National culture of Moldova interesting facts. Moldovan-Russian relations at the present stage (research)

Natives of Moldova in world culture

In the 20-30s, the ambassador of Moldovan culture in Europe was a brilliant opera singer, a famous soprano originally from -. Another opera celebrity, prima donna national opera Republic of Moldova, having become the best Cio-Cio-san at the International Competition in Japan (1967), has been giving the world singing for several decades national culture. Another representative of Moldova () - Lidia Amarfey became one of the best opera singers Russia, performing on stage Bolshoi Theater in Moscow.

The mutual influence of world cultures occurs thanks to the efforts of cultural and artistic figures. On the initiative of many of them, artistic events were organized in Moldova, which have become a tradition in our country and have gained international popularity. Thus, since 1967, the republic has hosted the International Folk Music Festival “Mertisor”, the festival “Days of new music», international competitions sports dance"Chisinau OPEN", where the multiple world and European champion performs with constant success. In these large-scale cultural holidays Prominent groups and soloists of contemporary musical art and choreography from around the world take part. They introduce the Moldovan public to the achievements of their talents, and when they leave for their homeland, they take away impressions of the art of our region.

The beauty of folk songs was carried far beyond the borders of Moldova by the favorites of the Moldovan people. Pop music - since the early 70s - was widely promoted variety ensemble(later "Contemporanul") under the direction of Mihai Dolgan.

This is how our art, by receiving guests and going beyond its native borders, introduces the world to the values ​​of national culture.

After graduating from the Chisinau Institute of Arts, she actively entered pop music. Most hits popular singer which she talentedly performs on the stages of Ukraine, Russia and other CIS republics, are based on Moldovan folklore. On World Festival youth and students in Moscow (1985), his anthem “Avante, avante”, performed by a Moldovan pop singer, became the festival’s hit song, played on different languages peoples of the world.

Contemporary musical culture of peoples former USSR was enriched with masterpieces of neo-folklore orientation by a wide variety of composers: R. Shchedrin, E. Stankevich, Y. Yuzelyunas, A. Terteryan, M. Gadzhiev. In Moldova, it manifested itself in the works of composers. This orientation naturally coincided with the peak in the evolution of the New Folklore Wave, expressed in the work of composers from the post-Soviet space.

Did a lot for propaganda musical culture and the appearance of our country National Symphony Orchestra State Television and Radio under the direction of conductor and composer G. Musti. Thanks to many years of creative search and tireless touring work, he became known throughout the world. long years permanently led. Choreographer M. Kaftanat created three ballet companies in Vietnam.

International festivals “Maria Bieshu Invites”, “Days of New Music”, biennale and one-man theater “One man show” successfully introduces the world to the modern musical and theatrical art of our country. Moldovan cinema became known to the world thanks to its creativity. Working successfully at the Mosfilm studio, he helped to gain wide popularity and invariably starred in his films. The theater director, working for many years in Moscow theaters, contributed to the propaganda of Moldavian theatrical culture and dramaturgy, staging plays. The unique creativity of this is truly people's writer Moldova, living in Moscow, having traveled all over Russia and the world, left in millions of human hearts unique image our land and its peasant heroes, endowed with spiritual wisdom and beauty.

Contribution of immigrants from Moldova to world science

Our wonderful compatriots, with their talents in various fields of science, left a deep mark on the history of world science of the twentieth century. One of them is Lev Berg (1876-1950), a native of Bendery. A famous Soviet physical geographer and biologist, professor of ichthyology and geography, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of the Geographical Institute and chairman of the Geographical Society of the USSR, this versatile scientist made a huge contribution to many areas of physical geography, zoogeography, and ichthyology. Developing the teachings of V. Dokuchaev about natural areas earth, he is a passionate explorer and traveler - he studied the landscapes of Siberia, central Asia, the Caucasus, the Volga region and Ukraine, explored the Aral and Bering seas, lakes Ilmen, Balkhash, Baikal, Issyk-Kul and the glaciers of the Pamirs, resulting in a theory about the landscapes of the earth . Berg has written many books, including works dedicated to our region: “Bessarabia. Region, population, economy”, “Population of Bessarabia. Number and ethnographic composition."

A volcano in Kamchatka, a peak in the Pamirs, glaciers in the Pamirs and Dzungarian Alatau, a cape on the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago are named after Berg. Zoo museum Moscow State University, as well as more than 60 animals and plants.

