transform? These are the questions I tried to answer in my work.

The object of my research became the texts of epics and fiction subsequent eras, animated films about heroes of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: let's assume that various works related to various types arts and created in different time, influence the formation of the image of a hero in different ways.

Purpose of the studyis to study the images of heroes created by writers and animators, compare these images, determine their similarities and differences, and identify the attitude towards these images among people of several generations.

Relevance this topic is definitely great, since the extent to which the patriotic feeling is formed in younger generation, the state of our society will directly depend. So the challenge of raising children with positive civic values ​​is a pressing issue.

IN theoretical partwork, I examined the images of the main heroes-heroes created in epics and works of fiction literature XIX-XX centuries, as well as animated films beginning of the XXI century.

IN practical parta number of studies conducted by me are described: how do heroes of fiction differ from the images created by cartoonists, what epics teach us, how do my peers imagine heroes, can heroes of the Great Patriotic War be classified as heroes.

During my work I usedset of methodsresearch: study of theoretical sources, texts of works, comparative method, sociological survey of peers, survey of school students and teachers, generalization of acquired knowledge.

Practical significancemy work is that its content, assessments and conclusions can be used in literature, art and art lessons when preparing reports and abstracts by school students.

About novelty topics are debatable. I do not presume to claim that the topic of my work is new and no one has developed it before me. But one thing is undeniable: it is necessary to form the image of a hero-defender of one’s state, to cultivate a sense of respect for Russian soldiers, and a desire to imitate them.

Main part.

The epic and its heroes.

Many peoples have preserved epic works which are closely related to mythology. Russian folk epic -epics. These epic songs, folded into Ancient Rus', reflect historical antiquity, dating mainly to the XI-XVI centuries. They used to be called oldies, oldies, oldies. The term “epic” was introduced into scientific use in the 40s of the 19th century. folklorist I.P. Sakharov. The epic got its name from the word “byl”, indicating that epics narrate events of the distant past. The basis of the plot of the epic is some heroic event or a remarkable episode of Russian history. The heroes of epics are heroes.

Who are the heroes? In one of the dictionaries I read:BOGATYR (m. Tatar)- a tall, portly, stalwart and prominent man; extraordinary strongman; brave and lucky, brave and happy warrior, knight.

The most popular and beloved Russian hero is Ilya Muromets. It highlights the features of the hero from common people, this is especially noticeable in social conflicts, which can be seen in the epic “Ilya in a quarrel with Vladimir”, at the beginning of the epic “Ilya Muromets and Kalin the Tsar”. There are a lot of epics in Russian folklore where Ilya Muromets is mentioned. Arranged in a certain sequence, they poetically recreate the complete “biography” of the hero: “The Healing of Ilya of Muromets”, “Ilya and Svyatogor”, “Ilya and the Nightingale the Robber”, etc. They all glorify the mighty, wise, selfless organizer and guardian of the Russian land, who was guided in his actions only by the interests of the people.

Dobrynya Nikitich is the second most popular hero of the Kievan Rus epic after Ilya Muromets. He is often depicted as a serving hero under Prince Vladimir. Epics often talk about his long court service, in which he showed his natural “knowledge.” Often the prince gives him instructions: to collect and transport tribute, to help out the prince’s niece; sometimes Dobrynya himself volunteers to carry out an assignment that other heroes refuse. Dobrynya is the hero closest to the prince and his family, carrying out their personal assignments and distinguished not only by his courage, but also by his diplomatic abilities.

Alyosha Popovich - folklore collective image hero in Russian epic epic. As the youngest, he is the third in importance in the heroic trinity, along with Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich.
Alyosha Popovich is the son of the Rostov priest Leonty. He is distinguished not by strength, but by courage, daring, onslaught, on the one hand, and resourcefulness, sharpness, cunning, on the other. In general, the image of Alyosha Popovich reflects a certain inconsistency.

