The Legend of the Babylonian Kingdom World Literature Published. The Legend of the Babylonian Kingdom Translation N
This is a type of phraseological unit consisting entirely of free words.
Example: all ages are submissive to love, spin like a squirrel in a wheel.
Phraseological expressions can include both phrases and sentences. The function of phraseological expressions, unlike all the groups presented above, is communication, they are sentences, and these are complete units of communication. For example: Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 35).
In semantic terms, phraseological expressions are often aphorisms or edifying statements. Example: If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 36).
Syntactically, these are sentences different types, can be subjected to syntactic analysis (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 38).
But not all linguists include phraseological expressions in phraseology. Opponents of their inclusion in phraseology, scientists S.I. Ozhegov, N.N. Amosov and A.V. Kalinin, justify their opinion by the fact that these are communicative, complete and free units (Babkin, 2001, p. 59).
N.M. Shansky advocates their inclusion in a number of phraseological units, based on the common characteristics of proverbs and sayings and phraseological units, namely their common use and the ability to reproduce them in speech in finished form (Shansky, 1985, p. 101)
Despite the active use of this classification, it has two drawbacks: firstly, it does not cover the entire variety of phraseological units, and secondly, it is not always possible to correlate a phraseological unit with any of the groups and classify it. However, the establishment of the main types of phraseological units in accordance with the classification of V.V. Vinogradov currently seems to be the most scientifically substantiated.
The basis for another classification of phraseological units is the grammatical structure of phraseological units. According to the structure of phraseological units, N.M. Shansky divided into two groups:
· corresponding to the offer;
· corresponding to a combination of words (Shansky, 1985, p. 103).
Since in a sentence phraseological units act as one member of the sentence, we can talk about their indivisibility and coherence. In a sentence, phraseological units can be any member of it.
Another classification is based on the correlation of phraseological units with parts of speech and the similarity of their syntactic functions; it was substantiated by V.V. Vinogradov, and later clarified by A.V. Kunin (Kunin, 1967, p.44):
1. Nominal phraseological units. The main component is the noun. They indicate a person: Kazan orphan (pretending to be unhappy, pathetic), forbidden fruit (something tempting, but forbidden.(Vinogradov, 1977, p.92).In a sentence, nominal phraseological units are used in the syntactic function of the subject, the nominal part of the compound predicate, and complement. Eg, White crow(stands out from society)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 23).
2. Verb phraseological units. The largest group. The main component is the verb or gerund. Verbal phraseological units unite general meaning actions. For example: lose your head (lose self-control), get into a bottle (get irritated over trifles)(Vinogradov, 1977, p.95). In a sentence, verbal phraseological units have the function of a predicate. For example, give up (despair, stop acting)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 259).
3. Adjective phraseological units - represent a qualitative characteristic of a person ( ate little porridge - young, not strong enough; on your mind - secretive, cunning) and qualitative characteristics of the item (brand new - new, elegant; fingers lick it - something tasty, tempting).(Vinogradov, 1977, p.96). In a sentence, adjective phraseological units are used in syntactic function inconsistent definition. Eg, fire tower (high)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 137).
4. Adverbial phraseological units - indicate a qualitative characteristic of an action (tirelessly - trying; halfheartedly - overcoming difficulties) or degree qualitative characteristics(to the marrow of the bones - completely and completely; one hundred percent - absolute)(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 97). In a sentence, adverbial phraseological units play the role of various circumstances. Eg, carelessly (casually)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 341).
5. Interjective phraseological units. Express various feelings, emotions, will. For example: well, well! when expressing surprise; damn it! - an exclamation of surprise, annoyance or indignation (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 97). Eg, Wow!
Some phraseological units are not associated with parts of speech, but play the role of addresses or introductory words. An example of phraseological units - introductory words: as if not so! (expression of disagreement) (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 98).
Thus, the classification of phraseological units is based on various parameters: their structure, the degree of dissection of their semantics, the functions that they perform in speech. V.V. Vinogradov characterized phraseological units from the lexical-semantic side and identified phraseological unities, phraseological fusions, phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions. N.M. Shansky, E.I. Dibrov classify phraseological units depending on their grammatical structure.
