A work of art that has independent artistic significance. Work of painting
CARICATURE(Italian caricatura, from caricare - to load, exaggerate) - a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature for a critical assessment of any social, political and everyday phenomena or specific persons and events. The comic effect of a caricature is created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features, unexpected comparisons, likenings, metaphors, and a combination of the real and the fantastic. Caricature is used mainly in newspaper and magazine graphics, but it also finds a place in satirical painting and small plastic art, in posters and even in monumental painting. Caricature can be seen in folk art, especially in popular prints. Outstanding cartoonists were J. Effel (France), H. Bidstrup (Denmark), Kukryniksy (M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov, N. Sokolov - Russia).
PAINTING- an easel work of painting that has independent meaning. Unlike an etude and a sketch, a painting is a completed work, the result of the artist’s long work, a generalization of observations and the depth of concept and figurative content. When creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, but in this process the creative imagination plays an important role. The concept of a painting is applied, first of all, to works of a plot-thematic nature, the basis of which is the image of important historical, mythological or social events, human actions, thoughts and emotions in multi-figured complex compositions. Therefore, painting plays a leading role in the development of painting. The painting consists of a base (canvas, wooden or metal board, plywood, cardboard, pressed board, plastic, paper, silk, etc.), onto which a primer and paint layer are applied. The aesthetic perception of a painting benefits greatly when it is enclosed in an appropriate frame (baguette), separating the painting from the surrounding world. The eastern type of painting retains the traditional form of a free-hanging unfolded scroll (horizontal or vertical). The painting, unlike monumental painting, is not strictly connected with a specific interior. It can be removed from the wall and hung differently. The pinnacles of art have been achieved in the paintings of outstanding painters. In the diverse movements of modernism, there is a loss of plot and a rejection of figurativeness, thereby significantly reconsidering the concept of a picture. An increasingly wide range of paintings of the 20th century. called paintings.
ART GALLERY- an art museum in which exclusively or predominantly works of painting are exhibited. An art gallery also refers to painting sections in large museums and palace halls intended for collections of paintings. In Ancient Greece, the repository of paintings was called a pinakothek; later, large collections of paintings, that is, art galleries, came to be called this. Many of the world's largest art museums are art galleries and bear the name of galleries, including the National Gallery in London, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, etc.
BRUSH- an artist's tool, mainly a painter's, which is a handle with bristles at the end. Brushes for painting are usually made from hair: bristle brushes (from white pig bristles), kolinsky brushes (from red marten hair - kolinsa), squirrel brushes, ferret brushes, etc. For watercolor painting, for working on small details, brushes made of thin and soft hair are suitable, for example squirrel For painting with gouache, tempera, and oil paints, choose hard bristle brushes. In the old days, artists used a badger brush, called a flute, with which they smoothed the surface of the paint, eliminating the scratches left on the paint by the bristle brush. Brushes can be round and flat, with short and long bristles, hard and soft. Each hand has pihra (1, 2, 3, etc.). The higher the number, the larger the brush. The ends of the hair in the brush must be pointed and not cut off. Hair should be chosen so that it lies parallel and does not puff up to the sides. A good brush retains its shape even after washing with water, but a bad one bristles even if it is dipped in paint. This brush is not suitable for painting at all. Recently, artists have preferred flat brushes that give a more defined stroke shape. Currently, a wide and flat brush is called a flute. It is used for painting large surfaces and priming canvases. Brushes are also used in graphics and calligraphy.
KITSCH(German: Kitsch - lit. hack, bad taste) - pseudo-artistic products that meet low artistic taste and undeveloped aesthetic needs. Kitsch is characterized by garish colors, eclecticism, excessive decor, and imitations of precious materials. Manifestations of kitsch are possible in all types of plastic arts, but most often they are found in mass art production, the souvenir industry, mass printed graphics, and some types of artistic crafts.
