History lesson early renaissance culture in italy. Early Renaissance culture

Early Renaissance culture

The Renaissance, as an era in the history of art and culture, is divided into four stages:

1. Proto-Renaissance, dates back to the second half of the thirteenth, early fourteenth centuries).
2. Early Renaissance, the beginning of the fifteenth and until the end of this century.
3. High Renaissance, end of the fifteenth century and the first twenty years of the sixteenth).
4. Late Renaissance, from the mid-sixteenth to the nineties of this century.

The “Early Renaissance” period spanned from 1420 to 1500. During these years, art, still completely detached from the recent past, mixed in some elements taken from the classics of antiquity.

The Renaissance is an era that reflected the beginning of the transition to capitalism from feudalism. The classical forms of the Renaissance took shape at the very beginning in Italy; a little later, similar processes began in Asia and in the countries of Eastern Europe. In each of the countries of this type cultures were their own individual characteristics, namely ethnic characteristics, specific traditions, influence of other cultures. The revival is closely related to the formation secular culture and consciousness.

The main feature of the culture of the early Renaissance, which was represented by Boccaccio, Petrarch, Donatello, Giotto, Botticelli, was the versatility and integrity of the understanding of man, culture and life. The authority of culture grew sharply all the time, but it was in no way opposed to crafts and science, but was an equivalent and equal form human activity. Before high level rose architecture and applied arts, they had a connection artistic creativity, crafts and technical design.Another feature of the Renaissance is its pronounced realistic and democratic character, in the center of which nature and man are always at the center.

Artists achieve a large and wide coverage of existing reality; they truthfully reflect all the main trends of that time. They are looking for the most effective ways and means to more clearly reproduce all the richness and variety of forms of manifestation of reality in the world: its beauty, harmony and grace.
This era has great positive significance throughout world culture, since the ideal of free and harmonious human existence is embodied in art.

The era of the early Renaissance is a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern period. It was during those times that things happened major changes in cultural and economic life with the manifestation of the first rudiments of capitalist industry, with the development of banking and international trade. A scientific picture of the world is being formed, with the emergence of experimental natural science. The greatest scientists of this era: Copernicus, Bruno, and Galileo substantiate the heliocentric system. In addition, the world's first trip around the world was made by Columbus and Magellan with the aim of discovering new lands.

The culture of the Renaissance has its own development at different rates. Thus, in Italy it began in the fourteenth century, in some others only in the fifteenth. The sixteenth century is considered the highest point in the development of the Renaissance, when it spread to different European countries who are united by the ideas of humanism. This principle became an expression of the main orientation of the entire culture of this time, since it is considered the highest moral and cultural in the development of human abilities. The ideas of humanism covered different layers of society, from merchant circles to religious spheres and simple masses. This was the time when a completely new secular intelligentsia began to emerge. Humanism is a belief in the great, completely limitless possibilities of man. Innovations appear in spiritual culture related to freedom of judgment, independence, and a bold critical spirit. The human personality, beautiful and powerful, rightfully becomes the center in the ideological sphere.

The first hymn to human dignity was written by Dante Alighieri - it was “ The Divine Comedy" This work combines poetry and philosophy. It even has theology, a science that is imbued great faith to the purpose of man on earth. Dante's contemporary Petrarch was a philosopher and lyric poet. It is he who is called the founder of the Italian humanistic movement of the Renaissance.

Culture became the predecessor of modern culture. And the Renaissance ended in the 16th-17th centuries, since in each state it has its own start and end date.

Some general information

The distinctive features of the Renaissance are anthropocentrism, that is, an extraordinary interest in man as an individual and his activities. This also includes the secular nature of culture. Society is becoming interested in the culture of antiquity, and something like its “revival” is taking place. This is where, in fact, the name came from important period time. Outstanding figures of the Renaissance include the immortal Michelangelo and the ever-living Leonardo da Vinci.

The Renaissance (the main features are briefly described in our article) left its ideological and cultural imprint on all European states. But for each individual country there are individual historical boundaries of the era. And all because of unequal economic and social development.

