History of creation last bow. The theme of orphanhood in Astafiev’s prose “last bow”

Moral lessons of the story by V.P. Astafieva “Last bow”

Material for literature lesson in 11th grade

Mochalina S.L. Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 162", Omsk

Reference

V.P. Astafiev (1924-2001) – prose writer. Born in the village of Ovsyanka Krasnoyarsk Territory in a peasant family. From the age of seven, Victor was raised by his maternal grandparents: his father went to prison, and his mother drowned in the river. In the spring of 1942, he volunteered to go to the front and remained a private until the end of the Great Patriotic War. Participated in battles on Kursk Bulge, liberated Ukraine from the Nazis, in 1944 he was seriously wounded in Poland. He was awarded the Order of the Red Star and the medal “For Courage”.

After the war, he moved to the hometown of his wife Chusova. He worked as a mechanic, an auxiliary worker, a station attendant, and a storekeeper. At the same time, he attended a literary circle at the Chusovskoy Rabochiy newspaper, where his first story, “A Civil Man,” was published in 1951. In 1958 he was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR.

Author of numerous works: “The Snow is Melting”, “Theft”, “The Fish Tsar”, “Zatesi”, “Cursed and Killed”, “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess”, “Sad Detective”, “The Cheerful Soldier”. In 1989 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1991 - laureate State Prize USSR, State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1995.

V. Astafiev worked for twenty years on his autobiographical book “The Last Bow” (1958-19778). It all consists of separate, different time written stories, the hero of which is himself, Vitya Potylitsyn (Astafiev changes his last name to his grandmother’s). Written in the first person, the story turns into an honest and impartial story about a difficult, hungry, but so beautiful village childhood, about the difficult development of a young, inexperienced soul, about the people who helped this formation, raising in the boy truthfulness, hard work, and love for his native land. This book is truly a bow to distant and memorable years childhood, youth, gratitude to the most different people with whom I brought Vitya together harsh life: strong and weak, kind and evil, cheerful and gloomy, sincere and indifferent, honest and roguish... A whole string of destinies and characters will pass before the reader’s eyes, and all of them are memorable, bright, even if they are unfulfilled, broken destinies. You are amazed at how trembling keeps the author's memory with details dear to his heart village life, pictures of Siberian nature. All this together: time, people, nature - creates the image of the homeland. The theme of the homeland unites all the stories in Astafiev’s story.

Of course, with the modern dislike of young people for reading serious literature, with the horrific limitation of teaching hours on this vital subject, I can advise my colleagues to dwell only on some of the stories in V.P. Astafiev’s profound book, but to analyze them in detail, so that even from such a short , alas, the guys learned from a truncated acquaintance with the prose of the classic, simple, but important for a thinking person moral lessons.

Let's start from the very beginning famous story "Horse with pink mane»

Why does Astafiev begin his book from childhood? The author believed that everything in a person is laid down from him, from there the whole essence of his nature, its fundamental principle. The story takes us back to the childhood of the main character, the orphan boy Vitya Potylitsyn, who was raised by his grandmother Katerina Petrovna and grandfather Ilya Efgrafovich, tireless village workers.

Vitya is not like the other village kids. How do his memories of the treasured gingerbread horse characterize him? It's delicious for everyone and that's it. For Vitya, he is alive, a real miracle. The boy even feels the horse kick him in the stomach under his shirt with its hooves. Of course, Vitya lives a poor and difficult life, gingerbread is the limit of his cherished childhood desires, but the child’s fantasies speak of his developed artistic imagination.

What is the life of the Levontev family like in the story?

Various people lived in Siberian villages in the 20-30s. There were a lot of selfless, honest workers, but there were also a lot of lazy, self-sufficient people waiting for someone to earn their piece of bread for them. Astafiev doesn’t sugarcoat anything. Such people include the former sea “wanderer” Levontius, who justifies his mismanagement with his love of freedom. The house of Levontius and his wife does not make a blissful impression: everything bears the stamp of unkemptness and ruin. A poor life breeds anger, rudeness, and drunkenness. Quarrels and drunken brawls have become the norm here. The ever-hungry Levontiev boys are left to their own devices, loitering around and causing mischief. Adults are not accustomed to work - children also grow up as idle people.

How does Vita see their life?

Vitya is a child and does not notice the vile aspects of adult life. For him, Uncle Levontius - unusual person, which can turn boring everyday life into a wonderful holiday. This happened on paydays, when Levontiy bought sweets and gingerbread with all his money and piled them on the table to the delight of the hungry children. The usual end of a family “holiday” is screams, a fight and destruction of the house, from which Levontia’s children and wife run away in all directions. Vitya cannot yet comprehend the horror of this semi-wild, thoughtless life in one day, but she is deeply condemned by her strict grandmother, nicknamed “the general” in the village.

Grandmother Katerina Petrovna sends Vitya to the ridge to buy strawberries. For Vitya, this is an important task: you can sell strawberries in the city and buy wonderful gingerbread. For the Levontievskys it means loitering.

How does the Levontiev “horde” behave on the road to the ridge?

Children quarrel, yell, fight, throw dishes at each other. They dropped into someone else’s garden, picked an onion, chewed it, threw it away - not accustomed to anything, they don’t respect anyone’s work...

How does picking berries characterize children?

The Levontievskys are not familiar with honesty and hard work; they are cunning, frivolous, and irresponsible. Vitya, on the other hand, is taught by his grandmother to be truthful and responsible, for which he becomes the object of evil ridicule from Levontius’s eldest son, Sanka. Why does honest Vitya agree to shake out the berries he has collected from the thuyaska and eat them?

