All nations of the Turkic language. Who are they - Turks? Disappeared Turkic peoples

An ethno-linguistic group speaking Turkic languages. This population group is considered one of the ancients, and its classification is the most complex and still causes controversy among historians. 164 million people today speak the Turkic language. Most ancient people Turkic group- These are the Kirghiz, their language has been preserved almost unchanged. And the first information about the appearance of Turkic-speaking tribes dates back to the first millennium BC.

Current number

The largest number of modern Turks is. According to statistics, this is 43% of all Turkic-speaking peoples or 70 million people. Next come 15% or 25 million people. Slightly fewer Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - - 12 million (7%), Uyghurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmens - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) , - 3.5 million (2%). The following nationalities make up 1%: , Qashqais and - on average 1.5 million. Others are less than 1%: Karakalpaks (700 thousand), Afshars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyks (400 thousand), Karachais (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkars (115 thousand), Nogais (110 thousand), Khakass (75 thousand), Altaians (70 thousand). Most Turks are Muslims.

Origin of peoples

The first settlement of the Turks was in Northern China, in the steppe zones. They were engaged in land science and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes settled and reached Eurasia. The ancient Turkic peoples were:

• Huns;
• Turkuts;
• Karluks;
• Khazars;
• Pechenegs;
• Bulgars;
• Cumans;
• Oghuz Turks.

Very often in historical chronicles the Turks are called Scythians. There are many legends about the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

Language group

There are 2 main groups: eastern and western. Each of them has a branch:

• Eastern:
  • Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Kyrgyz, Altaians);
  • Uyghur (Saryg-Uighurs, Todzhins, Altaians, Khakassians, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shors, Tuvinians, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgarian (Chuvash);
  • Kipchak (Kypchak-Bulgar: Tatars, Bashkirs; Kipchak-Polovtsian: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Balkars, Kumyks, Karaites, Karachais; Kipchak-Nogais: Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks);
  • Karlukskaya (Ili Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs);
  • Oguz (Oguz-Bulgar: Balkan Turks, Gagauz; Oguz-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Capriot Turks, Turkomans, Qashqais, Urums, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguz-Turkmen peoples: Trukhmen, Qajars, Gudari, Teymurtash, Turkmens, Afshars , salars, karapapakhi).

The Chuvash speak the Chuvash language. Dialectics among the Yakuts in Yakut and Dolgan. The Kipchak peoples are located in Russia and Siberia, so Russian becomes the native language here, although some peoples retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Karluk group speak Uzbek and Uyghur languages. The Tatars, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs achieved independence for their territory and also preserved their traditions. But Oguzes tend to speak Turkmen, Turkish, and Salar.

Characteristics of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live on the territory of Russia, retain their language, culture and customs. Vivid examples of the Turkic people who are partially or completely dependent on other countries:

• Yakuts. Often the indigenous people call themselves Sakhas, and their Republic is called Sakha. This is the easternmost Turkic population. The language was acquired a little from the Asians.
• Tuvans. This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Home Republic – Tuva.
• Altaians. They preserve their history and culture the most. They inhabit the Altai Republic.
• Khakassians. Approximately 52 thousand people live in the Republic of Khakassia. Some of them moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistics, this nationality is on the verge of extinction. Found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shors. Today there are 10 thousand people who have taken shelter in the southern part Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live in Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
• Dolgans. These are bright representatives living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today the nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other peoples, and there are six such countries, have achieved their own nationality and now these are prosperous countries with a history of Turkic settlement:

• Kyrgyz. Exactly this ancient settlement Turkic origin. Even though the territory was vulnerable for a long time, they managed to preserve their way of life and culture. They lived mainly in the steppe zone, where few people settled. But they are very hospitable and generously greet and see off guests who come to their home.
• Kazakhs. This is the most common group of Turkic representatives. They are a very proud, but at the same time strong-willed people. Children are raised strictly, but they are ready to protect their neighbors from bad things.
• Turks. A peculiar people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very insidious and vindictive. Non-Muslims do not exist for them.

All representatives of Turkic origin have one thing in common - history and common origin. Many managed to carry their traditions through the years and even despite other problems. Other representatives are on the verge of extinction. But even this does not prevent you from getting to know their culture.

* This item is introduced into the syllabus at the discretion of the teacher

Lecture 1. IntroductionThe first Turkic tribes.

1.Historiography of general Turkic history.

2. The concept of nomadic culture.

3. Gun states

4. Turkic states

Today there are very few communities left in the world that received their names at the very beginning of history, defined their geography of residence, developed historically and have survived to this day, like stormy, continuous streams of a river. One of such communities is the Turkic nation or community. The “Golden Apple” for the Turks inhabiting the Turan space is represented by a symbol of a round ball made of pure gold or ruby, located on thrones located in the east, west, north and south directions, which stimulate the thirst for its acquisition. This golden ball is both a symbol of victory and a symbol of dominance. It is located in those regions that are waiting to be conquered. The concept of Turan must be considered in the realities created by history.

Turan

Turan was originally the name given to the territory of what is now northern Iran, which was named so by the Persians. This word began to exist in the 4th century AD. The meaning of the root of the word Turan is the word Tura (Forward), which was used in the Iranian Avesta (the old religion of the Iranian Sassanids, the holy book of the Zoroastrians) with a certain meaning. In the holy book of the Zoroastrians, this word is used as a personal name and the name of a tribe of nomads.

The root of the word Turk or a root with a similar name appeared at the very beginning of our era. We must not forget that these words have always been associated with the meaning of “Turk”. The word "tura" in Persian means extremeness, courage, dedication. The most precise meaning of the word Tura was determined by Marquat. According to the mentioned scientist, the well-known homeland of the Persians called “Airyanem waejo” was located in Khorezm. The war between the Persians and the Turanians at one time determined the course of world history.