CLASSIC(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - in the history of art, the era of the highest rise of ancient art in the V-IV centuries. BC e. Classical art is the art of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during their heyday, as well as the art of the European Renaissance and classicism, which was directly based on ancient traditions. In the classical era, the main architectural orders were formalized, the regular planning of cities developed, monumental sculpture, inextricably linked with architecture, and decorative art flourished. The images of harmonious people, endowed with equal physical and spiritual beauty, were created by the greatest sculptors Myron, Polykleitos, Phidias, Praxiteles, Scopas. Painting (Polygnotus) was highly developed in classical art. In the 5th century BC e. The most perfect architectural works of Ancient Greece were created - the temples of the Parthenon (architects Iktinus and Kallikrates) and the Erechtheion, located on the Acropolis in Athens, marked by the artistic unity of the whole and all architectural and sculptural details. Classical art is associated with the heyday of Athens and other city-states, which had a slave-owning democracy.
CLASSICISM(from Latin classicus - exemplary) - the artistic style of European art of the 17th-19th centuries, one of the most important features of which was the appeal to ancient art as the highest example and reliance on the traditions of the High Renaissance. The art of classicism reflected the ideas of the harmonious structure of society, but in many ways lost them in comparison with the culture of the Renaissance. Conflicts between personality and society, ideal and reality, feelings and reason testify to the complexity of the art of classicism. The artistic forms of classicism are characterized by strict organization, balance, clarity and harmony of images. The architecture of classicism is characterized by an order system inspired by ancient examples, clarity and geometric correctness of volumes and layouts, porticos, columns, statues, and reliefs that stand out on the surface of the walls. An outstanding masterpiece of architecture, combining classicism and baroque into a single solemn style, was the palace and park ensemble at Versailles - the residence of the French kings (second half of the 17th century). In painting, the logical development of the plot, a clear balanced composition, a clear transfer of volume, with the help of chiaroscuro the subordinate role of color, and the use of local colors (N. Poussin, C. Lorrain) acquired the main importance. A clear delineation of plans in landscapes was also revealed with the help of color: the foreground had to be brown, the middle one must be green, and the distant one must be blue. 
A painting is a work of art that has a complete character (as opposed to a sketch or sketch) and independent artistic significance. Unlike a fresco or book miniature, K. is not necessarily associated with a specific interior or... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Painting, as an expression of the prevailing concepts of art, in all countries experienced different periods, changing its direction. But nowhere has the history of painting been characterized so clearly as in France in various eras, in... ...
traditional canvas painting materials- Painting, as a rule, is a rather complex structure that exists with the constant interaction of the base, soil, paint layer and protective covering layers. In oil and tempera painting since ancient times as a basis... ... Dictionary of painting and restoration
Cosimo Tura. Calliope, painting for the Studiolo of the Belfore Palace. Ferrara school of painting, a group of Renaissance artists who worked in ... Wikipedia
See also: The Dutch Golden Age and Early Netherlandish painting The Golden Age of Dutch painting is the most outstanding era in Dutch painting, dating back to the 17th century. Contents 1 Historical conditions ... Wikipedia
Allegory of painting painting by Jan Wermeer of Delft. Allegory of painting painting by Andrei Matveev, the first Russian work of easel painting on an allegorical plot ... Wikipedia
medallion- A work of painting or relief on a base having an oval or rounded shape, as well as a work framed by an oval (rounded) frame... Dictionary of an icon painter
A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to any hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and design, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used... ... Art encyclopedia
- (also musical and artistic) a term in our laws denoting copyright. Like the French. proprieté littéraire et artistique, it reflects one of the legal theories on this issue. More precise terms: English. copyright (right... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
A work of painting that has independent artistic significance and has the property of completeness (in contrast to a sketch or sketch). A painting, as a rule, is not associated, like a fresco or a book miniature, with a specific interior... ... Art encyclopedia
Books
- Classical painting lessons. Techniques and techniques from the art workshop, Aristide Juliet. About the book This is an addition to the “Classical Drawing Lessons” and a program for teaching the art of painting in the form of a book. It provides fundamental painting skills and techniques in a format that is accessible and convenient...
