What are the nicknames? What is a nickname?
A person likes to give names to everything in order to orient himself in his surroundings. complex world. Sometimes these names turn out to be funny, but surprisingly accurate, and therefore memorable. Very often this happens with nicknames or nicknames that we give to our acquaintances, friends or four-legged friends - pets. Why is this happening? Why do people give someone nicknames? How do you get a variety of funny nicknames? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article.
Name and nickname
Every person receives a name at birth, and in some cultures even several. Names have meanings. For example: Andrey is “courageous”, Olesya is “protector”, Alsou is “rosy-cheeked”, Damir is “persistent”. Ancient beliefs say that a person’s name determines his character and destiny.
However, in reality it is impossible to predict whether the name given at birth will correspond to the personality traits or appearance of the person to whom it was given. Thus, the “courageous” Andrei may turn out to be indecisive and fearful, and the “rosy-cheeked” Alsou is naturally pale-skinned.
For this reason, many people receive nicknames in the social circle where they constantly move: friends, classmates and fellow students, colleagues. People with a certain type of character simply love to come up with funny nicknames for friends, relatives and just acquaintances. Sometimes it happens that what is given to a person reflects his essence than his name and surname. But most often nicknames are given as a joke and then “stick.” Usually for a while, but sometimes for life.
Where do nicknames come from?
The tradition of having several names was and still is among the Indians, as well as among the Spaniards and Portuguese. The latter even have polysyllabic surnames taken from their father and mother. In ancient times, representatives of many nations believed that several names provided a person not only with protection from evil forces, but also with opportunities for “maneuver” in life. Any of the names given to him will definitely suit his character or appearance. Thus, one name or surname was constantly used, while others remained “in reserve.”
Ancient people also readily used nicknames. They believed that knowing someone's real name could harm that person and cast a spell on him. Therefore, the real name was carefully hidden, second and third names, and even nicknames, were used. They were formed in accordance with the characteristics of a particular person (appearance, character, skills) or based on his type of activity. It is known that many modern surnames- these are modified nicknames of ancestors.
When a person changes his name
Since a name has always been considered a person’s destiny, changing a name means a desire to change one’s destiny. For example, if a person wants to start life anew, he will take one of his “spare” names (if his culture gives second and third names) or he will come up with a more suitable one. When they go to the monastery, they also take a new name, choosing it from the list of names of saints. When a person is engaged in creative or public activities (actor, writer, blogger, musician, politician), he often also takes a pseudonym in order to stand out from the crowd, and in addition, to distinguish between public and personal life.
Why do they give nicknames?
It's hard to say whether our ancestors had a tradition of coming up with funny nicknames for friends. Perhaps they did something funny, but by accident. However, this usually happens these days, with modern nicknames.
Most often, nicknames are given to distinguish one person from another. Most likely, this is how the first nicknames were formed. For example, there are many people around named Stepan, Marya, Ivan, etc. And if you call them “Ivan the Blacksmith”, “Marya the Beauty”, “Stepan the Merry Man”, then it immediately becomes clear what specific person we are talking about. Such nicknames usually included occupation, appearance, character or origin.
Nowadays, such “distinguishing” nicknames are often formed from a person’s real name or surname: Sergey - Sery, Gorokhov - Gorokh, Kuznetsov - Kuznets, etc.
Very often, a nickname given to a person by others is a mirror that reflects the attitude of a given society (friends, colleagues, fellow students) towards him. Affectionate and funny nicknames indicate acceptance and respect, offensive nicknames indicate problems in relationships.
Funny nicknames for children and adults
The tradition of coming up with funny nicknames for people is especially common in school age. Children are not only more observant than adults, but also much more straightforward, so nicknames arise quickly and are often invented by everyone: both each other and adults. In the latter case, the nickname is, of course, hidden from its “bearer”.
What are some funny nicknames for boys:
- Pate;
- Karamba;
- Nail puller;
- Lyalya, Katya, Olesya and similar girl names;
- Leshy.
What are some funny nicknames for girls:
- Chupacabra;
- Bleak;
- Vasya, Tolyan, Vitya and similar boyish names;
- Currency (on behalf of Valya);
- Torpedo.
Teachers' nicknames often reflect them and their students' attitudes. For example: Sinister, Corrosion (the brain eats away). And there are also affectionate nicknames, indicating a good attitude: Anastasia Petrovna - Nastyushka. Very often, schoolchildren give nicknames to teachers just as a joke, based on their first name, patronymic or last name. So, Vera Andreevna becomes “Veranda”, Natalya Fedorovna becomes “Nafanya”, a teacher named Venediktov receives the nickname “Venik” and so on.
But it often happens that children grow up, but their desire to come up with nicknames does not disappear. Only the place of the school team is taken by the worker. According to opinion polls, more than half of people come up with nicknames for their bosses and colleagues. Most often this is done for entertainment and “conspiracy”. At the same time, few people are offended by the invented nickname; mostly adults treat it with humor.
Friendly nicknames
In regular companies, they often come up with funny nicknames for friends. In this way, a certain common spirit, a special atmosphere of a separate social circle is emphasized. Often a nickname is given not according to some characteristic, but in spite of it. For example, a very thin person will be called Fatty or Fatty, a tall person will be called Gnome or Thumbelina, someone with a cool disposition will be called Dobryachok or Fairy, and a bald person will be called Curly. In such cases, the funny effect of the nickname is achieved precisely because of its discrepancy with reality.
It happens that a nickname “sticks” to a person so well that friends generally stop calling him something else, and he himself, when meeting someone in an informal setting, also introduces himself by his nickname. Often occur funny incidents when someone’s nickname is very reminiscent of their real name (Fedya, Vitya, Chris, Margot), and then it turns out that the person’s name is actually completely different, and they called him (her) that way because of their last name or a long-standing, already forgotten incident . The funniest nicknames are usually not invented intentionally, but are obtained completely by accident, during some memorable incident or unexpected “insight”.
Funny pet names
People come up with nicknames when they want to highlight someone or show their attitude. This applies equally to friends and acquaintances and to four-legged pets.
Of course, it is easier to choose a nickname for dogs and cats than to choose a name for a person. The yard dog Tuzik or the cat Fluff can go well with their nicknames, but most often the owners want to choose a beautiful and beautiful pet for their pet. Especially if the dog or cat is purebred, then human, often even foreign names are most often used: Styopa, Max, Charlie, Sabrina, Marseille and so on.
What are cats called?
Funny nicknames for cats are usually given by owners with good imagination and nicknames are often born “in honor” of food products, for example: Loaf, Cheburek, Bun, Korzhik, Coconut, Patisson and others. Animals are often named after famous people or characters: Pegasus, Terminator, Milla Jovovich, Uma Thurman. The appearance of a pet can also become a reason for receiving a funny nickname: a cat of an unusual color, White Tail, a shaggy cat, Chuchundra, or a Sphynx cat named Shershavy. There are also such funny nicknames for cats that are simply invented as something original and convenient: Leska, Evrik, Maruska, Count de Lyalus (or briefly - Lyalchik).
What are dogs called?
Most owners carefully choose names for their dogs. Funny options are usually invented by those people for whom their barking pets are family members, and not exhibitors or performers of watchdog functions. This is how Kefirchik, Belyash, Tube, Bucks, Cola, Barmaley, Ghoul, Meatball and other strange but funny dog nicknames appear. Sometimes a nickname is funny because of its contrast with the appearance of the animal: Doberman Fluff, Rottweiler Filya, dachshund Domna.
Such funny, but mostly affectionate names reveal loving attitude the owner to his pet, even if he does not always behave well.
A nickname or nickname is, first of all, a way to stand out. If someone gets a funny nickname, it's a sign special treatment. Funny dogs, funny nicknames of people - all this is a kind of sign of interest and friendship. This is how we show that our two-legged or four-legged friends are truly important to us.
INTRODUCTION
nickname nickname survey
In addition to our first and last names, almost all of us have nicknames. Offensive, humorous, sometimes which we simply ignore with a word - different.
Nicknames are a person’s second personal name, but it is given to him without registration in a legal document: birth certificate, passport.
A nickname is a kind of baptism, which is firmly established most often in a school environment, on the street, and can be very tenacious; if it sticks, it will accompany a person for a long time. For some people, nicknames accompany them throughout their lives: from school to old age. Nicknames or nicknames sometimes distinguish those named from others, since there may be people with the same last names and first names. We must not forget that nicknames most often have a negative connotation.
The tradition of giving nicknames is by no means new. For example, the Roman emperor Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. And we would never have remembered this magnificent name if those who knew Guy from the military camp, where he was given unsightly leather Caligula boots, had not simply dubbed him “Caligula.” And Caligula - well, who doesn’t know him, the “bloodsucker”? And now, how many years have passed since then, and people still often call their friends, colleagues, classmates, neighbors and just acquaintances completely differently from what is written in their passport. So to speak: “You leave your full name for housing offices, registry offices and passport offices, and we, don’t blame me, will come up with a nickname for you. It’s easier, more accurate, and more often than not, hits the bull’s eye.”
Conversations about nicknames, nicknames and first names are widespread online and in real life. This topic gives rise to a lot of speculation and controversy.
Often a person receives the name of an animal or bird as a nickname. So the nickname could have been aptly noted appearance a person, his character or habits. One person could be nicknamed the Rooster for his pugnacity, another for his long legs, the Crane, and a third for his ability to always wriggle out and avoid punishment or danger, the Snake.
In ancient documents you can sometimes find the most unusual nicknames. For example, in one of the documents there is an entry made in 1495. It mentions the peasant Ignatko, who bore the nickname... Great Lapti (the word great is used here in its old meaning of “big”).
We often wonder how nicknames are attached and why. They were, are and will continue to be nicknames.
Therefore, our research is devoted to the study of nicknames. The collection and classification of nicknames based on their origin is our research. Research was conducted in the Yenisei region: which of the residents have nicknames, the reasons for their origin.
Thus, generalization and structuring of work experience in the designated areas is of significant value. This determines the relevance of this course work.
These positions made it possible to formulate the research problem: what are the features of the formation and use of nicknames in the speech space of the city. Solving this problem was the goal of the study.
The object of the study is the speech space of the city, and the subject of the study is nicknames in the speech space of the city.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Analyze the concepts of “nickname” and “nickname” in linguistic literature.
Identify the main features of nicknames and nicknames and propose their classification.
Compile a questionnaire for recipients regarding their use of nicknames in communication; conduct a survey.
Analyze the questionnaires.
In our work we are guided by the following methods: method of collecting information (studying scientific literature), questioning, observation, analysis, comparison method, generalization method, structuring method.
The work consists of an introduction, 3 paragraphs, a list of references, a conclusion and an appendix.
In the introduction, the relevance of the chosen research topic is substantiated, the problem and the purpose of the research are formed, the object and subject are identified, tasks are set and methods of pedagogical research are determined.
In paragraph 1, “The concepts of “nickname” and “nickname””, an analysis of the concepts and various interpretations to understand their essence is presented.
In paragraph 2, “Classification of nicknames based on their origin,” the material is structured based on the origin and use of nicknames in communication.
In paragraph 3, “Analysis of questionnaires,” the main criteria are identified and the results are structured.