The epics dedicated to Ilya from Murom and Dobrynya Nikitich reflected the processes associated with the formation and flourishing of Kievan Rus, when life far from the capital of the state was filled with many dangers. The main feature epic heroes This period is love for the native land. They differ not only incredible strength, nobility, courage, but also the desire to observe all established customs: respect for elders, for the patriarchal traditions of life and life of peasants, selflessness in the performance of duty.

Images of heroes in the works of A. S. Pushkin.

Also strength and moral world glorifies heroes in his works famous writer and poet A.S. Pushkin. He shows his heroes as persistent, courageous, ready to do anything not only for the sake of native land- mother, but also love for a woman.

This is exactly how Ruslan appears to us from the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. He withstood all the tests of fate, walked great distances and still reached his beloved.

Thus, we see that A.S. Pushkin glorifies in his work true heroism a hero who is measured not by the strength of his muscles, but by the strength of his heart. This theme echoes the theme of epics about heroes in folk art, since heroic deeds were performed by epic heroes at the call of their hearts.

The heroic theme in the work of M. Yu. Lermontov.

The heroic spirit is glorified in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov. For example, in the poem “Borodino” it is depicted main character Patriotic War - the people. In this poem, the heroic spirit is revealed in war. The old soldier’s memories, stirring his soul, speak of those days about the Russian fighting and persistent spirit:

“...Yes, there were people in our time,

Not like the current tribe:

The heroes are not you!

They got a bad lot:

Not many returned from the field...

If it weren't God's will,

They wouldn't give up Moscow! »

These stories well describe the old soldier’s memories of his fallen comrades and difficult fate.

“...You will never see such battles!...

Banners were worn like shadows,

The fire sparkled in the smoke,

Damask steel sounded, buckshot screamed,

The soldiers' hands are tired of stabbing,

And prevented the cannonballs from flying

A mountain of bloody bodies...”

From this passage you can tell how difficult the battle was for the Russian soldier.

“...It’s getting dark.

Were everyone ready

Start a new fight tomorrow morning

And stand until the end..."

These same lines make it clear the strength and courage of the Russian spirit, the ability of people to sacrifice themselves for the sake of freedom and the Russian land.

So, we see that the poem “Borodino” echoes this theme with oral folk art. In the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov Special attention devoted to the topic spiritual growth people.

Heroic images in the work of N.V. Gogol

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol also gives his heroes in the work “Taras Bulba" heroic strength spirit.

The image of the main character, Taras Bulba, is remarkable.He presents to the reader as an extraordinary personality, and at the same time he is a part of his people - the Zaporozhye Cossacks. Stern and unyielding Taras leads a life full of dangers and hardships; he is not created for a family hearth. Gogol writes about him: “He was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the brutal directness of his character.” His soul is imbued with the desire for freedom and independence of his people. The hero is merciless towards traitors and cowards, which is why he speaks with great hatred about traitors: “I know that a vile thing has now developed on our land: they are adopting the devil knows what infidel customs; they abhor their tongue; they are selling their people…” The character of Taras Bulba is expressively revealed in the tragic conflict with Andriy. Betrayal is not forgiven even to the bravest Cossack. The traitor is stamped with a curse: “Gone, gone ingloriously, like a vile dog...” Treason to the Motherland cannot be justified and atonement, the life of a traitor is inglorious, and death is shameful. Taras is a stern man, he cannot forgive his son and does not feel any pity for him. Taras carries out his sentence: “I gave birth to you, I will kill you!” Winning own love to his son, Bulba kills Andriy.

The scene of the death of the main character is very touching. Dying at the stake, Taras pronounces a speech imbued with love for the Russian land, anger and contempt for his enemies: “Can there really be such fires, torments and such strength in the world that would overpower the Russian force.” He calmly watches his Cossacks sail away. Here the powerful strength of Bulba’s character is manifested.

The idea of ​​fiery patriotism, unbending courage, and the invincibility of “Russian comradeship” permeates the entire narrative.

Images of heroes in literature about the Great Patriotic War.

