Russian literature xi. Old Russian literature of the 10th–11th centuries

Ekaterinburg 2001

BASICS OF OPERATIONAL DETECTIVE ACTIVITIES

Malygin S.S.– introduction, lectures 1-3, 5-8, appendices, list of regulations and other sources;
Chechetin A.E. –§ 1 of lecture 1, lecture 4, § 1 of lecture 7.

Reviewers:

– Honored Scientist Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor Drapkin L.Ya.;
– Organized Crime Control Department for the Sverdlovsk Region.

The course of lectures proposed by the authors is one of the first open publications on the basics of operational investigative activities. The work reveals the general, most essential provisions of the theory of operational investigative activity, its essence, significance and place in the system of state legal measures to combat crime.

The reader's attention is focused on the use of operational investigative activities in the sphere of competence of internal affairs bodies.

The publication is addressed to a wide range of readers: students, cadets, teachers of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and other law schools, practical law enforcement officers. The course of lectures may also be of interest to non-professionals, for whom it will expand their understanding of legal methods of protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Lecture 1. History of the development of operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies
§ 1. Formation and development of criminal investigation in the Russian Empire
§ 2. Development of operational-search activities of internal affairs bodies and the emergence of its theory in the new Russia

Lecture 2. Theoretical, legal and other foundations of operational investigative activities, its tasks and principles
§ 1. Theoretical basis operational-search activities of internal affairs bodies and their significance for the practice of fighting crime
§ 2. Operational investigative activity as a state legal function, its tasks and principles
§ 3. Legal, moral, ethical and psychological foundations of operational investigative activities

Lecture 3. Subjects of operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies and their legal status
§ 1. Divisions of internal affairs bodies carrying out operational investigative activities, their tasks, competence. Social and legal protection of employees
§ 2. Persons publicly participating in the operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies, their legal status and forms of assistance
§ 3. Persons assisting internal affairs bodies carrying out operational investigative activities on a confidential basis
§ 4. Organization of assistance of citizens to divisions of internal affairs bodies carrying out operational investigative activities, their social and legal protection………………………

Lecture 4. Methods of obtaining operational-search information
§ 1. The essence of operational-search activities, the grounds and conditions for their implementation
§ 2. Operational investigative measures requiring a court decision
§ 3. Operational investigative measures of departmental authorization
§ 4. Unauthorized operational-search activities

Lecture 5. Information support for operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies
§ 1. Criminal records as a means of information support for operational investigative activities
§ 2. Records of other state and non-state organizations and institutions used in information support of operational investigative activities

Lecture 6. Financial, technical and other support for operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies
§ 1. Financial support for operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies
§ 2. Technical and other support for operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies

Lecture 7. Operational investigative proceedings and use of the results of operational investigative activities
§ 1. Operational investigative proceedings as the implementation of organizational and tactical forms of operational investigative activity
§ 2. Use of the results of operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies

Lecture 8. Control and supervision of the implementation of operational investigative activities
§ 1. General provisions control and supervision of operational investigative activities
§ 2. Departmental control over the implementation of operational investigative activities
§ 3. Prosecutor's supervision as a form of control over the operational investigative activities of internal affairs bodies

I .Theoretical and methodological problems.

1. Place of literary culture of the 11th – 18th centuries. in the history of Russian literature, its connections and overlap with literary life XIX– XX centuries The relativity of such convergences that arise as a result of rethinking cultural phenomena XI – XVIII centuries. in the spirit of later aesthetic ideas and, at the same time, their necessity for understanding the integrity and historical continuity of Russian literature. The fruitfulness of a double perspective in the philological representation of historical and literary eras: from the point of view of the era itself and from the point of view of modernity. Possibilities for reconstructing the cultural consciousness of a certain historical period, the difficulties and limitations that arise. The need to observe historicism when referring to archaic literary eras.

2. Problems of studying ancient Russian books and literary XVIII culture century. Transfer to the literary culture of the 11th – 18th centuries. principles for describing the history of literature, developed on material XIX– the first half of the 20th century, the costs of this. Double resistance (actual material and public consciousness), provided by the literature of the 11th – 18th centuries to these concepts (sociological, formalistic, structural). The discrepancy between the literary culture of the 11th and 18th centuries. the concept of historical literary process.