The Renaissance arose in Italy. Here its first symptoms were noticeable in the 13th-14th centuries. But the era took firm root only in the 20s of the 15th century. In Germany, France and other powers, the Renaissance arose much later. The end of the 15th century marked the peak of the Renaissance. And already in the next century there is a crisis of ideas of this era. As a result of the incident, Baroque and Mannerism emerge.

What was this era like?

The Renaissance is the period when the transition from medieval to bourgeois begins. This is precisely that stage of history when bourgeois-capitalist relations have not yet been formed, and the social-feudal foundations have already been shaken.

During the Renaissance, a nation begins to form. At this time, the power of the kings, with the support of ordinary townspeople, managed to overcome the power of the feudal nobles. Before this time, there were so-called associations that were called states solely for geographical reasons. Now large monarchies are emerging, the foundations of which are nationalities and historical destinies.

The Renaissance is characterized by the incredible development of trade relations between different countries. During this period, great geographical discoveries. The Renaissance was the period when the basics of modern scientific theories were laid. Thus, natural science appeared with its inventions and discoveries. The turning point for the described process is the discovery of printing. And it was precisely this that perpetuated the Renaissance as an era.

Other achievements of the Renaissance

The Renaissance is briefly characterized high achievements in the field of literature. Thanks to the advent of printing, it acquires distribution capabilities that it could not afford before. Ancient manuscripts that have risen like a phoenix from the ashes are beginning to be translated into different languages and be republished. They are traveling the world faster than ever. The learning process has become much easier thanks to the ability to reproduce on paper a wide variety of scientific achievements and knowledge.

The revived interest in antiquity and the study of this period were reflected in religious mores and views. From the mouth of Caluccio Salutatti, Chancellor of the Florentine Republic, a statement was made that Holy Bible is nothing more than poetry. During the Renaissance, the Holy Inquisition reaches the peak of its activity. This was due to the fact that such a deep study of ancient works could undermine faith in Jesus Christ.

Early and High Renaissance

Features of the Renaissance are indicated by two periods of the Renaissance. Thus, scientists divide the entire era into the Early Renaissance and the High Renaissance. The first period lasted 80 years - from 1420 to 1500. During this time, art had not yet completely gotten rid of the remnants of the past, but was already trying to combine them with elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only much later and very slowly, thanks to the influence of radically changing conditions of culture and life, do artists abandon the foundations of the Middle Ages and begin to use ancient art without a twinge of conscience.

But all this happened in Italy. In other countries, art was subordinated to Gothic for a long time. Only at the end of the 15th century did the Renaissance begin in Spain and in the states located north of the Alps. Here early stage era continues until the middle XVI century. But nothing worth attention no production was made during this period.

High Renaissance

The second era of the Renaissance is considered the most grandiose time of its existence. The High Renaissance also lasted 80 years (1500-1580). During this period, Rome, not Florence, became the capital of art. All this became possible due to the accession to the throne of Pope Julius II. He was an ambitious man. He was also famous for his honesty and enterprise. It was he who attracted the best Italian artists to his court. Under Julius II and his successors, it was built great amount monumental sculptures, unsurpassed sculptures are sculpted, frescoes and paintings are painted, which are still considered masterpieces of world culture today.

Renaissance art periods

The ideas of the Renaissance were embodied in the art of that period. But before talking about the art itself, I would like to highlight its main stages. Thus, the Proto-Renaissance or introductory period (approximately 1260-1320), Ducento (XIII century), Trecento (XIV century), as well as Quattrocento (XV century) and Cinquecento (XVI century) are noted.

Naturally, the sequence of century boundaries does not exactly coincide with specific stages cultural development. The Proto-Renaissance marks the end of the 13th century, Early Renaissance ends in 1490, and the High Renaissance ends before the beginning of the 1530s. Only in Venice does it continue to exist until the end of the 16th century.

Renaissance Literature

The literature of the Renaissance includes such immortal names as Shakespeare, Ronsard, Petrarch, Du Bellay and others. It was during the Renaissance that poets demonstrated the victory of humanity over its own shortcomings and mistakes of the past. The most developed literature was from Germany, France, England, Spain and Italy.