Another of our outstanding fellow countrymen - a world-class organic chemist - is Tiraspol resident Nikolai Zelinsky (1861-1953). One of the founders of the doctrine of organic catalysis, he created classic works in organic catalysis, petrochemistry, developed methods for the extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons, which serve as raw materials for the synthesis of rubber, dyes, plastics, medicines, etc. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor at Moscow State University, Doctor of Science, founder of a large scientific school that made a fundamental contribution to the development of organic chemistry, he did a lot for people’s lives, responding to the most pain points time. For example, during the First World War, Zelinsky created a coal gas mask, which saved the lives of millions of soldiers in the warring armies. Streets in Chisinau and Tiraspol are named after him. On the facade of the house where N. Zelinsky lived and the school where he studied, memorial plaques are installed.

Our national pride is academician Nikolai Dimo, born in Orhei (1873-1959). A prominent Soviet soil scientist, academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, one of the organizers of the Central Asian and Chisinau Institutes of Soil Science, which since 1959 bears the name of the scientist, Nikolai Aleksandrovich dedicated his entire life’s work to the earth. The object of it scientific works were soil geography, salinity, biology, physics and soil reclamation in the central regions of the European part of the USSR, Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Moldova. Having studied saline soils, the great scientist proposed a series of measures to improve solonetzes and solonchaks, and created the first soil map Central Asia and other regions, established the relationship between the humus content and its structure in Moldavian chernozems. A street in Chisinau is named in his honor.

One of the prominent architects of the 20th century was our compatriot, Chisinau resident, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexei Shchusev (1873-1949). Organizer and director of the Museum of Architecture in Moscow, teacher of the famous Stroganov School of Art and Industry, author of more than 200 scientific works, he is sensitive to traditions national architecture past, developed original solutions modern buildings in Moscow (Moskvoretsky Bridge, Moscow Hotel, Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station, etc.), Tashkent (Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre), Baku, Batumi, Sochi. The peak of the architect’s creative achievement was the Mausoleum of V. Lenin, the noble forms of which organically fit into the ensemble of ancient Red Square. After the Patriotic War, A. Shchusev devoted a lot of effort to the reconstruction of destroyed cities - Novgorod, Istra, Kyiv. In 1947-1949, the architect developed a plan for the general reconstruction of the capital of Moldova. A street in the center of Chisinau is named after him.

Our compatriots also left a deep imprint on Romanian science. Thus, academician Nikita Smokine (1894-1980) - a native of the village of Dubossary district - was a major Romanian Slavist and historian of the Transnistrian Moldovans. And Mihail Guboglu (1911-1990), born in, became a well-known Romanian historian-orientalist. As a professor at the universities of Bucharest, Paris and Ankara, he published Turkish sources that shed light on the history of Romania. It is also interesting that his nephew, bearing the same surname, became one of the largest Russian ethnographers.

We cannot ignore Grigory Obrezhan (1911-1991), who was born in the village of Tiginsky district. An agronomist by profession, he entered science as one of the remarkable researchers in the field of soil reclamation, and was elected academician of the Romanian, Czechoslovak and Soviet Academies of Sciences. Under his leadership, significant scientific discoveries were made. For example, the rice variety Polizesti-28, known throughout the world for its rich harvests, was created.

Moldovan science at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries

Science has achieved success in a variety of fields. Our country has given civilization outstanding scientists, including over 30 members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, including academicians: geographer L. Berg, chemists N. Zelinsky, L. Pisarzhevsky, A. Frumkin, architect A. Shchusev, soil scientist N. Dimo, doctors surgeons A. Sklifosofsky and N. Georgiou, etc.; 79 members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences - archaeologist I. Suruceanu, astrophysicist N. Donich, historian S. Ciobanu, Slavist A. Kochubinsky (academician of the Czech Academy of Sciences), geologist K. Parfenholtz (academician of the Armenian Academy of Sciences), etc. These prominent scientists, bright, rich personalities not only made fundamental scientific discoveries, but also founded scientific institutes, laboratories, societies, schools, organized difficult and unexpected research expeditions, developed the latest methods to bring the most daring discoveries to life.