Of course, we understand that the boy falls under bad influence impudent Sanki and does not find the strength to resist him. But was it so easy to fill the tuyasok with grass? Although Vitya swaggers around, there is a struggle going on in his soul. It is not easy for him to give up what his grandmother taught. Sanka doesn’t care, but Vitya is afraid of meeting Katerina Petrovna, who has left for the city. He cannot sleep: he is tormented by remorse, the boy feels sorry for his grandmother. He himself did not expect that he would so easily find himself in the world of deception and selfishness in which his friend calmly resides.

Vitya's lies are exposed. Why did the grandmother still buy her grandson a gingerbread horse?

It was a small lesson that the boy remembered.

Grandmother is wise and understands that Vitya was faint-hearted, but everyone has the right to make a mistake. Katerina Petrovna believes that her grandson will improve.

The story "Pestrukha"

Will the guys be able to express their impressions of this poignant chapter of “The Last Bow”? After all, they, city children, do not know the birth of a calf from a cow, her milking, sunrises over a quiet village river. General impression one thing: as if we had been there, heard the sounds of the village, felt the smells, enjoyed the colors. The guys must understand that this is the power of real literature.

What a story? About the cow Pestrukha, who honestly gave all of herself to people. Is it possible to say that about a cow? It is possible if you know what a cow is in a large peasant family.

You understand this already from the first scenes of Astafiev’s story. Why don’t Katerina Petrovna and Ilya Efgrafovich sleep all night? Pestrukha is about to calve, and the old people are worried about her. If a cow dies, the whole family is doomed to hunger and lack of food. From her milk “it will be possible to extract butter, infuse sour cream, make curdled milk, cottage cheese, frozen mugs of milk with a splinter in a cream-filled center, sell it to city people in Krasnoyarsk for money raised at the market, buy material for shirts and pants, scarves, shawls , pencils and notebooks, gingerbread horse..."

The cow is the basis of the well-being of a peasant family; the entire cycle of the village economy begins from it and is cemented by it. That is why there is such a reverent, almost loving attitude towards her in the house.

What other episodes illustrate this? Remember what they call a cow? “Mother”, “nurse”, “dear”, “golden”, “daughter”, as if equating her with himself in family blood ties. When Pestrukha became very ill after eating a wasp’s nest with grass, the grandmother prayed for her in front of the iconostasis, knowing full well that in hard times one can rely on God and a cow, and certainly not on the village “party members.”

After the birth of the heifer, the grandfather and grandmother take the children to visit the cow and admire her “child”, stroke her, feel sorry for her, calm her down - human relationships are transferred to the animal. In describing the chick, the author deliberately uses metaphors, expressively colored words to convey feelings of love and pity for the animal: “red head”, “legs with light, like toy hooves”, a flower blossomed on the forehead. Even the restless Levontievskys became quiet, admiring the cow’s daughter. Thus, from an early age, children were instilled with a compassionate attitude towards living things, and moral priorities were unobtrusively set. They were never allowed into the place where the animal was slaughtered for meat, they were protected from the sight of blood and torture.

And with what warmth the author describes the time of the village evening! It is also associated with the cow. A blissful silence fell everywhere: the housewives were milking the cows that had returned from the herd. The milk clanked on the milk pans, and hungry children stood nearby, waiting for their mug. Grandma was filled with such importance as she milked Pestrukha! Under her skillful hands it turned into some kind of sacred rite.

But in a calm, harmonious way village world the tragic social upheavals of the 20s and 30s forcefully invade. Simple peasant life got feverish. How is this reflected in the story?

The Ovsyansky men are “in disarray”: either sitting at meetings, or drinking at the mill. Some of them did not return to the city after being summoned, but ended up in prison. Moloch Stalin's repressions affected a distant Siberian village, and this is only the beginning of a brazen, rabid reprisal against the peasantry. Collectivization begins, cattle are socialized by force. The meat of Grandma’s beloved Pestrukha will be used to cook cabbage soup and fry cutlets for the free school canteen...

The village girls do not milk the socialized cows; this is fraught with disease. At home, their parents would “give them a bonus” for this, but on a collective farm the cow is not their own and the milk in it is someone else’s. Then why save it?

Now the reason for the “rebellion” of Ilya’s grandfather becomes clear. Let's analyze this episode in class. The always hardworking and diligent grandfather began to think and one day he really rebelled: he got drunk with Levontius and did not go to open the gate for the cows returning from the herd. They mooed indignantly and pitifully, and the young Pestrukha kicked up and ran into the forest. Only an accident saved her from a bear attack. Grandmother Katerina, who returns from her neighbors, rushes crying to find the cow.

Let's ask the guys: how can you explain such an act of your grandfather?

He feels sorry for giving his cows to the collective farm, into the indifferent hands of others. This is a protest not against cows, but against those who break centuries-old traditions peasant way of life life: teaches you not to grow crops, raise livestock, care for the land, and be a smart owner of it. It is significant that in this scene the always flexible and hardworking grandfather is likened to the village loafer Levontius.

What, according to Astafiev, reconciles a person with such a difficult life of confusion?

This, of course, is nature, to which Vitya is so attentive and sensitive. She takes the edge off social contradictions and not only in this story. Alone with her, the boy calms down, harmony reigns in his soul: “... never, never again have I been so close to heaven, to God, as then, in those moments of contact between the two bright halves of the day, and no secret has instilled in me such a stable reassurance." This is another important moral lesson of the story.

The story "Chipmunk on the Cross"

In it we see the main character as a teenager. His life is not easy when his father, returning from prison, decides to take Vitya away from his grandmother.

