Astafiev is a sad detective, an honest man and an example. "Cruel" realism B

His father, brother Volodya, sister Lyubochka and governess Mimi with their daughter Katenka leave Petrovsky’s estate for Moscow. Tolstoy describes them long way in a britzka and a carriage, from one inn to another.

Chapter II. On the way, the Irtenyev family is caught by heavy thunderstorm, which arouses both horror and happiness in Nikolenka’s soul.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Photo 1897

Chapter III. During a conversation with Katenka on the road, Nikolenka suddenly finds out that she is not too happy about moving to Moscow. The girl fears that she and her mother, poor people, will not get along and get along with the Irtenievs’ rich grandmother. A conversation with Katenka gives Nikolenka A New Look for the difference in social status people that he never thought about as a child.

Chapter IV. The Irtenyevs settle with their grandmother in Moscow. The whole family inevitably behaves more strictly and ceremoniously here than in the village.

Chapter V Nikolenka increasingly notices that his older brother Volodya is behaving more and more like an adult. An invisible line that did not exist in childhood is formed between the two of them. Nikolenka even begins to quarrel with her brother, suspecting that he is looking down on him, but these quarrels quickly end in reconciliation.

Lev Tolstoy. Adolescence. Audiobook

Chapter VI. Having matured himself, Nikolenka for the first time draws attention to the fact that their beautiful maid Masha is not only a servant, but also woman. I am not indifferent to Masha and Volodya. Hiding under the stairs, Nikolenka witnesses Volodya pestering Masha on the landing.

Chapter VII. Governess Mimi finds rifle shot from Nikolenka and Volodya. Thinking it is explosive gunpowder, she complains about the boys to their father and grandmother. The grandmother asks the father to fire the incapable German teacher Karl Ivanovich and replace him with a young, educated Frenchman.

Chapter VIII. Upset by his dismissal, Karl Ivanovich tells Nikolenka the story of his life - it is unknown how true and how fantastic. He claims that his almost penniless mother gave birth to him from Count von Zomerblatt, who then married her to one of his poor tenants. The stepfather did not like Karl, giving all his care to his own son, Johann. Karl felt like a stranger in own family. When the conscription into the army was announced on the occasion of the Napoleonic Wars, the lot fell to Johann to go into service. But no one needs it home Karl himself volunteered to replace him.

Chapter IX. Karl Ivanovich assures that he took part in famous battles near Ulm, Austerlitz and Wagram. At Wagram he was captured, but one compassionate French sergeant helped him escape. On the way to Frankfurt, Karl met the owner of a rope factory and liked him. The manufacturer settled him and gave him a job. But the owner’s wife began making love proposals to Karl. Not wanting to do harm to his benefactor, he fled from his house.

Chapter X Karl came to hometown and found out that his mother and stepfather now ran a liquor store. His parents did not recognize him when he entered their tavern and ordered a glass of liqueur. Karl told him who he was, and his mother fell unconscious into his arms. But his happiness is parental home it turned out to be short-lived. A government spy overheard his free speeches about Napoleon's policies in a coffee shop and came to arrest him in the evening. Karl Ivanovich tore his sword from the wall, hit the spy, jumped out the window and fled to the location of the Russian troops, where General Sazin sheltered him. Together with him, he later came to Russia and began teaching noble children there.

Chapter XI. The new tutor, the strict Frenchman St.-Jérôme, reprimands Nikolenka for her poor studies with history teacher Lebedev and threatens to punish him if he gets a bad grade again. However, Nikolenka does not teach a new lesson. An angry Lebedev gives him not even a two, but a one.

Chapter XII. On this day Lyubochka's name day is celebrated. The father, who forgot a gift in the office - a bonbonniere, sends Nikolenka with a bunch of keys to get it. Having unlocked the box with the bonbonniere in the office, the boy, out of curiosity, opens his father’s briefcase with documents with a small key. However, when you try to close it, the key breaks and remains in the briefcase lock. Nikolenka is in despair because this new offense has been added to her history unit.

Chapter XIII. Children and relatives come to the Irtenyevs for lunch. After lunch, the teenagers start a game in which the young “ladies” choose their “gentlemen.” Almost none of the girls want to choose the ugly Nikolenka. His long-time love, Sonechka (see chapters XX-XXIV “Childhood”), gives preference to Seryozha Ivin (see. Chapter XIX"Childhood") Nikolenka notices how they kiss furtively - and is indignant at traitor Sonechka.