On English literature big influence the poetry of Italy had an impact and classical works. Thomas Whyatt introduces the sonnet form, which quickly gains popularity. The sonnet created by the Earl of Surrey also receives attention. The history of English literature is in many ways similar to the literature of France, although they external resemblance minimal.

German Renaissance literature is famous for the appearance of Schwanks during this period. These are interesting and funny stories, which were first created in the form of poetry, and later in prose. They talked about everyday life, about everyday life ordinary people. All this was presented in a light, playful and relaxed style.

Literature of France, Spain and Italy

French literature of the Renaissance is marked by new trends. Margaret of Navarre became the patroness of the ideas of reformation and humanism. In France, folk and urban creativity began to come to the fore.

The Renaissance (you can see it briefly in our article) in Spain is divided into several periods: early Renaissance, high renaissance and baroque. Throughout the era, the country has celebrated increased attention to culture and science. Journalism is developing in Spain, and book printing is appearing. Some writers intertwine religious and secular motives

Representatives of the Renaissance are Francesco Petrarca and Giovanni Boccaccio. They became the first poets who began to express sublime images and thoughts in frank, common language. This innovation was received with a bang and spread in other countries.

Renaissance and art

The peculiarity of the Renaissance is that the human body became the main source of inspiration and subject of study for artists of this time. Thus, the emphasis was placed on the similarity of sculpture and painting with reality. The main features of the art of the Renaissance period include radiance, refined use of the brush, the play of shadow and light, care in the work process and complex compositions. For Renaissance artists, the main images were from the Bible and myths.

In resemblance real person with his image on this or that canvas was so close that fictional character seemed alive. This cannot be said about the art of the twentieth century.

The Renaissance (its main trends are briefly outlined above) perceived the human body as an endless beginning. Scientists and artists regularly improved their skills and knowledge by studying the bodies of individuals. The prevailing view then was that man was created in the likeness and image of God. This statement reflected physical perfection. The main and important objects of Renaissance art were the gods.

Nature and beauty of the human body

Renaissance Art great attention devoted to nature. Characteristic element The landscapes had varied and lush vegetation. The blue-blue skies that permeated Sun rays that penetrated the clouds white, were a magnificent backdrop for the floating creatures. Renaissance art worshiped beauty human body. This feature was manifested in the refined elements of the muscles and body. Difficult postures, facial expressions and gestures, coherent and clear color palette characteristic of the work of sculptors and sculptors of the Renaissance period. These include Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt and others.

Subject: Medieval art. Culture of the early Renaissance.

History and Social Studies Teacher

Gordeeva D.V.

Lesson plan:

• Architecture
• Sculpture
• Painting
• “Lovers of Wisdom” and the revival of the ancient heritage
• New teaching about man and raising a new man
• The first humanists in literature and art

ROMANESQUE

GOTHIC

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims,

France, XIII century.

Abbey Maria Laach, Germany, XI-XIII centuries.

How are these buildings different?

Why these architectural styles have such names?

ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

GOTHIC

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

Chapel of Penitents.

Doge's Palace in Venice,

Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne. XI-XII centuries

ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

GOTHIC

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

Cathedral in Amiens. France. XIII century

Pisa Cathedral. Italy. XI–XII centuries

ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

GOTHIC

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

Doge's Palace in Venice

XIV-XVI centuries

Chapel of Penitents.

Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne. XI-XII centuries .

Comparison lines

Roman style

Gothic style

Comparison lines

Roman style

Time of appearance and period of existence

Gothic style

IX-XI centuries

Characteristic features of the architectural style

XII-XVI centuries

Massive buildings, smooth walls, semicircular arch.

The plan shows a cross, with a tower in the center.

Pointed vault. Tall columns, spacious, bright halls.

2. Sculpture

Working with textbook illustrations, pages 233, 234.

• What themes do medieval sculptures reflect?
• Where do centaurs, chimeras and other fairy-tale sculpture creatures come from?
• What do you see as the main difference in the works of ancient and medieval sculptors?
• Who was the main figure of decor in the temple, in the monastic cell, in the bedroom of the laity?
• What do you think the main idea medieval art?
• Why did sculptors so often depict the Mother of God in the Middle Ages?