3. The possibility of considering the literary culture of the 11th – 18th centuries. as a unified system in its diversity verbal creativity. Factors determining its internal unity (a) the absence of the concept of literature and the associated special place of literature in the cultural system, b) a reflective-traditionalist attitude towards the word - culture “ ready word", c) unconventional understanding of the genre and its ontological nature, the impact of this on the structure of the text, etc.). Dynamic, changing nature of this system.

4. Periodization of literary culture of the 11th – 18th centuries, emerging problems, conventions of periodization. Old Russian literature of the Kyiv period (XI – XIII centuries). Northeastern - Moscow verbal culture (late 12th – 16th centuries). The transition period from the Middle Ages to new literature (Early Modern Time) (mid-XVII - mid-XVIII centuries). Literature second half of the XVIII- early 19th centuries

II . Old Russian literature ( XI – XVI centuries) as the classical medieval verbal culture of the Orthodox Slavs

1. Features of the literary culture of the Middle Ages as a special period in the history of Russian literature: a) specificity of cultural life, b) religious character verbal creativity, c) lack of national self-identification: ancient Russian bookishness as part of Pax Slavia Orthodoxa, d) extreme weakening of the personal principle, e) lack of explicit rhetoric.

2.Features of verbal culture Kievan Rus. The entry of East Slavic writing into European cultural space. Literature of Kievan Rus and Byzantine literature. The genre composition of Kyiv literature, its spiritual-ascetic and secular components. Weakening of the secular (princely) literary tradition in the 13th century.

3. Features of verbal culture of the late XIII – XVI centuries. Differences from the Kyiv era. Main genres, dynamics of their development. Periodization of literature of the 13th – 16th centuries, characteristics of the periods.

4. Experiences in retrospective reading of monuments of ancient Russian literature, identifying in them verbal and semantic principles that, in the context of the cultural consciousness of the 19th – 20th centuries, acquire aesthetic meaning (works).

III .Transition from the Middle Ages to the New Time (Early Modern Time) (middle XVII - first half XVIII centuries): bookishness of the Orthodox Slavs on the paths of Europeanization.

1. Purpose and content of the transition period. Europeanization, its various variants, implemented in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Identification of elite book culture. Transition period and secularization processes in the development of culture. Development of literary baroque; two stages of Russian Baroque - church and secular, their similarities and differences. The change in the writer's type in the era of Peter the Great, its influence on literary life. Changes in the external literary context (the nature and type of international literary connections).

2.Transformation genre system during the transition period, its stages; rethinking the meaning and functions of traditional genres; the gradual formation of a new core of the genre system, oriented towards the European literary tradition.

3. The impact of Europeanization and secularization processes on literary language and poetry. The problem of creating something new literary language. Reform of Russian verse, its main stages.

4. Introducing East Slavic writing to the European rhetorical tradition; the emergence of rhetorical theory and changes in the type of verbal culture.

5. Assimilation of the ancient heritage in the transitional era, various shapes this, proposed by Russian culture. Russian literature's awareness of itself as a reception of antiquity and the final transition of Russian literary culture into the European paradigm.

6.Gradual formation of the concept of literature in the middle of the 18th century. The emergence of the idea of ​​the connection between the aesthetic principle of a word and its referential function, a change in attitude towards fiction and the transformation of mimesis, preparing the ground for the emergence of individual artistic worlds.

IV .Literature of the second half XVIII – started XIX centuries: from traditional literary culture to the literary process .

1.Changes in the status of literature in the mid-18th century. New forms of literary life and literary centers. Literary clubs. Magazines. Satirical journalism of the years and the beginning of the formation of public opinion. The problem of national self-identification of literature in the second half of the 18th century.

2.Development of presenters literary genres in the second half of the 18th century. History of Russian ode. The evolution of tragedy. Comedy in the second half of the 18th century, its main varieties. Development of narrative prose, strengthening of the fictional principle.

3. The general movement of literature from the culture of the “ready word” to the culture of the “unready word”. Personalization literary creativity, the relationship between individual intentions and rhetorical regulation in the verbal culture of the second half of the 18th century. The problem of the artistic (possible) world in the literary practice of the late 18th – early 19th centuries.