The nomads living at the mouths of the Amu Darya River and Lake Aral called themselves Turans. One of the most important and significant facts is the work of Ptolemaeus (translation by the Armenian translator S?rakl? Anania’nin) which talks about the administrative territory in Khorezm called “Tur”, which confirms the existence of the Turan tribe.

The Great Migration of Tribes served as a change in the national map of Asians. Gradually the word Tura began to be used for the enemy tribes of the Persians such as the Yue-chi, Kushans, Chionians, Hephthalites and Turks. This idea reached its apogee in the works of Mahmud of Kashgar. This scientist, who is very fond of Turkism, speaks of the emergence of Turkic values ​​and the mission of the Turks as a “sacred phenomenon” sent by God. Alisher Navoi, being a fan of Turkic culture, proved that the Turkic language is in no way inferior to Persian.

Geographical concept of terminology "Turan": This name comes from the name of the Turan people. The Turkic states were named Turan. The term is mentioned in a work called "Hvatay-namak" in the Pahlavi language in Arabic and Persian sources. Islamic scholars (Arab, Persian and Turkic) very often used the term Turan in their works. Arab geographers indicate that the Turks lived in the territories located in the eastern part of the Syrdarya River. Therefore, other geographers also believed that the homeland of the Turks (Turan) was the territory between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya.

The word Turan became known to Europeans from the oriental library of De Herbelot. The sources stored in this library say that Afrasiyab, the son of Faridun, comes from the Turkic family of Tur and was the great ruler of all countries located in the eastern and western parts of the Amu Darya River. the state of Turkestan, indicated on the 16th century maps of Ortelius and Mercator. The word Turan began to be used in the scientific terminology of European countries at the beginning of the 19th century.

Turanian languages

The term Turanian languages ​​was first used by the historian Bunsen (1854).

Castren divides the ancient Altai languages ​​into five subgroups: Finno-Ugric, Semitic, Turkic-Tatar, Mongolian and Tungusic. Subsequent studies have made some changes regarding the grouping of languages. The first two subgroups of languages ​​were separated from the last three groups, forming the Altai group of languages.

SETTLEMENT OF THE TURKICS

The Turks, who are one of the most ancient and fundamental peoples, throughout their approximately four thousand-year existence settled across the continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe.

The name "Turk"

The fact that the Turks are an ancient people forced researchers to look for the name “Turk” in the oldest historical sources. Targits (Targit), mentioned by Herodotus as one of the eastern peoples, or the so-called Tirakas (Yurkas) (Tyrakae, Yurkae), who lived in the lands of “Iskit”, or Togharmans, mentioned in biblical legends, or Turughas, found in ancient Indian sources, or Thraki, or Turukki, which is mentioned in the old sources of Western Asia, or Tiki, which, according to Chinese sources, played an important role in the 1st millennium BC, and even the Trojans were Turkic peoples who bore the name “Turk”.

The word Turk was first used in writing in 1328 BC. in the history of China in the form of “tu-kiu”. The entry of the name “Turk” into the historical arena occurred along with the creation of the Gok-Turk state in the 6th century. AD The name “Turk”, found in the Orkhon inscriptions, in most cases passes as “Turyuk”. It is known that the first political entity that bore the word “Turk” in its name was a Turkic state called the Gok-Turkic Empire.

The meaning of the word "Turk"

The name “Turk” in sources and studies was assigned different meanings: T’u-kue (Turk) = helmet (in Chinese sources); turk = terk (abandonment) (in Islamic sources); Turk = maturity; Takye=a person sitting on the seashore, etc. From a document in the Turkic language it was found that the word “Turk” has the meaning of strength, might (or “strong, powerful” as an adjective). According to the assumption of A.V. Le Coq (A.V.Le Coq) the word “Turk” used here is the same as “Turk”, meaning Turkic people. This version was confirmed by the researcher of Gok-Turkic inscriptions V. Thomsen (1922). Later this circumstance was fully proven by Nemeth's research.

The first political entity to use the word “Turk” to denote the official name of the Turkic state was the Gok-Turkic Empire (552-774). This suggests that the word “Turk” does not have an ethnic character characteristic of a particular community, but is a political name. Starting from the creation of the kingdom of the Gok-Turks, this word first meant the name of the state, and then became a common name for other Turkic peoples.

The habitat of the Turks before the beginning of nomadism since the last century is a cause of controversy. Historians relying on Chinese sources. The Altai Mountains are recognized as the homeland of the Turks, ethnographers - the northern regions of inner Asia, anthropologists - the region between the Kyrgyz steppes and the Tien Shan (God's Mountains), art historians - northwestern Asia or the southwest of Lake Baikal, and some linguists - the east and west of the Altai mountains or the Kingan ridge.

The Turks, who were the first to tame horses and began to use them as riding animals, spread high views about the state and society over wide geographical areas. Their sedentary and nomadic life is based mainly on the culture of animal husbandry and self-sufficient agriculture. Historical sources also indicate that the Turkic nomads were carried out due to economic difficulties, i.e. due to the insufficiency of the native Turkic lands for habitation. Severe droughts (Hunnic migration), dense population and lack of pastures (Oghuz migration) forced the Turks to wander. The Turks, who in addition to farming in small areas were engaged only in animal husbandry, had other natural needs: clothing, various products food, etc. Then, when the available lands became insufficient to feed the ever-growing population, the lands neighboring the Turkic ones were still sparsely populated, rich in natural resources, and had a favorable climate.