Historical events interfere with human destinies and relationships. There is no longer any authorial irony in this story; Astafyev writes with heartache about how a large and hardworking peasant family was destroyed.

The new government, the changes that made life worse for workers and better for lazy people, and severe trials did not spare Vita’s family. Let the guys talk about the fate of his paternal grandfather.

In any private story you need to see the scale.

Vitin's great-grandfather Yakov Maksimovich and grandfather Pavel Yakovlevich kept a mill in Ovsyanki. The village greed spread a rumor that they were hiding gold in the logs of their larch house. My grandfather and great-grandfather were immediately dispossessed of kulaks and exiled to the north, to Igarka, where the great-grandfather, maddened by grief, died. The good-quality house was torn apart and destroyed, but no gold was found.

Vita’s father Pyotr Pavlovich asked the village council to give him at least the kitchen from his house. This was refused; it was decided to rebuild the house and hand it over to collective farm management.

The mill was also taken away, and there was no place to grind grain. It was steamed in pots, and the children's stomachs hurt.

Let us ask you to evaluate all these “transformations” of the new Soviet village and explain the author’s attitude towards them.

Bitterness, mockery, denunciation - this is his attitude towards what is happening in his native village. All this is hidden behind such a seemingly impartial and dry manner of narration. Back then, as an immature teenager, he understood little. Students, of course, will say that everything that happened can hardly even be called mismanagement. In front of everyone, all human rights are being violated, the ground is being cut out from under the feet of zealous owners, their lives are worth nothing. Those who came to power were bawlers and quitters who only know how to shout speeches at meetings, beat themselves in the chest with their fists and decide other people's destinies with one stroke of a pen. This is how my grandmother’s daughter-in-law, Aunt Tatyana, is shown. While the semi-literate collective farm activist was holding rallies at meetings (“Let’s merge our enthusiasm with the worried Akyan of the world proletariat!”), her children were running around the village hungry, the grandmother took pity on the children and fed them.

Since all these idlers had never owned their own farm, they could not manage the collective farm: they did not know how and what to feed the socialized cattle, what lands to use for arable land. Adviсe reasonable people no one listened, and soon everything in the village “went to Rastapur.” The arable land was overgrown with weeds, the cattle were starving, and the zealous “Party members”, having sent their kulaks into exile, rushed to destroy their seeders and mowers. Class hatred drowned out the last arguments of common sense.

What happened to the mill? They decided to launch it, but soon it turned into hot spot for Ovsyankinsky men. They came here to get drunk, then they fought, wrestled with belts, crushed rats and drove horses that were not their own to death.

It ended with the drunken miller, Vitya’s father, breaking the mill. This was regarded as sabotage and they gave him five years of camps on the White Sea Canal.

Why were people acting so wildly? When answering this question, the guys will connect it with the policy of the new government, which mercilessly breaks the centuries-old ties of the peasant with the land, with the economy, weaning people from creating. Knocked out of their usual rut, people degenerated, lost their human appearance, and did not see any meaning in their lives.

Of course, the writer is interested in studying the human characters that this dramatic time for Russia gave rise to. What human types are embodied in the characters of Vita’s parents?

Vitya’s mother, who died early, is a type of person - a righteous man, a hard worker. Quiet, timid, kind, unrequited, she worked in her father-in-law's house like a charwoman, hearing only dirty language in response. But the mother did not remember the evil. When her father-in-law was exiled to the north, she walked around the empty house and prayed that God would return her relatives from a distant land.

When the mother went to prison to meet her husband, the boat in which she was sitting capsized and the unfortunate woman drowned in the river, leaving Vitya an orphan. The mill fun of Vita's careless parent indirectly destroyed the poor woman. If people thought about the consequences of their actions...

Father, Pyotr Pavlovich, is the complete opposite of his mother. A dancer, a handsome man, a spoiled reveler, he never liked to work, so all his life he was looking for “leadership positions.” He returned from the White Sea Canal like a hero from the war. Proud, cheerful, festive, with a set of prison sayings. Soon he married again. The stepmother was young, ill-tempered, hysterical. She disliked Vitya and slandered him to his father. Having heard about huge earnings in the north, the father and his family, taking Vitya as well, moved there. I found a job on my own: I became a salesman in a vegetable stall. It seemed that in the character of the rollicking Pyotr Pavlovich there was given the type of a free, free, easy-going person. Will the guys agree with this description?

You can't be free from everything. The father's frivolity and carelessness become synonymous with indifference to human existence in general. This is especially evident in relation to his son. In the north, Vitya lived with his grandfather Pavel, who taught him ice fishing. One day, a stern grandfather took pity on his unruly grandson and sent him to his father’s kiosk in the hope of his help. Father gave Vita... a ruble for candy and sent him away. People like him are not interested in measured working life, he is constantly drawn to adventures, but he does not understand that his wife died and his own son suffers from his insatiable desire to find himself in this life.

How does Vitina’s grandmother change in this chapter?

From the formidable “general” Katerina Petrovna turned into an unhappy, bent old woman. The grandfather dies, the hated son-in-law takes away the last thing that is dear to him - his grandson. The grandmother on her knees begs Vitya’s father not to take the boy away, but she is driven away without telling her kind words. Vita feels very sorry for the poor grandmother, but he is unable to change anything. So again, with seeming dispassion, the writer shows us amazing human heartlessness, so that we, his readers, can learn the right lessons from what we read.

