At the bottom as a social and philosophical drama briefly. Literature lesson M

Everything is in man, everything is for man!

Only man exists

everything else is his doing

and his brain!

M. Gorky. At the bottom

Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths” has not only been on stage for about a hundred years domestic theaters, but also bypassed the largest theaters in the world. Before today it excites the minds and hearts of readers and viewers, more and more new interpretations of images (especially Luke) arise. All this suggests that M. Gorky managed not only to look with a fresh, truthful look at the tramps - people who had sunk into the very dirt, “to the bottom” of life, erased from active life society " former people", outcasts. But at the same time, the playwright sharply poses and tries to solve serious questions that have worried and will worry every new generation, all thinking humanity: what is a person? What is truth and in what form do people need it? Does the objective world exist or “what you believe in is what it is”? and, most importantly, what is this world like and can it be changed?

In the play we encounter people who are useless outcasts in society, but they are the ones who are interested in questions about man’s place in the world around him. The characters in the play are not similar to each other neither in their views, nor in their thoughts, nor in their life principles, nor the way of life itself. The only thing they have in common is that they are superfluous. And at the same time, almost each of the inhabitants of the shelter is the bearer of a certain philosophical concept on which they try to build their lives.

Bubnov believes that the world is vile and dirty, there is no good people, everyone is just pretending, painting themselves, but “no matter how you paint yourself on the outside, everything will be erased.”

Klesch is embittered with people, cruel to his wife Anna, but believes that hard, exhausting, but honest work can return him to “real” life: “I am a working person... I’m ashamed to look at them... I've been working since I was little... Do you think I won't get out of here? I’ll get out... I’ll rip off the skin and get out.”

The actor, who became an alcoholic and lost his name, hopes that his gift will return to him: “... the main thing is talent... And talent is faith in yourself, in your strength.”

Nastya, a woman who sells her body, dreams of genuine, sublime love, which real life unattainable.

Satin, a sharp-witted philosopher, has an opinion opposite to Kleshch’s principles: “Work? For what? To be full? It seems pointless to him to spin on a wheel all his life: food is work. Satin owns the final monologue in the play, elevating man: “Man is free... he pays for everything himself: for faith, for disbelief, for love, for intelligence... Man is the truth!” Material from the site

The inhabitants of the shelter, brought together in a cramped room, at the beginning of the play are indifferent to each other, they hear only themselves, even if they are all talking together. But major changes in internal state The heroes begin with the appearance of Luke, an old wanderer who managed to awaken this sleepy kingdom, console and encourage many, instill or support hope, but at the same time, was the cause of many tragedies. Luke’s main desire: “I want to understand human affairs.” And he, indeed, very soon understands all the inhabitants of the shelter. On the one hand, having endless faith in people, Luka believes that it is very difficult to change life, so it is easier to change yourself and adapt. But the principle “what you believe in is what it is” forces a person to come to terms with poverty, ignorance, injustice, and not to fight for better life.

The questions raised by M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” are timeless, they arise in people’s minds different eras, ages, religions. That is why the play arouses keen interest among our contemporaries, helping them understand themselves and the problems of their time.

Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search

On this page there is material on the following topics:

• at the bottom - social drama
• catchphrases from Gorky's play "at the bottom"
• bitter at the bottom analysis
• M Gorky's essay at the bottom briefly

Department of Education, Science and youth policy Voronezh region

GBPOU "Buturlinovsky Mechanics and Technology College"

Development of a lesson on literature

M. Gorky. The play “At the Bottom” as a social philosophical drama.

System of images.

Prepared by teacher

Russian language and literature

Selivanova I. G.

2016

Subject. M. Gorky. The play “At the Bottom” as a social and philosophical drama.

System of images.

Lesson type – learning new material.

Type of lesson – combined lesson.

Goals:

educational :

Improving text analysis skills; formation of universal educational activities in the process of text analysis dramatic work;

developing :

Development of speech culture, monologue and dialogic speech skills;

Development of logic of thinking;

Acquiring the ability to conduct a discussion and speak in public;

raising :

Instilling a sense of goodwill, attention and respect for the interlocutor;

Acquisition moral values;

Activation creativity students.

Tasks:

- create problematic situation,

Encourage students to speak up own point views on various issues.

Form of organizing the lesson: conversation, role-play reading of the play, elements of theatrical play.

Methods:

Reproductive: verbal, visual;

Productive: creating diagrams, filling them with observation results and personal judgments, working in groups.

Means of education : portrait of M. Gorky, illustrations for the play “At the Lower Depths,” books with the text of the play “At the Lower Depths,” textbooks.

On the desk : portrait of A.M. Gorky, topic of the lesson, epigraph.

Man - that's the truth! We must respect the person!

M. Gorky

During the classes:

Org. moment, explanation of the goals and objectives of the lesson.

We continue to study the work of A. Gorky. In the previous lesson, we studied in detail the story “Old Woman Izergil”. And today our task will be to analyze in more detail A. Gorky’s play “At the Depths”.

Problematic issues:

1) What was the main theme of M. Gorky’s work late XIX– the beginning of the 20th century?

2) What is the storyline of the work based on?

3) Describe the characters in the play?

4) Who really argues with Luke: Satin or the author himself?

5) Is the play “At the Bottom” an innovative work?

6) What is the salvation of people who have fallen “to the bottom” of life?

7) What two problems were reflected in the heroes’ disputes about man and life, which raised the problem of humanism?

Conversation on the content of the play “At the Bottom”.

Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths” was written in 1902 for the troupe of the Moscow Art Public Theater. The name itself already has a huge meaning. People who have fallen to the bottom will never rise to the light, to a new life. The theme of the humiliated and insulted is not new in Russian literature.