These circumstances, identified in the sources of Turkic history as the main reasons for the migrations, contributed not only to their direction to different countries, but also an attack on other Turkic lands, comparatively more favorable for trade. Thus, some Turkic tribes, attacking others, forced them to nomadize (for example, nomads of the 9th-11th centuries).

Name Hun

The political unity of the Huns, stretching from the Orkhon and Selenga rivers to the Huango-Kho river in the south and centered around the Otyuken district, considered the sacred country of the Turks, can be traced back to 4. BC. The first historical document related to the Huns was a treaty concluded in 318 BC. After this, the Huns increased pressure on Chinese lands. Local rulers, after long defensive wars, began to surround residential areas and places of military concentrations with defensive structures in order to protect themselves from Hunnic horsemen. One of the Chinese rulers, Xi-Huang-Ti (259-210 BC), built the famous Great Wall of China (214 BC) against the attacks of the Huns. And at this time, when the Chinese provided evidence of protection from Turkic attacks, two important events occurred: the birth of the Han dynasty, which for a long time raised insightful emperors (214 BC) and the arrival of Mete - Khan at the head of the Hunnic state. (209-174 BC).

Mete Khan, responding with war to the constant demands for land by the Mongol-Tungus tribes, conquered them and expanded his territory to northern Pechli, he returned to the southwest and forced the Yue-chi, who lived in Central Asia, to leave. Mete Khan, developing trade relations with China, took control of the steppes that extended to the bed of the Irtysh (Kie-Kun = country of the Kyrgyz), the lands of the Ting-lings, to the west of them, northern Turkistan and conquered the Wu-suns who lived along the banks of Issyk-Kul. Thus, Mete Khan gathered all the Turkic tribes that were in Asia at that time under his control and a single flag.

In 174 BC. The Great Hunnic Empire, with its military and property organization, domestic and foreign policy, religion, army and military equipment, art, was at the very height of power and subsequently served as an example to the Turkic states for centuries. Mete Khan's son Tanhu Ki-Ok (174-160 BC) tried to preserve this inheritance.

At the beginning of the 2nd century BC. the Asian Huns were three groups: 1- in the vicinity of Lake Balkhash the remains of the Chi-chi Huns, 2- in the vicinity of Dzungaria and Barkol - the northern Huns (they moved here in 90-91 BC from the Baikal-Orkhon region) , 3- in the territory of northwestern China - the southern Huns, who, having been promoted to the east by the Suenpi tribe from the Mongol clan, were almost completely expelled from their lands in 216. The Southern Huns, having disagreements among themselves, split into two more parts and China, which increased pressure, completely captured their territory in 20. However, the Asian Huns existed until the 5th century. and some people from the Tanhu clan created short-lived small states. Three of them: Liu Tsung, Hia, Pei-liang.

Some Huns, after the fall of Chi-chi's power, scattered and continued to exist, especially in the steppes east of the Aral Lake. The masses of the Huns, increased in number due to other Turkic tribes living there and the Huns who came there in the 1st-2nd centuries. from China, after some time they became stronger and headed, presumably due to climate change, to the west. After the Huns conquered the country of Alan in the middle of the 4th century, they appeared on the banks of the Volga in 374. A large offensive of the Huns under the leadership of Balamir fell first on the eastern Goths and destroyed their state (374). The Hun attack, which continued with amazing speed and skill, this time defeated the Western Goths along the banks of the Dnieper, and King Atanarik with a large group of troops. Gottov fled to the west (375).

The Great Migration of Peoples, which began in 375, has great importance in the history of the world and especially Europe. The Great Migration had a direct impact on the fall of the Roman Empire, the ethnic and political formation of Europe and, starting a new era (the Middle Ages), is considered a turning point in the history of Europe. in 395 the Huns began to act again. This offensive was carried out from two fronts: one part of the Huns advanced from the Balkans to Thrace, and the other, most part, through the Caucasus to Anatolia. This offensive represents the first appearance of the Turks in Anatolia. taking Byzantium under their rule is the main goal of the Huns, and since the barbarian tribes, which constantly threatened Western Rome with ruin, were enemies of the Huns, it was necessary to maintain good relations with them. With the appearance of Uldiz on the Danube, the second wave of the Great Migration began. ...legislation, literature, traditions, everyday life etc.) An example of a local... in the mountains. Local nomads Turkic origin merged with the conquerors in... people about a just state, democracy and legality, embodied in such monuments stories And culture ...

Settled over a vast territory of our planet, from the cold Kolyma basin to the southwestern coast Mediterranean Sea. The Turks do not belong to any specific racial type; even among one people there are both Caucasians and Mongoloids. They are mostly Muslim, but there are peoples who profess Christianity, traditional beliefs, shamanism. The only thing that connects almost 170 million people is the common origin of the group of languages ​​now spoken by the Turks. Yakut and Turk all speak related dialects.

Strong branch of the Altai tree

Among some scientists there are still ongoing disputes over which language family belongs to the Turkic language group. Some linguists identified it as a separate large group. However, the most generally accepted hypothesis today is that these related languages ​​belong to the large Altai family.

The development of genetics has made a major contribution to these studies, thanks to which it has become possible to trace the history of entire nations in the traces of individual fragments of the human genome.

Once upon a time, a group of tribes in Central Asia spoke the same language - the ancestor of modern Turkic dialects, but in the 3rd century. BC e. a separate Bulgarian branch separated from the large trunk. The only people who speaks languages ​​of the Bulgarian group today are Chuvash. Their dialect is noticeably different from other related ones and stands out as a special subgroup.

Some researchers even propose placing the Chuvash language into a separate genus of the large Altai macrofamily.