Chapter XIV. St.-Jérôme approaches Nikolenka, who is deeply annoyed. As punishment for a unit in history, he requires him to leave general game and go to your room to do your homework. Angrily, Nikolenka refuses to leave and sticks her tongue out at the tutor. St.-Jérôme threatens him with rods. No longer able to control herself, Nikolenka hits the Frenchman with all her might. He squeezes his hands like a vice, drags him down, locks him in the closet and orders Uncle Vasily to bring the rod.

Chapter XV. Locked in the closet, Nikolenka falls into a frenzied half-oblivion. It seems to him that those around him deliberately conspired to torment him - because he is probably not the real son of his parents, but a foundling taken out of mercy. He dreams of disgracing his enemies with heroic deeds in war and then begging the Emperor to allow him to kill St.-Jérôme. Nikolenka imagines how he will die in the closet in the morning, and his relatives will regret that they brought him to death...

Chapter XVI. Nikolenka is not allowed out of the closet all day, although punishment with canings is what follows. The next day St.-Jérôme opens the closet door and takes the boy to his grandmother. She reproaches him for his impudent behavior, demands to apologize to the tutor, but seeing the uncontrollable and sincere despair of her grandson, she begins to cry. Nikolenka is released. On the stairs, his father grabs him and sternly asks how he dared to open a briefcase with documents without asking. Nikolenka's sobs turn into convulsions. They take him to bed and he falls asleep until evening.

Chapter XVII. Having woken up, Nikolenka burns with fierce hatred for the frivolous and arrogant St.-Jérôme, who is so different from the former good-natured and simple teacher Karl Ivanovich.

Chapter XVIII. Meanwhile, the maid Masha falls madly in love with the footman Vasily. However, their marriage is opposed by their uncle, Nikolai, who considers Vasily “a man incongruous and unbridled" Out of grief, Vasily drinks from time to time, and these manifestations of melancholy further strengthen Masha’s love for him. Sad Vasily goes to sit with Masha in the maid's room, but another maid, Gasha, drives him out of there. Feeling sorry for the unhappy lovers, Nikolenka dreams of growing up quickly and becoming the owner of the estate: then he will allow his serfs Masha and Vasily to have a wedding and give them a thousand rubles.

Chapter XIX. Moving from childhood in adolescence, Nikolenka begins to show a penchant for philosophical reflections about the meaning of life, about the essence of happiness, about whether objects of the world exist beyond our imagination. He considers himself the discoverer of many long-known thoughts about morality and existence, but in the end he gets confused in his polysyllabic reasoning.

Chapter XX. Nikolenka’s older brother, Volodya, diligently studies with teachers and soon passes successfully. entrance examination to university. The line that separates the almost adult Volodya from Nikolenka now becomes even more noticeable. Volodya is visited by smart comrades with whom he has serious conversations. Between him and Katenka, in addition to childhood friendship, some other, mysterious relationship appears.

Chapter XXI. Katenka and Lyubochka are no longer girls, but girls. Both of them change a lot - externally and internally. At the same time, the difference in their characters becomes more pronounced. Lyubochka is simple and natural in everything, while Katenka is prone to ceremony, affectation and coquetry.

Chapter XXII. With the transition from childhood to adolescence, Nikolenka’s view of her father also changes. The former unconditional admiration for him disappears. Nikolenka begins to notice that her father has many weaknesses and shortcomings.

Chapter XXIII. The grandmother becomes seriously ill and soon dies, leaving the entire estate in her will to Lyubochka and entrusting guardianship until her marriage not to the player-father, but to Prince Ivan Ivanovich.

Chapter XXIV. Nikolenka is preparing to enter university. Science comes easy to him. Nikolenka is also encouraged by her father’s words that he has smart face. The maid Masha is finally allowed to marry Vasily, and they get married.

Chapter XXV. Of all his friends, Volodya is most often visited by Adjutant Dubkov and Prince Nekhlyudov. The first is a limited person, but cheerful and self-confident. Nekhlyudov, on the contrary, is silent and bashful. Nikolenka likes his thoughtfulness. He would like to get closer to Nekhlyudov, but at first he does not pay much attention to him.