In 1900, when artists from the Art Theater traveled to Crimea to show Chekhov his plays “The Seagull” and “Uncle Vanya,” they met Gorky. The head of the theater, Nemirovich-Danchenko, told them that the theater had the task of not only “captivating Chekhov with its art, but also infecting Gorky with the desire to write a play.”

IN next year Gorky donated his play “The Bourgeois” to the Art Theater. First performance of Gorky's play Art Theater took place on March 26, 1902, in St. Petersburg, where the theater went on a spring tour.

Appeared on stage for the first time new hero: revolutionary worker, machinist Nile, a man aware of his strength, confident of victory. And although the censorship erased all the “dangerous” passages from the play, and also erased Neil’s words: “The master is the one who works!”, “rights are not given, rights are taken,” nevertheless, the play as a whole sounded like a call for freedom, struggle .

The government feared that the performance had turned into a revolutionary demonstration. During the dress rehearsal of the play, the theater was surrounded by police, and policemen in disguise were stationed in the theater; Mounted gendarmes were riding around in the square in front of the theater. “One might have thought that they were preparing not for a dress rehearsal, but for a general battle,” Stanislavsky later wrote.

Almost simultaneously with the play "The Bourgeois" Gorky was working on a second play, "At the Depths." In this new play The protest against capitalist society sounded even more sharply and boldly. Gorky showed in it a new, unfamiliar world - the world of tramps, people who have sunk to the very bottom of life.

In August 1902, Gorky handed over the play to Nemirovich-Danchenko. Rehearsals began, and Gorky now often had to visit Moscow. The actors and the director worked with enthusiasm, went to the Khitrov market, to the shelters where tramps lived, and Gorky talked a lot about the lives of his heroes, helping to better understand their lives and habits.

O. L. Knipper-Chekhova recalled how at one of the rehearsals Gorky said: “I read “At the Lower Depths” in the dosshouse, to the real Baron, to the real Nastya. You understand! They cried in the dosshouse, shouted: “We are worse!”... They kissed they hugged me..." On December 18, 1902, the play premiered. They endlessly called actors, directors, and the author. The performance turned into a stormy celebration of A. M. Gorky; he went on stage excited, confused - he did not expect such success. Large, slightly stooped, he frowned and, out of embarrassment, forgot to throw away the cigarette he was holding in his teeth, forgot that he had to bow.

A huge crowd that did not attend the performance stood outside the theater for a long time. The police urged the public to disperse, but no one left - they were waiting for Gorky just to look at him.

And working on the play was difficult and intense. “Without the sun” - “Nochlezhka” - “In a shelter house” - “At the bottom” - this is how its name changed. The history of the name to some extent means general outlines the author's work on the play. There is evidence from contemporaries about this process. “I was in Arzamas with Gorky,” wrote L. Andreev, “and heard his new drama “In a Lodging House” or “At the Bottom” (he had not yet settled on one or the other title)... He piled up a mountain of the most severe suffering, threw dozens of different characters into a pile - and united them all with a burning desire for truth and justice."

What do you think is the meaning of this name?

(Gorky did not immediately come to this option; there were also “Without the Sun”, “Nochlezhka”, “In the Night House”).

What is itpeculiarity Andunusualness this work?

( Students will note that this is a dramatic work, not designated by the author by genre, that its characters are unusual (tramps ).

It’s good if they notice that the heroes act little, but talk a lot, even argue, that the debates are clearly on philosophical, “eternal” questions, this is very unexpected for tramps, but in M. Gorky this is presented logically, naturally).

How would you determinegenre this play? (The answer, of course, must be justified).

Disputes about man, about truth occupy a very great place, make us think, so we understand: the events are external, and most importantly, inside the characters, and everything is not easy here.) In terms of genre, this is most likelydrama .

Athe nature what is she like?

(Students will be allocatedsocial Problems (the situation of the night shelters, relations with the owners of the night shelter, the hopelessness of life at the “bottom”), perhaps they will notepsychologism the sound of these problems, and, of course,philosophical problems will be named (disputes about a person, about the truth).

Notes are made in the reference note .

Work with text.

The play was staged in1902 and clearly about that time. The stage directions clearly indicate that the action is taking place.in the shelter Andin a vacant lot near her (action 3). You can read the description of the shelter.

You need to pay attention to the words of the remarks, their meaning and special meaning(basement similarto the cave , ceiling -heavy, stone vaults , sooty , with collapsed plaster, along the walls -bunks , in the middle of the shelter there is a large table, two benches, a stool, everything -unpainted and dirty a wide bed covered with a dirty chintz curtain).

Teacher's word : take a close look at the assembly point of these wretches gathered in the cramped area of ​​the basement-cave in the first act. Or to the “wasteland” - “a courtyard place littered with various rubbish and overgrown with weeds” - in act three. You will make an interesting discovery: this site is, in essence, divided into cells, into microspaces, holes, in which “former” people live separately and even alienated, deprived of business, of the past, living with their misfortune, even close to tragedy. Here is the room behind a thin partition in which the thief Vaska Pepel lives, selling stolen goods to the owner of the flophouse Kostylev, ex-lover his wife Vasilisa, who dreams of leaving here with Natalya, the sister of the mistress. The triangle Ash - Vasilisa - Natalya has an independent meaning in the play.

But for all the drama of the struggle within it - Vasilisa incites Ash to take revenge on her husband, slyly promises to give him money - for many other inhabitants of the shelter, the outcome of this struggle is not so important.

But behind the curtain there is a family.

Anna and the locksmith Kleshch, perhaps blaming himself for cruelty to his wife, have their own drama (an unhappily lived life, dying in the basement). Kvashnya and Nastya settled in the kitchen, by the stove, each with their own drama. Kvashnya was married, and this was enough for her that she was in no hurry to rejoice at the advances of the policeman Medvedev, a wealthy man who did not live in a shelter.

