Peoples included in the Turkic group. Turkic tribes

About the Turks.

About modern Turks, the same Wikipedia says something very vague: “Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples speaking Turkic languages.” But she is much eloquent about the “ancient” Turks: “The ancient Turks are the hegemonic tribe of the Turkic Kaganate, led by the Ashina clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Turkyuts (from Turkic - Turk and Mongolian - Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilyov, is often used to designate them. By physical type, the ancient Türks (Türkuts) were Mongoloids.”

Well, okay, let them be Mongoloids, but what about the Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical “Mediterranean” subrace. What about the Uyghurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone doesn’t understand, all three peoples, according to today’s terminology, are Turks.

The picture below shows Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge the appearance of the second one for yourself. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) Look at the correct facial features. Today, even among Russians, you don’t often see something like this.

Especially for skeptics! There is no one who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place where the mummies were found is the Xinjiang Uyghur National District of China - and in the photo are their direct descendants.

Small addition!

You must understand that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is even found among the Amazon Indians. C today reaches high concentrations not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakh-Argyns, Australian aborigines, Polynesians, and Micronesians. The Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, the range is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence the sometimes perplexed questions - I, a Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair, etc.) is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just markers by which one can judge a person’s ancestors.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Turkic Khaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is, why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have reached us.

Kaganate just meant a form of government (the state was ruled by a khaan elected by the people, kaan in another transcription), and not the name of the country. Today, instead of the word “America,” we do not use the word “Democracy.” Although such a name suits no one but her (just kidding). The term “state” in relation to the Turks is more appropriate “Il” or “El”, but not the Kaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather its trade. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I didn’t make a mistake when I wrote “my own”. There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to both raise silkworms and produce fabric from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.

And it is not at all a fact that the birthplace of silk is China and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, was 70% written by the Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries*, the remaining thirty were “added” by the Chinese themselves. “Editing” was especially intense during the time of Mao Zedong, he was still an entertainer. He even has monkeys, from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Just a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, and was actually involved in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and the compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all Chinese-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activities was the so-called imperial edict of toleration of 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's scientific mentor was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot. Jesuits led by Regis in the 18th century participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated 67 European books into Chinese and published them in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, the construction of mechanical watches and the technology of manufacturing modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same “black aristocracy” (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescentia, Colonna, Caetani, Chigi, Ludovisi, Massimo, Ruspoli, Rospigliosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Theophylacti. And don't let the Italian surnames fool you. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long-standing tradition of initiates**. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was on their orders that later Jewish merchants took all the gold out of Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks***.

Notes

*It is the members of the aristocrazìa nera who are the true “masters of the world”, and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Kuns. From Egypt, foreseeing its imminent fall, they move to England. There, quickly realizing what “good things” the teachings of the crucified man bring with them, most of them move to the Vatican. My dears, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are “encrypted”.

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If anyone doesn’t know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR before its end.

It is worth adding here that the Hephthalite tribes, also called the White Huns, Chionite Huns, and to whom Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) belonged, were completely conquered by the Ashina Turks by that time (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there is no less demand for it there.

Silk meant the same thing to the world economy at that time as oil does today. One can imagine what kind of pressure was put on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, a separate article is worth writing about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has reached us in the works of several authors; I will use the description of Menander the Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the answer - who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or Caucasians: “From the Turks, who in ancient times were called Saks, an embassy came to Justin for peace. Basileus also decided at the council to send an embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarkh from Cilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip himself for this embassy.”

How confident do you have to be that “people are grabbing everything” presented to them on a platter called “official history” in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Turks? Let's look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (Old Persian Sakā, Old Greek Σάκαι, Lat. Sacae) is the collective name of a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. e. - first centuries AD e. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Ossetian sag "deer). Both ancient authors and modern researchers consider the Sakas, along with the Massagetae, to be the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Initially, the Sakas are apparently identical to the Avestan Turs; in Pahlavi sources under "Turkic tribes are already understood as Turs. In Achaemenid inscriptions, all Scythians are called "Sakas."

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is the white deer. Remember Strabo's parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.