The same theme is continued by writers and poets of the twentieth century. They prove with their works that the heroic spirit is always inherent in our people, at all times.

One of the writers who turned to the theme of the Russian spirit was A. T. Tvardovsky. Relying on personal experience, he showed the heroism of Russian soldiers in the poem Vasily Terkin. The core of the poem is the image of the main character - private Vasily Tyorkin. This is a collective image that combines the main typical features spiritual appearance and character of an ordinary Russian soldier:

Terkin - who is he?

Let's be honest:

Just a guy himself

He's ordinary.

However, the guy is no matter where,

A guy like that

Every company always has

And every platoon...

The image of Tyorkin has folklore roots, it is “a hero, a fathom in the shoulders”, “a merry fellow”, “an experienced man”. Behind the illusion of simplicity, buffoonery, and mischief lies moral sensitivity and organic inherent feeling filial duty to the Motherland, the ability to accomplish a feat at any moment.

The feat of a soldier in war is shown by Tvardovsky as everyday and hard military work - and battle, and moving to new positions, and spending the night in a trench or right on the ground, “shielding from black death only with one’s own back...”. And the hero who accomplishes this feat is an ordinary, simple soldier.

In the image of Tyorkin, Tvardovsky shows best qualities Russian character - courage, perseverance, resourcefulness, optimism and great devotion to their native land.

Mother is our native land,

In days of trouble and in days of victory

There is no one brighter and more beautiful than you,

And there is nothing more desirable to the heart...

It is in the defense of the Motherland, life on earth, that the poet sees the purpose of his hero, a warrior-hero - a simple Russian soldier.

65 years separate us from Great Victory over fascism. True heroes, whom we will remember - our veterans. But aren’t they the heroes of the Russian land? Heroes who defended great Rus'?

Images of heroes in Russian animation.

The question of creating domestic cartoons for young viewers on the theme of the heroic past of our country. And so it happened: the first full-length animated films of modern times can be called cartoons about Russian heroes: “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent” (2004), “Dobrynya Nikitich and the Serpent Gorynych” (2006), “Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber"(2007), " Three heroes and the Shamakhan queen" (2010) , " Three Warriors on distant shores"(2012), " Three heroes and Julius Caesar"(2014).

Creation works of art for children based folk epics- a worthy task. And at first glance, it seems that the new films continue the old traditions of Soviet animated cinema and even go forward: from the first frames, golden domes of churches flash on the screen, red-cheeked girls in sundresses appear, and an epic verse about the invincible Mother Rus' sounds. It seems that you can call the children and watch a family movie, sitting comfortably in a chair, but, as usual in a fairy tale, this was not the case...

The authors of cartoons about new heroes place their heroes in the “former” historical era, but give them “modern” characters. Thus " perfect image"is destroyed and at the junction of two incompatible things, it arises comic effect. The hero becomes “funny.”

Alyosha Popovich, for example, barely born, demonstrates his remarkable physical abilities: he bites off the baptismal cross, which immediately turns into a spear of Mars - a symbol male power. In everything he reveals a clear lack of intelligence, which is more than compensated by pumped up muscles. In one of the many fights, Alyosha uses an old woman who comes to hand as a mace. Walking through the forest, the hero knocks down mushrooms and kicks small animals. With the same ease with which he inflicts blows of varying degrees of severity on people, Alyosha admits his mistakes, saying, “I wanted the best, but it turned out...”.

Dobrynya is also very different from his epic brother. The vocabulary of the “cartoon” hero is impressive: “Am I explaining clearly?”, “Fell and did push-ups.” It’s as if it’s not a hero in front of us, but a martinet. Dobrynya does not live at all in a distant outpost. He has a beautiful young wife who nags her husband endlessly: either she’s bored, or give him a new fur coat. But Dobrynya is in no hurry to put his wife in her place, but, on the contrary, fulfills “every whim.” Remember, in epics a woman is given a modest place - she is only the faithful companion of the hero.