Chapter XXVI. Nekhlyudov and Dubkov pick up Volodya to go to the theater with him. But they only have two tickets for the three of them. Nekhlyudov gives Volodya his ticket, and he remains with Nikolenka and starts a conversation with him about pride and other qualities human soul. Nikolenka’s reasoning seems very intelligent to Nekhlyudov. Both of them feel a lot in common in their characters.

Chapter XXVII. Nekhlyudov and Nikolenka become friends. In order to eliminate any shadow of lack of frankness among themselves, they even decide to confess to each other the most disgusting thoughts that come to each of their heads. Nikolenka feels a certain superiority of Nekhlyudov over herself, but is still very happy to be friends with him.

© Author of the summary – Russian Historical Library. Read also Tolstoy’s article “Childhood” - a summary of the chapters. For links to materials about other works of L.N. Tolstoy, see below, in the block “More on the topic...”

The story “Adolescence” by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy became the second book in the author’s pseudo-autobiographical series.

It was printed in 1854. It describes the moments occurring in the life of an ordinary teenager of that time: betrayal and change of values, first love experiences, and so on. So, Leo Tolstoy, “Adolescence”: a summary of the work.

Changes in Nikolenka’s soul after moving to Moscow

As soon as Nikolenka arrived in Moscow, he felt that not only the world around him had changed, but he himself had changed too. Neither the tears of his grandmother, grieving after the death of her daughter, nor the bitterness of his older brother Volodya pass by him. Nikolenka is jealous of him external beauty, trying to convince yourself that appearance has no effect on personal happiness. Our hero quarrels with his brother, but finds the strength to forgive him. Nikolenka hides all her thoughts deep in her soul. He believes that he is doomed to loneliness. This is how Leo Tolstoy described the main character. “Adolescence,” a brief summary of which is given in this article, reflects not only part of the events that once took place in the life of the young author, but also his thoughts and thoughts.

Parting with grandfather Karl Ivanovich

One day the brothers found lead shot and had the imprudence to play with it. Their grandmother immediately became aware of this.

She, in turn, accused Volodya and Nikolenka’s grandfather Karl Ivanovich of negligence. The result of a quarrel between the adults was their decision to take a tutor into the house to raise the boys. Nikolenka was very worried about the fact that now he would have to see his grandfather very rarely. Despite the fact that Karl Ivanovich’s character was not easy, he loved his children and grandchildren in his own way and tried to teach them about life. In the 19th century, Tolstoy wrote his story (“Adolescence”). Its brief content is unlikely to convey the fullness of the sensations and experiences of a growing boy. Times change, and we can easily recognize our own thoughts in these views of a teenager of that time.

Nikolenka’s experiences and bitterness

After a French tutor appeared in the house, everything changed. Nikolenka’s relationship with him did not work out. Sometimes he himself did not understand why this man aroused so much aggression and bitterness in him. Once he even hit the tutor. When Volodya tries to find out from him what happened to him, Nikolenka replies that everyone instantly became disgusting to him. The next escapade of the young lad is an attempt to break into his father’s briefcase. At the same time, he breaks the key, and everyone immediately knows about it. They threaten Nikolenka with rods and lock him in a dark closet. Our hero experiences convulsions. He is laid on the bed and given the opportunity to get a good night's sleep. After sleep, Nikolenka gets up healthy. The author Tolstoy described the main character very vividly. “Adolescence”, a brief summary of which allows us to trace the chain of events that led to the emergence of this incomprehensible disease, does not lose its relevance today.

The influence of Nekhlyudov’s friend on the views of young Nikolenka

Soon Volodya enters the university. Nikolenka is sincerely happy about this. He has several months left before entering this institution. Our hero studies diligently and is preparing to pass exams for the Faculty of Mathematics. He makes friends: student Nekhlyudov and adjutant Dubkov. Nikolenka talks with Nekhlyudov more and more often.

He is close to his views aimed at creating a new society. From now on, our hero believes that the correction of humanity is his calling. From this moment, as it seems to him, his new beginning begins. life stage. Tolstoy's "Adolescence", a brief summary of which we are considering, is a reflection of the thoughts and aspirations of the youth of those years. Here you can see how a growing person changes dramatically. Reading this work, you come to the idea that each era affects people in its own way.