The prostitute Nastya, dreaming of the fatal Gaston or Raoul, and the Baron, remembering noble grandfather. The Baron, however, says to the “scoundrel” Nastya, who ridicules his dreams: “I am no match for you! You... are scum." But as soon as she runs away, not wanting to listen to him, he looks for her (“Run away... where? I’ll go and see... where is she?”).

In a certain sense, the hidden interconnection of these disparate human cells, the unity of the poor fellows, even those fighting and ridiculing each other, can be defined in the words of Nastya: “Oh, you unfortunate one! After all, you... you live on me, like a worm lives on an apple!”

So, Kostylev's shelter - This is, first of all, a symbol of homelessness, homelessness, a symbol of abnormal life. The play is based on an acute social conflict: the contradiction between a person’s actual position in society and his high purpose; contradiction between the masses and autocratic orders landowner Russia, which reduce people to the tragic fate of vagabonds.

11 . Analysis image systems . Work in 3 groups .

Each group introduces our heroes, and we all make notes in notebooks, collecting all the material.

Heroes of the play “At the Bottom” turned out to be generalized collective images, typical, but also quite individual. Under the arches of the Kostylevo shelter there were people of the most varied character and social status.

Old man(60 years old), a traveling preacher who consoles everyone, promises everyone deliverance from suffering, says to everyone: “You hope!”, “You believe!” Luka is an extraordinary personality, he has a great life experience and a keen interest in people. He feels sorry for suffering people, so he tells them various comforting words. His whole philosophy is contained in the saying: “What you believe is what you believe.”

M. Gorky became interested in the Bogomil teaching (an ancient religious and philosophical teaching), according to which God, in order to save the world from Satan, sent Christ to earth. In M. Gorky's play, the teachings of Christ are represented by Luke, whose name clearly goes back to the name of the Apostle Luke. Before us is an experienced man, ready to long roads, to the vicissitudes of fate. From appearance the wanderer breathes with kindness and friendliness.

For Luke, all people are the same: “And all people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wobble, but you were born a man, you will die a man...” For Luka, any human life is valuable: “A man, no matter what he is, is always worth his price...”

In the second act, Luke preaches a certain philosophy of life even more actively. It consoles everyone. In all this he is close to his evangelical namesake; he can be called a worthy disciple of Christ. “Your faith has saved you, go in peace,” is the most important maxim of Christ.

But there is another interpretation of his name. According to V.I. Dahl, “evil” means cunning, secretive, contradictory, two-faced. “The evil one” is a demon, an unclean spirit. In the fourth act, the inhabitants of the shelter, discussing Luka, directly connect him with the evil one: “Disappeared from the police... like smoke from the face of fire!”

However, one way or another, the “good old man” changed the shelters.
Luke. M. M. Turkhanov. 1938

Unemployed man (40 years old). He loves incomprehensible, rare words, because... I used to serve in the telegraph office, read a lot and was educated person. The hero expresses author's position, he is far from the philosophy of Christian patience, for him there is one thing proudly sound word- a person who “pays for everything himself: for faith, for disbelief, for love, for intelligence - a person pays for everything himself, and therefore he is free.” He understands social injustice more clearly than others. He claims that a person needs the truth, whatever it may be!

In Bogomilism (an ancient Slavic creed), the writer was attracted by the apocrypha about Satan, more precisely about Satanail. And it is with Satanail that the name Satina is associated. His bestial growl - the growl of a kind of Antichrist - opens the action of the play. According to the Bogomil doctrine of the world, it was Satanail who created the visible material world. He also created human flesh, but could not breathe a soul into a person. And then supreme god took pity and sent his divine spirit into the man. Thus, the material world, human flesh is the creation of Satanael, and the human soul and the sun are the creation of God. Based on this, the meaning is clear original name plays "Without Sun". It is directly connected with the song of the night shelters “The sun rises and sets...” and with the supposed optimistic ending: “... they sang songs and under the sun they forgot about hating each other.” It also becomes clear why Satin, at the end of the second act, calls the night shelters “dead men,” because they have no spirit: “Dead men do not hear! Dead people don't feel!

Among the “former people” Satin stands out for his firmness and determination. He strives for the truth, which is clearly seen in his relationships with the night shelters. Luka is perplexed why the intelligent, brave Satin ended up among the tramps: “You are so brave... Konstantin... intelligent... and suddenly.” Apparently, Satin’s inflexible nature, his reluctance to compromise, allowed M. Gorky to call this tramp Konstantin, which means “firm, constant.” Conducting an absentee dispute with Luka, Satin declares about himself: “Don’t offend a person!.. And if I was offended once and - for the rest of my life at once! What should I do? Forgive? Nothing. No one."

IT IS KNOWN THAT M. GORKY EXPRESSES MANY THOUGHTS IN THE DRAMA

EXACTLY SATIN

Satin. K. S. Stanislavsky. 1902

Bubnov (45 years old) occupies a special place among the night shelters. At one time, bitter scholars called him a philosopher of hopelessness, an indifferent cynic. From the very beginning of the action, Bubnov shows merciless sobriety in assessing the situation of the shelters.

For him, the inhabitants of the basement are a thief, a sharper, an alcoholic and nothing more. Bubnov’s truth is the truth of external circumstances, the truth of a person’s complete dependence on the world around him, clearly expressed in the formula: “What happened was, but only trifles remained... Everything faded, one naked man remained.” Such is Bubnov himself. Therefore, it is no coincidence that his surname is derived from the noun “tambourine” - a squandered person, reminiscent of the expressions “a goal like a tambourine”, “he started a lawsuit - he became like a goal like a tambourine”, etc.