Before leaving, secretly from his father, Vitya goes to his mother’s grave, where he meets his grandmother. Katerina Petrovna notices a chipmunk on the grave cross of her daughter. Based on some of her signs, she decides that this is an unkind sign, as if intuitively anticipating the sad fate of her beloved grandson. Her fears were justified: life was very difficult for Vitya in his new family, where no one needed him, he had to endure many difficult trials.

V.P. Astafiev’s book is wise, unusually deep and instructive, its moral lessons will be very useful to anyone in life. Let's ask the students what they learned from it, what did it teach?

Everyone has one path in life: to work, fill themselves with knowledge, be responsible for their actions and love their neighbors. Everything seems simple, but it is not so easy to walk this path with dignity; a person has to overcome many trials, but they must be endured without losing human face. Astafiev’s hero drank a lot in his lifetime, but did not become embittered with people, did not become an egoist, wasting his life without a care. He passionately loves his grandfather and grandmother, who raised him as a morally healthy, whole person, but in his own way he loves both his unlucky father and the unkind Pavel Yakovlevich, because thanks to these people, far from tenderness and sentimentality, he, a teenager, learned about life, learned to fight for himself , I bought work experience. You need to be able to be grateful, you shouldn’t harden your soul, you need to find the good in everyone with whom life brings you together.

“Last bow” by Astafiev

“The Last Bow” is a landmark work in the work of V.P. Astafieva. It contains two main themes for the writer: rural and military. At the center of the autobiographical story is the fate of a boy left without a mother at an early age and raised by his grandmother.

Decency, reverent attitude towards bread, neat- to money - all this, with tangible poverty and modesty, combined with hard work, helps the family survive even in the most difficult moments.

With love V.P. In the story, Astafiev paints pictures of children's pranks and amusements, simple home conversations, everyday worries (among which the lion's share of time and effort is devoted to garden work, as well as simple peasant food). Great joy It’s even the first new pants for a boy, since they always remake them from old ones.

In the figurative structure of the story, the image of the hero’s grandmother is central. She is a respected person in the village. Her large, veiny working hands once again emphasize the heroine’s hard work. “In any matter, it’s not the word, but the hands that are the head of everything. There is no need to spare your hands. Hands, they bite and pretend to everything,” says the grandmother. The most ordinary tasks (cleaning the hut, cabbage pie) performed by grandmother give so much warmth and care to the people around them that they are perceived as a holiday. In difficult years, an old sewing machine helps the family survive and have a piece of bread, with which the grandmother manages to sheathe half the village.

The most heartfelt and poetic fragments of the story are dedicated to Russian nature. The author notices the finest details of the landscape: scraped off tree roots along which the plow tried to pass, flowers and berries, describes the picture of the confluence of two rivers (Manna and Yenisei), freeze-up on the Yenisei. The majestic Yenisei is one of central images stories. The whole life of people passes on its shore. Both the panorama of this majestic river and the taste of its icy water are imprinted in the memory of every village resident from childhood and for life. It was in this very Yenisei that the mother of the main character once drowned. And many years later, on the pages of his autobiographical story, the writer courageously told the world about the last tragic minutes of her life.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes the breadth of his native expanses. The writer often uses landscape sketches images of the sounding world (the rustle of shavings, the rumble of carts, the clatter of hooves, the song of a shepherd's pipe), conveys characteristic smells (of forest, grass, rancid grain). Every now and then the element of lyricism intrudes into the unhurried narrative: “And fog spread across the meadow, and the grass was wet from it, the flowers of night blindness drooped down, the daisies wrinkled the white eyelashes on the yellow pupils.”

These landscape sketches contain such poetic finds that can serve as a basis for calling individual fragments of the story prose poems. These are personifications (“The mists were quietly dying over the river”), metaphors (“In the dewy grass, the red lights of strawberries lit up from the sun”), similes (“We pierced the fog that had settled in the gulch with our heads and, floating upward, wandered along it, as if on a soft, pliable water, slowly and silently").

In selfless admiration of beauty native nature The hero of the work sees, first of all, moral support.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes how deeply pagan and Christian traditions. When the hero falls ill with malaria, his grandmother treats him with all available means: herbs, aspen spells, and prayers.

Through the boy's childhood memories, a difficult era emerges when schools had no desks, textbooks, or notebooks. Only one primer and one red pencil for the entire first grade. And in such difficult conditions the teacher manages to conduct lessons.

Like every country writer, V.P. Astafiev does not ignore the theme of confrontation between city and countryside. It is especially intensified in years of famine. The city was hospitable as long as it consumed agricultural products. And empty-handed, he greeted the men reluctantly. With pain V.P. Astafiev writes about how men and women with knapsacks carried things and gold to Torgsin. Gradually, the boy’s grandmother donated knitted festive tablecloths there, and clothes kept for the hour of death, and on the darkest day, the earrings of the boy’s deceased mother (the last memorable item).

V.P. Astafiev creates colorful images of rural residents in the story: Vasya the Pole, who plays the violin in the evenings, folk craftsman Keshi, who makes sleds and clamps, and others. It is in the village, where a person’s entire life passes in front of his fellow villagers, that every unsightly act, every wrong step is visible.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes and glorifies the humane principle in man. For example, in the chapter “Geese in the Ice Hole,” the writer talks about how the guys, risking their lives, save the remaining geese in the ice hole during the freeze-up on the Yenisei. For the boys, this is not just another desperate childish prank, but a small feat, a test of humanity. And although further fate The geese still turned out sadly (some were poisoned by dogs, others were eaten by fellow villagers in times of famine), but the guys still passed the test of courage and a caring heart with honor.