I return again to the theme of bell ringing. This passage describes the purification ritual carried out by the Turks for Zemarkh: “They dried them (the embassy’s things) on the fire from the young sprouts of the incense tree, whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing bells and beating tambourines...” You continue believe that the use of bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we are coming to you... (Pardon! I apologize for the tomfoolery... I couldn’t resist...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was held by four golden peacocks. In the middle of the room were placed many carts, in which there were many silver things, disks and something made of reeds. Also numerous images of quadrupeds made of silver, none of them inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have.” (emphasis mine)

Especially for those who consider Tartaria to be fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book “Empieres Of The Silk Road” notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found today - the result of invasions and sieges. From about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the area of ​​​​modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China * to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro argued that all of Central Asia was subject to the Turks. (Klaproth, “Tableaux historiques de L'Asie”, 1826)

One should not assume that this was something unshakable, the Turks, just like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, were conquered, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia for that a good example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the “remake” shown to tourists today: “... the magnificent and almost perfect structure that modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state" (Edward Parker, "Tatars. History")

Istarkhi called all fair-haired Turks Sakaliba. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and a number of eastern authors called the Hungarians Turks. In all early Arabic geographical works, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter “Turks”. The geographical school of al-Jahain, starting from Ibn Ruste and up to al-Marwazi, classified the Guz (Uighurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtas, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, Russ as Turks.

By the way, the Turks of Ashina are considered by the Chinese to be “a branch of the house of the Huns.” Well, the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-yay... If not, contact your comrades from Sanity, they will show you pictures of Mongols, I answer...

And one more addition.

You know, I have always been surprised by the fact that people who do not have something attribute to themselves the possession of it. A typical example is "Sanity". What kind of, not even “sensible”, but simply “thought” can we talk about among “people”, whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the mental functions themselves - only basic instincts and other people’s “attitudes”. There, I mean the upper part of their body, there is nothing else. Not to mention the presence of mentally ill people in their ranks... But, come on, they are “sane”, period. Jews among them are a separate story, they are on their own minds, in their articles Russophobia is literally everywhere... (Who in the topic, I think, guessed - we are talking about a “free artist” and some other “comrades”).

It was not by chance that I spoke about “other people’s attitudes” - all the reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of “Sanity” into the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brain instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Xiongnu) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Xiongnu is closely related to the question of what race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Xiongnu relates to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which the Huns moved to the West (if these two peoples are identical) or where the Xiongnu and the Huns collided (if they are different)." (K.A. Foreigners)

I refer everyone who wants to get acquainted with this issue in more detail to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantsev "The Xiongnu and the Huns, an analysis of theories about the origin of the Xiongnu people of the Chinese chronicles, the origin of the European Huns and the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second updated edition.) I will only give his conclusions.

“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:

I) The Xiongnu people, who wandered north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish family. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, also of Turks, although, both from the founding of the state and especially during its prosperity, it included various other tribes, such as Mongolian, Tungusian, Korean and Tibetan.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (a disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than by ethnic differences - the southern Xiongnu were more subject to the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern ones better preserved their tribal traits), the northern Xiongnu could not maintain independence, and some of them moved to West. According to the historical news that has reached us, these evicted Xiongnu followed the usual path of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century AD.

III) In Northwest Asia and Eastern Europe, the Xiongnu or Hunnu Turks encountered other tribes. First of all, the Finnish tribes stood in their way (it is now difficult to decide whether the Turks completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic, equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element among them thinned out, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, were mixed in. It is very likely that the subjects of Mo-de and Attila had very little in common. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected and caused by upheavals in the extreme eastern reaches of Asia.”

What did these same Xiongnu look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the Xiongnu burials in Noin-Ula (31 mounds). The ceremony of (presumably) preparing the Soma drink is embroidered on the canvas. Pay attention to the faces.

I can assume that the fabric of the carpet could well have been imported, but why was it embroidered in India? Didn’t you have your own embroiderers? Then what about this?

The teeth belong to a 25-30 year old woman of Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or the area between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this is a slave does not stand up to criticism - the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and a lot, as evidenced by the marks on her teeth. So why was the found carpet rushed to be declared imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?

For me, facts are of paramount importance - new ones appear and my opinion changes. In the official version of history, everything is the other way around - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let us turn again to Wikipedia: “The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic Scythian tribe - the Sakas.” Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but that of scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I talk about the territory of the Turkic state. Having a huge country always means moving not only material resources, but also people. Is it surprising if a woman born in one place ends up married thousands of kilometers from her father’s home?

All the carpets from the Noin-Ula burial mounds were made in one place and at approximately the same time. Their similarity was also pointed out by S.I. Rudenko: “The technique of embroidering drapery-mats is characterized by applying multi-colored threads of weak twist to the fabric and securing them to its surface with very thin threads.” A similar technique of embroidery “in the attachment” has been found in burials since the 1st century. BC e. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why was it necessary to declare them imported?

What about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then they have been part of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols*, become the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude this possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as conquerors of the universe? Well... This doesn't even sound like a bad joke...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid al-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, the Turks have had the worst luck. Under Soviet rule, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of 1944, which actually prohibited the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and Turkic scholars went together to “logging.” The authorities simply preferred to replace the Turks with Mongols. For what? This is already the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was in fact the sole ruler, or, albeit the main one, but still a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collectively, by a simple majority.