In conclusion, conclusions about the study are formulated.
The list of used literature includes 20 sources.
The appendix contains questionnaires and diagrams.
1. THE CONCEPTS OF “NICKNAME” AND “NICKNAME”
Each person has a personal name, patronymic and surname. In addition to the first name, patronymic and last name, many people also have nicknames and nicknames.
In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov’s nickname is defined as “a name given to a person for some reason” characteristic feature, property ". In the same dictionary, the concept of nickname has two interpretations, the first is “the name of a pet”; the second is “nickname”.
Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakova explains the concept of nickname as “a name, a name given to a domestic animal” and as “a nickname, a nickname that is given to a person as a joke, in mockery.”
The concept of nickname D.N. Ushakov defines it as “a name given to a person in addition to his name and containing an indication of some noticeable trait of character, appearance, activity of this person» .
D.V. Dmitriev in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language gives the concept of nickname in two formulations. The first is “this is the name of a pet” and the second is “this is a humorous, conspiratorial or slang name, nickname.”
Nickname D.V. Dmitriev interprets it as “a name given to a person (in addition to the main name and surname), derived primarily from some character trait, appearance, occupation, or in consonance with the original name and surname.”
“A name given to a person as a joke, in mockery, etc. Usually containing an indication of some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, activity, etc.” ; ; . This definition of the concept nickname is given by three dictionaries. The Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by S.A. Kuznetsova, Dictionary of the Russian language, edited by A.P. Evgenieva and New dictionary Russian language T.F. Efremova. These dictionaries interpret the concept of nickname as “the name of a pet”, as well as “a nickname given to a person as a joke, in mockery, for the purpose of conspiracy, etc.” ; ; .
On Wikipedia, the concepts of nickname and nickname are combined into one dictionary entry and explained as “unofficial name<#"justify">Nicknames derived from surnames.
The formation of nicknames from surnames mainly occurs at the level of adolescence and youth environment.
Creating nicknames by discarding the family formants -ov, -ev, -in, -yn, -sky, -evsky, -ovsky. This type of family nicknames makes up a significant part total number nicknames this kind.
Such nicknames are considered neutral, they are usually not offended by them, and are taken almost for granted.
Many nicknames that were formed by discarding formants from surnames dating back to non-Christian ones are not perceived as offensive Old Russian names and nicknames: Orel (Orlov), Winter (Zimina), Falcon (Sokolov), Oak (Dubov), Wolf (Volkov), Dove (Golubev), Shuba (Shubin), Kulesh (Kuleshov), Moroz (Morozov), Pop (Popov), Borsch (Borshchov, Borshchevsky).
However, many onomonic bases belong to the appellative vocabulary, which in cultural tradition of the Russian people has a correlation with certain cognitions established in the people's memory, both positive and negative character. In view of this, nicknames formed by cutting off family formants are divided into family nicknames of a positive nature and family nicknames of a negative nature.
Nicknames of a positive nature are not only not offensive, but most often the one to whom they are given is proud of them, because This is facilitated by the idea of this appellative, embedded both in history and in the culture of the people, with which the nickname correlates.
Nicknames of a positive nature include: Flower or Flower (Tsvetkova), Swan (Lebedeva), Birch (Berezina).
Nicknames of a negative nature, causing undesirable associations, can be quite offensive, especially since these family nicknames can coincide with the nicknames themselves, which go back to the external or internal properties of a person. For example, Blokha (Blokhin) - Blokha (“black-haired, small, nimble man”), Kisel (Kiselyov) - Kisel (“a weakling”), Moskal (Moskalev), Sadom (Sadomtsev), Badger(Barsukova).
History sometimes makes adjustments to the understanding of words. For example, the nickname Komissar (Komissarov) sounds with a tinge of negativity, although the surname goes back to a position that existed in Russia even before the revolution.
From surnames related to the so-called “professional”, nicknames of both neutral and negative nature are formed.
Neutral ones, which do not cause offense, because they do not essentially differ in terms of semantics from the surnames themselves, include the nicknames Tokar (Tokarev), Kuznets (Kuznetsov). The fact is that in some cases they can exist as non-standard surnames that do not have formants, which is why these nicknames are perceived as surnames. However, some professions at this stage have acquired a disdainful attitude towards them and acquired a negative connotation, therefore nicknames derived from surnames going back to this profession can cause undesirable associations: Shepherd (Pastukhov).
Nicknames formed from surnames by cutting off surname formants are perceived as harmless if the etymology of the appellative vocabulary that formed the basis of surnames is incomprehensible and obscure for modern speakers. The same should be said about the dialect words underlying the surnames: Yarets (Yartsev), Bushui (Bushuev). In this case, these nicknames are perceived as a certain set of sounds that are not associated with any specific meaning.
There are examples of homonymy at the level of appellatives that formed the basis of surnames and nicknames derived from them. As an illustration, we can cite the following pairs of family anthropolexems and nicknames derived from these surnames: Pyatka (Pyatkin), Nemets (Nemtsov). Heel is part of a human leg and Heel is the fifth son of his parents; German - a resident of Germany and a German - mute, poorly speaking or silent.
In addition to the above method of forming nicknames from family names, there is a second way, which consists in truncating not only the formants, but also the suffixes related to the basis of those names and appellatives from which the surnames were formed. At the same time, 1) the connotation of diminutiveness and endearment disappears: Vasya (Vasyunin), Grisha (Grishanin); 2) the shade of officiality disappears: Borya (Borisov). In other words, these nicknames are essentially neutral. The same thing happens when nicknames are formed from surnames that go back to appellative vocabulary: the connotation of diminutiveness disappears, which leads to the neutrality of the nickname - Eye (Glazkov), Cheryomukha (Cheryomushkin).
Quite common among young people (especially in school) is the formation of family nicknames based on consonance. In this case, various types of options are observed:
The surname and nickname are consonant in the initial sound complexes:
a) 4 sounds are consonant: Schumacher (Shumakov), Petrosyan (Petrukhin), Kopyto (Kopylov), McCloud (Maklakov);
b) 3 sounds are consonant: Nazim (Nazimov), Zema (Zemtsova), Belyash (Belimov), Hat (Shlyannikov), Myth (Miftakhov), Kuzya (Kuznetsov);
c) two sounds are consonant: Chukh (Churkov), Zhuchka (Zhunkevich).
The nickname is formed from the surname by partial replacement or insertion of sounds: Cher (Sharonov), Kuzen (Kuznetsov), Katyunya (Katnikova), Marusya (Marusova).
As can be seen from the examples, this type The formation of nicknames is marked by a kind of creativity.
Even more tangible elements verbal creativity, a kind of verbal play are observed in cases where one takes into account general character sound. In this case, metathesis may occur: Poker (Korchagin), Potato (Korotkov). Sometimes a nickname is created from individual sounds that make up the surname: Eskimo (Akimova), Associate Professor (Dontsov), Vetchina (Vyachina).
The formation of family nicknames can be carried out using suffixes. Suffixes, having their own significance, bring this to the nickname, making it more expressively colored.
In surname suffixed nicknames there is a relationship between those who give nicknames and those to whom they are given.
So, for example, nicknames formed by diminutive suffixes naturally indicate a positive attitude of friends towards the person who received this nickname. We are talking about such formations as Solnyshko (Solntsev), Sukharik (Sukharebrik), Dubok (Dubovitsky).
It should be noted that this was noted at the level of both male and female nicknames: Gusenok (Guseva), Shchechka (Shchekina).
The suffix -ashk- forms the nickname Kondrashka (Kondratyev), the suffix -yuh- is isolated in the nickname Matyukha (Matveev), they make nicknames too similar to abbreviated names, which, in principle, is adequate to the basics of surnames, which go back to the personal names Kondraty and Matvey: Kondrashkin and Matyukhin.
Women's nicknames are more expressive. It is known that the suffix -ih-(a) is used to formalize the naming of a woman by her husband (surname, given name, profession, etc.). In view of the existing traditional model, nicknames formalized using the suffix -ih-(a) are perceived somewhat negatively due to age discrepancy: Kvichikha (Kvitkovskaya), Pirozhikha (Pirogova), Chizhikha (Chizhikova). The nickname Kabanikha (Kabanova) turned out to be the most negative due to associations with the well-known Kabanikha from the drama by A.N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm".
In addition, replacing suffixes may entail a change in productive stems based on different metonymic transfers: Ovsyanka (Ovsyannikov). (The surname Ovsyannikov goes back to naming a person according to his type of activity: oatman - “one who sells oats, from which you can cook oatmeal”). A similar thing is noted in the nickname Mill (Melnikova).
Sometimes a suffix changes the generating stems to such an extent that it is quite difficult to detect any connections between them other than consonance: Murka (Muravyova).
The influence of the gender factor is observed in the formation of male and female nicknames from the same surname: Malyutka (Malyutkina), Malyuta (Malyutkin); Baby (Malyshkina), Baby (Malyshkin). A male nickname, as can be seen from the example, is characterized by cutting off the suffix.
And in this type of family nicknames, a case has been recorded when two nicknames are formed from one surname: Cooper, aka Big Bo, because “he is not only tall, but also fat” (Bondarenko).
A large number of family nicknames are formed through various kinds of reinterpretations, associations underlying their life experience.
So school program in literature, undoubtedly, helped in the creation of such nicknames as Writer (Kuprin), Grishka (Melekhov). Cartoons inspired nicknames like Dunno (Neznanova).
Sometimes an appellative that is part of the same lexical-semantic group as the appellative underlying the surname is used as a nickname: Bulka (Khlebnikova); Steamboat (Korabelnikov).
Various kinds of associations underlie nicknames such as Murzik (Koshechkin), I-go-go (Koneva).
Family nicknames can be formed by adding the stems and using abbreviations.
Laying down the basics in the formation of nicknames. It speaks of a rich creativity, which is clearly visible among young people, especially among schoolchildren. It was they who got the nickname Mongol-Tatar (Tatarnikov).
The formalization of nicknames according to the type of two-word combinations is observed in cases where the family nickname, which coincides with the personal name, evokes certain associative connections, which make it possible to specify the nickname: Bogdan Titamir (Bogdanov).
The addition of basics, which is widespread among young people, has a peculiar variety, which consists in the fact that a nickname is formed by connecting syllables or individual sound-letter combinations of the surname and given name. Such nicknames include Popsa (Svetlana Popova), Kolyan (Olga Konnikova), Shakira (Ira Shakunova). For teacher nicknames, in addition to the last name and first name, the patronymic is used: Zena (Zemskikh Ekaterina Nikolaevna), Ninja (Nina Andreevna Zueva).
And yet, for teacher nicknames, a more popular way to create them are abbreviations: RAYA (Alexey Yanovich Rychkov), BES (Balobanova Elizaveta Sergeevna); CROWBAR (Olga Maksimovna Loskutnikova).
All nicknames created by adding parts of surnames and names, as well as by abbreviations, do not at all represent a set of sounds, they are completely recognizable words. The creators of nicknames, apparently, are striving for this: after all, a simple set of sounds has no meaning, and therefore is not a word. That is why, when creating nicknames of this kind, phonetic changes such as metathesis and deafening of the final consonant can be used for the sole purpose of obtaining an easily recognizable word.