By picking berries, children learn patience and accuracy. “My grandmother said: the main thing in berries is to close the bottom of the vessel,” notes V.P. Astafiev. In simple life with its simple joys (fishing, bast shoes, ordinary village food from the native garden, walks in the forest) V.P. Astafiev sees the happiest and most organic ideal of human existence on earth.

V.P. Astafiev argues that a person should not feel like an orphan in his homeland. He also teaches us to be philosophical about the change of generations on earth. However, the writer emphasizes that people need to carefully communicate with each other, because each person is unique and unrepeatable. The work “The Last Bow” thus carries a life-affirming pathos. One of key scenes The story is a scene in which the boy Vitya plants a larch tree with his grandmother. The hero thinks that the tree will soon grow, will be big and beautiful and will bring a lot of joy to the birds, the sun, people, and the river.

Viktor Astafiev’s book “The Last Bow” expresses the writer’s desire to show the origins folk character, such components as compassion, duty, conscience, beauty. There are many heroes in the story, but in the center of our attention are two destinies - the grandmother and her grandson, because it is under the influence of the grandmother that the formation of young hero.
The boy Vitya is an orphan, so he lives with his grandmother Katerina Petrovna. Grandmother is a strong and powerful woman, but at the same time, how much spiritual warmth, kindness and love is hidden under her external severity! The image of Katerina Petrovna is a generalized image; she is one of the characters who embody not just the essential features of the way of life of the Russian village, but also the moral foundations of the nation. The grandmother makes fun of her grandson, but at the same time she is kind and very caring.
For Astafiev, it is important to show the relationship of his hero with friends, because, in his opinion, “ real friendship- a rare and precious reward for a person. Sometimes it is stronger and more faithful than family ties and influences human relationships much more strongly than the “team”.
The chapter “Photograph in which I am not present” reflects all the moments that concern Astafiev. It all starts with a photographer from the city coming to the village specifically to photograph children studying at school. Among them is the hero of the story, Vitya. The guys decide how they will stand in the photo and come to the conclusion that “diligent students will sit in the front, average ones in the middle, bad students in the back.” But Vitya and his friend Sanka have never been diligent, so they should be left behind. To prove that they were lost people, two friends went to the ridge and “began to ride off such a cliff that no reasonable person has ever skated from.”
As a result, they rolled around in the snow. In the evening, the young hero received retribution for his revelry - his legs hurt. My grandmother made her diagnosis – “rematism”. From unbearable pain the boy begins to moan, and then howl. The grandmother, wailing and swearing (“if I were you, it would sting your soul and liver, didn’t say: “don’t get cold, don’t get cold!”), but still goes for medicine to treat her grandson.
From the very beginning of the chapter, the relationship between them becomes clear - the grandmother loves her grandson, although she grumbles at him and mimics him. But in this you can hear tenderness and love:
“Where are you, Tutoka?
“Here,” I responded as pitifully as possible and stopped moving.
- Here! - Grandmother mimicked me and, groping for me in the darkness, the first thing she did was slap me on the wrist. Then she rubbed my feet for a long time ammonia”.
Katerina Petrovna takes care of her grandson, although she is strict towards him. She also sympathizes with Vita because her grandson is an orphan: “...how could such a misfortune happen, and why would they break the little orphan like a thin tali-and-Inka...”.
Because the boy's legs hurt, he misses the most important event - photographing. The grandmother consoles him, promises that the photographer will come again or they themselves will go to the city, to see Volkov, the “best” photographer: “... he will take pictures either for a portrait, or for a patchport, or on a horse, or on a plane, or whatever.” Vitya’s friend, Sanka, comes for him and, seeing that he cannot walk, also does not go to be photographed:
"- OK! – Sanka said decisively. - OK! – he repeated even more decisively. - If so, I won’t go either! All!"
He, like a true friend, does not leave Vitya to grieve alone. Sanka, despite the fact that he can walk and that he even has a new padded jacket, remains with his friend, convincing himself and him that he is not in last time a photographer comes to see them and that everything will be “nice.” Of course, in this story friendship is considered at a child's level, but still this episode is very important for further development the personality of the young hero, because not only the grandmother, but also the kind attitude of friends influence a person’s attitude towards the world.
The chapter “The Photograph in which I am not in” deeply reveals the image of the grandmother. In villages, windows are insulated for the winter, and every housewife wants to decorate it: “A village window, sealed not in winter, is a kind of work of art. By looking at the window, without even entering the house, you can determine what kind of mistress lives here, what kind of character she has and what her daily routine is like.”
Katerina Petrovna lives without frills, neatly, her window is neat, and she thoughtfully insulates it: “The moss sucks in the dampness. An ember prevents the glass from freezing, but a rowan tree prevents frost.”
In the scene when the teacher comes to Vita’s house, we see another side of the grandmother’s character - she is hospitable and friendly to people. Katerina Petrovna treats the teacher to tea, puts on the table all the treats that are possible in the village, and conducts conversations.
It is important that the teacher is a very respected person in the village, he is literate and teaches children. The teacher also helps the adult residents of the village - he corrects Uncle Levontius, helps him write necessary documents. He is not left without gratitude for his kindness - they help the teacher with firewood, and Katerina Petrovna speaks a belly button to their little child.
Thus, this chapter helps us better understand the images of the grandmother and grandson, see their souls and life values. We will also learn why village photography is so important - it is “a unique chronicle of our people, their wall history.” And no matter how pompous and funny they are, they do not cause laughter, but a kind smile.