A completely reasonable question: the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are wrong, am I the only one so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities also played tricks that weren’t quite the same - Russia lived through most of the 20th century with the firm confidence that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, was our Russian bright future. I'm not even talking about Christianity. See with what zeal people, having betrayed their own gods, praise strangers. Continue further?

Above I talked about the mystery of the Turks, in fact there is no mystery - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Xiongnu), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names given by others - these are all the same people. As K.A. very wittily noted. Foreigners: “the Xiongnu clan defeated - everyone becomes Xiongnu, the Xian-bi clan defeated - everyone becomes Xian-bi, etc. This results in frequent changes in names in the history of nomadic peoples.”

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasian population of Altai, Siberia, and Kazakhstan so quickly, within just one and a half thousand years, mutate into Mongoloids? What caused this? The proverbial fly in the ointment (Mongols)? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's sum it up.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mononational; in addition to the Turks themselves, there were a lot of other nationalities, and the national composition varied depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to become related to the local nobility.

Neo-pagans today talk about it - there were “ours” everywhere; The “thinking” ones, in turn, stomp their feet and squeal - there are only Mongols everywhere. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is a perfect example of this - are there many Russians, say, in the north of Yakutia? But it's the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cites the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, just as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks differed from Georgians and Armenians.” You can compare modern Russians and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are these residents of different countries? Or are there no “national” cemeteries today?

The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact they were Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why were the Turks erased from our history? There are many reasons, but the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is commonly thought today...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will definitely ask the question:

Why do you need it? Why rewrite history at all? What difference does it make how it actually happened, there is no need to change anything - let it be as it was, as we are all accustomed to it.

Without a doubt, the “ostrich pose” is very comfortable for the majority - I don’t see anything, I don’t hear anything, I don’t know anything... It’s easier for a person who has cut himself off from reality to endure stress - but reality doesn’t change because of it. Psychologists even have the term “hostage effect” (“Stockholm syndrome”), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and/or use (or threat of use) of violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: “Russia rose from its knees only to rise to the ground.” And while we will all be “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” we will again and again be put in the pose known to everyone from the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some wanker Byzantium! Awareness of this fact is our only chance to return to its former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy survive the unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Estonians... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are much more frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. “... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly attacked them and decided the matter in favor of the grand ducal troops” - this is Solovyov about the battle of June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking about the war of 1533 - 1586, describing the composition of the troops Principalities of Moscow: “besides the Russians, the princes of the Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and Murzas of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peypus.”

And it was the Steppe, call it Tartary or something else, that we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the lofty Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live poorly? Remember: “...And throwing away the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and hanged himself. The high priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: it is not permissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having held a meeting, they bought a potter's land with them for the burial of strangers; Therefore, that land is called the “land of blood” to this day.” (Matt., ch. 27)

I would like to end today’s article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other outcome for the All-Russian Power: either to become what it has been called from time to time to be (a world power combining the West with the East), or ingloriously go down the path of fall, because Europe is itself In the end, we will be suppressed by our external superiority, and the Asian peoples who have awakened not by us will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners.”

Actually, I considered the article finished, but a friend just re-read it and asked me to add it - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.

People often, both in comments and in private messages, draw attention to the discrepancy between my views and the official version of history, provide links to “leftist” sites like “Anthropogenesis”, and sometimes to the opinions of fairly well-known scientists. My dears, I am familiar with the academic version no worse, and perhaps better than many KONT visitors, so don’t bother yourself.

Once upon a time, not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. I have just very briefly voiced a version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The key word here is “believed.” They didn’t check it, but they believed it. The small group that decided to “check” faced an unenviable fate. Do you think anything has changed since then? No, today they no longer make fires in squares, today they act much smarter, those who think differently are simply declared fools. If the name Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many of those “ridiculed” have simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about methods of manipulating consciousness, cites a technique (one of many) called “ridicule”: “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people can be ridiculed , against which the struggle is being waged. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when individual statements and elements of a person’s behavior are ridiculed, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With skillful use of this technique, it is possible to form for a specific person the image of a “frivolous” person whose statements are not trustworthy.” (Psychotechnologies of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you must be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy... The current society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs “common-minded” sheep. A simple question. Why do you think the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, is so popular in the Bible?

See you again, friends!

Official history says that the Turkic language arose in the first millennium when the first tribes belonging to this group appeared. But, as modern research shows, the language itself arose much earlier. There is even an opinion that the Turkic language came from a certain proto-language, which was spoken by all the inhabitants of Eurasia, as in the legend of the Tower of Babel. The main phenomenon of Turkic vocabulary is that it has practically not changed over the five thousand years of its existence. The ancient writings of the Sumerians will still be as understandable to the Kazakhs as modern books.