Nicknames derived from personal names.
It was already mentioned above that family nicknames are common among young people, because in the school community most often the address is at the level of surnames. And this, apparently, can explain the prevalence of nicknames derived from surnames. In addition, the foundations of family anthroponyms are very diverse, both genetically and semantically, because they go back to both proper names and nicknames, both to professions or type of activity, and to ethnicity, etc.
Personal names that appeared in Rus' after the adoption of Christianity were unmotivated for Russians. In addition, the borrowed names that have become established in the Russian traditional name book are few in number, which is why they are often repeated.
And yet, nicknames are also formed from personal names, and in almost the same ways as family names.
The largest number of denominative nicknames comes from the consonance of names and some appellatives. Moreover, in these named nicknames the following subspecies can be identified:
traditional consonance at the level of coincidence of the diminutive form of the name Peter - Petya and the word Petya, which can be considered the name of a rooster, which is reflected in oral folk art: Petya the Cockerel. Hence the Rooster (Peter);
appearance of rhyming teasers: Monkey (Yana), Piggy (Andryusha);
coincidence of the sound of the name and the appellative: Melon (Dina), Nightingale (Slava), Pahan (Pavel), Vovan (Volodya);
rearrangement of sounds: Sayan (Sanya)
consonance with the appellatives of the diminutive forms of the name: Leshy (Alexey - Lesha);
doubling a syllable: Lelyo(Alyosha, Alena).
In addition to various types of consonances that evoke all sorts of associations, in the formation of nominal nicknames, reinterpretations play a huge role, i.e. finding connections between first and last names in which some similar characteristics can be traced.
For example, Onegin (Eugene), Pushkin (Alexander Sergeevich), Gagarin (Yuri Nikolaevich), Klyuvdia (Clavdia). The latter nickname is based on the similar sound of the name Claudia and the duck Cluvdia from the cartoon. Christie (Christina) - this nickname undoubtedly goes back to the consonance of the name Christina and the famous surname English writer Agatha Christie.
There are nicknames that require some explanation. For example, Kostya is called Mosol. The birth of such a nickname is based on the similarity of the sound of the personal name Kostya and the appellative bone, and the large bone is mosol.
Nicknames can also be derived from patronymics. The math teacher, whom everyone is afraid of, was nicknamed Kondrashka, and not only because her middle name is Kondratyevna, but also because from her look, as the children say, “maybe Kondrashka is enough.”
Just as in family nicknames, in given names there are those that are formed according to the type of abbreviations: DT (Diana Timofeevna), BroM (Bromelia Maksimovna).
There are cases where parts of the first name and patronymic are added together: Tyson (Taisia Alekseevna), VikSer (Viktor Sergeevich).
There is a single example of adding the initial parts of the names of two bosom friends: VasGen (Vasily and Gennady).
Only at the level of denominations are formations from the names of relatives noted. The boy, who looks like his grandfather, whom everyone loves, is called Tishanya (the grandfather’s name is Tikhon or Tishanya). The boy, a mama's boy, a sneak and a crybaby, was named Lyudkin (mother's name is Lyudmila).
Nicknames dating back to appearance.
Nicknames that go back to appearance are some of the most ancient: at the early stage of human development, they existed as names.
Nicknames given to a person based on appearance are usually associated with a visual assessment of the person’s appearance, which, however, is derived only from compliance/inconsistency external features a person to the standard that has traditionally developed among any nation over many years of its cultural and historical development.
A person's height and nicknames as his assessment.
The first thing that catches your eye when looking at a person is his height.
Tall stature in the Russian cultural tradition is one of those signs that are included in the ideal of a handsome person. But if high growth exceeds the standard and attracts attention, then evaluative nicknames appear.
The older generation includes Dylda, Uncle Styopa, Kolomenskaya Versta.
Among young people, the male nickname Bell Tower (“well, just an endless guy”) and the female nickname Ostrich and Heron have been recorded.
However, most often in the seme structure of nicknames, in addition to the seme “tall”, other semes are added.
Such additional semes include the seme “thinness”. Khody in Russian tradition means “sick”, “bad”, which is why the nicknames of tall and thin people are diverse. Tall, thin, awkward men are called Wick, Drin, Gloomy, Long, Dryshch, Noodles, Nails, Nickname Wickcan be considered almost as traditional as Long. But Gloomy, Noodles, and Nails require explanation. Gloomy - “a tall, thin, awkward young teacher, he walks as if he is embarrassed by his height, his thinness, almost does not smile”; Noodle - “long, thin, like Rollton noodles”; Gvozdok is “long, thin, and his head is big, like the head of a nail, but he is very charming, so he is not a nail, but a nail.”
Large ones, i.e. tall and large, strong, they are called Shkaf, Ambal, Elk, Elephant, which is becoming almost a tradition. A woman of large build, tall and plump, may be called Bomb, Barrel.
Karkusha, given high, skinny girl, so dark and mannered that it made her look, according to her friends, like the famous television crow Karkusha.
Low, i.e. short stature, if it is significantly below the standard, also gives rise to nicknames that go back to various kinds of appellatives. Depending on your attitude towards people vertically challenged, which are expressed in the choice of appellative vocabulary underlying nicknames; the latter can be either neutral or expressively colored. The fact that a nickname undoubtedly reflects an attitude towards a person is evidenced by the fact that the plan of expression of the nickname as a kind of symbolic unit has changed. Young man, who in elementary school bore the offensive nickname Shmakodyavka, in high school they began to call him Shmak, because he became more serious, gained the respect of his comrades, and became, in their words, an adult, respectable.
Neutral nicknames that are given to people for their short stature include Maloy, Malik, Malyan. Their internal form is quite transparent, the suffixes -IK and -YAN do not make any special adjustments to the meaningful structure of nicknames, except for the fact that they introduce into the general meaning of these words an element of friendly attitude of those who gave these nicknames to those who became their carrier. More expressive can be considered those nicknames that have a connection with appellatives: Philippok, Napoleon. Decl and Teletubby appear among young people, and the latter nickname is given to the girl.
Obviously negative nicknames should be considered those in which there is a connection with appellatives that traditionally have a negative assessment: Morel, Kopchik, Kharchok, Gasik. Young people are more creative in assigning nicknames, because in this case there is usually a clearly visible and tangible creativity. Chek (from chekushka, i.e. quarter), Zemlyak (from earth, i.e. “almost not rising above the ground”). Bug (“a very small young man”), Gnome (“a very small girl”).
The formation of nicknames for short people can be based on other semes, in addition to the seme “small”. The seme “thinness, frailty” is especially often additional. Starichok (“a young man, small, thin, looks like an old man”), Kozyavka (“small, thin”), Kozyavochka (“small, thin, but loved by everyone”). There is also some sympathy in the nickname Stoparik, which was given by men to a friend and is used only by them. More offensive are the youth nicknames Pocket and Jerboa.
The small, fat ones are called Carlson, Sharok, and Navel. Small, inconspicuous ones are given the nicknames Pimple, Kropa, Tonta, which are common among young people. This is where the nickname Mole arose.
The nickname Flea is becoming traditional, which is given to both male and female representatives if they are small, black-haired, and agile. Small, with big beard- Hottab (from Hottabych); small, hardworking - Ant; small, stocky - Komel; small, strong - Fungus. The last nickname belongs to a very pretty girl, according to her friends. Baby is the name of a small, but very pretty, according to the neighbors, woman.
The seme “resemblance” combined with the seme “small” is present in the nickname Fidelka (“he looks like Fidel Castro, but very small, that’s why Fidelka”). But the nickname Winnie the Pooh arose due to the fact that the boy was small, fat, and besides, his name was Benjamin.
Teachers' nicknames may indicate the ingenuity of their students: Titmouse - this is the name of the music teacher for her small stature and chirping voice; Atom is the nickname of a short physics teacher. Struzhka is a little technology teacher and also has curly hair.
So-called “nicknames for two” are popular among young people. For example, Melky is the name of one of the brothers whose height is average; the one who is two centimeters shorter is called Melky. Elephant and Moska - a very tall guy, and his girlfriend is very small. One and a half - two friends, the height of one is approaching 2 meters, and the other does not exceed 1.5 meters.
Enantiosemy occurs: Maly and Malysh, both nickname bearers are almost two meters tall. This phenomenon occurs in any environment. Among young people, the nicknames Baby and Thumbelina are noted, which refer to a tall, plump guy.
Antonyms fat-thin as an assessment of a person.
Both excessive fatness and excessive thinness in the Russian tradition have always been considered a flaw not only in a person’s appearance, but also was evidence of his ability to work. A fat man is not only not beautiful, but he is most likely lazy and white-handed. A thin person is apparently sick, which is also not conducive to working.
There are nicknames that do not require special explanation, because... they have become almost traditional in the nickname of people who are distinguished by their corpulence. These are Kolobok, Donut, Puzan, Butuz, Belly, Salo, Tolsty. There are significantly fewer female nicknames of this type: Puffy, Fatty. Nicknames that completely coincide with the appellative vocabulary - Puzo, Salo - can and most often do cause offense on the part of those to whom they are given. And not only because the appellatives to which these nicknames go back have a negative connotation, but they also indicate the disdainful attitude towards them of those who give these nicknames. Kolobok, Donut, Pyshka are associated with such appellatives, which in folk tradition are considered pleasant, giving joy and pleasure.
There are nicknames that are peculiar synonyms for those already existing in the folk tradition, familiar. This happens because a frequently used nickname seems to be semantically discolored and does not have the proper expression, which, undoubtedly, should be present at the level of nicknames. That is why, along with Butuz, male nicknames, Pups, Pupsik, which are common among young people, appear. In the same environment, Phuly (“thick, like a sumo wrestler”) and, accordingly, the metaphorical Wrestler, as well as the suffixed Puhlik, appear. The nicknames Fork, Watermelon, Loaf, Zhban are metaphorical, in which hidden comparisons are felt: “round, fat, with a big belly, a real watermelon”; “white, thick, soft, like a loaf with round sides.”
The gender specificity of nicknames is not always associated with the gender category. So, the man’s name is Pyatitonka, and the teacher, who is very plump and clumsy, was nicknamed Bus by her students.
Sometimes nicknames are given based on two characteristics that distinguish a given person, which is observed in any age environment: Borov (“fat, important guy”), Torpedo (“fat, fast-moving guy”). Female nicknames are represented by the following: Piglet (“ fat girl with a squeaky voice, like the cartoon character Piglet”); Folding bed (“a plump, awkward woman”); Pelmen (“a plump, sluggish girl who owes her nickname to her own father”).
As mentioned above, thin people have fewer nicknames, but they are richer in semantics and expressiveness. Traditional Skeleton, Koschey exist along with such youth nicknames as Sukhar, aka Sushka; Hole (“the donut is round, but it is a donut hole”); Troph (short for dystrophic); Vermicelli, Balerun (“a thin guy, and also thin-legged”), Chakha (“stunted”). There are fewer female nicknames: Lace, Masyanya, Twenty (“thin as a 20cm board”).
Enantiosemy also occurs: Fat (thin). The nickname Thin is worn by a small girl whose weight is more than 90 kilograms.