On the one hand, Bubnov is a squandered man, and on the other, he is also a quarrelsome, reckless tramp, for whom nothing is sacred in life. According to the shoemaker Alyoshka, Bubnov “is only drunk and looks like a man.” The concepts of honor and conscience do not matter to him.

In addition, a “tambourine” is a person who loses at cards. IN in this case there was a transfer based on the name card suit. Card game - favorite hobby night shelters, and sometimes they call Bubnov simply Tambourine. Also, the word “tambourine” has the meaning “lazy”, “parasite”. Bubnov declares about himself: “I’m lazy. I don’t like passion like work!”

This character in the play is a messenger of evil and personifies the lower world. Author's attitude clearly negative towards him. M. Gorky reveals the coldness and darkness of the soul of the dispassionate recorder of reality. Bubnov was convinced that man is a superfluous creature on earth. “You are superfluous everywhere... and all the people on earth are superfluous,” he says to Nastya. And if a person is not needed by anyone and is a superfluous being, then he should not bind himself to anything and is free to live the way he wants.

Bubnov. V. V. Luzhsky. 1902

Vaska Ash

A young man (28 years old) is a hereditary thief, thirsty right life, he wants to become honest and decent person, because Ash earns his living by dishonest labor, he wants to fix all this. Under the influence of Luka, Vaska begins to dream of a free life in Siberia. And he thinks that by marrying Natasha, he will get what he wants. But in the end, having killed Kostylev, he goes to prison.

Ash. B. G. Dobronravov. 1938

Natasha – 20 years old, Vasilisa’s sister. Quiet, kind girl. She is full of passionate dreams about the future. Natasha wants to leave the shelter, to get out of this “bottom of life,” but she cannot. Ash loves Natasha and asks her to marry her, but the girl understands that nothing good will come of this. After all, Vaska treated her sister badly, which means he can do the same to her. She never got married, because... After beating his sister, he ends up in the hospital, and from there he leaves in an unknown direction.

Nastya is a young girl (24 years old), passionately wanting something big, true love. True, her dreams cause malicious ridicule among those around her. Even her partner Baron makes fun of her. Nastya suffers from her hopelessness and still wants to go to the ends of the world. This heroine exclaims: “And why...why do I live here...with you? I’ll leave... I’ll go somewhere... to the ends of the world!” In this regard, Nastya’s behavior at the end of the drama is especially indicative. Upon hearing the news of the Actor's death, she "slowly, with her eyes wide open, walks towards the table." There is a single lamp on the table, illuminating the shelter. Nastya goes to the light. She is amazed by the new feelings and thoughts that have opened up to her, and finally realizes the need for a different life.

Baron (33 years old) is the only person who has no illusions about liberation. But he has a thread: “It’s all in the past!” If there is nothing ahead, then at least there is something behind. The Baron often recalled his origins (old surname, houses in Moscow and St. Petersburg, carriages with coats of arms, etc.). But Nastya mocks him and says that none of this happened. “Do you understand what it’s like for a person when they don’t believe him?”

According to your past social status The Baron is also named, who “no, no, and will show himself to be a master.” The most weak-willed of the night shelters, he spent his entire life dressing up. He doesn't even remember how he ended up among the tramps. All the overnight stayers speak negatively about the Baron. But he is the only one who knows the genealogy of his family. Luka calls him a “spoiled baron”, and Nastya calls him a “nonentity”. For half a bottle of vodka offered by Ash, the Baron is ready to get on all fours and bark like a dog. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice that it was the Baron who came up with the idea of ​​wasting his life aimlessly. It is he who asks the question: “But... why was I born... huh?” He also wants, if only for a moment, to know his purpose.

Baron. Actor V.I. Kachalov. 1902

Nastya. O. L. Knipper. 1902

Andrey Mitrich (40 years old) is a mechanic, dreams of honest work. He hopes more than anyone to escape from this hole (“I’ll get out... I’ll rip off my skin, but I’ll get out!”), that this is not the end, but a temporary fall. Klesh thinks that after his wife's death, his life will become easier. He awaits her death as liberation!

He has only lived in the shelter for six months and has not yet gotten used to his situation, hopes to get out of here and openly despises his fellow sufferers: “What kind of people are they? Ragged, golden company... Do you think I won’t break out of here? Wait a minute... my wife will die.” The selfish, embittered Kleshch is looking forward to the death of his wife, whom, according to Kvashnya, he “beat to death.” He is deprived of the slightest sympathy for his dying life partner. And she, despite the torment, dreams of still living:“Well... just a little more... I wish I could live... a little more! If there is no flour there... here we can be patient... we can!” Kostylev says about this, turning to Kleshch: “Eh, Andryushka, you are an evil man! Your wife has withered away from your villainy... no one loves you, no one respects you.” Hence the character's last name:A tick is an insect that burrows into the skin, a bloodsucker.

Anna (30 years old) is his wife, seriously ill, near death. She considers herself the most unhappy woman. She is crushed by life, full of suffering and useless to anyone.

Was in the past famous actor, but soon sank, drank himself to death and even forgot his name! He is often absorbed in memories of his past glory. His only dream is to find the city that Luke talked about, where there is a free hospital for alcoholics. After all, he still hopes to return to the stage. But having learned that there is no “righteous land” and that there is no hospital, the actor commits suicide, because... cannot bear the collapse of his last hope. Named after his previous profession, since he really lost his name: “I don’t have a name here... Do you understand how offensive it is to lose a name? Even the dogs have nicknames...” Even here, in the shelter, inhabited by the most colorful, colorful inhabitants, he looks out of this world. The actor perceives life as a mirage: he believed in the existence of free hospitals, he believed in a “righteous city.”