4. The beginning of the movement of literary culture towards existence in the forms of the literary process, the duration and gradualness of this movement. Pushkin era as a transitional area between traditional literary culture and the period of the literary process.

Literature

1. Alekseeva’s ode. Development of the odic form in the 17th – XVIII centuries. St. Petersburg, 2005.

3. Bulanin Rus' // History of Russian translated fiction. St. Petersburg, 1995.

4. Bukharkin’s church and Russian literature in the 18th – 19th centuries: problems of cultural dialogue. St. Petersburg, 1996.

5. Gukovsky literature XVII I century L., 1939.

6. Gukovsky poetry of the 18th century. L., 1927.

7. Demkova Russian literature. Poetics, interpretations, sources. St. Petersburg, 1997.

8. Eremin and articles on the history of ancient Russian literature. L., 1987.

9. Eremin of Ancient Rus' (Sketches and Characteristics). M., L., 1966.

10. Zhivov in the field of history and prehistory of Russian culture. M., 2002.

12. Likhachev ancient Russian literature. M., 1979.

13. Likhachev of Russian literature of the X – XVII centuries. L., 1973.

14. Mikhailov culture. M., 1997.

15. Nikolaev culture of the Peter the Great era. St. Petersburg, 1996.

16. Panchenko culture on the eve of Peter’s reforms. L., 1984.

17. Panchenko poetry culture XVII century. L., 1972.

18. Picchio R. Slavia Orthodoxa. Literature and language. M., 2003.

19. On the history of Russian classicism // Pumpyansky tradition. M., 2000.

20. Sazonov culture of Russia. Early Modern Time. M., 2006.

21. Čiževskij D. History of Russian Literature from the Eleventh Century to the End of the Baroque. S'Gravenhage. 1962.

(or 1030s) - compilation of the Truth of Yaroslav.

Translated monuments of the 11th century

Questions about whether the translations of certain monuments are South Slavic or Old Russian still often do not have a generally accepted solution. According to D. M. Bulanin, not a single monument of the 11th century can be confidently identified as translated into Rus', and not into Bulgaria, but there is also no indisputable evidence to the contrary.

main sources

• Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'. Vol. I (XI - first half of the XIV century). L., Science. 1987. 496 pp.
• History of Russian literature. In 4 volumes. T.1. L., Science. 1980. P.19-61.
• History of Russian translation fiction. Ancient Rus'. XVIII century. T.1. Prose. St. Petersburg, Dmitry Bulanin. 1995. Chapter 1. Ancient Rus'.
• Story world literature. In 9 volumes. T.2. M., 1984.
• Likhachev D. S. The Tale of Bygone Years: historical and literary essay; Archaeographic review of the lists of “The Tale of Bygone Years”. // Tale of Bygone Years. St. Petersburg, Science. 1999. pp. 271-378 (reprint of articles from 1950).
• Comments in the publication: Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'. In 20 volumes. T.1-3. XI-XII centuries. 1997-1999.

Notes

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Books

• Old Russian literature, Demin S.A.. The book is teaching aid, containing a broad analysis of ancient Russian literary monuments dedicated to Russian literature of the 11th beginning. XVIII centuries. The collection is based on works...

The textbook contains a complete course on the history of Russian medieval literature, which developed over seven centuries. Students will find in it not only the necessary information, but also samples philological analysis medieval texts of various genres, varieties and styles. In accordance with the course program, the manual contains both overview sections characterizing whole literary periods, as well as paragraphs devoted to the ideological and artistic features of the masterpieces of ancient Russian literature.
Addressed to philology students of higher educational institutions.

Hagiographic literature.
From Byzantine hagiography, the most widespread in Rus' were translations of the lives of Alexius, the man of God, Andrew the Fool, Anthony the Great, George the Victorious, Demetrius of Thessalonica, Eustathius Placis, Cosmas and Damian, Mary of Egypt, Nicholas of Myra, Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa, Savva the Sanctified, Simeon Stylite, Theodore Stratelates and others. Translated lives (Byzantine, less often Bulgarian and Serbian) had no less circulation than the original Russian ones. In Rus', all Orthodox saints were equally revered, regardless of what nationality they were and what country they lived in. Thanks to the monuments of translated hagiography, Russian “writers” of hagiographies were able to use a ready-made form of narration about the saint and his miracles, quickly achieved professional heights in this matter, and the genre itself became productive in literature, gaining readers and admirers among the people.