The start for the development of science in our country was given when the research base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was created in Chisinau (March 11, 1946), which in 1949 became the Moldavian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. These transformations culminated in a significant event on August 2, 1961, when the Moldavian Academy of Sciences was founded - a beneficial source national science and culture. Academician-historian J. Grosul (1961-1976) was elected its first president; later, the main scientific center of the country was led by geneticist A. Zhuchenko (1977-1989), physicist A. Andries (1989-2004), and today - chemist G .Duka (since 2004). Year after year, new forces are maturing within the walls of the Academy, major scientific names, the competitiveness of research is growing, new ones are being formed scientific schools: in the field of chemistry - academician A. Blov and G. Lazurevsky; agrochemistry and genetics - academicians I. Dikusar and A. Kovarsky; algebra and physics of crystals - academicians V. Andrunakievich and T. Malinovsky; biology - academician B. Matienko; linguistics - academician N. Corleteanu; technicians - S. Radăutan. Famous academicians, the Moskalenko brothers, have had their say in theoretical physics. New scientific fields were opened by academicians T. Furduy in biomedicine and academician I. Bostan in the field of planetary transmissions. Academician-biologist A. Chibotaru founded.

Today the Academy of Sciences of Moldova is the leading science Center country, uniting 31 research institutions with a staff of 5,600 employees. The conditions created in recent years have contributed to the achievement of new scientific discoveries the highest level in the field of stress physiology, environmental genetics, geographic information systems, ecophysiology, etc. Physicians V. Anestiadi and I. Ababii, mathematician M. Ciobanu, biologist A. Ursu, political scientists V. Beniuk and G. Rusnac, philosophers A. Rosca and V. Tsapok, sociologist A. Timush, historians A. Lazarev, N. Tudoreanu, E. Certan, A. Esanu; lawyer A. Smokine and others. The fundamental legislative support for the development of national science was the Code of Science and Innovation in the Republic of Moldova (2004). Having declared the scientific and innovation process a strategic priority in the socio-economic life of the country, this document seriously confirmed the state’s interest in scientific progress. To stimulate scientific activity- for the most outstanding achievements - 10 State Prizes of the Republic of Moldova were established, each worth a million lei.

For the first time in the history of national science, the highest governing body of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic was created - the Assembly, consisting of full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and 78 doctors of science elected on a democratic basis by the scientific community of the country. The Assembly, in turn, created an executive body - the Supreme Council for Science and Technological Development.

Culture of Moldova at the end of the twentieth - beginning of the twenty-first century

The active development of Moldavian culture, which began after the creation of the MSSR, continues successfully today. Today there are 14 people working in the republic professional theaters, three major concert institutions - National Philharmonic with two concert halls, Organ Hall and the National Palace, where numerous artistic ensembles of pop and folk music perform. Over the years, theatrical and musical groups have achieved high performing skills, each time being replenished with young artists, conductors, directors, musicians - graduates of the most prestigious higher educational institutions in Moscow, Leningrad, Tbilisi, Kyiv, Odessa, where they were taught by world-famous master teachers. Competitions, national and union festivals, decades of Moldovan art and literature in Moscow and the capitals of the republics of the former USSR, tours around different countries in joint multinational groups - all this, stimulating creative exchange and promotion of our figures in Big world art, enriched the palette national art. Today - after achieving independence - cultural and artistic ties with countries around the world have expanded significantly. Tours, competitions, and festivals have become more frequent and varied, in which entire groups and individual performers participate.

By holding all kinds of cultural and artistic events of republican significance, Moldova does a lot to improve international artistic contacts. Among them, the most striking are the International Festival of Opera and Ballet Stars “Maria Biesu Invites”, inspired for many years by the soloist Maria Biesu; music Festival“Martisor”, festival “Days of New Music”, initiated by composer G. Ciobanu; the brainchild of the director - the Biennale of the Theater. Eugene Ionesco. These festivals, gathering talents from all over the world, turned into folk holidays for the people of Chisinau, a real celebration of high art.

It should be noted the role of other artistic talents that contributed to the glory of national art. Among them is director E. Loteanu, whose films, having won awards at international festivals, not only established Moldovan cinema, but also formed a beautiful and poetic image of our Moldova in the souls of people. The wide popularity of the prose and plays of the national writer Ion Druta, staged in hundreds of theaters of the former USSR and attracting the attention of the world's leading actors and directors, glorified the wise image of the Moldavian peasant, the hero of Druta's works. The creative connections of Moldovan artists participating in numerous foreign exhibitions and creative meetings have expanded. A separate line in their row stands unique, not those who know the analogue V contemporary art works folk artist Moldova

Moldavian culture is inextricably linked with the peoples inhabiting Moldova (primarily with the Moldavian people), with the Moldavian language and other languages ​​of Moldova, and is in interaction with the cultures of Romania, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other countries neighboring Moldova.