Spreading

The Turkic language group is very numerous. If you look territorially, peoples who speak similar languages ​​live like this: in the west the border begins with Turkey, in the east with the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, in the north with the East Siberian Sea and in the south with Khorasan.

Currently, the approximate number of people who speak Turkic is 164 million, this number is almost equal to the entire population of Russia. At the moment, there are different opinions on how the group of Turkic languages ​​is classified. We will consider further which languages ​​stand out in this group. Main ones: Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Uyghur, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, Balkar, Karachay, Kumyk, Nogai, Tuvan, Khakass, Yakut, etc.

Ancient Turkic-speaking peoples

We know that the Turkic group of languages ​​has spread very widely across Eurasia. In ancient times, peoples who spoke this way were simply called Turks. Their main activities were cattle breeding and agriculture. But one should not perceive all modern peoples of the Turkic linguistic group as descendants of an ancient ethnic group. After thousands of years, their blood mixed with the blood of other ethnic groups of Eurasia, and now there are simply no indigenous Turks.

The ancient peoples of this group include:

• Turkuts - tribes that settled in the Altai Mountains in the 5th century AD;
• Pechenegs - arose at the end of the 9th century and inhabited the region between Kievan Rus, Hungary, Alania and Mordovia;
• Polovtsians - with their appearance they ousted the Pechenegs, they were very freedom-loving and aggressive;
• Huns - arose in the 2nd-4th centuries and managed to create a huge state from the Volga to the Rhine, from them came the Avars and Hungarians;
• Bulgars - from these ancient tribes came such peoples as the Chuvash, Tatars, Bulgarians, Karachais, Balkars.
• Khazars - huge tribes that managed to create their own state and oust the Huns;
• Oghuz Turks - the ancestors of the Turkmens, Azerbaijanis, lived in Seljukia;
• Karluks - lived in the 8th-15th centuries.

Classification

The Turkic group of languages ​​has a very complex classification. Or rather, each historian offers his own version, which will differ from the other with minor changes. We offer you the most common option:

1. Bulgarian group. The only currently existing representative is the Chuvash language.
2. The Yakut group is the easternmost of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group. Residents speak Yakut and Dolgan dialects.
3. South Siberian - this group represents the languages ​​of peoples living mainly within the borders of the Russian Federation in the south of Siberia.
4. Southeastern, or Karluk. Examples are Uzbek and Uyghur languages.
5. The northwestern, or Kipchak group is represented by a large number of nationalities, many of which live on their own independent territory, for example Tatars, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz.
6. Southwestern, or Oghuz. The languages ​​included in the group are Turkmen, Salar, Turkish.

Yakuts

On their territory, the local population simply calls themselves Sakha. Hence the name of the region - the Republic of Sakha. Some representatives also settled in other neighboring areas. The Yakuts are the easternmost of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group. Culture and traditions were borrowed in ancient times from tribes living in the central steppe part of Asia.

Khakassians

A region has been designated for this people - the Republic of Khakassia. The largest contingent of Khakass is located here - about 52 thousand people. Several thousand more moved to live in Tula and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Shors

This nation reached its greatest numbers in the 17th-18th centuries. Now this is a small ethnic group that can only be found in the south of the Kemerovo region. Today the number is very small, about 10 thousand people.

Tuvans

Tuvinians are usually divided into three groups, differing from each other in some dialect features. They inhabit the Republic. This is a small eastern of the peoples of the Turkic linguistic group, living on the border with China.

Tofalar

This nation has practically disappeared. According to the 2010 census, 762 people were found in several villages of the Irkutsk region.

Siberian Tatars

The Eastern dialect of Tatar is the language that is considered to be the national language of the Siberian Tatars. This is also a Turkic group of languages. The peoples of this group are densely settled throughout Russia. They can be found in rural areas of the Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and other regions.

Dolgans

A small group living in the northern regions of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They even have their own municipal district - Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky. Today, there are only 7.5 thousand representatives of the Dolgans left.

Altaians

The Turkic group of languages ​​includes the Altai lexicon. Now in this area you can freely get acquainted with the culture and traditions of the ancient people.

Independent Turkic-speaking states

Today there are six separate independent states whose nationality is the indigenous Turkic population. First of all, these are Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Of course, Türkiye and Turkmenistan. And do not forget about Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan, which belong to the Turkic language group in exactly the same way.

The Uighurs have their own autonomous region. It is located in China and is called Xinjiang. Other nationalities related to the Turks also live in this territory.

Kyrgyz

The Turkic group of languages ​​primarily includes Kyrgyz. Indeed, the Kyrgyz or Kyrgyz are the most ancient representatives of the Turks who lived in Eurasia. The first mentions of the Kirghiz are found in the 1st millennium BC. e. Throughout almost its entire history, the nation did not have its own sovereign territory, but at the same time managed to preserve its identity and culture. The Kyrgyz even have the concept of “ashar”, which means joint work, close cooperation and unity.