The walls of Romanesque churches were covered with paintings, and the walls of Gothic cathedrals were filled with stained glass windows - paintings made from pieces of colored glass held together with lead rims.

Cathedral in Chartres,

France, XII century

3. Painting

Notre Dame,

France

3. Painting

Book miniature

English book miniature. Alchemist.

"The Song of Roland"

"Big Chronicles"

Burning of Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Commander of Normandy Geoffroy de Charny in 1314

September

"Calendar of the Duke of Berry"

January

4. “Lovers of Wisdom” and the revival of the ancient heritage

• In the middle of the 14th century. originates in Italy new era– Revival (Renaissance). The first century and a half is called the early Renaissance.

• What brought the new culture to life?

• The rise of Italian cities.
• The bourgeoisie assessed the world in a new way. The city's rich were active and enterprising (“Man was born not to spend his life in a dream, but to take action”).
• Interest in nature and people.
• Interest in ancient culture.

5. New teaching about man and raising a new man

• How did the church characterize the position of man in medieval society?

But during the Renaissance, people appeared who began to be called humanists .

What was the novelty of the doctrine of man?

How did humanists imagine the process of educating a new person?

In 1327 in the church of St. Clara he met a beautiful young woman, whom he sang in poetry. His collection “Book of Songs” is composed of sonnets, canzones, sextinas, ballads, madrigals, glorifying his idealized love Laura. She was married woman, had 11 children and refused to become a mistress. The fame of the “singer Laura” brought him the patronage of influential persons, in particular the Colonna family.

• Born in Arezzo in the family of a notary. In 1312 the family moved from Arezzo to Avignon. He received his education first in Montpellier and then at the University of Bologna. However, he hated law. Accepted a spiritual title, which gave him access to papal court(1326). Petrarch became carried away by the splendor of court life.

6. The first humanists in literature and art

• Assignment: read Petrarch’s sonnet “From Sonnets on the Life of Madonna Laura” on p. 240 textbook and answer the questions:

• What is the main theme of the sonnet?
• What is the main idea of ​​the sonnet?
• How does this sonnet make you feel?

6. The first humanists in literature and art

• To others famous writer During the Renaissance, Petrarch's student Giovanni Boccaccio became a student. He wrote a collection of short stories, “The Decameron,” in which he vividly and fascinatingly showed the life and customs of various strata of Italian society and mercilessly ridiculed the hypocrisy, idleness and vanity of the clergy.

6. The first humanists in literature and art

Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.

"Spring"(Italian Primavera) - painting by Sandro Botticelli, written in 1482. Exhibited at the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

"Birth of Venus"(Italian Nascita di Venere) - the painting is a tempera painting on canvas measuring 172.5x278.5 cm. Currently stored in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.

Let's summarize:

• Why were works of medieval art created under the influence of the church?
• What feelings and thoughts did medieval architects and sculptors strive to express in their works?
• Answer only “yes” and “no”.

«+» / «-»

• The Renaissance began in the 15th century.
• The new culture paid great attention to man, his life, and nature.
• Humanists considered the purpose of life not to serve God, but to work for the benefit of people.
• Francesco Petrarca was famous artist era of the early Renaissance.
• Donatello was crowned with a laurel wreath and named the best poet Italy.
• Painted and sculptural portraits became widespread.

Homework:

• § 28, 29, read, answer the questions orally. Prepare for the test.

The Renaissance is a landmark period in human history. This is a time of change in people's consciousness, a transition from the medieval dominance of the divine cult to the desire to revive ancient ideals, to place emphasis on the development of man as an individual. This is a period of extraordinary growth in painting. This era gave us such masters as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael Santi, and other great artists. To this day, people from all over the world come to galleries to see the paintings of these outstanding masters. There is also a rise in science, which is associated with the names of Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno and Galileo Galilei.

Renaissance Painting and Science

The main ideas of the Renaissance (humanism, anthropocentrism, appeal to antiquity) found their expression in the art of the Renaissance (Renaissance).