Antonyms strong-weak as an assessment of a person.
Strong, healthy, robust in the minds of the Russian people was associated with a positive person, a real man, although the presence of strength alone without any positive qualities has not yet been elevated to the rank of human, first of all manhood. A very small number of nicknames that were given to physically strong people have been recorded, and they are based on almost two or more characteristics. For example, Gelding, Boar (“strong, healthy, strong, hardy”); Loban (“strong, powerful”); Balu (“strong, kind”). Only one nickname belongs to a woman: Cyborg (“strong, huge, masculine”). Strength was not and is not included in the number of female virtues in the Russian tradition, as well as in world culture. A strong, truly strong woman is a violation of the generally accepted standard, hence this purely masculine nickname.
Nicknames given to weak people are based on the principle of enantiosemy: Farschnegger (from Schwarzenegger); Stallone with a dining room (from Sylvester Stallone).
Nicknames given for individual parts human body.
Tall - short, fat - thin, strong - weak - these signs, which are the first to catch the eye, belong to the components of the general impression of a person. However, there are also more detailed differences between one person and a number of similar people.
a) hair.
These detailed features are expressed materially, for example, in the assessment of many parts of the human body, primarily hair. Light brown color is considered to be a familiar color to the eye and traditionally Russian. A hair color like red immediately catches the eye: a person who has this hair color falls out of the Russian concept of beauty. Hence the nicknames: the traditional Red and various combinations of words, which necessarily include the word red. Red AP (Alena Petrova, the girl’s hair color is red).
Light blondes are just as rare as redheads. They receive the nicknames Bely, Seryoga Bely, Belka, Blondy, Gray-haired, Albino.
By hair ash color the young man received the nickname Gray. Apparently, because the boy had real light brown hair, they began to call him Rusak.
A case of enantiosemy is seen in the nickname Black, which was given to a blond man.
Notable for their special expression are the nicknames used to call people who change their natural hair, especially if this attempt ends in failure: Chernobyl (“the girl who did extravagant highlights”); Asphalt (“the blonde became a brunette”); Explosion (“girl after dyeing her hair two colors”). The quality of the hair and its thickness also serve as the basis for nicknames.
Despite the fact that curly-haired guys have always been the standard of beauty, judging by songs and fairy tales, nevertheless, the largest number of nicknames refers to people with curly hair. In this case, a variety of appellatives are chosen: Pushkin, Baran, Baranchik, Byashka. Among young people, nicknames such as Poodle, Fluffy, and Dandelion are common.
Thick hair is the pride of the owner, but if it is unkempt, then he is given very expressive, negatively colored nicknames, which clearly sound censure. These are Lokhmach, Barmaley, Tarzan, Okhlamon, Lokhudra.
Disheveled short hair, standing on end, evoke the following associations, visible in the nicknames: Hedgehog, Okunek, Chizh.
Lack of hair or very thin hair gives rise to no less expressive and offensive nicknames: Shaved, Cherenok, Bald, Baldy (“a woman has a very rare hair"), Vovka-curly. The latter nickname is based on enantiosemy, since its bearer is bald.
b) head.
A small number of nicknames based on the size of the head and its shape were found.
The size and shape of the head are determined according to a certain standard established by cultural tradition, based on the proportionality of the head and torso, head and height. If proportionality from a visual point of view is clearly violated, then people with rather large heads acquire the nicknames Bobok, Kochan, Tadpole, Globus.
Eyes that are too narrow for Russian “aesthetic” taste are assessed as something that not only “deviates” from the standard, but is also associated with the concept of non-Russian. Hence, the owners of narrow eyes are called the following nicknames: Korean, Japanese, Chinese, Mongolian, Kyrgyz.
Eyes that are too large also attract attention. Hence the nicknames Big-Eyed, Little-Eyed. Their bulging eyes allow their owners to be given the nicknames Glazikha, Herring, and Sharolup. The latter occurs among young people.
The unpleasant impression caused by a person who blinks too often is reflected in the nicknames Morgun, Morgunka.
Glasses that hide the eyes do not cause much ridicule, because many people wear them nowadays. But if these glasses are of an unusual shape or give the face some kind of expression that gives rise to certain associations, then the following nicknames appear: Botanist (“the boy studies well, started wearing glasses recently”), Zombie (“the girl wears round glasses”), Point (“ the girl wore glasses and came up with a nickname for herself").
The most unpleasant and offensive nicknames are those associated with any eye defect, especially strabismus or the absence of one organ of vision. It is unethical to remind people once again about their physical disability. Apparently, this is why nicknames turn out to have practically no connotation. There is a direct statement of fact: Oblique, Oblique, Jamb, One-Eyed.
Complexion, oval shape, any facial skin defects - all this gives rise to quite expressive nicknames.
Those with rosy, round or round cheeks are called Tomatoes or Tomatoes. Too pale and round face Among young people it gives rise to the nicknames Casper and Chupa-Chups. Thick-cheeked ones are called Hamsters and Beavers.
The flat face evokes associations with the Pekingese dog breed.
The unusual oval of the face is recorded in the nicknames Square, Pot. A ferret is the name given to someone whose facial features are too small. Skin defects are noted in the nicknames Mole (“there is a large mole on the face near the nose, very ugly, similar to a birthmark”), Vesnyanka (“a girl whose face is covered in freckles”).
Nicknames that are given to people based on the shape of their nose are based on a comparison of this protruding part human face with the noses of one of the living creatures or characters, for example, cartoons or books. Hence the metaphorical nature of many nicknames of this type: Hawk (“nose like a hawk”), Eagle (“nose like an eagle”), Pinocchio (“nose like Pinocchio”). The nickname Pyatak goes back to the shape of the nose, “similar to a pig’s snout, only larger in size, hence Pyatak.”
Nicknames that go back to the shape of the lips or their size are practically rare and are associated only with thick, large lips: Wrasse, Lubby. Isn’t this connected with the popular belief that character can be easily determined by lips: full lips are a sign of a good character, thin lips are a sign of an evil one, and overly thick lips belong to a lip slander.
Most nicknames based on the nature of the teeth refer to the large protruding front teeth. Almost all of them belong to the category of quite expressive ones, because they have parallels with well-known appellatives: Hare, Jerboa, Beaver, Rabbit. And as a generalization - Gnawing (from rodents). If a Hare can be called a cowardly one, a Jerboa - a good jumper, a Beaver - a hardworking one, and a Rabbit - a fluffy one, then a Gnaw is associated only with large front teeth. The nickname thus becomes more specific, making it more expressive and, therefore, offensive.
If the front teeth are not only protruding, but also crooked, then there is nothing to compare this with, hence the rather cruel nickname - Mutant.
There is a nickname given for large teeth - Slava-Zub, as well as a nickname based on the method of reduplication - Zubi-Zub. The same nickname among the same youth was given to a young man with inserted gold front teeth, also known as the Golden Tooth.
g) jaw.
A jaw that protrudes too far forward undoubtedly attracts attention and gives rise to the following nicknames: Retractable jaw, Retractable, Jaw. The last nickname, like the nicknames Nose, Tooth, i.e. nicknames that coincide with appellatives, it seems to us, are more expressive due to the fact that they indicate a flaw in human appearance that should be paid attention to. The girl with the protruding jaw is called Przewalski's Horse.
h) facial hair.
The largest share of nicknames of this type falls on those who wear a mustache: Cockroach (“he has a thin black mustache”), Mustache (“a young man who has grown a mustache”), Cat (“a mustache like a cat’s”), Beard is called a young man, contrary to fashion, who wore a beard, and the Goat - the one who has a beard like a goat.
Nowadays, rarely does anyone grow sideburns, but those who wear them most often have the nickname Pushkin.
Due to a defect in the auricle, a person is called Kornoukhim (“no left earlobe”).
Three features formed the basis for nicknames that go back to such a part of the human body as the neck: its length, thickness, and any defects.
Only two nicknames correspond to the length of the neck: Goose, Giraffe. A man with a short neck is called the Root.
k) skin color.
Dark skin color, given by nature, is rare among Russians. This deviation from the standard is marked by nicknames. The dark ones are called Chocolate, Smoked.
m) posture.
Hook, Pepper (“like a pod of red hot pepper when it dries”), Bent - such nicknames are given to stooped people. A person with a hump is a Humpback.
All nicknames that are associated with the characteristics of people’s hands are quite transparent, the signs underlying these nicknames are easily guessed: Left (“left-handed”), Kolosoruky (“broke a hand in childhood that had grown together incorrectly, crookedly”), Six-fingered, Kultyapa (“two fingers are missing on my left hand”).
Lameness, clubfoot - this is what people pay attention to first of all. Hence Lame, Lame Leg. The latter nickname was given to a girl who, after falling from a tree as a child, was left with a slight limp. Behind big size The girl’s legs received the nickname Forty-fifth, and because of her too thin legs, her classmates nicknamed her Goat Legs.
n) resemblance to someone.
A very large proportion of nicknames are those that are based on external resemblance a person with any of the other people, representatives of the animal world, or cartoon characters.
The similarity of people with someone is striking if there is at least one sign in their appearance that in popular memory is closely associated with a person (known to everyone or at least to a certain circle of people), an animal, or a character.
Nicknames that go back to similarities with some famous people, are significant in volume, and the choice of those with whom to compare depends on many factors, including age. Lenin (“bald, burr”), Stalin (“similar in appearance”) Putin (“a young man whose speech is exactly like the president’s speech”).
Young people have a slightly different association: Shakira (“outwardly similar”), Lolita (“outwardly similar to the singer Lolita, and also enjoys singing”); Jack Sparrow (“looks like the actor Johnny Depp who plays this role”); Zhadi (“looks like the heroine of the TV series Clone”); Kri-Kri (“looks like the hero of the TV series Helen and the guys”).
Every nation, including Russians, has its own traditionally established stereotypical image of a person of a different nationality. Finding any signs included in this stereotype is the reason for the appearance of the nicknames Gypsy (“dark-skinned, black-haired, curly”).
p) clothes, general impression.
“You meet people by their clothes,” that’s what people say. Clothing creates a general impression, which sometimes remains unchanged in the form of a person’s predilection for a certain style, color, and his commitment to fashion.
For their love of a certain style and color, they received the nicknames Striped and Matroskin. Her classmates nicknamed the Armenian girl Wild Rose for her constant black clothes.
People, especially men, who want to dress cleanly, as if brand new, are called Fashionable, Fashion. Sloppy men are called Chukhan, Parshyn. Women, as creatures by nature who love to dress better, more beautifully, being sloppy, receive more expressive nicknames, which sound obvious condemnation: Anchutka, Pig.
Antonyms beautiful - ugly as an assessment of a person.
Folk concept beauty is based on the postulate: beautiful man There can only be someone who is beautiful on the inside, i.e. with soul. And yet, if a person is pleasant in appearance, his appearance caresses the eye, people try to note this in positive nicknames, colored with positive emotions, which most often refer to women. These nicknames are mostly correlated with traditional appellatives with which beauty has been compared since ancient times: Chamomile, Birch, Gulyushka, Queen.