Classification of the southeast direction

Other representatives of the Turkic group of languages ​​are usually divided into 4 large subgroups. There are differences in details, but for simplicity you can take the most common method.

Oguz, or southwestern, languages, which include Azerbaijani, Turkish, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz. Representatives of these peoples speak very similarly and can easily understand each other without a translator. Hence the huge influence of strong Turkey in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, whose residents perceive Turkish as their native language.

To the Turkic group Altai family languages ​​also include Kipchak, or northwestern, languages, which are spoken mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as representatives of the peoples of Central Asia with nomadic ancestors. Tatars, Bashkirs, Karachais, Balkars, such peoples of Dagestan as the Nogais and Kumyks, as well as Kazakhs and Kyrgyz - they all speak related dialects of the Kipchak subgroup.

The southeastern, or Karluk, languages ​​are solidly represented by the languages ​​of two large peoples - the Uzbeks and the Uyghurs. However, for almost a thousand years they developed separately from each other. If the Uzbek language has experienced enormous influence from Farsi, Arabic, then the Uighurs, residents of East Turkestan, brought over many years great amount Chinese borrowings into their dialect.

Northern Turkic languages

The geography of the Turkic group of languages ​​is wide and varied. The Yakuts, Altaians, in general, some indigenous peoples of northeastern Eurasia, also unite into a separate branch of the large Turkic tree. Northeastern languages ​​are quite heterogeneous and are divided into several separate genera.

The Yakut and Dolgan languages ​​separated from the single Turkic dialect, and this happened in the 3rd century. n. e.

The Sayan group of languages ​​of the Turkic family includes Tuvan and Tofalar languages. Khakassians and residents of Mountain Shoria speak languages ​​of the Khakass group.

Altai is the cradle of Turkic civilization; the indigenous inhabitants of these places still speak Oirot, Teleut, Lebedin, Kumandin languages ​​of the Altai subgroup.

Incidents in a harmonious classification

However, not everything is so simple in this conditional division. The process of national-territorial demarcation that took place on the territory of the Central Asian republics of the USSR in the twenties of the last century also affected such a subtle matter as language.

All residents of the Uzbek SSR were called Uzbeks, and a single version of the literary Uzbek language was adopted, based on the dialects of the Kokand Khanate. However, even today the Uzbek language is characterized by pronounced dialectism. Some dialects of Khorezm, the westernmost part of Uzbekistan, are closer to the languages ​​of the Oghuz group and closer to Turkmen than to the literary Uzbek language.

Some areas speak dialects that belong to the Nogai subgroup of the Kipchak languages, hence there are often situations when a Ferghana resident has difficulty understanding a native of Kashkadarya, who, in his opinion, is shamelessly distorting native language.

The situation is approximately the same among other representatives of the peoples of the Turkic group of languages ​​- Crimean Tatars. The language of the inhabitants of the coastal strip is almost identical to Turkish, but the natural steppe inhabitants speak a dialect closer to Kipchak.

Ancient history

The Turks first entered the world historical arena during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples. In the genetic memory of Europeans there is still a shudder before the invasion of the Huns by Attila in the 4th century. n. e. The steppe empire was a motley formation of numerous tribes and peoples, but the Turkic element was still predominant.

There are many versions of the origin of these peoples, but most researchers place the ancestral home of today's Uzbeks and Turks in northwestern part Central Asian plateau, in the area between Altai and the Khingar range. This version is also adhered to by the Kyrgyz, who consider themselves direct heirs great empire and are still nostalgic about it.

The neighbors of the Turks were the Mongols, the ancestors of today's Indo-European peoples, the Ural and Yenisei tribes, and the Manchus. The Turkic group of the Altai family of languages ​​began to take shape in close interaction with similar peoples.

Confusion with Tatars and Bulgarians

In the first century AD e. individual tribes begin to migrate towards Southern Kazakhstan. The famous Huns invaded Europe in the 4th century. It was then that the Bulgar branch separated from the Turkic tree and a vast confederation was formed, which was divided into the Danube and Volga. Today's Bulgarians in the Balkans now speak a Slavic language and have lost their Turkic roots.

The opposite situation occurred with the Volga Bulgars. They still speak Turkic languages, but after the Mongol invasion they call themselves Tatars. The conquered Turkic tribes living in the steppes of the Volga took the name of the Tatars - a legendary tribe with which Genghis Khan began his campaigns that had long disappeared in the wars. They also called their language, which they had previously called Bulgarian, Tatar.

The only living dialect of the Bulgarian branch of the Turkic group of languages ​​is Chuvash. The Tatars, another descendant of the Bulgars, actually speak a variant of the later Kipchak dialects.

From Kolyma to the Mediterranean

To the Turkic peoples language group These include residents of the harsh regions of the famous Kolyma basin, the resort beaches of the Mediterranean, the Altai mountains and the table-flat steppes of Kazakhstan. The ancestors of today's Turks were nomads who traveled the length and breadth of the Eurasian continent. For two thousand years they interacted with their neighbors, who were Iranians, Arabs, Russians, and Chinese. During this time, an unimaginable mixture of cultures and blood occurred.

Today it is even impossible to determine the race to which the Turks belong. Residents of Turkey, Azerbaijanis, Gagauz belong to the Mediterranean group Caucasian, there are practically no guys with slanted eyes and yellowish skin here. However, the Yakuts, Altaians, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz - they all bear a pronounced Mongoloid element in their appearance.

Racial diversity is observed even among peoples who speak the same language. Among the Tatars of Kazan you can find blue-eyed blonds and black-haired people with slanted eyes. The same thing is observed in Uzbekistan, where it is impossible to deduce the appearance of a typical Uzbek.