The Kirghiz have long lived in sparsely populated steppe areas. This could not but affect some character traits. These people are extremely hospitable. When a new person arrived in the settlement before, he told news that no one had heard before. For this, the guest was rewarded with the best treats. It is still customary to honor guests sacredly.

Kazakhs

The Turkic language group could not exist without the most numerous Turkic people, living not only in the state of the same name, but throughout the world.

The folk morals of the Kazakhs are very harsh. From childhood, children are raised under strict rules and taught to be responsible and hardworking. For this nation, the concept of “dzhigit” is the pride of the people, a person who defends the honor of his fellow tribesman or his own at all costs.

In the appearance of the Kazakhs, a clear division into “white” and “black” can still be traced. In the modern world, this has long lost its meaning, but remnants of old concepts are still preserved. The peculiarity of the appearance of any Kazakh is that he can simultaneously look like both a European and a Chinese.

Turks

The Turkic group of languages ​​includes Turkish. Historically, Turkey has always cooperated closely with Russia. And these relations were not always peaceful. Byzantium, and later the Ottoman Empire, began to exist simultaneously with Kievan Rus. Even then there were the first conflicts for the right to rule the Black Sea. Over time, this enmity intensified, which largely influenced the relationship between the Russians and the Turks.

Turks are very peculiar. First of all, this can be seen from some of their features. They are hardy, patient and completely unpretentious in everyday life. The behavior of the representatives of the nation is very cautious. Even if they are angry, they will never express their dissatisfaction. But then they can harbor anger and take revenge. In serious matters the Turks are very cunning. They can smile in your face, but plot behind your back for their own benefit.

The Turks took their religion very seriously. Severe Muslim laws prescribed every step in the life of a Turk. For example, they could kill an unbeliever and not be punished for it. Another feature associated with this feature is a hostile attitude towards non-Muslims.

Conclusion

Turkic-speaking peoples are the largest ethnic group on Earth. The descendants of the ancient Turks settled across all continents, but most of them live in the indigenous territory - in the Altai Mountains and in the south of Siberia. Many peoples managed to preserve their identity within the borders of independent states.

Azerbaijanis, self-name - ezeriler. (Azerbaijan). The language of the Azerbaijani Turkic group, the Oghuz subgroup of the Altai family. The believers are mostly Shiite Muslims.

Altaians (Russia, Altai region). These include: Altai-Kizhi, Tubalars, Chelkans or Lebedins, Kumandins (Kukizhi), Telengits, Teles, Teleuts. The Altaic language is of the Turkic group, the Altaic or South Siberian subgroup of the Altaic family. Believers are Orthodox.

Balkars, self-name Taulyly. (Russia, Caucasus). The language of the Balkar Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Bashkirs, self-name Bashkort. (Russia, Bashkortostan). The language of the Bashkir Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Gagauz (Moldova). The language of the Gagauz Turkic group, the Oguz subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Orthodox.

Dolgans, self-name Dolgans, Sakha. (Russia, Taimyr Peninsula). The language of the Dolgan Turkic group, the Yakut subgroup of the Altai family. Believers - animism, shamanism, Orthodoxy.

Kazakhs, self-name - Kazakh, (Kazakhstan). Outdated Russian names are Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz-Cossacks, Kyrgyz-Kaysaks. The language of the Kazakh Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Karaites, self-name Karaylar. (Ukraine. Crimea. Lithuania). The language of the Karaite Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. The name goes back to the designation of the sect (which arose in Judaism in Western Asia in the 8th century), the doctrine professed by the Karaites (non-recognition of the Talmud, veneration of only the “Old Testament” as a holy book).

Karakalpaks, people in Uzbekistan. The language of the Karakalpak Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Karatai, ethnographic group of Mordovians in Tatarstan, self-name - Karatai. Language - Tatar. (There are minor dialects of the Karatai language).

Karachais, self-name Karachailyly. (Russia. Caucasus).

The language of the Karachay Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Kyrgyz, self-name - Kyrgyz. (Kyrgyzstan). The language is Kyrgyz of the Turkic group, mixed, with components of the Kypchak and West Siberian subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Crimean Tatars, self-name Crimean Tatarlar. (Ukraine Crimea). The language of the Crimean Tatar Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Krymchaks are a people in Crimea (Ukraine). They speak a dialect of the Crimean Tatar language. Believers are Judaists.

Kryashens, descendants of those baptized in the 16th century. Tatars, self-name -Kryashen (Russia, Tatarstan), Tatar language. Believers are Orthodox.