Madame - nickname, depicts a middle-aged person. In the same age group, the nickname King is noted, which refers to a man who has good posture, neatly and even smartly dressed. Among young people, nicknames given by girls to young people sound like Macho, Super. Very ugly young people were given the nicknames Zhenya-muzzle, Fantomas, Beauty, Mouse; .
Nicknames that go back to character traits.
Nicknames that go back to character traits differ from those given based on appearance in some respects. The visual type of nicknames often only states certain deviations from the standard; the appellatives to which nicknames go back do not always have a negative connotation and therefore, by and large, do not cause offense to those to whom they were given. Exceptions are nicknames visual type, which are associated with any physical disabilities that cause grief even without nicknames to those who have them. In addition, the same type of nicknames that are given to those who try to change something about their appearance, but this attempt ends in failure, causes offense.
Nicknames that go back to character traits are for the most part based not on a purely visual impression of a person, but on an assessment of his personality, his social valence. And nicknames of this kind should rather be attributed to nicknames-characteristics, which contain not only a desire to humiliate a person, but also to point out those negative traits of his personality, so that a person, having received such an assessment, can overcome this shortcoming, so that people can use a nickname of some kind. or a person to determine with whom they are dealing.
In fact, each character trait has its opposite to the maximum, although sometimes there are so-called intermediate links.
Nicknames with the seme “quiet”: thus, the concept of “quiet, calm” can include both equanimity and unsociability, secrecy, as well as weakness of character, dependence on others. And the concept of “restless” can automatically include cockiness, hot temper, quarrelsomeness, grumpiness, mischief, i.e. all those traits that make the owners of such characters not entirely pleasant people in communication. The calm man's name is Kiryan (named after the hero of the film " Eternal Call»). Calm man usually quiet, silent, often unnoticeable: Silent. Girls of this type are given nicknames such as Quiet, Mouse. Often the calm ones become unsociable: Savage, Biryuk, Gudok.
Nicknames with the seme “restless”: if people with the above character traits create a comfortable communication situation for those who are their communication partners, then the same cannot be said about those people who have a restless character, which undoubtedly creates significant inconvenience for those who come into contact with them.
Hot-tempered men are called Crazy, Fyrya (from snort), Bunya (from brawl, to make a fuss). Women's nicknames are mainly associated with the manifestation of character traits such as mischief and grumpiness. Mischievous (“a girl who loves to talk and laugh”), Nesmeyana (“a girl who is hard to make laugh”)
Nicknames with the seme “kind”. Kindness is a character trait that from time immemorial has been considered a sign of a person who is good in all respects ( good fellow, good people, good father, etc.).
Nicknames with the seme “evil”. Evil, as we know, is the opposite of goodness; it is more multifaceted and many-sided, which is why the nicknames related to evil people significantly more than those united by the word “kind”. The most common nicknames of this type are nicknames that explicitly contain a sign of evil, traditionally associated with representatives of the animal world. These are Boar, Gyurza, Beast, Polkan, Barbos.
Sometimes nicknames explicitly express the characteristic that speaks of a person’s “evil” behavior: Shugai (“the one who drives everyone, scares”), Borzoy (“quick (borz) to kill”), Thunderstorm (“makes noise, rages, instills fear”).
Nicknames with the “serious” theme: Man (“that’s what his mother called him when he was only 3 years old, for his unusual thoughtfulness and responsibility; he kept the nickname at school”); Father (“the student was older than everyone else on the course, because he entered college after the army; he had more life experience, and everyone listened to his advice”).
Nicknames with the connotation of “frivolity.” If children's frivolity, several easy attitude to life is not considered a deviation from the norm of society, then adults who approach life as easily as children are condemned as violators way of life. Nicknames given to “frivolous” adults basically contain different characteristics.
The most common, essentially generic, nickname can be considered Lightweight, which undoubtedly contains condemnation for frivolity in everything.
Judging by their nicknames, adults who take life and their responsibility for something or someone lightly deserve special condemnation.
Nicknames with the seme "cheerful". A cheerful person is valued in any community of people for his ability to defuse the situation and create a festive atmosphere. And if a person is loved, then they give him nicknames corresponding to his inclinations: Cheerful; Laughing; Lark (“sings very well and loves to sing; constantly hums something”); Bayan (“the girl plays the button accordion at all family holidays»); Artist(“she sings and dances well; where she is, it’s always fun”).
Nicknames with the seme "unhappy". It seems to us that the lexical-semantic group that unites lexemes with the common seme “unhappy” can include words that name such character traits as gloominess, tediousness, and whining. All this constitutes, in our opinion, a kind of opposition to gaiety.
People who are boring are not tolerated well in any group. They can spoil any fun. Nudyak, Demagogue (“the person who likes to talk long and tediously is called”). Burbur is the nickname of a person who not only tediously repeats the same thing, but is also distinguished by slurred diction.
Nicknames with the seme “smart”. All recorded nicknames that have the seme “smart” in their family structure refer to the assessment of the level of intelligence. There is a nickname “Wise”, which, in addition to intellectual abilities, undoubtedly also evaluates everyday experience.
Basically, the assessment of the level of intelligence is due to the following associative connections: Associate Professor; Academician.
Nicknames with the seme "stupid". Stupidity as a human character trait is assessed very expressively, associative connections are so diverse that this suggests that this trait human character is more noticed and, naturally, condemned.
Bamboo (“his head is so empty that it rings like dried bamboo”); Idle talker (“a young man who talks all sorts of nonsense that is off topic and out of place”); Cormorant (“fat and stupid; only food on his mind”).
Nicknames with the theme “hardworking”. Hard work is a character trait that is highly valued among people.
Bee (“never sits idle”); A hard worker (“likes to work, but there must be some benefit for him”).
Nicknames with the seme "lazy". It would seem that such a character trait as laziness, which causes a fair negative attitude towards those people who possess such a trait, should give rise to a large number of nicknames. Brainiac (“a person who thinks every now and then just so as not to work”), Cat (“likes to pamper himself and sleep”).
Nicknames with the seme “dexterous”. Dexterity, speed, energy always evoke a positive assessment. It’s not for nothing that people say: he’s smart at work.
The nicknames Shnyr, Shilo, and Screw can be classified as familiar, almost traditional. This is what they say about people who are not only dexterous in their work, but also restless: “he can’t sit still without doing anything.”
Nicknames with the seme “slow”. Among older people, they called it kopush: Bag, Gradual. If the first nickname is easily guessed in words such as procrastinate, linger, then the second nickname is built on a person’s self-characteristic: “I do not do everything all at once, but gradually.”
Barely (“a girl who does everything slowly: she walks slowly, speaks slowly, and eats slowly”), Brake (“slow in business, takes a long time to make any decision”).
Nicknames with the seme “cunning”: Snake, Fox, Snake, Jew, as well as Little Fox, referring to a female person and, thanks to the diminutive suffix -ENOK, undoubtedly having a positive character.
If cunning borders on deceit, then the corresponding associative connections are selected with such appellatives, in the seme structure of which the seme “cunning” is isolated. Moreover, the choice of these appellatives is related to experience and therefore varies among individuals belonging to different age groups.
Nicknames with the seme “greedy”. Greed as a character trait is undoubtedly a negative one.
The nicknames Kurkul and Plyushkin can be classified as traditional; the latter has several variations. The surname of Gogol's character from " Dead souls"has turned from a proper name into a common noun.
Nicknames with the seme “arrogant”. Ease of use is appreciated in any age environment. Arrogant people are ridiculed. Appellatives with which nicknames are associated belong to the thematic groups “card game” or “noble titles”. For example, King, Ace; Count, Baron. Probably, in folk experience, in connection with these appellatives, the consciousness of the presence of something important was deposited, and important can be in a certain context synonymous with the word arrogant.
Nicknames with the theme "boastful". People call boasters Khvost, Shchukar, God (“says that he can do everything, that he is omnipotent, like God”). Among young people, this is Gin (“he says that he can fulfill any wishes, if only someone makes them”).
Nicknames based on behavior, habits, favorite words, various incidents or life events.
The nicknames of this group are divided into 10 subgroups:
Nicknames based on the manner of conversation.
The communication aspect is to ensure that the communication ring remains closed. It is known that if any interference occurs, it may open and the dialogue will not take place.
Such features of the manner of conducting a conversation include the volume of the voice. Nicknames that characterize people with an excessively loud voice include Rupor (“a man speaks very loudly, drowning out the interlocutor”), Tryndychikha (“a voice like a character from an animated film”). These nicknames were recorded in the older age group.
Among young people, the volume of the voice is associated with shouting: Shout, Kri-kri. Both nicknames are given to girls with very loud voices, so loud that even against the backdrop of loud music and loud laughter, which is typical of the youth in general, they seem to be a scream.
Various types of speech defects also make communication difficult, sometimes so much so that the interlocutor completely ceases to understand the person with whom he is talking. In the Russian tradition, someone who speaks incomprehensibly is called dumb. Mute (“the woman has such a speech impediment that it is difficult to understand her when she speaks”). Burr, Zaika are nicknames for people who burr and stutter, both nicknames referring to males and common among older people. They also own the nicknames Syusyulevy, aka Syusya (“a man lisps while talking”).
Those who like to talk without allowing the interlocutor to get a word in are given nicknames traditional character: Balabon, Talker, Balabolka.
Nicknames based on walking style. The manner of walking and gait can also give rise to nicknames. Especially a large number of nicknames account for the visual assessment of walking style. These include Bear (“clubfooted, hence the swaying gait, like a bear”); Penguin (“waddles around”). There is essentially no need to explain these nicknames, since the associations underlying them are associated with the gait characteristics of representatives of the animal world.
More expressive are the nicknames Winged (“walks with his arms spread apart, as if he has wings, not arms”); Fashionable (“walks with his chest stuck out, as if showing off his figure”).
Nicknames based on behavior.
Natural human behavior, adequate to a certain situation, is that behavior that meets the standard. Any non-standard behavior is noticed and assessed accordingly. Fufel is the name of a person who behaves unnaturally, “pretentiously.” Among young people he receives the nickname Pai (“a young man who is afraid of everything, derived from Pai girl”).
Unnatural, according to the creators of nicknames, is a female creature that behaves like a man. Schoolchildren call the girl "Boy" because "she behaves like a boy."
Nicknames based on favorite words.
For example, La-la (“a woman constantly repeats the phrase “don’t la-la” in response to her colleagues’ complaints); Fathers (“a woman says things so often and doesn’t notice it herself”); Che (“repeats every other word”), Mamanya (“during all breaks he ran along the corridor and shouted: “Mommy!”); Aunt (“always and in everything refers to some aunt: “But aunt...”).
Nicknames based on favorite activities.
Nicknames can also be given based on someone’s favorite pastime. They are divided into two large groups, one of which contains those that express a positive attitude, and the second includes nicknames containing disapproval and sometimes ridicule of the one to whom these nicknames were given.
For example, Yashin (“plays football well, like Yashin”), Schumacher (“in the way he drives on the roads”), Tsoi (“sings well”).
Nicknames given by favorite type of clothing.
Preference for a particular type of clothing is striking and can also serve as a certain, distinctive feature of a person.
For example, Adidas (“the guy preferably wore clothes from this brand”); Popodya (“a girl who wears floor-length dresses and skirts”); Cabbage (“the guy earned this nickname for wearing many layers”).