Faith

Most Turks are Muslims, professing the Sunni branch of this religion. Only in Azerbaijan do they adhere to Shiism. However, some peoples either retained ancient beliefs or became adherents of other great religions. Most Chuvash and Gagauz people profess Christianity in its Orthodox form.

In the northeast of Eurasia, individual peoples continue to adhere to the faith of their ancestors; among the Yakuts, Altaians, and Tuvans, traditional beliefs and shamanism continue to be popular.

During the time of the Khazar Kaganate, the inhabitants of this empire professed Judaism, which today's Karaites, fragments of that mighty Turkic power, continue to perceive as the only true religion.

Vocabulary

Together with world civilization, Turkic languages ​​also developed, absorbing the vocabulary of neighboring peoples and generously endowing them with their own words. It is difficult to count the number of borrowed Turkic words in East Slavic languages. It all started with the Bulgars, from whom the words “drip” were borrowed, from which “kapishche”, “suvart” arose, transformed into “serum”. Later, instead of “whey” they began to use the common Turkic “yogurt”.

The exchange of vocabulary became especially lively during the times of the Golden Horde and late Middle Ages, during active trade with Turkic countries. A huge number of new words came into use: donkey, cap, sash, raisin, shoe, chest and others. Later, only the names of specific terms began to be borrowed, for example, snow leopard, elm, dung, kishlak.

About the Turks.

About modern Turks, the same Wikipedia says something very vague: “Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples speaking Turkic languages.” But she is much eloquent about the “ancient” Turks: “The ancient Turks are the hegemonic tribe of the Turkic Kaganate, led by the Ashina clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Turkyuts (from Turkic - Turk and Mongolian - Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilyov, is often used to designate them. By physical type, the ancient Türks (Türkuts) were Mongoloids.”

Well, okay, let them be Mongoloids, but what about the Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical “Mediterranean” subrace. What about the Uyghurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone doesn’t understand, all three peoples, according to today’s terminology, are Turks.

The picture below shows Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge the appearance of the second one for yourself. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) Look at the correct facial features. Today, even among Russians, you don’t often see something like this.

Especially for skeptics! There is no one who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place where the mummies were found is the Xinjiang Uyghur National District of China - and in the photo are their direct descendants.

Small addition!

You must understand that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is even found among the Amazon Indians. C today reaches high concentrations not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakh-Argyns, Australian aborigines, Polynesians, and Micronesians. The Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, the range is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence the sometimes perplexed questions - I, a Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information(eye color, hair color, etc.) is found in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just markers by which one can judge a person’s ancestors.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Turkic Khaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is, why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have reached us.

Kaganate just meant a form of government (the state was ruled by a khaan elected by the people, kaan in another transcription), and not the name of the country. Today, instead of the word “America,” we do not use the word “Democracy.” Although such a name suits no one but her (just kidding). The term “state” in relation to the Turks is more appropriate “Il” or “El”, but not the Kaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather its trade. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I didn’t make a mistake when I wrote “my own”. There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to both raise silkworms and produce fabric from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.

And it is not at all a fact that the birthplace of silk is China and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, was 70% written by the Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries*, the remaining thirty were “added” by the Chinese themselves. “Editing” was especially intense during the time of Mao Zedong, he was still an entertainer. He even has monkeys, from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Just a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, and was actually involved in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all Chinese-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activities was the so-called imperial edict of toleration of 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's scientific mentor was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot. Jesuits led by Regis in the 18th century participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th-18th centuries, missionaries translated into Chinese and published 67 European books in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, the construction of mechanical watches and the technology of manufacturing modern firearms.

Great silk road controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same “black aristocracy” (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescentia, Colonna, Caetani, Chigi, Ludovisi, Massimo, Ruspoli, Rospigliosi , Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Theophylacti. And don't let the Italian surnames fool you. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long-standing tradition of initiates**. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was on their orders that later Jewish merchants took all the gold out of Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks***.

Notes

*It is the members of the aristocrazìa nera who are the true “masters of the world”, and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Kuns. From Egypt, foreseeing its imminent fall, they move to England. There, quickly realizing what “good things” the teachings of the crucified man bring with them, most of them move to the Vatican. My dears, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are “encrypted”.

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If anyone doesn’t know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR before its end.

It is worth adding here that the Hephthalite tribes, also called the White Huns, Chionite Huns, and to whom Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) belonged, were completely conquered by the Ashina Turks by that time (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there is no less demand for it there.

Silk meant the same thing to the world economy at that time as oil does today. One can imagine what kind of pressure was put on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, a separate article is worth writing about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has reached us in the works of several authors; I will use the description of Menander the Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the answer - who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or Caucasians: “From the Turks, who in ancient times were called Saks, an embassy came to Justin for peace. Basileus also decided at the council to send an embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarkh from Cilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip himself for this embassy.”

This is how confident one must be that “people will grab everything” presented to them on a platter called “ official history"to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Turks? Let's look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (ancient Persian Sakā, ancient Greek Σάκαι, lat. Sacae) is the collective name of a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. e. - first centuries AD e. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Ossetian sag "deer). Both ancient authors and modern researchers consider the Sakas, along with the Massagetae, to be the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Initially, the Sakas are apparently identical to the Avestan Turs; in Pahlavi sources under "Turkic tribes are already understood as Turs. In Achaemenid inscriptions, all Scythians are called "Sakas."

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is the white deer. Remember Strabo's parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.