The cartoon endlessly emphasizes the rough, carnal mental organization of the characters. Such “heroes” are familiar to many, only not from epics, but from jokes. They are also found in modern life, and, I must say, not so rare. Thus, in the cartoon, on the one hand, the traditional image of the hero is brought down from a moral height. On the other hand, the image of the people's defender in the mind young viewers will now probably be associated with numerous security guards, “cops”, “brothers” who amazingly look like “new Russian heroes”.

The theme of money, corruption, deception occupies one of the key places. Everyone loves money: Baba Yaga, the Serpent Gorynych, the heroic horse, and even His Serene Highness Prince Vladimir. Because of their greed, these “heroes” find themselves in the most ridiculous situations, but quickly ask for forgiveness - and everyone forgives them. The authors seem to encourage the viewer to be lenient towards “small human weaknesses.”

After watching cartoons, you wonder: can such “heroes” cultivate a sense of patriotism and be the ideal defender of the Russian land?

Unfortunately, cinema today is the most accessible of all the arts. Especially in the provinces, where you can’t get to theaters and museums, and modern youth don’t like to read books. In this situation, pseudo-national cartoons affect consciousness huge amount children, turning them into potential viewers of various humorous films, to whom the fate of the country is completely indifferent.

Who do you consider the real heroes?

This is exactly the question I asked my friends in social network"In contact with". For selection, I offered images created by V.M. Vasnetsov and the animators of the Melnitsa studio. (Appendix No. 1) The answers were pleasantly surprising: 100% of respondents chose images created by the artist V.M. Vasnetsov.

Can those who defended our country during the Great Patriotic War be called heroes?

This question was also submitted in an open vote on the “In Contact” page (Appendix No. 2). The majority of those who voted agree with me that war heroes, like heroes, are defenders of their land.

Results of the survey.

During the study, I conducted a survey of younger children school age, classmates, parents and school teachers. I tried to understand whether there are differences in the understanding of the image of a hero among people of different ages. (Appendix No. 3)

1. (Appendix No. 2)

Most children younger age They think he is a movie hero.

The teenagers answered that this is the hero of epics and works of art, but most of them know about heroes from cartoons.

Adults know about majestic feats heroes from literary works. Also, the word “BOGATYR” is familiar to them from films and paintings. IN to a lesser extent, the concept of “BOGATYR” is associated with music and sculptural art.

• Children imagine heroes as powerful, smart, brave
• Teenagers consider heroes brave, wise, strong
• Adults tend to think that heroes are strong, savvy, and kind.

The answers are:

• For children - cartoon characters, strong people;
• For teenagers - super heroes, cartoon characters, war heroes;
• For adults - people who have accomplished a feat, athletes, defenders of the Fatherland.

Conclusion

Based on the results of sociological surveys and questionnaires, we can say that the younger generation has formed the correct concept of hero-defender of their Fatherland, despite the fact that this generation is most susceptible to the influence of television. He is also characterized by a feeling of love and affection for his culture, his people, pride in the history and strength of Rus', respect for Russian soldiers, and a desire to imitate them.

In the course of writing an educational and research work, I became acquainted with the meaning of the terms “epic” and “hero”, traced the transformation of the image of the hero in literature from epics to works about the Great Patriotic War, examined the interpretation of this image in modern form cartoon art.

To do this, I used a set of methods: the study of theoretical sources and works of fiction, the comparative method, a sociological survey of peers, a survey of school students and teachers, and a generalization of the knowledge gained.

I was determined practical significance work, which isthat its content, assessments and conclusions can be used in literature lessons and MHC when preparing reports and abstracts by school students.

I assume that I will continue my research, the subject of which will be the paintings of Russian artists who turned to the heroic theme in their work.

Appendix No. 1

Appendix No. 2

Appendix No. 3 Questionnaire.

Question No. 1 Finish the phrase: “A hero is a hero...”?

Question No. 2 How do you imagine a hero? (name three adjectives for them)

Question #3 Which of your contemporaries would you call a hero?