Nicknames given for your favorite food.
Basically, these are nicknames that came from families and were picked up by relatives, acquaintances, and friends. Almost all of them are consonant with the appellatives: Cutlet, Sausage. Sometimes it's common name Slastena (“the boy really loves everything tasty and sweet”). Lovers of certain foods, speaking with delight about their favorite dishes, use diminutive forms, which are preserved at the level of nicknames: Soup, Kashka.
Nicknames based on favorite songs and films.
Nicknames of this type are repetitions of the names of songs and films. For example, Zhanna (a song about a flight attendant named Zhanna), Student (“when approaching girls, the young man always sang the song “Student” by the group “Hands Up”). The young man was nicknamed Titanic for his love for this film.
Nicknames given for a dream.
Dreams can come true, or they can remain so. But they can also become nicknames that have both positive and negative connotations: Mechanic (“a young man dreamed of becoming a mechanic since childhood, and he became one”).
Unfulfilled dreams bring great sadness, and the reminder of them, reflected in nicknames, hurts very much. Marusya (“the woman had two sons, she really wanted to have a daughter, but a son was born, and the neighbors began to call him Marusya”); Karina (“the woman wanted a daughter, came up with her name - Karina, but the son was born and was named Nikolai, and the neighbors jokingly call her Karina”).
Nicknames given for some incidents or events in a person’s life. This type of nicknames is quite common and multifaceted, based on those events or incidents in someone’s life that are remembered for a long time and serve distinctive features, distinguishing a person from a number of others like him.
How Small child pronounced some words, both relatives and friends remember, hence the very innocuous nicknames that return a person to childhood: Kleka (“this is how he pronounced the word “godmother” in childhood); Dyukha (“that’s how Andryukha pronounced his name”); Lyalyoka (“that’s how Valerka pronounced his name”); Mekhenya (“I said mekhenya, instead I’m tiny”); Khaev (“this is how he pronounced the word cows in childhood: “Baba, the Khaevs are being driven”); Lipochka (“in childhood, instead of handkerchiefs, he spoke Velcro”).
Also, for example, Duda (“the young man said duda instead out of excitement”); Rama ("wrote in primary school instead of his name Roma Rama").
Thus, nicknames that go back to some events or incidents in someone’s life are given either by turning an appellative into a nickname, or by finding various kinds of associations. This is observed at the level of different age groups.
Nicknames, information by occupation
Directly based on the name of the profession or type of activity, the following nicknames are formed: Beekeeper, Bochar, Brigadier, Taxi Driver, Dog owner (“engages in breeding dogs for sale”).
Words that name professions and are marked as stylistically colored are marked as nicknames: Vodila (“driver”).
The name can also become a nickname former family Activities: Boatswain (“formerly served as a boatswain in the navy”), Tanker (“served in the tank forces”), Parachutist (“served in the Airborne Forces”).
If various kinds of transfers are present in the formation of nicknames (metaphorical, metonymic), then an expressive connotation appears in such nicknames, giving them a positive, but most often negative, meaning. Thus, the assessment of a person by the type of his activity becomes on the value scale significantly lower than that which was noted in nicknames that coincide with the name of the profession or type of activity.
Based on metonymic transfer, the following nicknames were formed: Rasp (“carpenter”; rasp is a carpenter’s tool); Vstrecha (“worked as a bartender at the Vstrecha cafe”).
Nicknames have an ironic connotation, in which there is some ironic or even disdainful assessment of a person by the type of his activity. For example, Judge (“worked in court at the checkpoint”); Boss (“worked as the boss’s personal driver”).
Nicknames passed down by inheritance, family nicknames
The most common is the passing of a nickname through the male line. For example: Midshipman (“father was a sailor, he was nicknamed Midshipman; now his son bears this nickname”); Daden(“the father bore this nickname, then the eldest son, then the youngest. No one remembers how and from what it was formed”).
A female nickname is noted, which goes back to her father’s nickname: Kalachikha (“my father worked at a bakery as a baker and his name was Kalach”). The nickname, as is clear from the example, is formalized in this case by a suffix, traditionally used in Russian to designate female persons by occupation or by the nickname or surname of the husband.
Family nicknames are divided into: nicknames given to all family members as a whole, and nicknames given to husband and wife, and not extended to children; nicknames used within the family.
The first group includes the following nicknames: Soft (“the whole family, both adults and children, are very plump”); Young (“that was the name of all family members because their family was the youngest in the group of friends”); Makartsy (“all family members are called Makartsy after grandfather Makar, who was very respected”).
There are nicknames that are given only to husband and wife, and they can be given to husband and wife at the same time. For example, Bunnies (“they called each other Bunnies”); Zhurka and Zhuzha (“husband and wife of Zhurikhin, a very friendly couple”).
Women's nicknames can be derived from the husband's profession, which is, in principle, traditional for the Russian onomastic system: Husband - Mentosaurus, wife - Mentosaurus.
ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE
nickname nickname survey
Based on the results of the survey, 36 questionnaires with answers were received, from which diagrams were compiled. The diagrams are presented in the appendix.
Analyzing the results of the questionnaires, we found that if previously nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and passed on by inheritance, now most nicknames are given from surnames and given names.
Thus, among the respondents there were 8 family nicknames, for example, Sukharik, Nazim, Karas, Dove (formed by discarding family formants); Lavra, Mukha (by truncation of the surname). And 6 nominal nicknames, for example, Yusya, Kasya (the sound of the name and the appellative coincide); Dan, Vit (traditional consonance at the level of matching the diminutive form of the name); Anna-Boris (addition of parts of the first name and patronymic).
In second place are nicknames based on appearance. Among them are nicknames formed according to the criteria of height, plumpness-thinness, hair color, manner of dressing, for example, Giraffe, Thin, Ryzhik, Heel, Tsoki-Tsoki.
Then follow with an equal number of two groups of nicknames: nicknames based on behavior and nicknames formed from some action.
Among the nicknames based on behavior, three nicknames have been recorded: Mukha is the bearer of this nickname and has a manner of speaking quickly and tries to do everything in life. The nicknames Sun and Sunny belong to girls who received them for their cheerful disposition.
Nicknames derived from actions, for example, Diamond Eye, Bomber, Strength, belong to young people. The bearer of the nickname received the latter from neighbors whom he helped remove large stones from their yard.
A separate group included profiles of people who do not have nicknames; this is 26% of those surveyed.
It’s interesting how and when nicknames appear among native speakers. To do this, the questionnaire included the question “when did you get your nickname?”
Of the 36 respondents, 15 people noted that the nickname stuck with them at school or in school years.
Seven people got their nickname in college, four noted that they have had the nickname since childhood and received it in the family circle. And only four people answered that their nickname appeared at a more conscious age.
As a rule, nicknames are given at school or in a student environment by friends and classmates. Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is largely explained by the psychological properties of children adolescence- the desire for the unusual, new, which is manifested in the speech behavior of adolescents and young people.
The next criterion that we considered was “has your nickname changed?” According to the answers, out of 36 people surveyed, 6 people had their nicknames changed, so a girl with the nickname Karas, after she got married, received a nickname after her husband’s surname Noga; a young man at school was often called Kalancha during physical education, because was taller than everyone in the class student years received the nickname Giraffe.
It often happens that a person, regardless of age, social status receives an offensive nickname, which one simply does not want to hear, especially in relation to oneself. Having asked this question, the questionnaire included the question “Do you consider your nickname offensive?”
Of all the questionnaires, there were only two where the respondents noted that “yes,” we consider the nickname offensive.
When communicating with relatives, friends or just friends, do we address them by name or nickname? While researching this aspect, we found that 25 people refer to their friends/girlfriends by nicknames. When communicating with relatives, 11 out of 36 use nicknames, and 8 people call them by their nickname when communicating with colleagues. Among the 36 respondents, only 9 people do not use nicknames at all in their speech.
To identify an understanding of the concept of a nickname, the question was included in the questionnaire: “finish the sentence “I believe that a nickname is...”.”
1) evidence of bad manners of the person who calls another by name.
) evidence of disrespect for the one being addressed.
) evidence that a person is popular in a team (group, class, company).
) normal phenomenon, you should not pay attention to it.
Three people who answered that they believe “A nickname is evidence of the bad manners of a person who calls someone else by another name” are education workers.
Out of 36 respondents, 7 people noted that “A nickname is evidence of disrespect for the person being addressed”; people belong to this group various fields activities.
“Evidence that a person is popular in a team (group, class, company)” was noted by only two people who are workers in the education sector.
The last item, “A nickname is a normal phenomenon, you shouldn’t pay attention to it,” collected the largest number of responses - 24 people.
The questionnaire also asked to answer the question “Are nicknames necessary?” The answers to this question were quite dry “yes” or “no,” but there were also very interesting ones that attracted attention: “it’s difficult to answer, because every person goes through this,” “depending on what age,” “yes, they sometimes reflect a person’s true personality and help him express himself.”
CONCLUSION
On preparatory stage course work, my supervisor and I set a goal - what are the features of the formation and use of nicknames in the speech space of the city.
The concepts of “nickname” and “nickname” are interpreted by many linguists. The concept of nickname has two formulations. First, the title (name) given to the pet. And secondly, a nickname (nickname), which is given to a person as a joke, mockery.
A nickname is a name given to a person in addition to his name and containing an indication of some noticeable trait of character, appearance, or activity of this person.
The concept of “nickname” was formed from the words kli ´ h, kli ´ kat, and the concept of “nickname” was formed from the words prozyvat, prozyvat. Having analyzed the concepts of “nickname” and “nickname” in linguistic literature. We concluded that the concepts nickname and nickname are synonymous, because have the same semantic meaning and can be used in speech as interchangeable words.
When analyzing the concepts of “nickname” and “nickname”, signs were derived on the basis of which a classification of nicknames was compiled. The classification consists of seven main groups: nicknames derived from surnames; nicknames derived from personal names; nicknames that go back to appearance; nicknames that go back to character traits; nicknames based on behavior, habits, favorite words, various incidents or events in life; nicknames, data on occupation; nicknames passed on by inheritance, family nicknames. The classification provides a detailed description of each group and provides examples according to the characteristics by which nicknames are formed.
For practical research, a questionnaire was compiled for recipients regarding their use of nicknames in communication. The questionnaire contains questions such as “do you have a nickname?”; “When did you get it?”; “Why did you get it?” etc. Then a survey was conducted, 36 people participated.
The data obtained was analyzed, structured and written and quantitative conclusions were drawn up, which are presented in this course work.
I am very glad that I chose this particular topic of course work, and that such a person worked with me experienced leader. I feel great satisfaction from the work done.
List of used literature
1. Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ch. ed. S.A. Kuznetsov. - St. Petersburg: “Norint”, 2000. - 1536 p.
Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ch. ed. D.N. Ushakova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 1268 p.
Gogol, N.V. Dead Souls: Poem. M.: Education, 1982. - 254 p.
Dal, V.I. Dictionary living Great Russian language: In 4 vols. - M.: Russian language, 2003. - T. 2. - 779 p.
Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 volumes. - M.: Russian language, 2003. - T. 3. - 555 p.