I return again to the theme of bell ringing. This passage describes the purification ritual carried out by the Turks for Zemarkh: “They dried them (the embassy’s things) on the fire from the young sprouts of the incense tree, whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing bells and beating tambourines...” You continue believe that the use of bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we are coming to you... (Pardon! I apologize for the tomfoolery... I couldn’t resist...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was held by four golden peacocks. In the middle of the room were placed many carts, in which there were many silver things, disks and something made of reeds. Also numerous images of quadrupeds made of silver, none of them inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have.” (emphasis mine)

Especially for those who consider Tartaria to be fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book “Empieres Of The Silk Road” notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found today - the result of invasions and sieges. From about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the area of ​​modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China* to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro argued that all central Asia was subject to the Turks. (Klaproth, “Tableaux historiques de L'Asie”, 1826)

One should not assume that this was something unshakable, the Turks, just like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, were conquered, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia for that a good example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the “remake” shown to tourists today: “... the magnificent and almost perfect structure that modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of ancient wall now in a dilapidated state" (Edward Parker, "Tatars. History")

Istarkhi called all fair-haired Turks Sakaliba. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and a number of eastern authors called the Hungarians Turks. In all early Arabic geographical works, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter “Turks”. The geographical school of al-Jahain, starting from Ibn Ruste and up to al-Marwazi, classified the Guz (Uighurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtas, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, Russ as Turks.

By the way, the Turks of Ashina are considered by the Chinese to be “a branch of the house of the Huns.” Well, the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-yay... If not, contact your comrades from Sanity, they will show you pictures of Mongols, I answer...

And one more addition.

You know, I have always been surprised by the fact that people who do not have something attribute to themselves the possession of it. A typical example is "Sanity". What kind of, not even “sensible”, but simply “thought” can we talk about among “people”, whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the mental functions themselves - only basic instincts and other people’s “attitudes”. There I mean top part their body, nothing else. Not to mention the presence of mentally ill people in their ranks... But, come on, they are “sane”, period. Jews among them are a separate story, they are on their own minds, in their articles Russophobia is literally everywhere... (Who in the topic, I think, guessed - we are talking about a “free artist” and some other “comrades”).

It was not by chance that I spoke about “other people’s attitudes” - all the reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of “Sanity” into the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brain instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Xiongnu) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Xiongnu is closely related to the question of what race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Xiongnu relates to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which the Huns moved to the West (if these two peoples are identical) or where the Xiongnu and the Huns collided (if they are different)." (K.A. Foreigners)

I refer everyone who wants to get acquainted with this issue in more detail to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantsev "The Xiongnu and the Huns, an analysis of theories about the origin of the Xiongnu people of the Chinese chronicles, the origin of the European Huns and the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second updated edition.) I will only give his conclusions.

“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:

I) The Xiongnu people, who wandered north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish family. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, also of Turks, although, both from the founding of the state and especially during its prosperity, it included various other tribes, such as Mongolian, Tungusian, Korean and Tibetan.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (a disintegration caused rather by political and cultural reasons, than by ethnic difference - the southern Huns were more subject to the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern ones better preserved their tribal traits), the northern Huns could not maintain their independence, and some of them moved to the West. According to the historical news that has reached us, these evicted Xiongnu followed the usual path of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century AD.

III) In North-West Asia and in Eastern Europe The Xiongnu or Hun Turks encountered other tribes. First of all, the Finnish tribes stood in their way (it is now difficult to decide whether the Turks completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic, equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element among them thinned out, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, were mixed in. It is very likely that the subjects of Mo-de and Attila had very little in common. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected and caused by revolutions in the extreme eastern limits Asia."

What did these same Xiongnu look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the Xiongnu burials in Noin-Ula (31 mounds). The ceremony of (presumably) preparing the Soma drink is embroidered on the canvas. Pay attention to the faces.

I can assume that the fabric of the carpet could well have been imported, but why was it embroidered in India? Didn’t you have your own embroiderers? Then what about this?

The teeth belong to a 25-30 year old woman of Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or the area between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this is a slave does not stand up to criticism - the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and a lot, as evidenced by the marks on her teeth. So why was the found carpet rushed to be declared imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?

For me, facts are of paramount importance - new ones appear and my opinion changes. IN official version In history, everything is the other way around - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let us turn again to Wikipedia: “The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic Scythian tribe - the Sakas.” Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but that of scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I talk about the territory of the Turkic state. Having a huge country always means moving not only material resources, but also people. Is it surprising if a woman born in one place ends up married thousands of kilometers from her father’s home?

All the carpets from the Noin-Ula burial mounds were made in one place and at approximately the same time. Their similarity was also pointed out by S.I. Rudenko: “The technique of embroidering drapery-mats is characterized by applying multi-colored threads of weak twist to the fabric and securing them to its surface with very thin threads.” A similar technique of embroidery “in the attachment” has been found in burials since the 1st century. BC e. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why was it necessary to declare them imported?

What about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then they have been part of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols*, become the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude this possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as conquerors of the universe? Well... This doesn't even sound like a bad joke...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid al-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

IN modern history The Turks were the most unlucky. Under Soviet rule, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of 1944, which actually prohibited the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and Turkic scholars went together to “logging.” The authorities simply preferred to replace the Turks with Mongols. For what? This is already the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was in fact the sole ruler, or, albeit the main one, but still a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collectively, by a simple majority.

A completely reasonable question: the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are wrong, am I the only one so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities also played tricks that weren’t quite the same - Russia lived through most of the 20th century with the firm confidence that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, was our Russian bright future. I'm not even talking about Christianity. See with what zeal people, having betrayed their own gods, praise strangers. Continue further?

Above I talked about the mystery of the Turks, in fact there is no mystery - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Xiongnu), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names given by others - these are all the same people. As K.A. very wittily noted. Foreigners: “the Xiongnu clan defeated - everyone becomes Xiongnu, the Xian-bi clan defeated - everyone becomes Xian-bi, etc. This results in frequent changes in names in the history of nomadic peoples.”