The character in M. Gorky's drama is a former actor, but he is a servant of Melpomene. He came to the shelter from some special, other world and in a certain sense stands above other tramps. He is gifted and, undoubtedly, the most educated and cultured among all the night shelters, including Satin. In addition, he is kind, sympathetic, has good taste. This image was highly appreciated by A.P. Chekhov.
Actor performed by N. G. Alexandrov. 1924

Kvashnya gives the action the first emotional impetus and causes emotional ferment in the basement. Her name is derived from the verb “ferment”, which means to ferment. Kvashnya is kind, responsive, and not without a sense of compassion. But most importantly, it is practical. It is she who becomes the new owner of the shelter. But the word “kvashnya” has another meaning: fermented dough, dough. Fermented dough rises quickly, you can’t hold it: “You can’t hold a kvashnya with a lid” (V. Dal). Finding herself in the shelter, Kvashnya felt not “at the bottom,” but at the “top.” She quickly adapts to circumstances, “grows.” From the top of her new position, Kvashnya begins to tyrannize those around her:“Look at me...slush! Don't spoil..."

The figure of the hostel owner Kostylev (54), one of the “masters of life”, who is ready to squeeze the last penny even from his unfortunate and disadvantaged guests, is disgusting. The owner of the shelter, Kostylev, is a worthless creature. This is an obvious hypocrite, he does not so much console as spiritually lull his guests to sleep, saying that “in the next world... every deed of ours is counted.”

All the inhabitants of the basement treat Kostylev with undisguised, outright disgust. As soon as the owner appears in the shelter, a kind of emptiness is created around him, a kind of moral vacuum. Kostylev seems to represent a different, lower world. His religiosity is a cover for an empty, cold soul, which is why his end is so absurd and pitiful.

For M. Gorky, hypocrisy is more great sin than rudeness.

Equally disgusting is hisVasilisa's wife (26l.) with her immorality, she has “no soul,” she is “greedy for money.”

The play "At the Bottom". Production of the Moscow Art Theater.

12. Compiling a table. The relationship between conflict and characters.

2 . The love conflict created a double triangle:

Ashes, Vasilisa and Kostylev; Ashes, Vasilisa and Natasha. But these relationships do not affect the other characters, they are only spectators.

Philosophical debates about truth, man and his dignity.

First of all, Luka, Satin, Bubnov, Kleshch, Vaska Ash and Baron argue.

13. Creative task: "Recognize the hero!"

2. “And why...why do I live here...with you? I’ll leave... I’ll go somewhere... to the ends of the world!”

(Nastya)

3. “What happened was, but only trifles remained... Everything faded away, only one naked man remained.”

(Bubnov)

4. “But... why was I born... huh?”

(Baron)

5. “Wow! Wow! This - you cleverly came up with... a husband, that means in a coffin, a lover - in hard labor, and yourself ... "

(Ash)

6. “Don’t offend a person!.. And if I was offended once and for the rest of my life at once! What should I do? Forgive? Nothing. Nobody"

(Satin)

7. “Look at me...slush! Don't spoil..."

(Kvashnya)

8. “Well... just a little more... I wish I could live... a little bit! If there is no flour there...here you can be patient...you can!”

(Anna)

9. “And all the people! No matter how you pretend, no matter how you wobble, if you were born a man, you will die a man...”

(Luke)

10. “Here I am...someday like this...in the basement...clogged...”

(Natasha)

11. “in the next world...every deed is counted”

(Kostylev)

12. “What kind of people are they? Ragged, golden company... Do you think I won’t break out of here? Wait a minute... my wife will die"

(Mite)

VI . Summarizing the material studied.

QUESTIONS:

What is the play about?

What is the main idea of ​​Gorky's drama?

Why does a person lose his name?

Who are the heroes of the play? What are their fates?

What is the conflict of the play?

About the life of tramps. “Everything has faded away, only one person remains.” – About a world where there is no God.

2 . Question. What is the main idea of ​​Gorky's drama?

What is truth and what is man? “Man, that sounds proud!” How less people connected with the world of things, so it more people. “A man is worth the price.” What do they live for? - For best man A.

3.Question. Why does a person lose his name?

He found himself at the bottom of his life, died, lost his profession.

4.Question. Who are the heroes of the play? What are their fates?

Satin is a drunken cheater who claims that people need the Truth

Luke is a wanderer. “The man is worth the price!” “How can you not trust a person.” "Love the Living"

Tick ​​- “I’ll get out when my wife dies” - “There are people everywhere.”

The actor – Sverchkov-Zavolzhsky – has lost his name. The motive of death.

5 Question. What is the conflict of the play?

The conflict is philosophical. Dispute about truth and man. The righteous land is not on the map, but in you.

VI. Reflection

– Today, you guys and I are convinced that every person has the truth.

Perhaps, at your age, you have not yet decided what life principles you will adhere to in life. later life, but for some reason I am confident that you will make the right choice. Thanks for the work.

VII. Homework

– Prepare factual material for a class essay on the topic “Truth in M. Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths”.”

Literature:

1. Text of M. Gorky’s play “At the Bottom”.

3.N.V. Egorova. Lesson-based developments on Russian literature of the twentieth century. M. "VAKO" 1 hour 2005 2 hours 2016

Application.

The play "At the Bottom" Meaning of the name

Reflection on the truth and debate about the purpose of man.

Mite

“There is no work... no strength! That's the truth! Shelter... there is no shelter! You have to breathe...here it is, the truth!”

Anna

“I don’t remember when I was full... I was shaking over every piece of bread... I was trembling all my life... I was tormented... so as not to eat anything else... All my life I walked around in rags... all my unhappy life..."

Actor (poems by Pierre Beranger)

Gentlemen! If the holy Honor of the madman, who will bring the world to the truth, does not know how to find the way, - Humanity will have a golden dream...

Luke

He believes that a person does not need the truth. For a person, the most important thing is consolation, or even deception - a “golden dream” (the true truth of life, because it is too harsh, “a pain for people”), one must be able to feel sorry for a person, especially when it is difficult for him, that one must bring him compassion.