Kumyks, self-name Kumuk (Russia. Dagestan). The Kumyk language is a Turkic group, a Kypchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Lop Norse 4, a people in Western China (areas near Lake Lop Nor and the Tarim and Konchedarya rivers). Language of the Turkic group.

Mishars, ethnographic group of Tatars (Russia; Tatarstan, Orenburg and other regions). The language is Tatar with a Mishar dialect. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Nagaibaks, an ethnographic group of Tatars, descendants of Nogais baptized in the 16th century. They live in Bashkortostan and the Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation. The language is Tatar. Believers are Orthodox.

Nogais, self-name Nogai. The main subethnic groups of the Nogais: Karanogai (Russia. Dagestan); Nogais themselves or Achikulak Nogais (Stavropol Territory of the Russian Federation); Aknogai or Kuban Nogai (RF. Karachay-Cherkessia) and Astrakhan Nogai (Nogai). The name Nogai comes from the name of the 13th century Golden Horde ruler Nogai, under whose rule they were. Nogai are descendants of the Konyrat tribe and the Mangyt clan. The Nogai language of the Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Sunni Muslim believers,

Salars, self-name salyr, people in China. The language is Salar of the Turkic group, the Uyghur or Oghuz subgroup of the Altai family.

Székely. They live in Hungary. Language of the Turkic group.

Tatars, self-name of the Tatars (RF. Tatarstan). The language of the Tatar Turkic group, the Kipchak subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Tofalars, the self-name of tofa, the outdated name is karagasy. (RF. Nizhne-Udinsky district, Irkutsk region). The Tofalar language is of the Turkic group, a Uyghur subgroup of the Altaic family. Believers ~ Orthodox.

Tuvinians, self-name - Tuva, Soyons, Soyots, Uriankhians, (RF. Tuva). The language of the Tuvan Turkic group, the Uyghur subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Lamaists.

Turks, self-name - Turk (Türkiye). The language of the Turkish Turkic group, the Oghuz subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Turkmen, self-name of the Turkmens. (Turkmenistan). The language of the Turkmen Turkic group, the Oguz subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Uzbeks, self-name Uzbek. (Uzbekistan). The ethnonym Uzbek comes from the name of the Khan of the Golden Horde, Uzbek (XIV century). The language of the Uzbek Turkic group, the Karluk subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Uyghurs, self-name Uighurs. They live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, China. The language of the Uyghur Turkic group, the Karluke subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Khakass, self-name Khakas. (RF. Khakassia). The Khakass language is a Turkic group, a South Siberian subgroup of the Altai family.

Believers are Orthodox.

Chuvash, self-name - Chavash (RF. Chuvash Republic, Chavash Republic). The Chuvash language is of the Turkic group, a Bulgar subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Orthodox,

Shors, self-name Shor-Kizhi, Tatar-Kizhi (Russian Federation. Altai Territory, Wednesday, course of the Tom River, Kemerovo region (Mountain Shoria). The Shor language of the Turkic group, the northeastern (Yakut) subgroup of the Altai family.

Believers - animism, shamanism, Orthodoxy.

Yugu, self-name Yugur (China). The Yugur language is of the Turkic group, the northeastern or Yakut subgroup of the Altai family.

Nowadays, only one group is Turkic-speaking (Sarych Yugur - yellow Uighurs), another group speaks Mongolian, the third group speaks Chinese, the fourth speaks Tibetan.

Believers - shamanism, worship of sky and water.

Yakuts, self-name of the Sakha. The Russians called them Yakuts, adopting this name from the Evenks in the 17th century. (RF. Sakha-Yakutia). The language of the Yakut Turkic group, the northeastern subgroup of the Altai family. Believers are Orthodox.

Turkic tribes of Iran

Bakhtiary. Some of them speak a Turkic language, close to the language of the Qashqai people. Qajars. They speak the Qajar language of the Turkic group of the Altaic family. They were part of the Qizilbash Turkic tribes, with the help of which the Safavid dynasty (XV-XVI centuries) united Iran. Qashqai people, self-name Qashqai. They speak the Qashqai dialect of the Azerbaijani language. Qizilbash speak only Dari. Lurs (Small Luristan), related to the Bakhtiyars. Afshars, partially Azerbaijani language. Shahsevens, Karakalpaks, Karadashchis, Kengirlis, Inanlu, Baharlu, Nafars, Khorasanis, Pichagchis, Karays, Bayats, Karagozlis, Teymurtashs, Goudaris and Kanly clans, Jalairs, Kipchaks, as well as Turkmens.

An ethno-linguistic group speaking Turkic languages. This population group is considered one of the ancients, and its classification is the most complex and still causes controversy among historians. But nevertheless, 164 million people today speak the Turkic language. The most ancient people of the Turkic group are the Kirghiz, their language has remained unchanged to this day. And the first information about the appearance of Turkic-speaking tribes dates back to the first millennium BC.