Dmitriev, D.V. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / D.V. Dmitrieva, M.O. Mikhailova. - M.: GRANTA-plus, 2003. - 714 p.
Evgenieva, A.P. Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes. T. 2. - M.: Russian language, 2001. - 736 p.
Evgenieva, A.P. Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes. T. 3. - M.: Russian language, 2001. - 752 p.
Efremova, T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative. In 2 volumes. T. 1. - M.: Russian language, 2000. - 1209 p.
Efremova, T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative. In 2 volumes. T. 2. - M.: Russian language, 2000. - 1088 p.
Ozhegov, S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. - M.: Azbukovnik, 2000. - 940 p.
Dictionary of the Russian language XI - XVII centuries: Issue 7. / Ch. ed. F.P. Owl. - M.: “Science”, 1980. - 404 p.
Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. In 2 vols. T. 2. / Ch. ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - Leningrad: Publishing House "Science", 1971. - 856 p.
Dictionary of modern Russian language. In 17 t. T 5. / Ch. ed. N.V. Medvedev. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956. - 1920 p.
Dictionary of modern Russian language. In 17 t. T 11. / Ch. ed. N.V. Medvedev. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956. - 1844 p.
Wikipedia. Free Encyclopedia [ Electronic resource] ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname. 04/15/2012. 13:56.
17.Kulko, V.A. What's in my nickname for you? / V.A. Kulko, A.S. Didychenko, [Electronic resource]<#"justify">Application
Last name, first name, patronymic, age
____________________________________________________________
Social status(Education)
Note what needs to be noted
Average overall? Specialized secondary
Overall average? Higher
Initial professional
Other _________________________________________________
Field of activity ___________________________
Do you have a nickname? Name it. ____________
When did you get it? (at school, before school, etc.) Who gave you your nickname? _____________________________________________________
Why did it appear to you?
Note what needs to be noted
Derived from a surname? given by behavior
Formed from the name? given by appearance
Given by deed
Has your nickname changed? __________
Do you find it offensive? ________________
Do you use nicknames in your speech?
Note what needs to be noted
I never use it because there is a name for it
I only use it if the person doesn’t mind
I use it even if the person doesn’t like it
I don't care, never thought about it
In what situations do you use nicknames?
Note what needs to be noted
Anytime and anywhere? In family
With friends? Not using
Other __________________________________________
To whom do you use nicknames?
Brother, sister? friend, girlfriend
Mom, dad, grandma, grandpa? teacher
Colleague? other
____________________________________________________
Complete the sentence “I believe that a nickname is...”
Note what needs to be noted
Evidence of the bad manners of a person who calls another by a name other than his own.
Evidence of disrespect for the person addressed? evidence that a person is popular in a team (group, class, company)? This is a normal phenomenon and should not be ignored
Are nicknames necessary? ___________________
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Conversations about nicknames, nicknames, and first names are common online and in real life. This topic gives rise to a lot of speculation and controversy. Let's figure out why young people most often use nicknames, while adults use names?
Origin of nicknames
Let's start with the question: “Where do various nicknames and nicknames come from and what do they mean?” Initially, current surnames were derived from nicknames, since people had to somehow distinguish one Vasily from another, they called one “Vasily the blacksmith” and the other “Vasily the plowman”.
These nicknames showed the importance and necessity of a person, spoke about his professionalism and did not imply anything insulting or offensive, which cannot be said about current nicknames and nicknames.
Nicknames for boys and girls
Young people do not always, of course, but often come up with nicknames for their peers with the aim of humiliating or insulting them. If an adult wants to offend someone, he, as a rule, chooses other methods, since in an adult social environment They simply won’t understand him, and he will only humiliate himself.
Other reasons for nicknames and nicknames are appearance, physique, height, facial expressions and clothing. Let's go from here popular nicknames, indicating the child’s external flaws, for example, “bespectacled” or “fat.” Adults try to stand out less from the crowd, unlike the younger generation, so nicknames based on these characteristics appear less often.
Funny nicknames
Many nicknames and nicknames seem funny from the outside. It’s funny to call someone, for example, “porcupine” if he once came to school with unkempt long hair. However, funny nicknames are funny only for others, but not for the person who was given this nickname. Remember this and try to respect others.
Thieves nicknames
Trying to stand out from the crowd by coming up with a criminal (Zonov) nickname is not the best option. In general, imitation of thieves and other “authorities” will not lead to anything good.
Nicknames and nicknames for people
Nicknames and nicknames are designed to escape from reality, from their real name. However, each name is unique and sounds different to different people. Dmitry and Mitya, Sasha and Shurik, Volodya and Vovan will be completely different people. Use names instead of nicknames more often, and you will feel the energy of the name!
Leave your CLICKS in the comments, let's check it out!!!
Nicknames that go back to character traits differ from those given based on appearance in some respects. The visual type of nicknames often only states certain deviations from the standard; the appellatives to which nicknames go back do not always have a negative connotation and therefore, by and large, do not cause offense to those to whom they were given. Exceptions are nicknames of the visual type, which are associated with any physical disabilities that cause grief to those who have them even without nicknames. In addition, the same type of nicknames that are given to those who try to change something about their appearance, but this attempt ends in failure, causes offense.
Nicknames that go back to character traits are for the most part based not on a purely visual impression of a person, but on an assessment of his personality, his social valence. And nicknames of this kind should rather be attributed to nicknames-characteristics, which contain not only a desire to humiliate a person, but also to point out those negative traits of his personality, so that a person, having received such an assessment, can overcome this shortcoming, so that people can use a nickname of some kind. or a person to determine with whom they are dealing.
In fact, each character trait has its opposite to the maximum, although sometimes there are so-called intermediate links.
Nicknames with the seme “quiet”: thus, the concept of “quiet, calm” can include both equanimity and unsociability, secrecy, as well as weakness of character, dependence on others. And the concept of “restless” can automatically include cockiness, hot temper, quarrelsomeness, grumpiness, mischief, i.e. all those traits that make the owners of such characters not entirely pleasant people in communication. The calm man's name is Kiryan (named after the hero of the film "Eternal Call"). A calm person is usually quiet, silent, often inconspicuous: Silent. Girls of this type are given nicknames such as Quiet, Mouse. Often the calm ones become unsociable: Savage, Biryuk, Gudok.
Nicknames with the seme “restless”: if people with the above character traits create a comfortable communication situation for those who are their communication partners, then the same cannot be said about those people who have a restless character, which undoubtedly creates significant inconvenience for those who come into contact with them.
Hot-tempered men are called Crazy, Fyrya (from snort), Bunya (from brawl, to make a fuss). Women's nicknames are mainly associated with the manifestation of character traits such as mischief and grumpiness. Mischievous (“a girl who loves to talk and laugh”), Nesmeyana (“a girl who is difficult to make laugh”)
Nicknames with the seme "kind". Kindness is a character trait that from time immemorial has been considered a sign of a person who is good in all respects (a good fellow, good people, a kind father, etc.).
Nicknames with the seme "evil". Evil, as you know, is the opposite of kindness; it is more multifaceted and many-sided, which is why there are much more nicknames relating to evil people than those that are united by the term “good”. The most common nicknames of this type are nicknames that explicitly contain a sign of evil, traditionally associated with representatives of the animal world. These are Boar, Gyurza, Beast, Polkan, Barbos.
Sometimes nicknames explicitly express the attribute that speaks of a person’s “evil” behavior: Shugai (“the one who drives everyone, scares”), Borzoi (“quick to kill”), Thunderstorm (“makes noise, rages, instills fear ").
Nicknames with the meaning “serious”: Muzhik (“that’s what his mother called him when he was only 3 years old, for his unusual thoughtfulness and responsibility; he kept his nickname at school”); Father (“the student was older than everyone else on the course, because he entered college after the army; he had more life experience, and everyone listened to his advice”).
Nicknames with the connotation of "frivolity". If a child's frivolity and somewhat easy attitude towards life is not considered a deviation from the norm of society, then adults who approach life as lightly as children are condemned as violators of the way of life. Nicknames given to “frivolous” adults basically contain different characteristics.
The most common, essentially generic, nickname can be considered Lightweight, which undoubtedly contains condemnation for frivolity in everything.
Judging by their nicknames, adults who take life and their responsibility for something or someone lightly deserve special condemnation.
Nicknames with the seme "unhappy". It seems to us that the lexical-semantic group that unites lexemes with the common seme “unhappy” can include words that name such character traits as gloominess, tediousness, and whining. All this constitutes, in our opinion, a kind of opposition to gaiety.
People who are boring are not tolerated well in any group. They can spoil any fun. Nudyak, Demagogue (“the person who likes to talk long and tediously is called”). Burbur is the nickname of a person who not only tediously repeats the same thing, but is also distinguished by slurred diction.
Nicknames with the seme "smart". All recorded nicknames that have the seme “smart” in their family structure refer to the assessment of the level of intelligence. There is a nickname “Wise”, which, in addition to intellectual abilities, undoubtedly also evaluates everyday experience.
Basically, the assessment of the level of intelligence is due to the following associative connections: Associate Professor; Academician.
Nicknames with the seme "stupid". Stupidity as a human character trait is assessed very expressively, the associative connections are so diverse that this suggests that this human character trait is more noticed and, naturally, condemned.
Bamboo (“his head is so empty that it rings like dried bamboo”); Idle talker (“a young man who talks all sorts of nonsense that is off topic and out of place”); Cormorant (“fat and stupid; only food on his mind”).
Nicknames with the seme "hardworking". Hard work is a character trait that is highly valued among people.
Bee (“never sits idle”); A hard worker (“likes to work, but there must be some benefit for him”).
Nicknames with the seme "lazy". It would seem that such a character trait as laziness, which causes a fair negative attitude towards those people who possess such a trait, should give rise to a large number of nicknames. Mozgach ("a person who thinks every now and then just not to work"), Cat ("likes to pamper himself and sleep").
Nicknames with the seme "dexterous". Dexterity, speed, energy always evoke a positive assessment. It’s not for nothing that people say: he’s smart at work.
The nicknames Shnyr, Shilo, and Screw can be classified as familiar, almost traditional. This is what they say about people who are not only dexterous in their work, but also restless: “he can’t sit still without doing anything.”
Nicknames with the seme "slow". Among older people, they called it kopush: Bag, Gradual. If the first nickname is easily guessed in words such as procrastinate, linger, then the second nickname is built on a person’s self-characterization: “I do not do everything all at once, but gradually.”
Barely (“a girl who does everything slowly: she walks slowly, and speaks slowly, and eats slowly”), Brake (“she is slow in business, takes a long time to make any decision”).
Nicknames with the seme “cunning”: Snake, Fox, Snake, Jew, as well as Little Fox, referring to a female person and, thanks to the diminutive suffix -ENOK, undoubtedly having a positive character.
If cunning borders on deceit, then the corresponding associative connections are selected with such appellatives, in the seme structure of which the seme “cunning” is isolated. Moreover, the choice of these appellatives is related to experience and therefore varies among individuals belonging to different age groups.
Nicknames with the seme "greedy". Greed as a character trait is undoubtedly a negative one.
The nicknames Kurkul and Plyushkin can be classified as traditional; the latter has several variations. The surname of Gogol's character from Dead Souls has turned from a proper name into a common noun.