In the century before last, Leo Tolstoy wrote “Adolescence”. Summary works given in this article. In the main character, perhaps many will recognize themselves in their youth. Therefore, I recommend reading the work in the original.

V. P. Astafiev - this is truly great writer second half of the 20th century. In his works he puts the most difficult questions that go beyond everyday life. Astafiev’s special merit is that in his works he depicts real life, the kind to which we are all accustomed. But it is against the backdrop of this everyday life that the most important philosophical questions, concerning the meaning of life, seem especially relevant.

The story " Sad detective"was written in the mid-eighties/Each era has its own flavor. If we talk about the eighties, then people’s lives were at first glance simple and uncomplicated; on the other hand, the problem of the loss of moral values became especially acute.

The Soviet state “educated” its citizens in a very unique way. At the beginning of the 20th century, after civil war and the revolution, the country was going through a difficult time. Everything a person lived with lost its meaning. People had to not live, but literally survive, maintain their existence and try to take care of their children. The atmosphere of hunger, war, and devastation was taking its toll. People inevitably became bitter, such universal human values as kindness, nobility, attention to one’s neighbor, interest in one’s own inner world and the inner world of their children faded into the background. The need to get a piece of bread and somehow feed themselves and their children came to the fore. This is all the cruel reality of the era. One person could not do anything about it, so the Personality faded into the background, the person turned into a particle of the crowd, insignificant and unimportant.

In the 30s, during the terrible period of repression, universal human values were also not held in high esteem in the Soviet state. People were deprived of spiritual support, children grew up in an atmosphere of cruelty and indifference. Of course, we cannot say that kindness, love, and tenderness have completely disappeared. They simply began to seem like something unnecessary, they were ashamed of manifestations of such feelings, and tried in every possible way to hide them. In addition, the country’s ideology insisted that the main thing was to work for the good of the Motherland; it was forbidden to think about oneself; it was considered almost a crime.

In the 40s, the country had to endure a difficult ordeal - the Great Patriotic War when a person's life was worth absolutely nothing. After the war for a long time the country was rising from ruins. There were, of course, issues of universal human values, kindness, nobility, and decency. But again, they were understood in a very unique way. It was believed that honest man- this is someone who devotes himself entirely to work and production. This is exactly how almost everyone lived. People huddled in tiny rooms in communal apartments and dormitories; it was considered unacceptable to think about their personal comfort and coziness. The children were raised in a similar way.

However, a person is designed in such a way that sooner or later he begins to analyze everything he sees around him. The country little by little eliminated the consequences of the war; material well-being already in the 60s and 70s began to be perceived as the norm, and not as a pathology. The advent of the 80s marked the beginning new era, when Soviet people practically did not remember terrible years war, famine, devastation. A new generation has grown up, whose childhood and youth were spent in conditions of a calm, peaceful life.

It would seem that all people can do is live and rejoice. However, this was not the case. Astafiev shows in the story “The Sad Detective” the deepest moral degradation. People are surprised and hostile. Maybe it will seem to someone that the writer is deliberately exaggerating, because life cannot be so hopeless. However, Astafiev does not sugarcoat anything. He simply states a fact, depicts the life of a small provincial town, of which there were more than enough in the Soviet Union.

In the 80s, the connection between city and countryside began to be lost. The villagers dreamed of moving to the city. Life in the city, from the point of view of a person from the village, seemed simple and easy. After all, a city dweller does not need to take care of the household, and this is sometimes not easy. In addition, in those years people began to follow fashion in their own way. There is already a desire to decorate their homes, buy new furniture, and buy imported clothes. It is no coincidence that Astafiev repeatedly draws attention either to the sheepskin coat of the impudent man who attacked Leonid Soshnin at the entrance, or to the jeans, which were perceived as a symbol of special well-being. If you look at it from the position modern man living in early XIX centuries, the desire of people to improve their lives seems quite normal. However, in Astafiev’s story, the desire to make life more comfortable comes at the expense of spiritual development. People are losing moral guidelines, it is difficult for them to understand what is good and what is bad.