Satin

Calls to open your eyes to life's contradictions and problems. According to the hero, one must live in the present, soberly assessing reality, but at the same time with a dream about the future, based on the present, without breaking away from real life. And this is the real Truth, “Man is the truth!” Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! That sounds... proud!” “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is god free man!»

We are not talking about a specific person, now oppressed by need and oppression, but about man in general. This is what it is philosophical view for life.

Essay text:

Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists; everything else is the work of his hands and his brain!
M. Gorky. At the bottom
Gorky's play "At the Lower Depths" not only has not left the stages of domestic theaters for about a hundred years, but has also gone around largest theaters peace. To this day, it excites the minds and hearts of readers and viewers; more and more new interpretations of images (especially Luke) arise. All this suggests that M. Gorky managed not only to look with a fresh, truthful look at the tramps of people who had sunk to the very dirt, “to the bottom” of life, who had been erased from the active life of society as “former people”, outcasts. But at the same time, the playwright sharply raises and tries to resolve serious questions that have worried and will continue to worry every new generation, all thinking humanity: what is a person? What is truth and in what form do people need it? Does the objective world exist or “what you believe in is what it is”? and, most importantly, what is this world like and can it be changed?
In the play, we encounter people who are useless outcasts in society, but it is they who are interested in questions about man’s place in the world around him. The heroes of the play are not similar to each other either in their views, or thoughts, or life principles, or the way of life itself. The only thing they have in common is that they are superfluous. And at the same time, almost each of the inhabitants of the shelter is the bearer of a certain philosophical concept, on which they try to build their lives.
Bubnov believes that the world is vile and dirty, there are no good people here, I’m just pretending, painting myself, but “no matter how you paint yourself on the outside, everything will be erased.”
Klesch is embittered with people, cruel to his wife Anna, but he believes that hard, exhausting, but honest work can return him to “real” life: “I am a working man... I’m ashamed to look at them... I’m with I’ve been working for small years... Do you think I won’t break out of here? I’ll get out... I’ll rip off my skin, but I’ll get out.”
Having drunk himself and lost his name, the Actor hopes that his gift will return to him: “... the main thing is talent... And talent is faith in yourself, in your strength.”
Nastya, a woman who sells her body, dreams of genuine, sublime love, which is unattainable in real life.
Satin the sharp-philosopher has an opinion opposite to the principles of Kleshch: “Work? For what? To be happy?” It seems pointless to him to spend his whole life spinning on a wheel: food is work. Satin wrote the final monologue in the play, elevating man: “Man is free... he pays for everything himself: for faith, for unbelief, for love, for intelligence... Man is the truth!”
The inhabitants of the shelter, brought together in a cramped room, at the beginning of the play are indifferent to each other, they hear only themselves, even if they are all talking together. But serious changes in the internal state of the heroes begin with the appearance of Luke the wanderer elder, who managed to awaken this sleepy kingdom, console and encourage many, instill or support hope, but, at the same time, was the cause of many tragedies. Luke’s main desire: “I want to understand human affairs.” And he, indeed, very soon understands all the inhabitants of the shelter. On the one hand, having endless faith in people, Luka believes that it is very difficult to change life; it is easier for a lyricist to change himself and adapt. But the principle “what you believe in is what it is” forces a person to come to terms with poverty, ignorance, injustice, and not fight for a better life.
The questions raised by M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” are timeless; they arise among people of different eras, ages, and religions. It is the lyricism of the play that arouses keen interest among our contemporaries, helping them understand themselves and the problems of their time.

The rights to the essay “At the Lower Depths” by M. Gorky as a Social and Philosophical Drama” belong to its author. When quoting material, it is necessary to indicate a hyperlink to