- 5555 masterpieces of world painting (CD), . One of the largest collections of reproductions of world classics on CD-ROM. The collection includes paintings ranging from those created in the Middle Ages to the first half...
“Art is the same need for a person as eating and drinking. The need for beauty and creativity, which embodies it, is inseparable from man,” wrote F. M. Dostoevsky.
Indeed, history shows that man has always been inseparable from art. Ancient rock paintings have been preserved in the mountains and caves around the world. These expressive drawings of animals and hunters were made back in the days when people could not write.
Monuments of art tell us what enormous significance it had in the life of man and human society. The ancient Greeks created a wonderful myth about the muses - eternally young sisters who personified the arts and sciences. Melpomene is the muse of tragedy, Thalia - comedy, Terpsichore - dancing, Clio - the muse of history... The myth tells that when the god Apollo - the patron of art, poetry and music - appeared accompanied by the muses, then all nature listened to their singing... Music, museum - these the words come from the word Muse.
The poetic myth about the sister muses has not lost its meaning. Each type of art has its own means of expression: in music it is sound, in fine art it is color, line, etc., in literature it is the word. But the related essence of all types is that art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which is based on a figurative reflection of the phenomena of reality.
Fine arts related to visual perception include: painting, graphics and sculpture. These arts create images on a plane (painting and graphics) and in space (sculpture).
We call a painting, drawing, print, sculpture that has independent meaning, that is, not associated with any artistic ensemble or with a purely practical purpose easel works. This definition comes from the word “machine” (in this case, easel), on which the canvas is placed when a picture is painted. And even the fact that the painting must be inserted into a frame emphasizes the independence, that is, the isolation of easel painting from the environment. The frame separates the painting and creates the opportunity to perceive it as an independent artistic whole. Some easel paintings are reproduced in the book.
Unlike easel monumental painting in its purpose and nature it is connected with the architectural ensemble. Frescoes, mosaics, panels, stained glass windows are organically included in the architecture, complementing and enriching the artistic design of the interior or the entire building. Excellent examples of monumental painting are the frescoes of Raphael in the Vatican Palace and the paintings of Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel. Monumental painting reached its highest level in Byzantine and Old Russian art.
Nowadays, monumental painting is widely used in cultural palaces, clubs, theaters, metro stations, train stations, etc. Many of you have seen mosaics in the metro, created according to sketches by P. Korin, A. Deineka and other Soviet masters. Interior paintings of the Bus Station and the Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow (artist Yu. Korolev), paintings of the Tsiolkovsky Museum in Kaluga (a group of artists led by A. Vasnetsov), stained glass windows by Lithuanian masters, and embossed panels by Georgian artists decorated many new buildings in our cities.
The monumental art of modern Mexico has gained international fame. The mosaics of Siqueiros and other major artists reflect the heroic struggle of the Mexican people for their independence.
It is not always possible to draw a sharp line between an easel and a monumental work of art. This is explained by the fact that easel painting often has a monumental quality. And monumental works sometimes have independent significance, being perceived as finished easel paintings.
There is also a very large area of decorative and applied arts. These are artistically made furniture, dishes, clothing, fabrics, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, etc. However, some types of decorative and applied art (tapestry, embossing, decorative sculpture) can also be considered as independent works. Painting that is intended to decorate or reveal the design and purpose of an object and does not clearly have independent meaning is called decorative.
Thus, painting is divided into easel, monumental and decorative.
What is painting?
Painting is a type of fine art, works of which are created using paints applied to any surface.
“Painting is not just some kind of fantasy. It is work, work that must be done conscientiously, as every conscientious worker does,” Renoir argued.
Painting is an amazing miracle of transforming accessible artistic materials into a variety of visible images of reality. Mastering the art of painting means being able to depict real objects of any shape, different color and material in any space.