(No ratings yet)

Other writings:

The story by Viktor Petrovich Astafiev “The Photograph in which I am not” depicts the life of people in the thirties. Everyone lives as best they can. The life of the villagers is very simple. At school there are no desks, no benches, no notebooks, no textbooks, no pencils. Vitya – Read More ......
In the story by Viktor Petrovich Astafiev “The photograph in which I am not” we're talking about about the 30s. The kids captured in the photograph look “poor, too poor.” At school there are no desks, no benches, no textbooks, no notebooks, no pencils. Taking photographs was perceived as “unheard of Read More......
The story “The photograph in which I am not” – separate chapter from the book “The Last Bow”, but it is perceived as independent work. It develops several themes at once, including the theme of village life. This life is known to V.P. Astafiev firsthand. Read More......
The beauty of man. What is she like? Human beauty can be external and internal. After reading V. Astafiev’s story “The Photograph in which I am not”, I became interested in inner beauty, beauty village man. Astafiev's story describes the people of a simple village. They live poorly, their life is very simple. Read More......
M. Sholokhov - writer great talent, who dedicated all his creativity to his native land and native people- Don Cossacks. In the 20th century, the Russian people (and the Cossacks are no exception) suffered many terrible trials. About the life of the Cossacks in “hard times” Read More ......
“Quiet Don” Sholokhov - an epic novel depicting life common people V crucial moment historical development countries. A significant part of the work is occupied by scenes from military life, but the central image is the image of Cossack life, a farm, and the soul of a Cossack worker. It is here that all the motives of the novel are collected, here the action Read More ......
“War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy is a novel on the pages of which a complex inner world many heroes. Each of them has a life filled with events that, according to the author’s idea, necessarily have an impact on a person, leading him on the path of self-improvement. And Read More......
In his novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” Sholokhov with great artistic skill and accurately describes the events taking place in Russia in the 30s. The writer is not afraid of controversial topics; he depicts both the bad and the good. Thus, the author leaves it to the reader to decide for himself who Read More ......

Analysis of the chapter “Photograph in which I am not” from V. Astafiev’s book “The Last Bow” Full name: Kulagina Liliya Ilmurzovna

Position: teacher of Russian language and literature

Place of work: average comprehensive school № 18 Kirovsky district Ufa

Teaching experience: 32 years
LESSON TOPIC: “Bow good people"(based on the story by V. Astafiev "The Last Bow")

Grade: 9th

Number of hours: 2 hours
EPIGRAPH:"I will never forget that happy morning." (V.P. Astafiev)
LESSON OBJECTIVES:

To introduce students to the life and work of V. P. Astafiev.
Fostering in students a sense of love for the Motherland, the surrounding world, and people.

DURING THE CLASSES

1st hour
INTRODUCTION

I. The teacher’s introductory speech about V.P. Astafiev.

I would like to start the lesson with the words of the writer’s grandfather on his father’s side, Pavel Yakovlevich Astafiev.

Someday a grandfather will say about his grandson:

“You are happy, however... Not by fate, but by heart. To see something beautiful and good, maybe this is where happiness lies.”

Grandfather looked into the water. The writer V.P. Astafiev was precisely such a person, vigilant, attentive, noticing the beauty of human relationships, the beauty of the surrounding world.

II. Biography of the writer (student message).

The name of V.P. Astafiev is known throughout the world. He was born in May 1924 in the village of Ovsyanka, on the banks of the mighty Yenisei, not far from Krasnoyarsk, “into a working, huge, sedate and melodious family.” He lost his mother early - she drowned when her scythe caught on a floating boom in the river. He was given to the care of his grandparents - Siberian peasants.

In 1934 he was forced to leave his native village along with new family father, was soon abandoned to the will of fate. Having gone through orphanhood and homelessness, at the age of 15 he ended up in an orphanage in the polar city of Igarki. Before the war, he worked as a train compiler near the city of Krasnoyarsk. In the fall of 1942, he volunteered for the front. He served as a driver, artillery reconnaissance officer, and signalman. He was seriously injured.

After being demobilized in 1945, he lived for 18 years in the Urals, in Chusovoy. He worked as a loader, mechanic, foundry worker, and at the same time studied at evening school.

I started writing out of a feeling of protest, I wanted to write about the war what I saw myself, “I cared most of all that everything was accurate, that everything was as it was.”

In 1958 he was accepted into the Writers' Union, and in 1959 he was sent to the Higher literary courses to Moscow, where he studied until 1961.

The writer's pen includes such wonderful works, as a story in the stories “The Last Bow”, a narrative in the stories “The King Fish”, the novel “The Sad Detective”, tragic theme war sounds in the story “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess” (the author defines it as modern pastoral). About the war - a novel written in the 90s - “Cursed and Killed”, the story “So I Want to Live”.

The leading themes of the writer’s work: childhood; nature and man; war and love.

In 1968, the first book of the story in stories “The Last Bow” was published. In subsequent years, Books II and III were published.

MAIN PART

Work based on the story “The Last Bow”.

From whose perspective is the story told?

The story is autobiographical. And yet, the cycle of these stories cannot be called an autobiography of the writer himself, since in the story there are many other main characters who discovered little boy the vast, invisible world of human relationships.

Who is the main character of the story?
Think about the title of the work. “Last bow.”
Last bow to whom?

(To all those kind people who met the writer on the roads of childhood, who in one way or another influenced the formation of the teenager’s views).

What 2 themes run through the entire work?

(Theme of childhood and homeland).

These themes are very closely intertwined in the story, which opens up childhood memories - “A Far and Near Fairy Tale.”

1). “Far and Near Fairy Tale.”

Tell us about Vasya, a Pole.

Play “Oginsky’s Polonaise”.