Great geographical discoveries expanded Europeans' understanding of the world. There was evidence of the sphericity of the Earth, knowledge of other cultures. This time is characterized by the growth of cities and the development of manufactories. All this contributed to the development of science.

Events

The end of the XIII-XIV centuries.- Proto-Renaissance

XV century- Early Renaissance

End of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century.- High Renaissance

Middle - second half of the 16th century.- Late Renaissance

Traits

fine arts of the Renaissance:

Construction of a volumetric composition (three-dimensionality)
. application of linear perspective
. naturalism, imitation of nature. Interest in human anatomy
. change in the status of the artist. The artist ceases to be an anonymous artisan
. scenic painting displaces the icon. There is an appeal to external objects, visible with physical vision (in contrast to the icon, for which the invisible, “hidden” meaning is paramount)
. secular genres appear, in particular, portrait
. a round (separated from the wall and intended to be viewed from all sides) and naked sculpture appears

Sciences of the Renaissance:

Development of human sciences
. development of mathematics and natural sciences
. transition from pure speculation to experience
. connection with practice (development of navigation, cartography, various technologies)

Participants

Leonardo da Vinci:

Sandro Botticelli:

Michelangelo Buanarroti:

Rafael Santi:

Pieter Bruegel:

Albrecht Durer:

Lucas Cranach the Elder:

Conclusion

Renaissance culture, originally formed in Italy, in the 16th century. spread throughout Europe. The transition to the Renaissance meant a new aesthetics, A New Look on art, science and man himself. The ideas of the Renaissance influenced the whole European culture New time.

On this lesson we will talk about painting and science of the Renaissance.

The foundation of the Renaissance was humanism. This ideological movement brought man to the forefront. Anthropocentrism ( the idealistic view, according to which man is the center of the Universe and the goal of all events occurring in the world) was contrasted theocentrism ( a philosophical concept based on the understanding of God as the absolute, perfect, highest being, the source of all life and any good) of the Middle Ages. The center of the Renaissance was Italy.

In the development of Italian visual arts the Renaissance is distinguished several stages:

Proto-Renaissance (late XIII-XIV centuries)

Early Renaissance (XV century)

High Renaissance (end of the 15th - first third of the 16th centuries)

Late Renaissance (mid and second half of the 16th century)

The first artists, the harbingers of the Renaissance, appeared in Italy at the end of the 13th century. While creating artistic paintings traditional religious themes, they began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background. This sharply distinguished them from the previous iconographic tradition, which was characterized by conventions in the image. To denote their creativity, it is customary to use the term - proto-Renaissance.

Giotto di Bondone- artist and architect of the Renaissance. Among Giotto's early works, noteworthy are the frescoes of the Upper Church of San Francesco, which were created between 1290-1299. Since the frescoes were created by a group of masters, it is extremely difficult to determine authentic works by Giotto. Some researchers generally deny his authorship. Around 1310, the lower church was painted, in the painting of which Giotto also took part. In the period from 1304 to 1306. Giotto created his most important work - the painting of the chapel del Arena in Padua (Fig. 1). The paintings, arranged in three tiers, tell chronological order about the lives of Mary and Christ. Solution of the topic in the form of a series dramatic stories, simplicity of situations, plastic expressiveness of gestures and light coloring make the painting a masterpiece of proto-Renaissance painting in Italy.

Rice. 1. Giotto di Bondone - painting of the Arena Chapel in Padua ()

The heyday of Renaissance painting occurred in the first quarter of the 16th century. This period is called High Renaissance. The main topic Renaissance painting became man. Also, the painting of this era is characterized by the desire for a naturalistic depiction of the original, interest in human anatomy, the appearance of images of nudes, as well as the emergence and spread of secular genres: landscape, household painting and a portrait. Even in religious art the pictorial painting displaces the icon.