An exceptional place in Russian religious consciousness was occupied by St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra, wonderworker. According to the results of the study by B.A. Uspensky, this is the most beloved saint in Rus', whose veneration approached in importance the cult of the Mother of God and even Christ himself. It is no coincidence that in church paintings he often “replaced” John the Baptist, standing left hand from Christ (the Virgin Mary was depicted on the right). There was an opinion among the people that Saint Nicholas was part of the Trinity, and that any icon with his image was miraculous. In the popular perception, Nicholas of Myra, like the pagan god of the Slavs Volos (Veles), is the patron of agriculture and cattle breeding, therefore he was considered a “peasant” saint, a “peasant protector,” in contrast to the punishing sinners of Elijah the Prophet. Merchants and sailors revered him as their heavenly patron, for Saint Nicholas, according to legend, helps all travelers and all those suffering natural disasters.

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
§1. Features of the literature of Ancient Rus'
§2. The problem of periodization of Russian medieval literature
§3. Specifics of Old Russian book culture
Chapter I. LITERATURE OF KIEVAN Rus'. FORMATION OF THE GENRE SYSTEM OF ANCIENT RUSSIAN LITERATURE
§1. Translated literature and its significance in the history of Russian culture
§2. History of Russian chronicles of the 11th-12th centuries. “The Tale of Bygone Years” as a literary monument of the early 12th century
§3. The formation of oratorical prose genres in the literature of Ancient Rus'
§4. National originality of hagiographic literature of Kievan Rus
§5. Formation of the “walking” genre in the literature of Ancient Rus'
Chapter II. THE APPEARANCE OF LITERATURES OF INDIVIDUAL PRINCIPALITIES IN THE ERA OF FEUDAL FRONTATION
§1. Development of literature Principality of Kyiv
§2. Literature of the Novgorod Principality
§3. Vladimir-Suzdal literature
§4. The Galician-Volyn Chronicle as a monument to the Galician literary tradition
§5. The genre of solemn teachings in the works of Kirill Turovsky
§6. Poetic originality and main problems in the study of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
Chapter III. NEW PHENOMENA IN LITERATURE DURING THE BEGINNING OF THE TATAR-MONGOL Yoke
§1. Varieties of the military story genre in chronicles. The appearance of non-chronicle military stories
§2. New trends in hagiography
§3. Artistic originality and the problem of the genre “Words about the destruction of the Russian land”
§4. Teachings of Serapion of Vladimir
Chapter IV. LITERATURE OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOVO ERA
§1. The Life of Epiphanius the Wise. Features of the style of “weaving words”
§2. Ways of development of chronicle and extra-chronicle military stories
§3. The “walking” genre. The emergence of merchant “walks”
Chapter V. LITERATURE OF THE ERA OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE (XVI century)
§1. Main features of the literature of the Muscovite kingdom
§2. Russian medieval journalism of the late XV-XVI centuries. Evolution of author's concepts and styles
§3. Development of historical narrative
§4. Unconventional in hagiography. "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom"
§5. A new variety of the “walking” genre of the era of the Muscovite kingdom
Chapter VI. RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 17TH CENTURY: TRANSFORMATION OF THE MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF GENRES AND THE ORIGIN OF NEW LITERARY FORMS
§1. General characteristics of the historical and literary process of the 17th century
§2. New trends in the development of the hagiographic genre....
§3. Russian story XVII V. in its movement from historical to fictional
§4. Travel literature of the transition period
§5. Problem-thematic and genre-style diversity of Russian satire of the 17th century
§6. Translated literature of the 17th century
§7. The emergence of poetry and drama
Conclusion.

Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Old Russian Literature, XI-XVII centuries, Korovin V.I., 2003 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• History of Russian literature of the 19th century, Part 3, 1870-1890, Korovin V.I., 2005

Literature of the period of centralized Russian

Literature of the period feudal fragmentation and unification of North-Eastern Rus' (XII-XV centuries)

The process of feudal fragmentation led to the collapse of Kievan Rus and the formation of new political and cultural centers: Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Tver principalities. Literature develops separately in each of them. But during the period of the struggle against the Tatar-Mongols, literature called for the unification of all forces to fight against the enemies. The most significant literary monuments of this period are “The Prayer of Daniel the Prisoner”, “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”, “Zadonshchina”, “Walking across the Three Seas”, “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia”.

states (XVI-XVII centuries)

During this period, the literature of the emerging Russian nation was created. The church worldview is giving way to a secular one, and a more widespread democratic readership is appearing. They are becoming more democratic in both form and content literary genres. Artistic fiction emerges, which until the 17th century. was not in the literature. Literature of the 17th century mostly worn journalistic character, reflected the ideological positions of the warring parties (Correspondence between Tsar Ivan the Terrible and Prince Andrei Kurbsky). The literature of this period is characterized by the development of the story, presented in its various genre exploits: hagiographical (“The Tale of Juliania Lazarevskaya”), historical (“The Tale of the Azov Siege of the Don Cossacks”), everyday (“The Tale of Woe and Misfortune”), satirical (“The Tale of Shemyakin court", "The Tale of Ruff Ershovich", "The Tale of Hawk Moth").

An outstanding writer of the 17th century. was Archpriest Avvakum, author of the Life.

In addition to democratic literature in the 17th century. continues to develop and high literature, a special style emerged, called “Baroque”. Baroque was an aristocratic phenomenon, opposed to Russian democratic and satirical literature. This trend embraced court poetry and drama.

1. On what materials were books written and correspondence conducted in Kievan Rus?

2. What types of writing do you know?

3. What is the language of Old Russian literature?

4. What genres of ancient Russian literature do you know?

1. The most ancient chronicles.

2. “The Tale of Bygone Years” as a literary monument.

3. A. A. Shakhmatov about “The Tale of Bygone Years.”

4. Genre diversity.

5. Features of style.

Basic vocabulary:

Original Russian literature, chronicles, literary etiquette, legends, toponymic legends, the principle of medieval historicism, lives of saints, genre features, perseverance, meekness, humility.

Literature:

Likhachev D.S. Development of Russian literature X-XVII centuries: Epochs and styles. L. 1973

Likhachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance M., Leningrad, 1947.

Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'. Vol. 1 (XI - first half of the XIV century) L., 1987.

XI century - the heyday of the political power of Kievan Rus, the heyday of Russian culture. Under Prince Yaroslav the Wise, the territory was unified ancient Russian state, the independence of Rus' is strengthened. The 11th century is a time of active political and cultural ties between Rus' and all European countries. It was in Kyiv in the 11th century. Chronicle writing began, which was carried out throughout Rus' until the 17th century. At the St. Sophia Cathedral in the 11th century, a library was founded where manuscripts were stored and copied. “There is great benefit from bookish learning. These are the rivers that water the universe, in them is the source of wisdom, immeasurable depth, with them we console ourselves in sorrow.” This is a hymn in honor of the book, indicating a high cultural level Eastern Slavs XII century

Runs through all Russian literature central theme- the theme of the Russian land and its historical destinies. Already in the first ancient Russian works The idea of ​​patriotism, pride in one’s native land, its power, political and religious independence sounds.

After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a variety of translated literature appeared: chronicles, historical stories, solemn words, teachings. But it would be wrong to think that it was translated literature that became the basis of Old Russian literature, a model for Old Russian writers. She was greatly influenced by the rich traditions of oral folk art. When writing appeared, Russian scribes began to record all the most important events of their time. This is how one of the first genres of Russian literature arose - the chronicle. Chronicles - Russian historical works, in which the story was told by year.

The greatest historical and literary monument ancient Rus' was the “Tale of Bygone Years,” written in 1113 by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. About this work by academician. D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Nestor’s high literary education, his exceptional reading of sources, his ability to select everything essential in them, made “The Tale of Bygone Years” not just a collection of facts of Russian history and not just a historical and journalistic work, but a completely literary presentation history of Rus'." (The Tale of Bygone Years - M.,L., 1950, part 2. page 123).