The development of Moldavian culture is closely connected with history. It is influenced by Romanesque roots dating back to the 2nd century AD, to the period of Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, the majority of the population of modern Moldova, the Moldovans, being descendants of immigrants to this region from across the Prut (starting from the 14th century), have a common ethnicity with the Romanians. The formation of Moldavian culture occurred in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Principality of Moldova. It was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic (Old Russian) population, and later under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldavia was liberated from Ottoman rule and included in the Bessarabian province of the Russian Empire, which had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region. After the October Revolution in 1918, Bessarabia became part of Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which for some time the development of culture in them developed differently.

Since the development of culture took place in the Principality of Moldova under the conditions of a feudal society, we can highlight the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, which is reflected in folklore and everyday life. Formation of ideological orientation medieval culture Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the 16th centuries), the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state was manifested in culture. The Ottoman period is characterized by the development of the idea of ​​​​the struggle to overthrow the Turkish yoke and gain independence.

The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldova in the mid-seventeenth century under the ruler Vasile Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kyiv and Lvov, from where printing equipment and paper were imported.

After the annexation of Bessarabia to Russia, communication with Moldavia across the Prutia, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted. This was especially evident in fiction. In the 19th century, writers such as Gheorghe Asachi, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Negruzzi, Alecu Russo, Mihai Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alexandri, Constantin Stamati and many others worked. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, and Pushkin were translated into Moldavian.

Starting from the nineteenth century, the Frenchization of Romanian literature and art began, which enriched the culture and brought it closer to Western European. This process also took place in Zaprutskaya Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia it went on to a much lesser extent.

During 1812-1917, when Bessarabia was part of the Russian Empire, Moldovan culture I learned a lot from Russian culture. If before 1812 secular education was not widespread in Bessarabia, then after 1812 it began to take shape. government system education: primary schools, district schools and gymnasiums began to open in all county towns. By 1858, there were about 400 schools of all types in Bessarabia, where more than 12 thousand students studied. Despite the wide network of educational institutions, literacy in the region remained quite low. By 1897, only 15.6% were literate (22% men and 8.83% women).

In Bessarabia, the “Russian-Moldavian Primer” (1814) and “A Brief Russian Grammar with translation into Moldavian” (1819) were developed and published.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ion Creangă, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petriceicu Hasdeu made their debut.

After joining Romania, education was reorganized based on the Romanian system. From 1920 to 1940, the number of primary schools increased from 1,564 to 2,188, but the number of secondary schools, on the contrary, decreased by almost half - from 76 in 1917 to 39 in 1940. Until the mid-1930s there was an increase vocational schools, but their number fell from 55 in 1932 to 43 in 1940. In 1930, according to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86.3 thousand people (3.02%) had secondary education, and 10.8 thousand (0.3%) had higher education.

The development of culture in the left bank regions of Moldova, where the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, was influenced by both the struggle between the directions of Romanianizers and originalists, and class ideology. Public education has achieved significant success. Literacy increased from less than 20% before the revolution to 36.9% by year. In 1930, compulsory elementary education, and since the mid-1930s, seven years of compulsory education. The system was founded vocational education, the foundations of science were laid, the highest educational establishments. The Tiraspol Institute of Public Education (), the Tiraspol Fruit and Vegetable Institute (), and the Baltic Teachers' Institute () were opened. Among the negative trends of the interwar period, severe repressions (persecution of some writers, scientists and other cultural figures declared bourgeois) and the closure of churches should be noted.

Immediately after the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR in June 1940, the Soviet government assumed responsibility for providing universal free education. A network of institutions of public education, printing, book publishing, cultural education, physical education and sports was created. By 1941, there were 1,896 schools operating in the Moldavian SSR, 70% of which taught in the Moldavian language. In 1940-41 more than 100 thousand schoolchildren received free clothes and shoes. The number of teachers has almost doubled in a year. In the fall of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were created, State Philharmonic, three new theaters were created, opera studio. In 1940, 138 books were published with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million were in the Moldavian language. 56 newspapers and 3 magazines were published.

The development of culture was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War, but after the end of the war rapid development began, as a result of which culture became the property of the general public.