Painting, like all other forms of art, has a special artistic language through which the artist reflects the world. But, expressing his understanding of the world, the artist simultaneously embodies his thoughts and feelings, aspirations, aesthetic ideals in his works, evaluates the phenomena of life, explaining their essence and meaning in his own way.
In works of art of different genres of fine art created by painters, drawing, color, light and shade, expressiveness of strokes, texture and composition are used. This makes it possible to reproduce on a plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative material originality, spatial depth and light-air environment.
The world of painting is rich and complex, its treasures have been accumulated by humanity over many millennia. The most ancient works of painting were discovered by scientists on the walls of caves in which primitive people lived. The first artists depicted hunting scenes and animal habits with amazing accuracy and sharpness. This is how the art of painting on the wall arose, which had features characteristic of monumental painting.
There are two main types of monumental painting - fresco and mosaic.
Fresco is a technique of painting with paints diluted with clean or lime water on fresh, damp plaster.
Mosaic is an image made of particles of stone, smalt, ceramic tiles, homogeneous or different in material, which are fixed in a layer of soil - lime or cement.
Fresco and mosaic are the main types of monumental art, which, due to their durability and color fastness, are used to decorate architectural volumes and planes (wall paintings, lampshades, panels).
Easel painting (picture) has an independent character and meaning. The breadth and completeness of the coverage of real life is reflected in the variety of types and genres inherent in easel painting: portrait, landscape, still life, everyday, historical, battle genres.
Unlike monumental painting, easel painting is not connected to the plane of the wall and can be freely exhibited.
The ideological and artistic meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure.
In addition to the above-mentioned types of painting, there is decorative painting - sketches of theatrical scenery, scenery and costumes for cinema, as well as miniatures and icon painting.
To create a miniature work of art or a monumental one (for example, a painting on a wall), the artist must know not only the constructive essence of objects, their volume, materiality, but also the rules and laws of the pictorial representation of nature, the harmony of color, and color. 
In a pictorial image from nature, it is necessary to take into account not only the variety of colors, but also their unity, determined by the strength and color of the light source. No spot of color should be introduced into the image without matching it with the overall color state. The color of each object, both in light and in shadow, must be related to the color whole. If the colors of the image do not convey the influence of the color of the lighting, they will not be subject to a single color scheme. In such an image, each color will stand out as something extraneous and alien to a given state of illumination; it will appear random and ruin the color integrity of the image.
Thus, the natural color unification of paints by the general color of lighting is the basis for creating a harmonious color structure of the picture.
Color is one of the most expressive means used in painting. The artist conveys on the plane the colorful richness of what he sees, with the help of color form he cognizes and reflects the world around him. In the process of depicting nature, a sense of color and its many shades develops, which allows the use of paints as the main expressive means of painting.
The perception of color, and the artist's eye is able to distinguish more than 200 of its shades, is perhaps one of the happiest qualities that nature has endowed man with.
Knowing the laws of contrast, the artist navigates those changes in the color of the depicted nature, which in some cases are difficult to catch by the eye. The perception of color depends on the environment in which the object is located. Therefore, the artist, when conveying the color of nature, compares the colors with each other, ensuring that they are perceived in interconnection or mutual relations.
“Taking light-and-shadow relationships” means preserving the difference between colors in lightness, saturation and hue, according to how it occurs in nature. 
Contrast (both in light and color) is especially noticeable on the edges of adjacent color spots. The blurring of the boundaries between contrasting colors enhances the effect of color contrast, and the clarity of the boundaries of the spots reduces it. Knowledge of these laws expands technical capabilities in painting, allows the artist, with the help of contrast, to increase the intensity of the color of paints, increase their saturation, increase or decrease their lightness, which enriches the painter’s palette. Thus, without using mixtures, but only contrasting combinations of warm and cold colors, you can achieve a special coloristic sonority of the painting.