M. Gorky's play “At the Depths” is rightfully one of the best dramatic works writer. This is evidenced by its incredible success for a long time in Russia and abroad. The play has caused and still causes conflicting interpretations about the characters depicted and its philosophical basis. Gorky acted as an innovator in dramaturgy, posing an important philosophical question about a person, about his place, role in life, about what is important to him. “Which is better: truth or compassion? What is more necessary?” - these are the words of M. Gorky himself. Incredible success and the recognition of the play “At the Lower Depths” was also facilitated by its successful production on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater in 1902. V. N. Nemirovich-Danchenko wrote to M. Gorky: “The appearance of “The Bottom” paved entire paths with one blow theatrical culture... Having in “At the Lower Depths” an example of a truly folk play, we consider this performance the pride of the theater.”
M. Gorky acted as the creator of a new type social drama. He accurately and truthfully depicted the environment of the inhabitants of the shelter. This is a special category of people with their own destinies and tragedies.
Already in the first author's remark we find a description of the shelter. This is a “cave-like basement.” Poor surroundings, dirt, light coming from top to bottom. This further emphasizes that we're talking about about the very “day” of society. At first the play was called “At the Bottom of Life,” but then Gorky changed the name - “At the Bottom.” It more fully reflects the idea of ​​the work. A sharpie, a thief, a prostitute are representatives of the society depicted in the play. The owners of the shelter are also at the “bottom” of moral rules; they do not have any moral values ​​in their souls, and they carry a destructive element within them. Everything in the shelter takes place away from the general flow of life and events in the world. The “bottom of life” does not capture this flow of life.
The characters in the play previously belonged to different strata of society, but now they all have one thing in common - their present, hopelessness, inability to change their fate, and some kind of reluctance to do this, a passive attitude towards life. At first, Tick differs from them, but after Anna’s death he becomes the same - he loses hope of escaping from here.
Different origins determine the behavior and speech of the heroes. The Actor's Speech contains quotes from literary works. Speech former intellectual Satine is full of foreign words. Luke's quiet, leisurely, soothing speech can be heard.
There are many different conflicts in the play, storylines. This is the relationship between Ash, Vasilisa, Natasha and Kostylev; Baron and Nastya; Klesch and Anna. We see tragic fates Bubnov, Actor, Satin, Alyoshka. But all these lines seem to run in parallel; there is no common, core conflict between the characters. In the play we can observe a conflict in the minds of people, a conflict with circumstances - this was unusual for the Russian audience.
The author does not tell in detail the history of each shelter, and yet we have enough information about each of them. The life of some, their past, for example, Satin, Bubnov, Actor, is dramatic, worthy in itself separate work. Circumstances forced them to sink to the “bottom”. Others, such as Ash and Nastya, have known the life of this society since birth. There are no main characters in the play; everyone occupies approximately the same position. In the long term, they have no improvement in life, which is depressing with its monotony. Everyone is used to Vasilisa beating Natasha, everyone knows about the relationship between Vasilisa and Vaska Ash, everyone is tired of suffering dying Anna. Nobody pays attention to how others live; there are no connections between people; no one is able to listen, sympathize, or help. It’s not for nothing that Bubnov repeats that “the threads are rotten.”
People no longer want anything, do not strive for anything, they believe that everyone on earth is superfluous, that their life has already passed. They despise each other, each considers himself higher, better than others. Everyone is aware of the insignificance of their situation, but does not try to get out, stop eking out a miserable existence and start living. And the reason for this is that they are used to it and have come to terms with it.
But not only social and everyday problems are raised in the play, the characters also argue about the meaning human life, about her values. The play “At the Bottom” is a deep philosophical drama. People thrown out of life, who have sunk to the “bottom”, argue about philosophical problems being.
M. Gorky raised the question in his work that more useful to a person: the truth of real life or a comforting lie. This is the question that has caused so much controversy. The preacher of the idea of ​​compassion and lies is Luke, who consoles everyone and speaks kind words to everyone. He respects*^ every person (“not a single flea is bad, all are black”), sees a good beginning in everyone, believes that a person can do anything if he wants. He naively tries to awaken in people faith in themselves, in their strengths and capabilities, in a better life.
Luke knows how important this faith is for a person, this hope for the possibility and reality of the best. Even just kindness sweet Nothing, a word that supports this faith can give a person support in life, solid ground under his feet. Belief in your ability to change and improve own life reconciles a person with the world, as he plunges into his imaginary world and lives there, hiding from what frightens him real world, in which a person cannot find himself. And in reality this person is inactive.
But this only applies to a weak person who has lost faith in himself.
That is why such people are drawn to Luke, listen to him and believe him, because his words are a miraculous balm for their tormented souls.
Anna listens to him because he alone sympathized with her, did not forget about her, told her kind word, which she may have never heard. Luke gave her hope that in another life she would not suffer.
Nastya also listens to Luka, because he does not deprive her of the illusions from which she draws vitality.
He gives Ash hope that he can start life anew where no one knows either Vaska or his past.
Luke talks to the actor about a free hospital for alcoholics, in which he can recover and return to the stage again.
Luke is not just a comforter, he philosophically substantiates his position. One of ideological centers The play becomes a wanderer's story about how he saved two escaped convicts. the main idea Gorky’s character here is that it is not violence, not prison, but only goodness that can save a person and teach goodness: “A person can teach goodness...”
Other inhabitants of the shelter do not need Luke's philosophy, support for non-existent ideals, because it is more strong people. They understand that Luke is lying, but he is lying out of compassion and love for people. They have questions about the necessity of these lies. Everyone argues, and everyone has their own position. All the sleepovers are involved in an argument about truth and lies, but do not take each other very seriously.
In contrast to the philosophy of the wanderer Luke, Gorky presented the philosophy of Satin and his judgments about man. “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is God a free man!” When pronouncing monologues, Satin does not expect to convince others of anything. This is his confession, the result of his long thoughts, a cry of despair and a thirst for action, a challenge to the world of the well-fed and a dream of the future. He speaks with admiration about the power of man, about the fact that man was created for the best: “man - this sounds proudly!”, “man is above satiety,” “do not feel sorry..., do not humiliate him with pity... you must respect him.” This monologue, pronounced among the ragged, degraded inhabitants of the shelter, shows that faith in genuine humanism, in the truth, does not fade.
M. Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths” is an acute socio-philosophical drama. Social, since it presents drama caused by the objective conditions of society. The philosophical aspect of drama is rethought in a new way by each generation. Luke's image for a long time was assessed clearly negatively. Today, in view historical events last decade, the image of Luke is read in many ways differently, he has become much closer to the reader. I believe that there is no clear answer to the author’s question. It all depends on the specific situation and historical era.

M. Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths” is rightfully one of the best dramatic works of the writer. This is evidenced by its incredible success for a long time in Russia and abroad. The play has caused and still causes conflicting interpretations regarding the characters depicted and its philosophical basis. Gorky acted as an innovator in dramaturgy, posing an important philosophical question about a person, about his place, role in life, about what is important to him. “Which is better: truth or compassion? What is more necessary?” – these are the words of M. Gorky himself. The incredible success and recognition of the play “At the Lower Depths” was also facilitated by its successful production on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater in 1902. V. N. Nemirovich-Danchenko wrote to M. Gorky: “The appearance of “The Bottom” at one stroke paved the entire path for theatrical culture... Having in “The Bottom” an example of a truly folk play, we consider this performance the pride of the theater.”
M. Gorky acted as the creator of a new type of social drama. He accurately and truthfully depicted the environment of the inhabitants of the shelter. This is a special category of people with their own destinies and tragedies.
Already in the first author's remark we find a description of the shelter. This is a “cave-like basement.” Poor surroundings, dirt, light coming from top to bottom. This further emphasizes that we are talking about the very “day” of society. At first the play was called “At the Bottom of Life,” but then Gorky changed the name to “At the Bottom.” It more fully reflects the idea of ​​the work. A sharpie, a thief, a prostitute are representatives of the society depicted in the play. The owners of the shelter are also at the “bottom” of moral rules; they do not have any moral values ​​in their souls, and they carry a destructive element within them. Everything in the shelter takes place away from the general flow of life and events in the world. The “bottom of life” does not capture this flow of life.
The characters in the play previously belonged to different strata of society, but now they all have one thing in common - their present, hopelessness, inability to change their fate, and some kind of reluctance to do this, a passive attitude towards life. At first, Tick is different from them, but after Anna’s death he becomes the same - he loses hope of escaping from here.
Different origins determine the behavior and speech of the heroes. The Actor's speech contains quotes from literary works. The speech of the former intellectual Satin is full of foreign words. Luke's quiet, leisurely, soothing speech can be heard.
The play has many different conflicts and storylines. This is the relationship between Ash, Vasilisa, Natasha and Kostylev; Baron and Nastya; Klesch and Anna. We see the tragic fates of Bubnov, Actor, Satin, Alyoshka. But all these lines seem to run in parallel; there is no common, core conflict between the characters. In the play we can observe a conflict in the minds of people, a conflict with circumstances - this was unusual for the Russian audience.
The author does not tell in detail the history of each shelter, and yet we have enough information about each of them. The life of some, their past, for example, Satin, Bubnov, Actor, is dramatic, in itself worthy of a separate work. Circumstances forced them to sink to the “bottom”. Others, such as Ash and Nastya, have known the life of this society since birth. There are no main characters in the play; everyone occupies approximately the same position. In the long term, they have no improvement in life, which is depressing with its monotony. Everyone is used to Vasilisa beating Natasha, everyone knows about the relationship between Vasilisa and Vaska Ash, everyone is tired of the suffering of dying Anna. Nobody pays attention to how others live; there are no connections between people; no one is able to listen, sympathize, or help. It’s not for nothing that Bubnov repeats that “the threads are rotten.”
People no longer want anything, do not strive for anything, they believe that everyone on earth is superfluous, that their life has already passed. They despise each other, each considers himself higher, better than others. Everyone is aware of the insignificance of their situation, but does not try to get out, stop eking out a miserable existence and start living. And the reason for this is that they are used to it and have come to terms with it.
But not only social and everyday problems are raised in the play, the characters also argue about the meaning of human life, about its values. The play “At the Bottom” is a deep philosophical drama. People thrown out of life, who have sunk to the “bottom,” argue about the philosophical problems of existence.
M. Gorky raised the question in his work about what is more useful to a person: the truth of real life or a comforting lie. This is the question that has caused so much controversy. The preacher of the idea of ​​compassion and lies is Luke, who consoles everyone and speaks kind words to everyone. He respects every person (“not a single flea is bad, all are black”), sees a good beginning in everyone, believes that a person can do anything if he wants. He naively tries to awaken in people faith in themselves, in their strengths and capabilities, in a better life.
Luke knows how important this faith is for a person, this hope for the possibility and reality of the best. Even just a kind, affectionate word, a word that supports this faith, can give a person support in life, solid ground under his feet. Belief in one’s ability to change and improve one’s own life reconciles a person with the world, as he plunges into his fictional world and lives there, hiding from the frightening real world in which a person cannot find himself. And in reality this person is inactive.
But this only applies to a weak person who has lost faith in himself.
That is why such people are drawn to Luke, listen to him and believe him, because his words are a miraculous balm for their tormented souls.
Anna listens to him because he alone sympathized with her, did not forget about her, said a kind word to her, which she, perhaps, had never heard. Luke gave her hope that in another life she would not suffer.
Nastya also listens to Luka, because he does not deprive her of the illusions from which she draws vitality.
He gives Ash hope that he can start life anew where no one knows either Vaska or his past.
Luke talks to the actor about a free hospital for alcoholics, in which he can recover and return to the stage again.
Luke is not just a comforter, he philosophically substantiates his position. One of the ideological centers of the play is the wanderer's story about how he saved two escaped convicts. The main idea of ​​Gorky’s character here is that it is not violence, not prison, but only goodness that can save a person and teach goodness: “A person can teach goodness...”
The other inhabitants of the shelter do not need Luke’s philosophy, the support of non-existent ideals, because these are stronger people. They understand that Luke is lying, but he is lying out of compassion and love for people. They have questions about the necessity of these lies. Everyone argues, and everyone has their own position. All the sleepovers are involved in an argument about truth and lies, but do not take each other very seriously.
In contrast to the philosophy of the wanderer Luke, Gorky presented the philosophy of Satin and his judgments about man. “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is the god of a free man!” When pronouncing monologues, Satin does not expect to convince others of anything. This is his confession, the result of his long thoughts, a cry of despair and a thirst for action, a challenge to the world of the well-fed and a dream of the future. He speaks with admiration about the power of man, about the fact that man was created for the best: “man - this sounds proudly!”, “man is above satiety,” “do not feel sorry..., do not humiliate him with pity... you must respect him.” This monologue, pronounced among the ragged, degraded inhabitants of the shelter, shows that faith in genuine humanism, in the truth, does not fade.
M. Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths” is an acute socio-philosophical drama. Social, since it presents drama caused by the objective conditions of society. The philosophical aspect of drama is rethought in a new way by each generation. For a long time, the image of Luke was assessed as unequivocally negative. Today, due to the historical events of the last decade, the image of Luke is read in many ways differently, he has become much closer to the reader. I believe that there is no clear answer to the author’s question. It all depends on the specific situation and historical era.

(No Ratings Yet)