Current number

The largest number of modern Turks is. According to statistics, this is 43% of all Turkic-speaking peoples or 70 million people. Next come 15% or 25 million people. Slightly fewer Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - - 12 million (7%), Uyghurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmens - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) , - 3.5 million (2%). The following nationalities make up 1%: , Qashqais and - on average 1.5 million. Others are less than 1%: Karakalpaks (700 thousand), Afshars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyks (400 thousand), Karachais (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkars (115 thousand), Nogais (110 thousand), Khakass (75 thousand), Altaians (70 thousand). Most Turks are Muslims.

Origin of peoples

The first settlement of the Turks was in Northern China, in the steppe zones. They were engaged in land science and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes settled and reached Eurasia. The ancient Turkic peoples were:

• Huns;
• Turkuts;
• Karluks;
• Khazars;
• Pechenegs;
• Bulgars;
• Cumans;
• Oghuz Turks.

Very often in historical chronicles the Turks are called Scythians. There are many legends about the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

Language group

There are 2 main groups: eastern and western. Each of them has a branch:

• Eastern:
  • Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Kyrgyz, Altaians);
  • Uyghur (Saryg-Uighurs, Todzhins, Altaians, Khakassians, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shors, Tuvinians, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgarian (Chuvash);
  • Kipchak (Kypchak-Bulgar: Tatars, Bashkirs; Kipchak-Polovtsian: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Balkars, Kumyks, Karaites, Karachais; Kipchak-Nogais: Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks);
  • Karlukskaya (Ili Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs);
  • Oguz (Oguz-Bulgar: Balkan Turks, Gagauz; Oguz-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Capriot Turks, Turkomans, Qashqais, Urums, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguz-Turkmen peoples: Trukhmens, Qajars, Gudars, Teymurtashs, Turkmens, Afshars , salars, karapapakhi).

The Chuvash speak the Chuvash language. Dialectics among the Yakuts in Yakut and Dolgan. The Kipchak peoples are located in Russia and Siberia, so Russian becomes the native language here, although some peoples retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Karluk group speak Uzbek and Uyghur languages. The Tatars, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs achieved independence for their territory and also preserved their traditions. But Oguzes tend to speak Turkmen, Turkish, and Salar.

Characteristics of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live on the territory of Russia, retain their language, culture and customs. Vivid examples of the Turkic people who are partially or completely dependent on other countries:

• Yakuts. Often the indigenous people call themselves Sakhas, and their Republic is called Sakha. This is the easternmost Turkic population. The language was acquired a little from the Asians.
• Tuvans. This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Home Republic – Tuva.
• Altaians. They preserve their history and culture the most. They inhabit the Altai Republic.
• Khakassians. Approximately 52 thousand people live in the Republic of Khakassia. Some of them moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistics, this nationality is on the verge of extinction. Found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shors. Today there are 10 thousand people who have taken refuge in the southern part of the Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live in Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
• Dolgans. These are bright representatives living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today the nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other peoples, and there are six such countries, have achieved their own nationality and now these are prosperous countries with a history of Turkic settlement:

• Kyrgyz. This is the oldest settlement of Turkic origin. Even though the territory was vulnerable for a long time, they managed to preserve their way of life and culture. They lived mainly in the steppe zone, where few people settled. But they are very hospitable and generously greet and see off guests who come to their home.
• Kazakhs. This is the most common group of Turkic representatives. They are a very proud, but at the same time strong-willed people. Children are raised strictly, but they are ready to protect their neighbors from bad things.
• Turks. A peculiar people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very insidious and vindictive. Non-Muslims do not exist for them.

All representatives of Turkic origin have one thing in common - history and common origin. Many managed to carry their traditions through the years and even despite other problems. Other representatives are on the verge of extinction. But even this does not prevent you from getting to know their culture.

Altai language family. As a result, linguistics. classification introduced in the 19th century into the category of T.n. many peoples were included that had not previously been included in their composition. T.N. settled in Russia, the CIS, Turkey, China, Iran and other countries. The Turks are Azerbaijanis, Altaians, Balkars, Bashkirs, Gagauz, Dolgans, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Karachais, Kyrgyz, Kumyks, Nogais, Tatars, Teleuts, Tuvans, Turks, Turkmen, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Khakass, Chuvash, Shors, Yakuts, etc. In 1990, the number of Turks was 132.8 million people. According to World. Assembly of the T.N., in the world there are approx. 200 million people belonging to the Turks (2007). Russia is home to approx. 30 T.n. numbering 12 million 750 thousand people. (2002).