However, The Tale of Bygone Years is not the oldest chronicle. For more than two centuries, many generations of scientists have been studying the issue of the emergence and development of chronicle writing in Rus'. Currently, thanks to the research of academician. Shakhmatova A.A. we can talk about the history of Russian chronicles. A.A. Shakhmatov applied the comparative historical method. He proved that this historical and literary monument is based on more ancient chronicle vaults, in particular, the Ancient Kyiv vault. A.A. Shakhmatov presented the results of his research in the work “Research on the most ancient chronicles” (St. Petersburg, 1908), “The Tale of Bygone Years” (vol. 1 Pg. 1916)

Chronicle writing appears in the St. Sophia Monastery, but in the 70s. XI century The chronicle was transferred to the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, whose outstanding figures were its founders - Anthony, Theodosius and Nikon the Great. A.A. Shakhmatov believes that the author of the Kiev-Pechersk chronicle was Nikon the Great. At the end of the 11th century. the Kiev-Pechersk or Initial vault arises.

The initial code became the basis of The Tale of Bygone Years. The first edition was compiled by Nestor in 1113, the second by Sylvester in 1116, the third by an unknown author in 1118.

Interesting clarifications of the hypothesis of A.A. Shakhmatov about the history of chronicle writing were made by academician. Likhachev in the book. “Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance” (M., Leningrad, 1947) and in the study of academician. Rybakova B.A. "Ancient Rus'. Tales. Epics. Chronicle" (Moscow, 1963).

The Tale of Bygone Years reflected the interest of the Russian people in the historical past of their Motherland. “Where did the Russian land come from, who started the reign in Kyiv and where did the Russian land come from” - this is the task that the chronicler set for himself. The theme of the Motherland, its greatness and power, its unity, deep patriotism constitute the ideological and thematic content of the chronicle. Whatever the chronicler talks about - about the military campaigns of the Russian princes, about their activities aimed at strengthening the political and religious independence of Russia, about fratricidal feudal wars, about the events of bygone years - always the interests of the Motherland and the high patriotic idea determine the point of view of the author, his assessment of the actions of the princes and the events about which he narrates. Noting the ideological orientation of “The Tale of Bygone Years,” the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote that it is characterized by “the awakening throughout society of the thought of the Russian land as something integral, inevitable, obligatory for everyone.” (V.O. .Klyuchevsky. Course of Russian history. M., 1911, volume 1 p. 248).

In terms of genre, the Russian chronicle is not something uniform. Except short notes events (weather records) Nestor introduced into the chronicle various genres of literature (stories, messages, lives), business documents, and works of oral folk art. Despite the difference in genres included in the chronicle, it represents unified education, because the chronicle genres make up a certain ensemble. For each genre, a certain stylistic manner of presentation and literary etiquette were developed. Reports about the military campaigns of the princes occupy more than half of the chronicle. They are followed by news of the death of the princes. An important group of chronicle news consists of information about heavenly signs - eclipses of the sun, moon, earthquakes, etc.

The multi-genre nature of the chronicle also determined the variety of artistic and stylistic means in “The Tale of Bygone Years.”

The role of oral folk art in the formation of the chronicle style is great. The chronicler makes extensive use of toponymic legends and family traditions, ritual poetry and folk tales, legends, proverbs and sayings. Talking about the first Russian princes, he resorts to certain methods of oral folk epic/ extreme generality, hyperbolism, strict objectivity, repetition /.

The dominant style in the chronicle, as well as in Russian literature in general from the 11th to 13th centuries, is the style of monumental historicism. The chronicler writes only in those historical figures who occupy a high position in the feudal hierarchy system. The leading principle of depicting a person in the literature of this time was the principle of medieval historicism, according to which purely official events of historical significance for the state were recorded in the chronicle. Private life a person and his life remain out of sight of the chronicler.

The principles of medieval historicism are most clearly presented in the historical stories and legends included in the “Tale of Bygone Years”: “The Tale of 1015 about the murder of the brothers Boris and Gleb by Svyatopolk and the revenge of Yaroslav”; "The Tale of the Blinding of Vasilko Terebovlsky."

The language of The Tale of Bygone Years reflects the oral colloquial speech of its time. The direct speech of historical figures occupies a significant place in the chronicle style. The prince makes speeches to his squad, the ambassadors conduct diplomatic negotiations. They testify to high oratory skills. Special terminology is widely represented in the “Tale”: legal, church, military, hunting.

"The Tale of Bygone Years" played important role in the development of regional chronicles and in the creation of chronicle codes of the 15th-16th centuries. The chronicle has not lost its historical, educational and educational significance today.