The greatest genius of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci(Fig. 2) (1452-1519), expert in anatomy and physics, designer and architect, sculptor and artist, musician and writer. He became the embodiment of the humanistic ideal of a comprehensively developed personality. He drew up designs for a submarine, aircraft and a parachute. Among works of art Leonardo da Vinci became most famous portrait “Mona Lisa” or “La Gioconda” (Fig. 3). This portrait is one of the best examples of the portrait genre of the era. High Renaissance. To this day the painting is in Louvre(Paris, France). Also gained fame "Vitruvian Man" (Fig. 4), drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. In addition to paintings, several grandiose frescoes by the master have been preserved. Image "Last Supper"(Fig. 5) decorated the wall of one of the Milan monasteries. This painting depicts the legend that, shortly before his death, Jesus gathered his disciples and told them: “One of you will betray me.” The painting shows students amazed by these words. Anger, despair, fear and distrust on their faces. Only Jesus is calm and sad.

Rice. 2. Self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci ()

Rice. 3. Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) ()

Rice. 4. Leonardo da Vinci - Vitruvian Man, Galleria dell'Accademia, Venice ()

Rice. 5. Leonardo da Vinci - The Last Supper ()

Michelangelo Buonarroti - younger contemporary of Leonardo, artist, sculptor, military engineer and poet. A brilliant creation Michelangelo as an artist is ceiling painting Sistine Chapel in the Vatican(Fig. 6) depicting biblical scenes. It was created from 1508 to 1512. On an area of ​​600 sq. m. the artist, standing on the scaffolding, depicted hundreds human figures filled with drama. The main section of the cycle consists of nine scenes from the book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible. The paintings are divided into 3 groups. The theme of the first group of images is God’s creation of Earth and Heaven, the second is the creation of Adam and Eve, the Fall, expulsion from paradise, the third is the suffering that befell humanity through the story of Noah. The sequence of episodes is arranged in such a way that the viewer, upon entering the chapel, begins to view the scenes from the altar wall. Many years later, Michelangelo returned to painting the Sistine Chapel, creating a grandiose fresco "The Last Judgment"(Fig. 7).

Rice. 6. Michelangelo Buonarroti - painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican ()

Rice. 7. Michelangelo Buonarroti - The Last Judgment ()

Rafael Santi- great Italian artist and a High Renaissance architect, contemporary of Leonardo. Rafael performed various works. By order of the Pope, he painted chambers and halls for the ceremonial reception in the Vatican, and designed in Rome Saint Paul's Cathedral, was engaged in decorating the interiors of churches and palaces of nobles. A special place in his paintings is occupied by female images . Sistine Madonna (Fig. 8) - was written by Raphael in 1512-1513. for the altar of the church of the monastery of St. Sixtus. The painting was commissioned by Pope Julius II in honor of the victory over the French who invaded Italy. The painting shows the Madonna and Child surrounded by Pope Sixtus II and Saint Barbara, as well as two angels below. The figures form a triangle, and the parted curtains only emphasize geometric construction compositions. The artist’s skill also lies in the fact that the background, which at first glance appears to be clouds, turns out to be the heads of angels upon closer inspection. This painting is currently in Dresden gallery in Germany.

Rice. 8. Raphael Santi - Sistine Madonna ()

Northern Renaissance is a term used to describe the Renaissance in Northern Europe or throughout Europe outside of Italy. In art Northern Renaissance the leading role belongs to painting. Unlike Italy, Northern Renaissance painting preserved traditions for a long time gothic art, paid less attention to the ancient heritage and the study of human anatomy. Among the outstanding German painters Northern Renaissance - Lucas Cranach the Elder, his famous work is portrait of Martin Luther (Fig. 9). Also to the outstanding German artists this era belongs Albrecht Durer. A versatile painter and greatest master engravings, he studied perspective and the canons of the human body, trying to comprehend the laws of beauty. His most famous engravings are from the series "Apocalypse".

Rice. 9. Lucas Cranach the Elder - Portrait of Martin Luther ()

The Renaissance also affected art Netherlands, Spain and France.

Great geographical discoveries expanded the boundaries of known lands, proved the hypothesis about the spherical shape of our planet, and gave new knowledge about other cultures. The growth of cities, the development of manufacturing production, and the strengthening of trade relations between countries required development exact sciences. Greatest successes were achieved in astronomy.