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasian population of Altai, Siberia, and Kazakhstan so quickly, within just one and a half thousand years, mutate into Mongoloids? What caused this? The proverbial fly in the ointment (Mongols)? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's sum it up.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mononational; in addition to the Turks themselves, there were a lot of other nationalities, and the national composition varied depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to become related to the local nobility.

Neo-pagans today talk about it - there were “ours” everywhere; The “thinking” ones, in turn, stomp their feet and squeal - there are only Mongols everywhere. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is a perfect example of this - are there many Russians, say, in the north of Yakutia? But it's the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cites the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, just as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks differed from Georgians and Armenians.” You can compare modern Russians and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? These are the residents different states? Or are there no “national” cemeteries today?

The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact they were Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why were the Turks erased from our history? There are many reasons, but the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is commonly thought today...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will definitely ask the question:

Why do you need it? Why rewrite history at all? What difference does it make how it actually happened, there is no need to change anything - let it be as it was, as we are all accustomed to it.

Without a doubt, the “ostrich pose” is very comfortable for the majority - I don’t see anything, I don’t hear anything, I don’t know anything... It’s easier for a person who has cut himself off from reality to endure stress - but reality doesn’t change because of it. Psychologists even have the term “hostage effect” (“Stockholm syndrome”), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and/or use (or threat of use) of violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: “Russia rose from its knees only to rise to the ground.” And while we will all be “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” we will again and again be put in the pose known to everyone from the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some wanker Byzantium! Awareness of this fact is our only chance to return to its former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy survive the unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Estonians... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are much more frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. “... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly attacked them and decided the matter in favor of the grand ducal troops” - this is Solovyov about the battle of June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking about the war of 1533 - 1586, describing the composition of the troops Principalities of Moscow: “besides the Russians, the princes of the Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and Murzas of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peypus.”

And it was the Steppe, call it Tartary or something else, that we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the lofty Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live poorly? Remember: “...And throwing away the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and hanged himself. The high priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: it is not permissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having held a meeting, they bought a potter's land with them for the burial of strangers; Therefore, that land is called the “land of blood” to this day.” (Matt., ch. 27)

I would like to end today’s article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other outcome for the All-Russian Power: either to become what it has been called from time to time to be (a world power combining the West with the East), or ingloriously go down the path of fall, because Europe is itself we will, in the end, be suppressed by our external superiority, and not by those awakened by us Asian peoples will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners"

Actually, I considered the article finished, but a friend just re-read it and asked me to add it - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.

People often, both in comments and in private messages, draw attention to the discrepancy between my views and the official version of history, provide links to “leftist” sites like “Anthropogenesis”, and sometimes to the opinions of fairly well-known scientists. My dears, I am familiar with the academic version no worse, and perhaps better than many KONT visitors, so don’t bother yourself.

Once upon a time, not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. I have just very briefly voiced a version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The key word here is “believed.” They didn’t check it, but they believed it. That small group that decided to “check” was waiting unenviable fate. Do you think anything has changed since then? No, today they no longer make fires in squares, today they act much smarter, those who think differently are simply declared fools. If the name Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many of those “ridiculed” have simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about methods of manipulating consciousness, cites a technique (one of many) called “ridicule”: “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people can be ridiculed , against which the struggle is being waged. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when individual statements and elements of a person’s behavior are ridiculed, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With the skillful use of this technique, it is possible to form behind a specific person the image of a “frivolous” person whose statements are not trustworthy.” (Psychotechnologies of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you must be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy... The current society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs “common-minded” sheep. A simple question. Why do you think the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, is so popular in the Bible?

See you again, friends!

About 90% of the Turkic peoples of the former USSR belong to the Islamic faith. Most of them inhabit Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The remaining Muslim Turks live in the Volga region and the Caucasus. Of the Turkic peoples, only the Gagauz and Chuvash living in Europe, as well as the Yakuts and Tuvans living in Asia, were not affected by Islam. The Turks have no common physical features, and only their language unites them.

The Volga Turks - Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs - were under the long-term influence of Slavic settlers, and now their ethnic areas do not have clear boundaries. The Turkmen and Uzbeks were influenced by Persian culture, and the Kyrgyz were influenced by the Mongols for a long time. Some nomadic Turkic peoples suffered significant losses during the period of collectivization, which forcibly attached them to the land.

In the Russian Federation, the peoples of this language group make up the second largest “bloc”. All Turkic languages ​​are very close to each other, although they usually include several branches: Kipchak, Oguz, Bulgar, Karluk, etc.

Tatars (5522 thousand people) are concentrated mainly in Tataria (1765.4 thousand people), Bashkiria (1120.7 thousand people),

Udmurtia (110.5 thousand people), Mordovia (47.3 thousand people), Chuvashia (35.7 thousand people), Mari-El (43.8 thousand people), but live dispersedly in all regions European Russia, as well as in Siberia and Far East. The Tatar population is divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars. The Tatar literary language was formed on the basis of the middle one, but with the noticeable participation of the Western dialect. There is a special group of Crimean Tatars (21.3 thousand people; in Ukraine, mainly in Crimea, about 270 thousand people), who speak a special, Crimean Tatar, language.

Bashkirs (1345.3 thousand people) live in Bashkiria, as well as in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen regions and in Central Asia. Outside Bashkiria, 40.4% of the Bashkir population lives in the Russian Federation, and in Bashkiria itself this titular people constitutes the third largest ethnic group, after the Tatars and Russians.