1. What is the purpose of creating a chronicle?

2. What does the principle of weather records mean?

ORATORIC PROSE. HIF LITERATURE.

With the establishment of Christianity in Rus', the genre of church sermon began to play an important role. In the 11th century there were already translations of the “words” of talented Byzantine preachers. Under the influence of Byzantine preaching, the original genre of Old Russian sermon took shape. In ancient Russian oratorical prose, two types are distinguished: political eloquence and solemn or panegyric eloquence.

An outstanding work of solemn eloquence of the first half of the 11th century. is the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion of Kyiv. It was written between 1037-1050. Priest of the princely church in Berestov.

“The Sermon on Law and Grace” is imbued with the patriotic pathos of glorifying Rus' as equal among all states of the world. Its main theme is equality of all Christian peoples no matter when they adopted Christianity. “The Sermon on Law and Grace” consists of three parts. The first part is devoted to comparing the Law (Judaism) with Grace (Christianity) and justifying the superiority of Grace over the Law. Hilarion sees this advantage in the fact that the Law is nationally limited and applies only to the Jewish people. The relationship between people and God in the Old Testament era was determined by unfree submission to the Law. In the era of the New Testament, these relationships were determined by a free principle - Grace and reflected the idea of ​​​​the equality of all peoples, regardless of the time of their introduction to Christianity.

Hilarion in the second part moves on to describe the spread of Christianity in the Russian land. According to Hilarion, Rus' has equal rights with all countries and peoples and does not need anyone’s tutelage.

Hilarion uses the medieval theological idea, according to which each country had its own apostle who enlightened it in the Christian faith, as a logical transition from the second to the third part of the word “Words”. Prince Vladimir the Baptist was such an enlightener of the Russian land. Hilarion lists Vladimir's services to the Russian land and compares his activities with the acts of the apostles and Emperor Constantine Flavius. Hilarion exalts Vladimir’s feat in accepting and spreading Christianity in Rus'. For Hilarion, the feat of Vladimir is higher than the feat of Constantine, for the latter introduced Christianity in a country where most of population already professed this religion. Vladimir baptized the pagan country.

Hilarion's work is distinguished by a pronounced political orientation. Defending the idea of ​​equality of all Christian peoples, the speaker thereby affirmed the idea of ​​​​political and religious independence of Rus' from Byzantium. Glorifying the feat of Vladimir, Hilarion says with a sense of pride that Vladimir ruled “not in a bad and unknown land, but in the Russian one, which is heard and known to all ends of the earth.”

Hilarion's "Word" is distinguished by its high artistic merit. Hilarion brilliantly masters oratory, using numerous techniques of rhythmic organization of the text. He makes extensive use of book metaphors, symbols, rhetorical questions and exclamations.

A talented ancient Russian orator of the late 12th century. There was also Kirill Turovsky. In his works, Kirill Turovsky used allegorical images and symbolic parallelism, internal monologues, dialogues, laments.

The emergence of original Russian hagiography was determined by the internal needs of the ancient Russian state. Surrounding the prince's personality with an aura of holiness, the lives contributed to the political strengthening of the foundations of the feudal system.

Lives are biographies of spiritual and secular persons, canonized by the church, i.e. recognized as saints. The heroes of the lives were either Christian ascetics or princes. Boris and Gleb became the first Russian saints. Yaroslav the Wise, after persistent attempts, achieved the canonization of his brothers from Byzantium. Two lives tell about the life and death of Boris and Gleb - “Reading about Boris and Gleb” and “The Legend and Passion and Praise of Boris and Gleb” written at the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries.

Boris and Gleb became victims of the struggle for the Kiev princely table. Princely feuds in the struggle for power are a common phenomenon in the history of any early feudal state.

The most important idea in the lives of Boris and Gleb is the idea of ​​the unity of Rus' based on the observance of feudal relationships between princes: all princes are brothers, but the elders must protect the younger ones, and the younger ones must obey the elders. The righteous behavior of Boris and Gleb consisted in the fact that even under the threat of death they refused to speak out against their older brother, to raise their hand against him. Such behavior should have served as an example to other princes, contributed to ending civil strife, and strengthening the state as a whole. In “The Tale of Boris and Gleb” it is emphasized that after the decisive battle between the “cursed and damned” Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, peace and order came to Russian soil: “And from that time on, sedition on Russian soil ceased.”

