Literary examples on the topic of ends and means. Literary arguments for writing an essay in the Unified State Exam format

The question related to the search for the meaning of human life has been raised in literature more than once, and it is this question that can be called initially rhetorical. Heroes of many outstanding literary works tried to understand what the meaning of our existence is, each of them did this different ways and chose completely opposite life paths.

But despite the ideals created over and over again in their lives, they were faced with almost the same reality. Is it possible to find a definite answer to the question about the meaning of life? And how did his search end? literary heroes, whose images have become so close to many readers?..

Does life have meaning?

An exemplary example of such a hero can be called Evgeny Onegin, the main character of the story of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. In the first part of the work, the image of Onegin is revealed to us, representing a nobleman, a secular dandy, whose life is full of entertainment, fun and love affairs. Despite the fact that his life seems eventful, over time he gets bored with it, and wanting to stop the boredom, he goes to the village. Onegin begins to take an interest in the life of the village, tries to alleviate the situation of the peasants and take up farming. But this activity also bores him, and gradually his taste for life cools down, human feelings and emotions disappear from his soul, and he completely cools down inside and out.

The main plot of the story can be called the moment when the main character, having already turned into a soulless and cold egoist, mercilessly rejects the feelings of the young and sincere girl Tatyana. And in the future, he does not spare her wounded feelings; Evgeniy openly looks after Olga, which makes his close friend Lensky suffer. Thus, Onegin loses all his close people, people who needed him, and most importantly, whom he himself unconsciously needed.

This loss means for him the loss of himself, and only such sad changes make him change his outlook on life and its meaning. Onegin tries to improve, he finds Tatyana to tell her about his feelings - but it’s too late, she changed and got married. He made fatal mistakes that could no longer be corrected, and understanding this allowed him to realize that until the moment of destruction of his life, his own existence didn't make any sense.

Ideal and reality in literature

Similar tragedies haunted and continued to haunt the heroes even after Eugene Onegin. The eternal search for the meaning of life is one of the fundamental themes in Russian and foreign literature. In their literary works, writers highlight the difficulties of such searches for any person, reveal their ideals and show the bitter reality that they ultimately have to face.

This is the fatal tragedy of the heroes who are in search of the meaning of life - relying on their ideals, they have to deal with a sometimes cruel and unfair reality. Sometimes their life becomes unbearable precisely because of incorrectly chosen life guidelines, sometimes they have to suffer from continuous contradictions and struggle with the discord between their ideals and what actually exists. In this way they go through a long and thorny path, during which they try to find the meaning of a difficult and sometimes completely unfair human life.

What is the meaning of life? Will a person be able to accomplish anything important in his life? How to find a goal, get satisfaction from life and achieve everything you want? These and many other questions arise before each individual when, growing up, he moves from the reflexive stage of development to the human one, where in the definition general behavior and his lifestyle begins to dominate his intellect.

The theme of the meaning of life and existence was of interest to many Russian writers. They sought to answer the most difficult questions of existence: about the Motherland, about love, about happiness, about the laws of the eternal Universe and God.

For example, A. Blok believed that those who understand what the meaning of life is will comprehend a lot. If a person discovers that the meaning of life is worry, also anxiety, then he will cease to be a simple man in the street.

A. S. Griboyedov also reflects eternal problem the search for the meaning of life, the problem of children and fathers in his numerous works, the most striking of which is “Woe from Wit.” Its main character, A. Chatsky, protests against all the old orders that have long been rooted in society. He actively fights for freedom, new life, patriotism and culture.

Another no less famous writer of the last century, I.S. Turgenev, also touches on eternal question searching for the meaning of life. His famous novel“Fathers and Sons” solves the age-old problem of relationships in a slightly different way. different generations. Using the example of his main character, Turgenev shows that if you build something new without the desire, and do it under pressure, nothing will work out. We must strive for continuity of generations, the value of the culture of our ancestors. Turgenev once again proves in his works that one must live in complete harmony, responsibility and gradualism.