They are considered proto-Turkic-speaking (Huns), whose movement to the west is noted in the end. 3 – beginning 2nd century BC. At the beginning of A.D. cucumber tribes (see ) - ancestors - migrated to the west. direction. Proto-Bulgarian groups as ethnic. community formed long before the formation of the Turkic peoples themselves. tribes (Turkuts). In the 2nd–4th centuries. in the Urals, a union of nomadic tribes of the Huns took shape, moving into the middle. 4th century to the west and laid the foundation , which marked the end of the centuries-long dominance of the Iranian language. nomadic tribes of the Scythians, and opened the way to the movement to the West Turkic language. nomads (in the 9th–10th centuries. Pechenegs and , in the 11th century. ). Turk. tribes, primarily the Onogur-Bulgarians and Savirs (see. ), were part of the Hunnic Federation. In the 5th century The Turks were the name given to the horde that rallied around Prince Amen (a Mongolian name meaning wolf). According to legend, the Altai Turks - Tukyu (Turkyut) - come from the West. Huns. In the 6th century. The Turks developed into a small people living to the east. slopes of Altai and Khangai. As a result of several successful wars (since 545), the Turks managed to subjugate all the steppes from Khingan (Northeast China) to Azov. seas. The state of the Turks was called Turk. Khaganate, which in 604 broke up to the West. and Vostoch. Turkic Khaganates. From ser. 6th century to the 30s 7th century Bulgarians and Suvars were part of the Turkic peoples, then the West. Turk. Khaganate Bulgarian. the component is present in a number of T.n. Caucasus: Azerbaijanis, Balkars, Karachais, Kumyks. On the ruins of the first Turks. and other associations, the Kimak and Uyghur Khaganates appeared. Noble Turk. the Ashina clan was led by the Khazars. unification of hordes (see ), living in the Caspian steppes. In the 11th century in Turkic dialects spoken by many peoples from Mramor. sea ​​and slopes of the Carpathians to the Great Wall of China. Ancient T.n. were nomads, they subjugated many farmers. peoples who became their farmers. base. The Orkhon-Yenisei runic inscriptions represent the most important historical. and cultures. monuments (see , ). Turk. communities had a common cult of Tengrikhan - the god of the sky, the sun, a common cult of ancestors, as well as similarities in everyday life, clothing, methods of warfare; a set of information about the ancient Turkic people. tribes compiled in the 11th century. .

Mongol-Tatars. invasion of Eastern Europe in the 1220s–40s. set in motion the masses of nomads. The Kipchaks were defeated in the Eurasian steppes (the Kipchak steppe of the pre-Mongol period is known as , it extended from Altai to the Carpathians); conquered in 1236 . In the beginning. 1240s founded , it included Khorezm and the North. Caucasus, Crimea, Volzh. Bulgaria, Urals, West. Siberia. The bulk of the population were Kypchaks, whose language was the state language. In the 1st half. 15th century formed by the late Golden Horde. ethnopolitical associations - Astrakhan, Kazan, Crimea, Siberia. khanates, Nogai Horde; in the end 15 – beginning 16th centuries Kazakh was formed. (the Kazakhs historically included the Senior, Middle, Junior Zhuzes) and Uzbeks. khanates. Their population consisted of various. Turkic speaking. tribes (Nogai, Kipchaks, Bashkirs, Kazakhs) and peoples (Kazan, Tatars, Chuvash), as well as Finno-Ugrians (Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi). During the existence of the khanates, the so-called movement took place. In particular, significant Chuvash masses. population migrated to the territory of Bashkiria and to the West. Siberia, where places were assimilated. Turks (Bashkirs, Siberian Tatars) and Kazan Tatars. migrants. All R. 16th century T.N. The Volga and Urals regions (Chuvash, Tatars, Bashkirs) became part of the Rus. states, so-called Siberia - in the 17th century, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Middle. Asia - in the 18th–19th centuries. After construction in the 17th–18th centuries. There was a resettlement of the Chuvash, Mishar Tatars, and Kazan. Tatars and other peoples in the so-called areas. .

Unlike language material. and spiritual culture of ancient times. Chuvash (religion, including pantheon, applied, musical, choreographic creativity, monumental and small forms of sculpture), with the exception of certain elements (for example, similarity. As a result, the long interaction with a number of T.N., with their ethnicity. groups (primarily of the Tatar ethnic group), the Chuvash formed similar features that can be traced both in material and spiritual culture.

Lit.: Bichurin N. Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. T. 1–2. M.–L., 1950; T. 3. M.–L., 1953; Klyashtorny S.G. Ancient Turkic runic monuments as a source on the history of Central Asia. M., 1964; Pletneva S. A. Nomads of the Middle Ages. M., 1982; Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Turks. M., 1993; Kakhovsky V.F. Origin of the Chuvash people. Ch., 2003; Ivanov V.P. Ethnic geography of the Chuvash people. Ch., 2005.