Selective reading by the teacher of a passage from the words “But because of the ridge, from the deep interior of the earth, music arose...” to the words “wounded for life by music.”

What was the music talking about? Why is Vitka so anxious and bitter? Why do you want to cry like he has never cried before?

(About love for the Motherland, for the native land. Read the words of Vasya the Pole about the author of the music.)

What mark did Vasya the Pole leave on the boy’s soul when he played the violin?

(Most best feelings- memories of mother, love for native land.)

How did your fellow villagers treat Vasya the Pole?
Can Vasya the Pole be called a life teacher for Vitka Potylitsyn? Why do you think the chapter “Far and Near Fairy Tale” is the first in the book “The Last Bow”.

(It's about the homeland.)

Who left Vitka the most precious childhood memory?

All the love and tenderness you can muster man's heart, the writer gave first of all to his grandmother. He is the first to send his deepest respects to her with his story.

Tell me about your grandmother.

(Portrait of a grandmother from the chapter “Monk in New Pants.”)

What role did she play in the development of character and in the fate of her grandson?
The grandmother teaches her grandson to love and understand nature, passed on to him her worldly and moral experience, taught to love the earth and all living things around.

2). Work on the chapter “Zorka’s Song”. (Brief summary).

Which chapters tell how a grandmother teaches her grandson to see beauty, teaches a caring and reverent attitude towards the earth, and gives the first lessons in labor.

(4). “Trees grow for everyone” - a condensed retelling).

What other lessons given by his grandmother did Vitka remember?

(5). “Horse with a pink mane” - how many years have passed since then, but this lesson of kindness given by the grandmother was forever remembered by the grandson).
2nd hour

(Grandmother is the keeper of the home. She supports the family in difficult moments of life. From any difficult situation will find a way out. Grandmother - kind soul, picks up an abandoned puppy).

Wise thoughts from a grandmother.
The chapter is called “Guardian Angel” - why?

7). There are many paintings in the story “The Last Bow” peasant labor, peasant life. Let us dwell on the chapter “Pestrukha”.

What interesting things did you learn about the life of peasants? folk traditions, rituals?

A). - Why were children protected from the sight of blood?

b). Stop on stage as grandparents gather children to show a recently born calf and together come up with a name for the newborn.

V). Evening milking of cows.

G). “What a good evening this is coming! I want to share my bread, milk, salt and heart with my neighbors and all the people in the world.”

d). Grandmother's evening prayer.

8). – What is said in the story “Autumn Sadness and Joy”?

Why does grandmother Katerina Petrovna have the most delicious cabbage did it work?

(“Labor is not labor, but pleasure, a holiday. They salted the cabbage with a song.”)

9). Chapter “Grandma’s Holiday.”

What holiday is this chapter talking about?
How is this holiday celebrated?

(The song awakened good feelings for each other and forever left a memory of their home).

How does Ilya Evgrafovich remember the grandfather from his grandson?

(Student message).

“Last bow” – treasury people's thoughts. Let's listen to them.

(Student message).

In what key are all the stories from this work written?

(Give the floor to students who have done research in advance).

The leitmotif of Book I are the words: “I will never forget that happy morning.”

CONCLUSION

“Last bow” is a conversation about childhood and about those people who warmed this childhood with the warmth of their hearts and the caress of their working hands. The meaning of this work is in the emotional and moral charge that can awaken the brightest feelings in readers: joy of life, love for the homeland, native land, work, people living next to you.

The last chapter of the work is “The Last Bow”. This is where the author conveys main idea works.

(Expressive reading by the stage teacher last meeting grandson and grandmother).

HOMEWORK:

Write an essay on the topic: “Lessons of kindness from grandmother Katerina Petrovna.”

Decency, a reverent attitude towards bread, a careful attitude towards money - all this, with tangible poverty and modesty, combined with hard work, helps the family survive even in the most difficult moments.

With love V.P. In the story, Astafiev paints pictures of children's pranks and amusements, simple home conversations, everyday worries (among which the lion's share of time and effort is devoted to garden work, as well as simple peasant food). Even the first new pants become a great joy for a boy, since they are constantly altering them from old ones.

The most heartfelt and poetic fragments of the story are dedicated to Russian nature. The author notices the finest details of the landscape: scraped off tree roots along which the plow tried to pass, flowers and berries, describes the picture of the confluence of two rivers (Manna and Yenisei), freeze-up on the Yenisei. The majestic Yenisei is one of the central images of the story. The whole life of people passes on its shore. Both the panorama of this majestic river and the taste of its icy water are imprinted in the memory of every village resident from childhood and for life. It was in this very Yenisei that the mother of the main character once drowned. And many years later, on the pages of his autobiographical story, the writer courageously told the world about the last tragic minutes of her life.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes the breadth of his native expanses. The writer often uses images of the sounding world in landscape sketches (the rustle of shavings, the rumble of carts, the clatter of hooves, the song of a shepherd's pipe), and conveys characteristic smells (of forest, grass, rancid grain). Every now and then the element of lyricism intrudes into the unhurried narrative: “And fog spread across the meadow, and the grass was wet from it, the flowers of night blindness drooped down, the daisies wrinkled the white eyelashes on the yellow pupils.”

In selfless admiration of the beauties of his native nature, the hero of the work sees, first of all, moral support.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes how deeply pagan and Christian traditions are rooted in the life of the ordinary Russian person. When the hero falls ill with malaria, his grandmother treats him with all available means: herbs, aspen spells, and prayers.