Meanwhile Soviet authority was not interested in maintaining the region's close cultural ties with Romania. Representatives of the local Romanian intelligentsia, as well as those who arrived from the regions of the old kingdom, were forced to emigrate after 1918. Those who remained were expelled or even destroyed, which certainly could not but affect cultural situation in Moldavia. To develop the sphere of culture, education and science, the Soviet government at the first stage actively attracted qualified specialists from other parts of the USSR. Subsequently, with the help of personnel training in large Soviet scientific and educational centers, a national Moldovan intelligentsia was created.

During the times of the MSSR, the formation of cinema in Moldova began. The film studio “Moldova-film” was created, producing several full-length films. feature films per year, not counting documentaries and animated films.

During the Soviet period, the culture of the Gagauz people, living compactly in southern regions Moldova. An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: “Legendanyn izi” (Trace of Legends, 1974), “Uzun Kervan” (Long Caravan, 1985), “Zhanavar Yortulary” (Wolf Holidays, 1990) and many others .

In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a music and drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included a symphony orchestra, the Doina choir, and a group of pop artists. The war years marked a fruitful period of creativity for the Moldovan composer Stefan Neaga. David Grigorievich Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic songs.

After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and rapid development of music began. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobel, V. G. Zagorsky, S. V. Zlatov, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. are gaining fame. I. Makovey, A. P. Luxemburg, T. V. Kiriyak. D. G. Gershfeld, D. G. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, Z. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga work in the instrumental concert genre. Moldovan composers Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, arrangements of Moldavian folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.

The operas Grozovan by David Gershfeld, The Heart of Domnika by A. G. Styrchi, The Bedbug, Called by the Revolution, and The Dragon by E. L. Lazarev became famous. The ballets “Dawn” by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), “Broken Sword” (1959), “Ghosts” (1959), “Antony and Cleopatra” (1965), “Arabesques” (1970) by E. L. receive public recognition. Lazarev, “Radda” by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), “Crossroads” by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).

During the Soviet period great attention paid to the development of music education. In 1963 it was created state institute arts named after G.V. Muzichescu, three worked music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, secondary special music boarding school.

Were very popular academic ensemble folk dance “Joc”, orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments “Fluerash”, ensembles “Codru”, “Lautarii”, groups “Noroc”, “Contemporanul”, “Horizont”, “Play”.

Among contemporary Moldovan artists, Stanislav Semenovich Babyuk and his son, Stanislav Stanislavovich Babyuk, should be noted. They created many paintings different topics. Many works are in private collections in Italy, Ireland, USA, Russia, and Ukraine.

In Moldova, humor and laughter are organically fused with the national and one can talk about fun and gaiety as national trait. Moldavia, which was adjacent to other Danube principalities and for some time was part of Romania, even more than Romania itself, could be called a country not so much of laughter and humor, but of joy and fun, so here at every step you meet a nice joke and healthy humor, but most importantly - welcoming fun.

Easter, Parents' Day, Trinity. Since the Soviet period, the tradition of celebrating holidays on February 23, March 8, May 1 and 9 has been preserved. Among the new holidays is National Wine Day, celebrated for the first time in 2002.

Moldavian cuisine - National cuisine Moldova. Moldova is located in a region rich in natural resources, grapes, fruits and a variety of vegetables, as well as sheep and poultry farming, which contributes to the richness and diversity of the national cuisine.

Moldavian cuisine was influenced by Greek, Turkish, Balkan, Western European, and later Ukrainian and Russian cuisines, and yet it is distinguished by its originality.

Among the numerous Moldavian fairy tales, the Nameless Warrior became widespread in 2006. Due to the suspicion that Moldavian wines contain harmful pesticides, the import of wines was banned in Russia. Negotiations are currently underway to resume the export of wine products to Russia.

When you mention this country, you immediately imagine beautiful nature and many vineyards. And this is not surprising, because some of the best wines are produced here. Even with its outlines on the map, Moldova resembles a bunch of grapes.

And the culture of this country is truly rich and unique. In ancient times, the territory of this country was inhabited by people whose main activity was agriculture. During this time, they formed certain traditions and customs. Basically, they were all associated with cultural recreation: dancing, songs, traditional dishes, which have survived to this day. All traditions are passed down from generation to generation through literature and word of mouth.

Meeting with guests

Hospitality is what distinguishes the Moldovan people. When receiving guests in his home, a good host considers it his duty to treat the traveler to a glass of good wine and put delicious food on the table.