Svyatopolk - this second Cain - is punished, and Boris and Gleb are recognized as saints helping the Russian land, and for this they are especially revered.

Lives were built according to certain canons / rules / in accordance with literary etiquette. They begin with a lengthy introduction / thus, in “Reading about Boris and Gleb” the story starts from the creation of Adam and Eve, the crucifixion of Christ and focuses on the baptism of Rus'. Then the fate of the hero is outlined, the life ends with a description of the miracles that occur after the death of the hero, then a prayer follows. The author emphasizes every time that Boris and Gleb know about the danger that threatens them, but do not resist.

D.S. Likhachev finds precisely in ancient Russian literature the origins of the high psychologism of modern literature: “The appearance of the internal monologue in Russian literature is associated with the names of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky; Meanwhile, the internal monologue is extremely developed in ancient Russian literature: it is already present in the lives of Boris and Gleb, strongly develops in the era of the second South Slavic influence and is presented magnificent samples in the works of Archpriest Avvakum."

A special place in the literature of the 11th-12th centuries. The “Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh” also occupies. It was written by Vladimir Monomakh shortly before his death and represents the political and moral testament of the prince to his descendants. The main idea of ​​the “Instruction” is a call for strict compliance with the requirements of the feudal legal order. In his activities, the prince must be guided by national interests and subordinate to them personal grievances and selfish goals.

Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1053-1125) – Grand Duke Kiev His mother, Princess Maria, was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos. His father, Vsevolod, was an educated man, loved books, collected a library that contained works in many languages. Vladimir proudly wrote later in “Instructions”: “My father, sitting at home, knew five languages, which is why he received honor from other countries.”

Vladimir Monomakh was the largest political and military figure in Rus' at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. and at the same time an outstanding writer. Striving for peace and voluntary unity, Vladimir Monomakh patronized chronicle writing, recalling the historical unity of the princely family and promoting the legend of the origin of all Russian princes from one prince - Rurik.

During the reign of Monomakh, achievements were made great success who ensured the prosperity of Rus'. Main literary work Vladimir Monomakh - his famous “teaching” to children. This is one of outstanding works ancient Russian literature, it reflected that high cultural level, which was achieved in Kievan Rus.

In his “teaching” Vladimir Monomakh covers a wide range of life phenomena, gives answers to questions of the political, social, moral life of his time. The author appears before the reader as a politician, philosopher, warrior, and statesman.

A significant place is occupied by the thought of sympathy and help for the weak and oppressed, and of condescension towards them. The old should be revered as fathers, and the young as brothers. The one who asks should be fed and given water, visiting merchants, noble and simple, as well as ambassadors should be given gifts, because both of them, passing through different countries, will glorify a person either good or evil. “Visit the sick, see off the dead, for we are all mortal. Don’t let a person pass without greeting him, and say a kind word to him.”

Vladimir Monomakh considers laziness to be the main vice. Monomakh pays a lot of attention moral qualities prince He considers hard work to be the most important. Labor for a prince is military feat, concern for protection and well-being native land. Monomakh justifies his wishes and instructions with references to the Holy Scriptures and his own life experience. This gives it a special character author's narration, in which elements of didactics are intertwined with autobiography.

The character of the “Teaching” was strongly influenced by Monomakh’s favorite “Six Days” - a story about the world, nature, plants, people - a kind of commentary on the biblical story “about the creation of the world in 6 days.” The lyrical psalms attributed to David, the king and poet who lived in the 1st century BC, had a very strong influence on the Instructions.

A.I. Musin-Pushkin, who published the “Instruction” in 1793, called it “Spiritual”, i.e. Monomakh's will to his children. It is believed that the “Instruction” was completed in 1117, when Vladimir was already 64 years old, and he could take stock of his life. The “Teaching” has come down to us in a single copy of the 14th century. - as part of the Laurentian Chronicle.

1. What is a life and who could become the hero of a life?

2. What is historical background works about Boris and Gleb?

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

1. History of the discovery and study of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”

3. Ideological content"Tales about Igor's Campaign"

4. Genre originality and the meaning of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”

5. Walking of Abbot Daniel