The great Polish astronomer (Fig. 10) proposed heliocentric world system - the idea that the Sun is central celestial body, around which the Earth and other planets orbit. He observed for 30 years heavenly bodies and came to the conclusion that The earth revolves around the sunand around its own axis. His heliocentric system replaced the previous one - geocentric- an idea of ​​the structure of the universe, according to which the central position in the Universe is occupied by the stationary Earth, around which the Sun, Moon, planets and stars revolve.

Rice. 10. Nicolaus Copernicus ()

It was an era of struggle between reason and religious dogma. A follower of Copernicus was Giordano Bruno. According to the decision of the Inquisition court, he was burned at the stake. Almost suffered the same fate Galileo Galilei, however, the Inquisition court managed to force him to renounce his scientific views.

German astronomer Johannes Kepler formulated the law of planetary orbital motion. Every planet solar system moves along an ellipse, at one of the foci of which the Sun is located. Each planet in the solar system moves in a plane passing through the center of the sun.

At this time, trigonometry and analytical geometry were distinguished in mathematics.. Thanks to the works and labors of Andreas Vesalius, the founder of scientific anatomy William Harvey, the founder of embryology and physiology Miguel Servetus, medicine and anatomy stepped forward.

FrontierXVI- XVIIcenturies called the beginning of the natural science revolution.

Bibliography

1. Barenboim P., Shiyan S. Michelangelo. Mysteries of the Medici Chapel. - M.: Slovo, 2006.
2. Vedyushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Textbook on the history of modern times, grade 7. - M., 2013.
3. Volynsky A.L. Life of Leonardo da Vinci. - M.: Algorithm, 1997.
4. Grebenikov E.A. Nicolaus Copernicus. - M.: “Science”, 1982.
5. Art of the Early Renaissance. - M.: Art, 1980.
6. History of Art: Renaissance. - M.: AST, 2003.
7. Makhov A. Rafael. Young guard. 2011. (Life of wonderful people)
8. Ceil G. Leonardo da Vinci as an artist and scientist (1452-1519): An experience in psychological biography / Trans. from fr. - M.: KomKniga, 2007.
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Homework

1. List the main features of the Renaissance that appeared in painting.
2. What periods is the Renaissance divided into?
3. Which famous artists Renaissance you know? What paintings did they paint? Have you seen any of these pictures before?
4. Tell us about the development of science during the Renaissance.

Question 1. Who called themselves “lovers of wisdom”?

Lovers of wisdom were people from different strata of society, but all well educated, who did not simply study the knowledge of antiquity, as scholasticism did, but worshiped antiquity and dreamed of completely reviving it. They discovered new literary works.

It’s not that they were hidden before, but scholasticism was not interested in them, studying only the philosophical and scientific heritage. Lovers of wisdom copied the inscriptions available to them on stone left by the ancient Romans. Before that, people of the Middle Ages did not pay attention to them, because in fact, each of them did not carry anything important.

But lovers of wisdom already appreciated the fact that it was created by the ancient Romans. It was these people who claimed that they were creating the New Age, and between them and the Ancient World - the barbarian Middle Ages.

Question 2. How did humanists imagine the role and significance of man?

It was the humanists who put man at the center of their attention and began to show interest not only in the salvation of his soul, but also in his earthly life. While the medieval church condemned the sinfulness of man, his vices, humanists admired his dignity, his perfection.

Question 3. How did the ideas of nobility that were common in feudal society and among humanists differ?

In feudal society, the word “nobility” was understood literally, that is, “good birth” - birth from worthy ancestors. Humanists argued that what is valuable is not who a person is born from, but what a person has achieved through the education of the soul and sublime thoughts.

Question 4. Why did the “lovers of wisdom” call their time the Renaissance?

Because they revived antiquity. They didn’t just admire her, but they wanted to restore what the barbarians had destroyed.

Question 5. What new did the Renaissance artists bring to architecture, sculpture and painting?

1) a play of chiaroscuro has been created in painting, the image has become three-dimensional;

2) new types of buildings have been created, now the architecture is oriented not upward, like Gothic, but horizontally;

3) architecture became realistic, like in antiquity.

Question 6. Make and fill out the table “Thinkers and artists of the early Renaissance” yourself.

§ 29. Culture of the early Renaissance in Italy