V.P. Astafiev creates colorful images of rural residents in the story: Vasya the Pole, who plays the violin in the evenings, the folk craftsman Kesha, who makes sleighs and clamps, and others. It is in the village, where a person’s entire life passes in front of his fellow villagers, that every unsightly act, every wrong step is visible.

V.P. Astafiev emphasizes and glorifies the humane principle in man. For example, in the chapter “Geese in the Ice Hole,” the writer talks about how the guys, risking their lives, save the remaining geese in the ice hole during the freeze-up on the Yenisei. For the boys, this is not just another desperate childish prank, but a small feat, a test of humanity. And although the further fate of the geese was still sad (some were poisoned by dogs, others were eaten by fellow villagers in times of famine), the guys still passed the test of courage and a caring heart with honor.

V.P. Astafiev argues that a person should not feel like an orphan in his homeland. He also teaches us to be philosophical about the change of generations on earth. However, the writer emphasizes that people need to carefully communicate with each other, because each person is unique and unrepeatable. The work “The Last Bow” thus carries a life-affirming pathos. One of the key scenes of the story is the scene in which the boy Vitya plants a larch tree with his grandmother. The hero thinks that the tree will soon grow, will be big and beautiful and will bring a lot of joy to the birds, the sun, people, and the river.

< Назад
Forward >

Analysis of works of Russian literature, grade 11
- .C. Vysotsky “I don’t like” analysis of the work
  
  Optimistic in spirit and very categorical in content, the poem by B.C. Vysotsky’s “I Don’t Love” is programmatic in his work. Six of the eight stanzas begin with the phrase “I don’t love,” and in total this repetition is heard eleven times in the text, ending with an even sharper denial “I will never love this.” What can the lyrical hero of the poem never come to terms with? What...
- B.C. Vysotsky “Buried in our memory for centuries...” analysis of the work
  
  The song “Buried in our memory for centuries...” was written by B.C. Vysotsky in 1971. In it, the poet again turns to the events of the Great Patriotic War, which has already become history, but their direct participants and witnesses are still alive. The poet’s work is addressed not only to his contemporaries, but also to his descendants. main idea it contains the desire to warn society against the mistakes of rethinking history. "Be careful with...
- Poem by B.C. Vysotsky “Here the paws of the spruce trees tremble in midair...” is a striking example love lyrics poet. It is inspired by feelings for Marina Vladi. Already in the first stanza the motive of obstacles is clearly heard. It is emphasized by a special artistic space - an enchanted wild forest, in which the beloved lives. The guiding thread into this fairy-tale world is love. The figurative series of the work...
- B.C. Vysotsky “The sunset flickered like the shine of a blade...” analysis of the work
  
  Military theme is one of the central ones in the work of B.C. Vysotsky. The poet remembered the war from his childhood memories, but he often received letters from front-line soldiers in which they asked him in which regiment he served, so realistically Vladimir Semenovich was able to draw sketches from military life. Lyrics of the song “The sunset flickered like the shine of a blade...” (also known as “War Song” and...
- B.C. Vysotsky “Song about a friend” analysis of the work
  
  “Song about a Friend” is one of the most striking works in the work of B.C. Vysotsky, dedicated to the central theme for the author's song - the theme of friendship as the highest moral category. The image of friendship embodies both altruism - an integral quality of a person with high moral principles, and an anti-philistine position, so characteristic of the filibuster spirit of the sixties era. B.C....
- B.C. Vysotsky “The Song of the Earth” analysis of the work
  
  "Song of the Earth" B.C. Vysotsky was written for the film “Sons Going to Battle.” It emphasizes the life-affirming power of the native land. Her inexhaustible wealth is expressed by a poetic comparison: “Motherhood cannot be taken from the earth, It cannot be taken away, just as the sea cannot be scooped up.” The poem contains rhetorical questions that introduce polemical notes into it. The lyrical hero has to prove his...
- A.A. Akhmatova “Evening hours in front of the table...” analysis of the work
  
  In the poem " Evening hours in front of the table..." A.A. Akhmatova lifts the curtain on the mystery of creativity. The lyrical heroine is trying to convey her life impressions on paper, but at the same time she is in such a state of mind that she herself cannot yet understand her feelings. The image of an irreparably white page testifies to the depth of creative torment and emotional experiences...
- A.A. Akhmatova “I came to visit the poet...” analysis of the work
  
  Poem by A.A. Akhmatova “I came to visit the poet...” has autobiographical basis: on one Sunday in 1913 A.A. Akhmatova brought A.A. Blok sent his poems to 57 Ofitserskaya Street, located near the mouth of the Neva, so that he would sign them. The poet made a laconic inscription: “Akhmatova - Blok.” The first stanza of the work subtly conveys the atmosphere of this visit. For A.A. It is important for Akhmatova to emphasize...
- A.A. Block “Twelve” analysis of the work
  
  The poem “Twelve” was written by A.A. Blok in 1918 and inspired revolutionary events. Already in the winter landscape of the poem, the contrast of black and white is emphasized, the rebellious element of the wind conveys the atmosphere of social change. The line in the first chapter of the work sounds ambiguous: “A man cannot stand on his feet.” In the context of the poem, it can be interpreted as literally (the wind knocks the traveler off his feet, the ice is under...
- A.A. Block “On the Kulikovo Field” analysis of the work
  
  The plot of the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field” has historical basis- centuries-old confrontation with Rus' Tatar-Mongol invasion. The lyric-epic plot combines a concrete historical event outline: battles, military campaigns, a picture of a native land covered in fire - and a chain of experiences lyrical hero, capable of comprehending the entire centuries-old historical path Rus'. The cycle was created in 1908. This time...