Songs and dances of Moldova

Traditional melodies and songs are a must at important events such as weddings and all kinds of holidays. Moldovan songs performed by women's ensembles are especially beautiful and melodious. Initially, these were simply the melodies of shepherds, which later became one of the symbols of the culture of this country.

And beautiful and lively Moldavian dances charge you with their energy and lift your spirits. They can be seen at traditional holidays or festivals.

Wine Festival

Traditionally, in October, Moldovans celebrate the wine holiday, which has recently been celebrated to maintain and develop the quality of products, as well as to instill in people the culture of drinking wine.

Throughout the festival, various events are held, including free wine tasting from the country's winemakers, who come here to treat everyone. Also at this time, excursions are held to the wineries of Moldova, where everyone can watch the process of making the drink.

Weddings

The tradition of holding weddings is considered one of the strongest and most unshakable. A mandatory wedding ritual is giving the newlyweds various gifts. This is aimed at creating a strong and unbreakable family. Moreover, at the wedding itself, the guest must tell everyone what his gift is. Parents are an example and, as a rule, present future spouses with the most expensive and significant gift.

At the birth of a child prerequisite are christenings. First, godparents are chosen. All other godmothers (there can be up to 60 people) give the newborn child various gifts.

Holiday decorations

Martisor is considered the main holiday of Moldovans. When spring comes, people give each other jewelry that combines red and white colors. This could be a pendant or a bracelet. Wearing these symbols is considered the victory of spring (red) over winter (white). Decorations are worn throughout March, and at the end of the month they are hung on tree branches, while making wishes.

National embroidery

This is another tradition that the people of Moldova are proud of. Carpets of incredible beauty are created here. They are decorated with a variety of flower patterns and are very smooth and soft to the touch. Embroidered products are simply masterpieces of handicraft. You can see various types of works in the museum in Chisinau.

In the culture of every nation one can find many interesting features. Moldova is a country with an extraordinary heritage, cultural flavor and sunny mood.

The first thing that comes to mind when mentioning Moldova is excellent wine and endless vineyards. Even looking at a map of the country, you can see the outlines of a bunch of grapes. Here the Wine Festival at the beginning of October is a national celebration.

On this day, which is held under the patronage of the President himself, festivities. People sing, dance, watch performances folklore groups, having fun and, of course, drinking wine with amazing taste.

A beautiful ancient legend is associated with grapes and storks (another one of the symbols of Moldova). When the Turkish Janissaries tried to conquer the Gorodeshty fortress, the defenders of the homeland fought to the death. Strength was running out, provisions and water were running out, but the proud Moldovans fought to the last. And suddenly white storks appeared in the sky, they were visible and invisible, and each one carried a bunch of grapes in its beak.

The surprised conquerors froze, and the warriors - the defenders of the fortress - got enough of the grapes and continued the battle with redoubled force. The fortress was defended, and the white-winged stork with a bunch of grapes in its beak became a symbol of freedom and happiness.

Moldova is an agricultural country, here every farmstead has its own vineyard and cellar for storing wine. Cultivating vineyards and making wine is both a source of income and a tradition preserved over many centuries. Feteasca Alba, Feteasca Regale, Rare Neagra- the most famous varieties of wine that the country produces for export.

Song and dance traditions of Moldova

Doinas and Kolindas - folk songs Moldovans, unusually beautiful and melodious, are still used in performing folk rituals- weddings, baptisms, Christmas and many others. The lyricism and fluidity of doina are especially expressed in female and ensemble singing. Initially, they were the melodies of shepherdesses; later they were reborn into one of the symbols of national culture.

Incendiary Moldavian folk dances - zhok, moldovenyaska, hora- are known to everyone. IN Soviet times shone on world stages dance group"Jock." Nowadays you can admire folk dances at national holidays and art festivals.

The name is inextricably linked with Moldova Evgenia Dogi — Soviet composer, author of the wonderful “Waltz” from the film "My affectionate and gentle beast» and many other works. Moldovan singer Nadezhda Chepraga, a popular performer of pop and national songs in her time, was brought up on folk tunes and unique traditions of song culture.

The song and dance rituals of the Moldovans are carefully and lovingly preserved as the greatest value. You can still see them, for example, at wedding celebrations. folk music creates a joyful, elevated mood. The newlyweds, parents, and guests enjoy participating in singing and dancing to music performed on folk instruments(fluer, nai, cymbals, kobza).