For example, the wife of the main character Leonid Soshnin, Lera, is just an example modern woman 80s She dresses fashionably and considers herself cultured and educated. But she can do absolutely nothing around the house; the simplest, most necessary tasks, including caring for her own child, are too much work for her. And this, despite the fact that she grew up in the village, her parents are simple village people. At first glance, indifference to housekeeping may not seem like a big drawback. But if we take a closer look at Lera, we don’t notice any outstanding spiritual qualities: kindness, tenderness, care and attention towards loved ones. Because of the slightest disagreement, she leaves her husband and goes with the child to a dormitory, official, uncomfortable. But she considers her behavior completely normal, regardless of the fact that she leaves her own daughter without a father. What is this if not selfishness and indifference?

Other people in Astafiev’s story also appear indifferent and selfish, this applies even to completely normal ordinary people. Crimes are committed next to them, and they take the position of observers. Main character Leonid Soshnin's story reminds us of Don Quixote, fighting windmills. The writer shows us everything that is happening in small town: murders, rapes, crimes - through the prism of Leonid’s perception. What can a simple policeman do? Just fulfill your duties honestly. That's exactly what he does. It is noteworthy that all crimes are committed by ordinary, “normal”, from the point of view of ordinary people. They were born and raised in a normal environment, their psyche was not subjected to any monstrous tests. What is the cause of moral degradation? The writer poses this question with all severity. And we sadly note that the very atmosphere of hypocrisy, hypocrisy and indifference gives rise to dangerous and cruel monsters.

“Astafiev laid out such bleeding features, pieces, laid them out with such mercilessness that the involuntary reaction is to turn away, forget, not know. You can't, you need a shock. You can't wake up without it"

Mikhail Dudin.

Literature always reacts vividly to changes in society. In the seventies, V. Shukshin, when we were embarrassed by such words as decency, conscience, kindness, said: “Morality is truth.” It took another ten years for such books as “White Clothes” by Dudintsev, “The Sad Detective” by Astafiev, and “Fire” by Rasputin to appear.

Writers tell the bitter truth to millions of people. How to live further? Which people to go with? With people like Soshnin, or against? Now a person is determined by his will and desire to be openly with those who go into the open, fight, get into trouble, but remain human.

“Date of creation of “The Sad Detective”: 1983 - 1985. This novel is different from all others. The publishers who knew about him were in a hurry. “Let's go straight ahead,” they said. And so it happened, the novel was published quickly - in three weeks. And yet, it was in vain that I gave away the novel so quickly. I should have stuck with this book for another year. Cool down. But the circumstances of life and life itself demanded that I quickly submit this work to the readers.

The detective turned out to be tough and dense. In some places I acted directly, informationally, hoping for a well-prepared reader. Why does he need information that the sun was rising, the sunset was shining, the birds were singing, the leaves were moving? All this is so well written in our literature. And the spirit of the thing did not require this.

Reviews are different. Some readers, their minority, are furious and irritated. Others write: “What, did you find the book scary? But these are flowers. Now I’ll tell you about the berries.” Judging by the reviews, the novel hit the top ten.”

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Petrenko V.M. Russian teacher

Language and literature MBOU Secondary school No. 1

Azovskaya station, Seversky district

LESSON ON A NOVEL

V. P. Astafieva “Sad Detective”

Design: portrait of V.P. Astafieva; two statements about the novel:

“In the novel, all life is dirt, everything is painted with black paints”

From a reader's letter

Mikhail Dudin.

Students are given questions for the lesson in advance:

Who is L. Soshnin - a fighter for truth or an eternal loser?
Evil has many faces. Show with an example.
How is the theme of childhood and motherhood revealed in the novel? With what characters

Is she tied up?

Is Soshnin an optimist? Are you lonely?
Whose assessment of the novel is closer to you – a reader’s letter or M. Dudin’s statement?

Why?

First student:

Second student:

What is the truth? Astafiev said: “Truth is the most natural state of a person, you cannot shout it out, moan it, or cry it out, although in any cry, in any moan, song, cry, it groans, cries, laughs, dies and is born, and even when you habitually lie yourself or others - this is also true, and the most terrible murderer, thief, stupid boss, cunning and treacherous commander - all this is true, sometimes inconvenient, disgusting. And when the great priest cried out with a groan: “There is no truth on earth. But there is no truth and there is no higher,” he did not pretend, he spoke about the highest justice, about the truth that people comprehend in agony and, in an attempt to reach its heights, fall down, die, break their personal destinies, but, like climbers, climb and climbing up a steep cliff. There is a comprehension of the truth highest goal human life."