Nicknames with the seme "arrogant". Ease of use is appreciated in any age environment. Arrogant people are ridiculed. Appellatives with which nicknames are associated belong to the thematic groups “card game” or “noble titles”. For example, King, Ace; Count, Baron. Probably, in folk experience, in connection with these appellatives, the consciousness of the presence of something important was deposited, and important can be in a certain context synonymous with the word arrogant.
Nicknames with the theme "boastful". People call boasters Khvost, Shchukar, God (“he says that he can do everything, that he is omnipotent, like God”). Among young people, this is Gin (“he says that he can make any wishes come true if you just make them for someone”).
Nicknames based on behavior, habits, favorite words, various incidents or life events.
The nicknames of this group are divided into 10 subgroups:
. Nicknames based on the manner of conversation.
The communication aspect is to ensure that the communication ring remains closed. It is known that if any interference occurs, it may open and the dialogue will not take place.
Such features of the manner of conducting a conversation include the volume of the voice. Nicknames that characterize people with an excessively loud voice include Rupor (“a man speaks very loudly, drowning out the interlocutor”), Tryndychikha (“a voice like a character from a cartoon”). These nicknames were recorded in the older age group.
Among young people, the volume of the voice is associated with shouting: Shout, Kri-kri. Both nicknames are given to girls with very loud voices, so loud that even against the backdrop of loud music and loud laughter, which is typical of the youth in general, they seem to be a scream.
Various types of speech defects also make communication difficult, sometimes so much so that the interlocutor completely ceases to understand the person with whom he is talking. In the Russian tradition, someone who speaks incomprehensibly is called dumb. Mute ("a woman has such a speech impediment that it is difficult to understand her when she speaks"). Burr, Zaika are nicknames for people who burr and stutter, both nicknames referring to males and common among older people. They also own the nicknames Syusyulevy, aka Syusya (“a man lisps while talking”).
Those who like to talk without allowing the interlocutor to get a word in are given nicknames of a traditional nature: Balabon, Govorun, Balabolka.
Nicknames based on walking style. The manner of walking and gait can also give rise to nicknames. A particularly large number of nicknames relate to visual assessment of walking style. These include Bear (“clubfooted, hence the swaying gait, like a bear”); Penguin (“waddles around”). There is essentially no need to explain these nicknames, since the associations underlying them are associated with the gait characteristics of representatives of the animal world.
More expressive are the nicknames Winged (“walks with his arms spread apart, as if he has wings, not arms”); Fashionable (“walks with his chest out, as if showing off his figure”).
. Nicknames based on behavior.
Natural human behavior, adequate to a certain situation, is that behavior that meets the standard. Any non-standard behavior is noticed and assessed accordingly. Fufel is the name of a person who behaves unnaturally, “pretentiously.” Among young people he receives the nickname Pai (“a young man who is afraid of everything, derived from Pai girl”).
Unnatural, according to the creators of nicknames, is a female creature that behaves like a man. Schoolchildren call the girl "Boy" because "she behaves like a boy."
. Nicknames based on favorite words.
For example, La-la (“a woman constantly repeats the phrase “don’t la-la” in response to her colleagues’ complaints); Fathers (“a woman says things so often and doesn’t notice it herself”); Che (“repeats every word”), Mamanya (“at all breaks he ran along the corridor and shouted: “Mommy!”); Aunt (“always and in everything refers to some aunt: “But aunt…”).
. Nicknames based on favorite activities.
Nicknames can also be given based on someone’s favorite pastime. They are divided into two large groups, one of which contains those that express a positive attitude, and the second includes nicknames containing disapproval and sometimes ridicule of the one to whom these nicknames were given.
For example, Yashin (“plays football well, like Yashin”), Schumacher (“in the way he drives on the roads”), Tsoi (“sings well”).
. Nicknames given by favorite type of clothing.
Preference for a particular type of clothing is striking and can also serve as a certain, distinctive feature of a person.
For example, Adidas (“the guy preferably wore clothes of this brand”); Popodya (“a girl who wears floor-length dresses and skirts”); Cabbage (“the guy earned this nickname for wearing many layers”).
. Nicknames given for your favorite food.
Basically, these are nicknames that came from families and were picked up by relatives, acquaintances, and friends. Almost all of them are consonant with the appellatives: Cutlet, Sausage. Sometimes this is the general name for Slasten ("the boy really loves everything tasty and sweet"). Lovers of certain foods, speaking with delight about their favorite dishes, use diminutive forms, which are preserved at the level of nicknames: Soup, Kashka.
. Nicknames based on favorite songs and films.
Nicknames of this type are repetitions of the names of songs and films. For example, Zhanna (a song about a stewardess named Zhanna), Student (“when approaching girls, the young man always sang the song “Student” by the group “Hands Up”). The young man was nicknamed Titanic for his love for this film.
. Nicknames given for a dream.
Dreams can come true, or they can remain so. But they can also become nicknames that have both positive and negative connotations: Mechanic (“a young man dreamed of becoming a mechanic since childhood, and he became one”).
Unfulfilled dreams bring great sadness, and the reminder of them, reflected in nicknames, hurts very much. Marusya (“the woman had two sons, she really wanted to have a daughter, but a son was born, and the neighbors began to call him Marusya”); Karina (“the woman wanted a daughter, came up with her name - Karina, but the son was born and was named Nikolai, and the neighbors jokingly call her Karina”).
Nicknames given for some incidents or events in a person’s life. This type of nickname is quite common and multifaceted, based on those events or incidents in someone’s life that are remembered for a long time and serve as distinctive features that distinguish a person from a number of others like him.
The way a small child pronounced certain words is remembered by both relatives and friends, hence the very harmless nicknames that take a person back to childhood: Kleka (“this is how he pronounced the word “godmother” in childhood”); Dyukha (“this is how he pronounced his name Andryukha” ); Lyalyoka ("that's how Valerka pronounced his name"); Mekhenya ("I said mekhenya, instead I'm tiny"); Khaev ("that's how he pronounced the word cows in childhood: "Baba, they're chasing hayev"); Lipochka (“in childhood, instead of handkerchiefs, he said Velcro”).
Also, for example, Duda (“the young man, out of excitement, said duda instead”); Rama (“wrote Roma Rama instead of his name in elementary school”).
Thus, nicknames that go back to some events or incidents in someone’s life are given either by turning an appellative into a nickname, or by finding various kinds of associations. This is observed at the level of different age groups.
Many girls try to distinguish their boyfriend by giving him an original nickname that will make him stand out from others.
It seems that coming up with an original nickname for a guy is easy, but in reality it is not. They often use standard nicknames and nicknames.
Where did nicknames come from?
History suggests that nicknames in pre-Christian times had the meaning of names.
In those days, a nickname personified a pronounced characteristic of a person: external features, occupation, bad habits, behavioral characteristics.
Pagan traditions gave way to Christian ones and the child was already given a name in accordance with biblical norms. The nickname began to take on the meaning of a surname.
Considering more recent events, nicknames and nicknames became widespread due to the fact that a child could be given several names at birth.
The choice was left to the person when he grew up. The Slavs have one name from birth, so the nickname acquired during life determines the characteristics.
Sources of nicknames:
- Close and dear people try to compare a person with pleasant phenomena, so they give cute nicknames.
- In places of deprivation of liberty, the nickname in slang is called pogonyalo. Each experienced person has his own nickname, which characterizes the character and misdeeds of the person.
- In modern society, nicknames are often given in accordance with physical characteristics or names.
- Pirate traditions required calling each other by fictitious “names” so as not to reveal their identity when committing illegal actions.
- Cool nicknames can be borrowed from movies and songs if there is a similarity between the person and the character.
- Unusual nicknames are obtained due to a play on words that characterize certain human traits and behavioral characteristics.
As in ancient times, such “call signs” accompany a person from birth to old age.
Depending on the change in type of activity, character traits, and social circle, nicknames may change.
List of funny and cool
“Call signs” for a person can be beautiful, offensive and funny. According to interesting and original nicknames, psychologists conducted tests.
The results showed that people with such “middle names” are most susceptible to depression and are more mentally unstable.
Note! A non-standard name given at birth, in contrast to mocking nicknames, makes a person stronger and more purposeful.
Girls choose affectionate nicknames for guys they like.
It is impossible to receive gentle reproach from friends or enemies - they will try to present something negative about a person’s personality or physical characteristics. Often funny and non-standard nicknames arise that cause a smile and interest.
List funny nicknames in different situations:
| Nicknames for... | Cool and funny options | Characteristics of the nickname |
| Men | Microphone | Ideal for the person who loves to sing karaoke |
| The bell | Suitable for a man who often communicates on the phone, a businessman | |
| Sigamacho | If a man smokes too much | |
| Boys | Brownie | Due to sloppy hairstyle or constant homebodies |
| Nibbler | For a boy who constantly eats and chews | |
| Vrednyusik | A harmful and uncompromising boy | |
| Friends | Zinger | For an active and talkative friend |
| Smile | This criticism would be ideal for a humorous and smiling friend. | |
| Hedgehog | They give the nickname because of their prickly character or constant stubble on their face. | |
| Beloved | Diamond | Describes your attitude towards your loved one |
| Marshmallow | Ideal for a sweet tooth or a person with a soft character | |
| Astrologer | For romantic, loving natures |
Examples of offensive nicknames
Nicknames can be at the same time not only cool, but also offensive to their owner.
Often such offensive complaints refer to a defect in appearance or character. Sometimes even funny and cool complaints can offend a person.
Usually, funny, unspoken middle names are invented for ex-boyfriend. In this way, the girl can recoup her grievances by spreading offensive messages.
How offensively you can call a guy:
- Fattrest and Donut. They are assigned to guys who are overweight or have a curvy figure.
- Bald - ideal for a man with large bald patches on his forehead.
- Cheburashka. It emphasizes the guy's appearance with large, protruding ears.
- Pig or Stinky. This is a criticism for a sloppy or unclean man.
- Nibbler. Suitable for people with crooked or protruding front teeth.
There can be a lot of examples. It all depends on the imagination of the inventor. Some offensive nicknames and nicknames for the bearer are not such.
The degree of human sensitivity plays a huge role.
The meaning of nicknames
An originally presented nickname, especially with a foreign pronunciation, can carry a positive or negative meaning. Before you attach a complaint to a person, you need to know exactly the meaning.
Meaning of nicknames:
- Sociable is an energetic guy.
- Jovial – for a smiling and open guy.
- Pahan – refers to prison slang. Emphasizes the primacy of man.
- Olejandro, Sancho and the like are derived from male names.
- Skeleton. The nickname has many meanings, depending on culture, beliefs and position in society.
- Dario and similar aliases attribute to a person the features of movie characters or representatives of other nations.
It is worth considering the origin of the chase. Some came into use from places of imprisonment and belong to the characteristics of thieves' concepts. Cultural and folk aspects should also be taken into account.
Note! Some nationalities take nicknames very seriously, considering them a person’s second name.
You should be especially careful with nicknames in English. It is imperative to know the translation so as not to turn out to be a fool and the subject of ridicule.
Some people come up with their own aliases - but it needs to be done correctly.
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