What about A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin?” It also touches on eternal themes. These are themes of love, the meaning of life, relationships, freedom of choice, the role of morality in our lives.

The desire for complete harmony with the world and with oneself distinguishes another famous hero literature of the 19th century - Raskolnikov. This person, in search of such harmony, conducts an experiment on himself. He breaks the law and kills the old woman. What was Raskolnikov looking for? Harmony, freedom, happiness and independence? Aren’t these values ​​the meaning of life for many of us? However, it should be remembered that if you take the wrong path to achieve your goals, the retribution will be too severe.

The heroes of Tolstoy’s epic “War and Peace” are also constantly searching for themselves, harmony, and their own path. For example, Pierre Bezukhov, after overcoming numerous painful mistakes and disappointments, ultimately finds the meaning of his life. He strives for truth, dignity and light. Isn't this the meaning of our existence?

In conclusion, I would like to say that all literature of the 19th century and not only can be called the literature of an active search for the meaning of life, a search for a Hero. Many writers have strived to see in heroes people who are able to serve the Motherland, respect others, bring benefit to the Fatherland with their actions and thoughts and simply be happy, develop, be in harmony with themselves and move forward.

Each of the Russian writers solves the problem of the meaning of life in their own way, but the constant desire to move forward remains unchanged for Russian classics.

Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in novel of the same name A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted person, one of the best people that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty-six years old,

Languishing in idle leisure,

No work, no wife, no business

I didn't know how to do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”

3.Throughout life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and true meaning life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social order and fighting for fair life the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.

1. It seems like Bazarov - positive hero in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. Smart, brave, independent in judgment, advanced man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.

2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.

3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.

1.Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness have a direct bearing on improper upbringing in family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. Positive example: A.Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment.” It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”. In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Live a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate " Carnival masks"high society, mutually complement each other and become necessary for each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies “ God's man”, who has not lost his connection with God in a cruel world with a passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. IN scary world In the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and to God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Bible stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is peace, they live forever;

And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,

But a person contains everything within himself,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11)Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots There were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, the readers, have special sympathies with the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of family that peaceful life take Rostov religiously, will prove historically significant in the course of Patriotic War 1812.

13) Conscience.

1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during common tragedy Conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means decent, fair man endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.

3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are a moral essence decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people of honor and duty usually do, people with developed sense conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from the story by A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter", conditioned by upbringing, manifest themselves in minutes severe tests and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. His role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German languages, spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian languages. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.

2.M.Yu.Lermontov we consider one of the great writers of Russia and progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished high level self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.

15) Officials. Power.

1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called a prosecutor public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to new round management, therefore the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1.I evaluate intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously refused false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In comedy " The Cherry Orchard“A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17)Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew very well foreign languages, studied shorthand and typewriting. Great writer grateful to his mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests, give higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.

2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is humanistic tradition Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:

And the right to a place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Glory to the workers only,

Only for them - a wreath for centuries!

19)Theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness caused by unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!

20)Purity of language.

1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when only maritime terms of foreign words amounted to over three thousand. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th century - beginning of XXI centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate bureaucracy, jargon, and abundance foreign words, which crowd out the beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant that your beloved be different!

21)Nature. Ecology.

1. It is typical for I. Bunin’s poetry careful attitude to nature, he worries about its preservation, about its purity, so his lyrics contain a lot of bright, rich colors love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,

Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...

In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.

2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common Home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago the worst thing happened technological disaster– accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:

You can live without Pushkin

And without Mozart's music too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

Without a doubt, you can live.

Even better, calmer, simpler

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And more carefree, of course,

Just how to meet this deadline?..

23) About our little brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate animal trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When, for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Homeland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland- the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of homeland”:

Woven over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls to people.

Come on people, never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

You should be happy

Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. Lit Eternal flame, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.