First student (quotes from an old interview with V. Astafiev):

“Did my last things seem angry and bilious to you? No, I've never been evil. Even at the worst time of my life. But I can’t be kind anymore. I'm tired of writing about flowers, I'm tired of singing about birds. It was so sung that there was no corncrake, no lark, no quail. Everyone was poisoned. The crows and magpies remained."

Second student:

Teacher (introduction)):

“Leonid Soshnin returned home in the worst mood. And although it was a long walk, almost to the outskirts of the city, to the railway village, he did not get on the bus - even if his wounded leg ached, but walking would calm him down and he would think about everything and decide - what he was told at the publishing house, he would think about and decide how Should he move on with his life and what should he do?

Question: So who is L. Soshnin - a fighter for truth or an eternal loser? (You could say it’s both. After all, his wife left him, he was shot twice.

But he's a fighter. Even after his first visit to the publishing house, after a conversation with Madame Syrovasova, he leaves with faith: “To hell with her! Well, you fool! Well, they’ll remove it someday!”

Question: The book explores the theme of evil. But evil has many faces. There is the obvious and there is the hidden. This applies to the so-called cautious people. Show examples. (Soshnin's mother-in-law, F. Lebeda, his wife Tamarka, Dobchinsky and Bobchinsky).

First student:

Back in 1974. When the book “The Tsar is a Fish” was published, Astafiev expressed his attitude towards children. Here it is: “Children. But one day they will be left alone, with themselves. And with this most beautiful and formidable world, neither I nor anyone else will be able to warm and protect them. We often say: children are happiness, children are joy, children are light. But children are also our torment. Our eternal anxiety. Children are our judgment on the world, our mirror in which conscience, intelligence, honesty - everything is visible. Children can shut us down, but we never do. And one more thing: no matter what they are - big, smart, strong - they always need our protection. And what do you think: soon to die, who will accept them? Who will understand? Forgive? Oh, if only it were possible to leave children with a calm heart, in a calm world.”

Question: Which characters are related to the theme of childhood? (Aunt Granya, Aunt Liina, Tutyshikha, Yulka’s mother.)

“The mother was often sick, she could not give birth, and with the help of childbirth she hoped to get healthier and became so healthy that she began to go to resorts every year with her husband and without her husband, and one day she did not return.” (Student's speech.)

First student:

“Nature has given us the instinct to attract people. Family. And at the end of the novel, Astafiev emphasizes this idea: HUSBAND and WIFE.

“It is from parents that people with their own lives and characters are passed on to each other, and in a family they will have to go together to the grave. The soul rests only when the character rests, and where, if not at home, can the whole person, who breaks himself in various services and jobs, rest?

And Soshnin quietly gets up, goes to the table - in front of him is a sheet of blank paper.”

Question: Is Soshnin an optimist? Are you lonely? (From the first pages of the book to the final pages of the novel, we see that Soshnin is an optimist and that his friends are with him - Lavrya - a Cossack, Uncle Pasha and his wife Lerka, who inherited from her father the trait of reliability - not to abandon a person in difficult times).

Leonid Soshnin’s soul is heavy. But we must live, despite the “painful” days.

“Achilles’ Heart” by Leonid Soshnin... Very vulnerable, sick, sometimes desperate, but fighting.)

So what is happening to us?

“He understood that, among other incomprehensible things and phenomena, he would have to comprehend an inaccessible thing, not yet fully understood and explained by anyone, the so-called Russian character, the Russian soul. And first of all, you will have to prove it to yourself and find out on white paper, and everything is visible on it, to expose yourself to your skin, to your secret unsightly places.

Maybe he will eventually explain, at least to himself, why Russian people are eternally compassionate towards prisoners and are often indifferent to themselves, their neighbor - a disabled person from work or war? We are ready to give the last piece to a convict and bloodletter, to take away a malicious hooligan from the police and to hate our co-tenant for forgetting to turn off the light in the toilet. A criminal lives freely, cheerfully, comfortably among such compassionate people, and he has lived like this in Russia for a long time.”

This is how Soshnin is constantly tormented by heavy thoughts. When did we allow evil to break through? Where does this come from in us?