The spring holiday of Martisor is considered one of the most beautiful traditions in Moldova. It is celebrated on the first day of spring and is also associated with folk legend. Spring, coming into its own, cleared the ground of snow to help the first flower, the snowdrop, emerge. Winter, not wanting to give way, got angry and launched a blizzard on the beautiful Spring. She, protecting a snowdrop from the wind, scratched herself on the thorns of a thorn tree. Drops of blood fell on the snow.

The symbol of the holiday is considered to be woven from threads of red and white decorations - mertisors. Residents of Moldova give them to each other in honor of the onset of spring. These delicate decorations are worn for a whole month, and at the end of March they are hung on trees in the forest, while making cherished wishes. It is believed that they always come true.

Folk crafts

The oldest craft in Moldova, pottery, has earned recognition in many parts of Europe. Ceramics self made decorated with national ornaments and drawings with images of animals and plants. Pots and other earthenware are widely used in Moldavian cuisine; baked vegetables and meat are especially tasty.

Moldavian woodcarving masters create delightful patterned souvenirs and interior items. Decorating wooden buildings with carvings is also common. The houses in the Calarasi, Rezin and Straseni regions of Moldova are especially beautiful.

Carpets and national embroidery are another type of handicraft that the people of the country are proud of. Carpets decorated with flowers feel completely smooth to the touch. This speaks of high skill Moldovan needlewomen. Embroidered products are real works of art. You can admire them at the Chisinau Museum of Local History.

Each nation has its own unique traditions and customs. Moldova is a country with a special flavor, its cultural heritage is different bright colors and sunny mood.

The traditions and customs of the inhabitants of Moldavian land, rooted deep in the past, are sacredly preserved and passed on from generation to generation.

Hospitality is a distinctive feature of the Moldovan people. It is customary to greet guests with bread and salt and a glass of good wine.

Each village in Moldova honors a certain saint who is their patron, and in this regard they celebrate the Temple of the village/town. On this day, all houses are cleaned and tables are set.

Housewives are cooking delicious dishes: sirmelutse moldovenesti (stuffed cabbage rolls), cirnacei, mititei, vertuta, placinda, hominy, feta cheese and many others.

The owner takes out his jewels from the cellar best wines and treats family and friends. IN national game Trynta is determined by the strongest, who receives the main prize - a ram. What unites everyone in the choir is a collective dance.

Capital Chisinau celebrates its birthday on Pokrov Mother of God- October 14. In the morning, services are held in all churches, and then celebrations are held on the streets of the city. On these same days - the second Sunday of October - officially legalized national tradition celebrate Wine Day.

Winemakers from all over the country come to the central square to offer their young wine, and the best one is determined at a competition. Guests from many countries around the world come to participate in this holiday.

Autumn in Moldova is rich not only in harvests, but also in weddings. Many newlyweds prefer to start families at this time of year.

The customs of a Moldovan wedding are aimed at creating a strong family; for this purpose, the newlyweds choose married parents - Nanash and Nanashka, for whom they become Finns. In the future, our nanashi are mentors to the young family, and they, in turn, must listen to their advice, visit them, and congratulate them on the holidays.

The ritual of giving gifts to newlyweds, according to folk tradition, called – Masa Mare (Big Table). Each guest publicly announces his gift with congratulations and wishes. The imprisoned parents set an example and, as a rule, give the most significant gift.

With the birth of a child - Moldova is mainly an Orthodox country - he is baptized, choosing godparents and celebrating kumetria (christening). All godmothers, and there can be up to 50 people, receive rolls from their parents and, in turn, give gifts to the baby.

Since ancient times, all Moldovans have been united by the Martisor holiday, which is celebrated with the arrival of spring - March 1st. Everyone, young and old, gives each other handmade red and white jewelry in the form of two woven threads with flowers at the end.

Martisor is worn for a month, attached to clothing, on the left side of the chest. At the end of the month, they take it off, make a wish and hang it on a tree.

The Moldovan people added their own flavor to the national holidays celebrated in many countries around the world. So on the first day of the New Year, it is customary to scatter grain in houses as a symbol of the future rich harvest; At Christmas, children go from house to house, sing carols, wishing them peace and prosperity, and receive sweets in return.

All relatives are united by Memorial Day, which is celebrated a week after Easter. Families gather in the parental home, visit the graves of relatives and friends and remember the deceased, honoring their memory.