26)Theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music, born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1.B satirical comedies“The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. B story of the same name A.P. Chekhov Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with him With such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam - great, brilliant educated person, lived intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,

It would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent to the USSR Writers' Congress open letter calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, and public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works- this is “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

Unfortunately, the universal measure of all values ​​of many people has become Lately money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.

For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .

30)Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of ​​what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.

31) Time problem.

For a long time creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...

32) Theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin,

Because they doubted God,

He punished everyone with love

So that in pain we learn to believe.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:

And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin

It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin we feel complete unity lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:

O Rus', flap your wings,

Put up another support!

With other names

A different steppe is emerging.

36)Theme of war memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years old Great victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of courage and feat Soviet soldier- hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. To the gold fund Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...

The question of the goal and the means to achieve it has worried humanity since ancient times. Many writers, philosophers and public figures reflected on it and gave historical, life and literary arguments to prove their point of view. In the Russian classics, there were also many answers and examples that, as a rule, prove the statement that the paths of achievement must correspond in everything to what needs to be achieved, otherwise it loses all meaning. In this collection we have listed the brightest and illustrative examples from Russian literature for the final essay in the direction of “Goals and Means”.

1. In Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter,” the main character always chose the right path to achieve goals, however, no less noble. Thanks to this, from an unintelligent nobleman, Grinev turns into a sincere officer, ready to sacrifice his life in the name of duty. Having sworn allegiance to the empress, he honestly serves, defending the fortress, and even death at the hands of rebel robbers does not frighten him. Just as honestly, he sought Masha’s favor, and achieved it. The opposite of Pyotr Grinev in the novel - Shvabrin - on the contrary, uses any means to achieve the goal, choosing the most vile of them. Having set out on the path of betrayal, he pursues personal gain, demands reciprocity from Masha, without hesitating to denigrate her in the eyes of Peter. In choosing goals and means, Alexey is driven by spiritual cowardice and self-interest, because he is devoid of ideas about honor and conscience. Mary rejects him for this reason, because a good goal cannot be achieved by deception.
2. What should be the final goal if the means to achieve it are cruelty, deception and human lives? In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" Grigory Pechorin's goals are momentary, encapsulated in the desire for momentary victories, to achieve which he chooses complex and sometimes cruel means. Hidden in his victories is a persistent search life meaning, which the hero is unable to find. In this search, he destroys not only himself, but also everyone who surrounds him - Princess Mary, Bela, Grushnitsky. To revive his own soul, he plays with the feelings of others, unwittingly becoming the cause of their misfortunes. But in a game with own life Grigory is hopelessly losing, losing those few people who were dear to him. “I realized that chasing lost happiness is reckless,” he says, and the goal, to achieve which so much effort and other people’s grief was put into, turns out to be illusory and unattainable.
3. In the comedy A.S. Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit”, the society in which Chatsky is forced to live lives according to market laws, where everything is bought and sold, and a person is valued not by his spiritual qualities, but by the size of his wallet and career success. Nobility and duty are nothing here compared to the importance of rank and title. That is why Alexander Chatsky turns out to be misunderstood and not accepted into a circle where mercantile goals dominate, justifying any means.
   He gets into a fight with Famusovsky society, challenges Molchalin, who resorts to deception and hypocrisy in order to get a high position. Even in love, Alexander turns out to be a loser, because he does not defile the goal with vile means, he refuses to squeeze the breadth and nobility of his heart into the narrow framework of generally accepted and vulgar concepts with which Famusov’s house is replete.
4. A person is valuable by his deeds. But his deeds, even if subordinated to a high goal, do not always turn out to be good. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov decides for himself an important question from a moral point of view: does the end justify the means? Can he, according to his theory, dispose of people's lives at his own discretion?