The Chuvash (1,773.6 thousand people) linguistically represent a special, Bulgarian, branch of the Turkic languages. In Chuvashia, the titular population is 907 thousand people, in Tataria - 134.2 thousand people, in Bashkiria - 118.6 thousand people, in Samara region - 117,8

thousand people, in the Ulyanovsk region - 116.5 thousand people. However, currently the Chuvash people have relatively high degree consolidation.

Kazakhs (636 thousand people, the total number in the world is more than 9 million people) were divided into three territorial nomadic associations: Semirechye - Senior Zhuz (Uly Zhuz), Central Kazakhstan - Middle Zhuz (Orta Zhuz), Western Kazakhstan - Younger Zhuz (kishi zhuz). The zhuz structure of the Kazakhs has been preserved to this day.

Azerbaijanis (in the Russian Federation 335.9 thousand people, in Azerbaijan 5805 thousand people, in Iran about 10 million people, in total about 17 million people in the world) speak the language of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. The Azerbaijani language is divided into eastern, western, northern and southern dialect groups. For the most part, Azerbaijanis profess Shiite Islam, and only in the north of Azerbaijan is Sunnism widespread.

Gagauz (10.1 thousand people in the Russian Federation) live in Tyumen region, Khabarovsk Territory, Moscow, St. Petersburg; the majority of Gagauz people live in Moldova (153.5 thousand people) and Ukraine (31.9 thousand people); separate groups - in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Canada and Brazil. The Gagauz language belongs to the Oguz branch of the Turkic languages. 87.4% of Gagauz people consider the Gagauz language to be their native language. The Gagauz people are Orthodox by religion.

Meskhetian Turks (9.9 thousand people in the Russian Federation) also live in Uzbekistan (106 thousand people), Kazakhstan (49.6 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (21.3 thousand people), Azerbaijan ( 17.7 thousand people). Total number in former USSR- 207.5 thousand

People speak Turkish.

Khakassy (78.5 thousand people) - indigenous people Republic of Khakassia (62.9 thousand people), also live in Tuva (2.3 thousand people), Krasnoyarsk Territory (5.2 thousand people).

Tuvans (206.2 thousand people, of which 198.4 thousand people are in Tuva). They also live in Mongolia (25 thousand people), China (3 thousand people). The total number of Tuvans is 235 thousand people. They are divided into western (mountain-steppe regions of western, central and southern Tuva) and eastern, or Tuvan-Todzha (mountain-taiga part of northeastern and southeastern Tuva).

Altaians (self-name Altai-Kizhi) are the indigenous population of the Altai Republic. 69.4 thousand people live in the Russian Federation, including 59.1 thousand people in the Altai Republic. Their total number is 70.8 thousand people. Exist ethnographic groups northern and southern Altaians. The Altai language is divided into northern (Tuba, Kumandin, Cheskan) and southern (Altai-Kizhi, Telengit) dialects. Most of the Altai believers are Orthodox, there are Baptists and others. At the beginning of the 20th century. Burkhanism, a type of Lamaism with elements of shamanism, spread among the southern Altaians. During the 1989 census, 89.3% of Altaians called their language their native language, and 77.7% indicated fluency in Russian.

Teleuts are currently identified as a separate people. They speak one of the southern dialects of the Altai language. Their number is 3 thousand people, and the majority (about 2.5 thousand people) live in rural areas and cities of the Kemerovo region. The bulk of Teleut believers are Orthodox, but traditional religious beliefs are also common among them.

Chulym people (Chulym Turks) live in the Tomsk region and Krasnoyarsk Territory in the river basin. Chulym and its tributaries Yaya and Kii. Number of people - 0.75 thousand people. The Chulym believers are Orthodox Christians.

Uzbeks (126.9 thousand people) live in diaspora in Moscow and the Moscow region, in St. Petersburg and in the regions of Siberia. The total number of Uzbeks in the world reaches 18.5 million people.

The Kyrgyz (about 41.7 thousand people in the Russian Federation) are the main population of Kyrgyzstan (2229.7 thousand people). They also live in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang (PRC), and Mongolia. The total Kyrgyz population of the world exceeds 2.5 million people.

Karakalpaks (6.2 thousand people) in the Russian Federation live mainly in cities (73.7%), although in Central Asia they constitute a predominantly rural population. The total number of Karakalpaks exceeds 423.5

thousand people, of which 411.9 live in Uzbekistan

Karachais (150.3 thousand people) are the indigenous population of Karachay (in Karachay-Cherkessia), where most of them live (over 129.4 thousand people). Karachais also live in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Turkey, Syria, and the USA. They speak the Karachay-Balkar language.

Balkars (78.3 thousand people) are the indigenous population of Kabardino-Balkaria (70.8 thousand people). They also live in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Their total number reaches 85.1

thousand people Balkars and related Karachais are Sunni Muslims.

Kumyks (277.2 thousand people, of which in Dagestan - 231.8 thousand people, in Checheno-Ingushetia - 9.9 thousand people, in North Ossetia - 9.5 thousand people; total number - 282.2

thousand people) - the indigenous population of the Kumyk plain and the foothills of Dagestan. The majority (97.4%) retained their native language - Kumyk.

The Nogais (73.7 thousand people) are settled within Dagestan (28.3 thousand people), Chechnya (6.9 thousand people) and the Stavropol Territory. They also live in Turkey, Romania and some other countries. The Nogai language is divided into Karanogai and Kuban dialects. Believing Nogais are Sunni Muslims.

The Shors (the self-name of the Shors) reach a population of 15.7 thousand people. The Shors are the indigenous population of the Kemerovo region (Mountain Shoria); they also live in Khakassia and the Altai Republic. Believing Shors are Orthodox Christians.