   The answer lies in the title of the novel: Raskolnikov’s mental anguish, after the atrocity he committed, proves that his calculation was incorrect and his theory was erroneous. A goal based on unjust and inhumane means depreciates itself and becomes a crime for which sooner or later one must be punished.
5. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“The fate of the heroes is swept away by the revolutionary elements. Grigory Melekhov, who sincerely believes in a happy and wonderful communist future, is ready to give his life for the well-being and prosperity of his native land. But in the context of life they are bright revolutionary ideas turn out to be insolvent and dead. Gregory understands that the struggle between whites and reds, seemingly aimed at a “beautiful tomorrow,” in fact represents violence and reprisals against the helpless and dissenters. Brilliant slogans turn out to be deception, and behind the lofty goal hides the cruelty and arbitrariness of the means. The nobility of his soul does not allow him to come to terms with the evil and injustice that he observes around him. Tormented by doubts and contradictions, Gregory tries to find the only the right way, which will allow him to live honestly. He is unable to justify the numerous murders committed in the name of a ghostly idea that he no longer believes in.
6. A. Solzhenitsyn’s novel “The Gulag Archipelago” is a study related to the political history of the USSR, according to Solzhenitsyn - “an experience artistic research", in which the author analyzes the history of the country - a utopia that is building perfect world on the wreckage of human lives, numerous victims and lies disguised as humane goals. The price for the illusion of happiness and peace, in which there is no place for individuality and dissent, turns out to be too high. The problems of the novel are diverse, since they include many questions of a moral nature: is it possible to justify evil in the name of good? What unites victims and their executioners? Who is responsible for mistakes made? Supported by rich biographical and research material, the book leads the reader to the problem of ends and means, convincing him that one does not justify the other.
7. It is human nature to search for happiness as the main meaning of life, its highest goal. For her sake, he is ready to use any means, but does not understand that this is unnecessary. The main character of the story V.M. Shukshin “Boots” - to Sergei Dukhanin - manifestations of tender feelings are not at all easy, because he is not used to unjustified tenderness and is even ashamed of it. But the desire to please someone close to him, the desire for happiness, pushes him to spend a lot. Funds spent on purchase expensive gift, turn out to be an unnecessary sacrifice, because his wife just needed attention. Generosity and the desire to give warmth and care fill the somewhat coarsened but still sensitive soul of the hero with happiness, which, as it turns out, is not so difficult to find.
8. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin's "Two Captains" the problem of ends and means is revealed in the confrontation between two characters - Sanya and Romashka. Each of them is driven by their own goals, each of them decides what is really important to them. In search of solutions, their paths diverge; fate pits them against each other in a duel that determines moral guidelines each, proves the noble strength of one, and the vile baseness of the other. Sanya is driven by honest, sincere aspirations; he is ready to take a difficult but direct path to find out the truth and prove it to others. Chamomile pursues small goals, achieving them no less in small ways: lies, betrayal and hypocrisy. Each of them is experiencing the painful problem of choice, in which it is so easy to lose yourself and those you truly love.
9. A person does not always clearly understand his goal. In the Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky is in search of himself and his place in life. His shaky life guidelines are influenced by fashion, society, and the opinions of friends and relatives. He is delirious about glory and military exploits, dreams of making a career in the service, but not just reaching the rank of high ranks, but to gain eternal glory as a winner and hero. He goes to war, the cruelties and horrors of which instantly showed him all the absurdity and illusory nature of his dreams. He is not ready, like Napoleon, to follow the bones of soldiers to glory. The desire to live and do wonderful life other people set new goals for Bolkonsky. Meeting Natasha instills love in his soul. However, in a moment that requires his perseverance and understanding, he gives in under the weight of circumstances and abandons his love. He is again tormented by doubts about the correctness of his own goals, and only before his death Andrei understands that the best moments of life, its great gifts are contained in love, forgiveness and compassion.
10. Character makes a person. He defines it life goals and landmarks. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev’s problem of the goal and the means to achieve it is considered by the author as one of the most important, forming the young reader’s concepts of honor, duty, and truth. “The end justifies the means” is a formula unacceptable to the author. On the contrary, every person should have a goal in life, but no less important are the methods that he uses to achieve what he wants. To be happy and in harmony with own conscience, it is necessary to make a choice in favor of spiritual values, giving preference good deeds and wonderful thoughts.

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