You can also classify phraseological units according to their origin, in this case they distinguish following types FE:
· Original Russian phraseology, within which it is possible to identify common Slavic phraseological units ( naked as a falcon, neither fish nor fowl, take it to the quick), East Slavic ( neither cola nor courtyard, under Tsar Pea, to plant a pig), Russians themselves ( with gulkin's nose, with the whole world, put it on the back burner, in full Ivanovo, reel in the fishing rods, pull the gimp). The first have correspondences in other Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are characteristic only of the Russian language.
· Separate view represent phraseological units that are borrowed from Old Slavonic language: forbidden fruit, promised land, fiend of hell, manna from heaven, proverb, daily bread, by the sweat of the brow, bone from bone, voice of one crying in the wilderness, Babylonian pandemonium. Their source was church books(Bibles, Gospels), which were translated into Old Church Slavonic.
· Another type is represented by phraseological units that came to the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables. It is worth noting that most of these phraseological units function in other languages, which gives them the international character of catch phrases that go back to antiquity.
· Phraseologisms borrowed from European languages in more late time. These include popular expressions from world literature: To be or not to be (W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here (A. Dante).
· Phraseologisms borrowed from other languages by tracing. Calques in this case are a literal translation from the source language: blue stocking, time is money, kill time (French tuer le temps), honeymoon (French la lune de miel), that's where the dog is buried (German: Da ist der Hund begraben).
In one of scientific works V.N. Telia (“What is phraseology?”) (Telia, 1966, p. 30). The classification of phraseological units is given in accordance with the nature of the relationship of phraseological units with the lexical level:
1. To the first type she includes phraseological units, in which one member is the word in its free use, and the other is the word constituting the phrase, with its characteristic specific form existence. For example: Augean stables.
2. The second type includes phraseological units in which there is a complete loss of semantic connections of their components and elements of the lexical system of the language. As a result, they became a kind of separately formed words. For example: Indian summer.
3. The third type includes phraseological units, which are “quotations”. In other words, they are reproduced from some source (proverbs, catchphrases, literary and journalistic stamps or clichés) (Telia, 1966, p. 30).
The nature and specificity of phraseological units of the Russian language are largely determined by the function they perform in language and speech:
· nominative - the ability of phraseological units to serve as names for objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, i.e. phraseological units perform the function of a secondary means of expressing a concept;
· communicative - phraseological units act as a means of communication or message;
· pragmatic - it is possible to strengthen the pragmatic orientation of the message transmitted to the addressee with phraseological units;
· cumulative - phraseological units semantic structure, as well as a reflection of the national and spiritual culture of the people;
· stylistic - thanks to the use of phraseological units in speech, a statement can become more rich, expressive, and emotional;
· emotional - expressive - phraseological units can express the emotional assessment of the speaker in relation to phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality;
· aesthetic - it is possible to convey the aesthetic feelings of the speaker by phraseological units (Shansky, 1985, p. 39).
The listed functions, implemented by phraseological units in language and speech, allow phraseological units to be an important means of emotional and expressive expression, without which no one can do without to the talking person. Phraseology primarily serves the emotional sphere of language. Accordingly, the emergence of a phraseological unit facilitates the figurative and expressive characterization of a concept, the expression of the speaker’s relationship to a given concept, and the opportunity to express the speaker’s emotional attitude/state/evaluation.
Chapter 1 Conclusions
The phraseological corpus of the Russian language is a source that ensures the enrichment of the literary language with new expressive and figurative possibilities.
A phraseological unit is an independent, nominative unit of language, which is a stable combination of words that expresses a holistic phraseological meaning and is correlated in function with individual words.
Phraseologisms collectively represent a system in which phraseological units are part of various paradigms (synonymous, antonymic, homonymous), united by integral features; are characterized by lexico-syntactic selective compatibility with other words in speech, and have an obligatory and probabilistic verbal environment.
The signs of phraseological units and the basis for their classification were laid down in the works of S. Bally and V.V. Vinogradova.
According to the aspect of the study, created various classifications phraseological units.
Phraseologisms are usually classified:
· According to the degree of semantic divisibility/indivisibility of the components of a phraseological unit.
· Depending on their grammatical structure.
· According to the syntactic functions performed and correlation with parts of speech.
· By the nature of the relationship between phraseological units and the lexical level.
· By origin.
The nature and specificity of phraseological units are largely determined by the functions of phraseological units in language and speech.
The main functions of phraseological units are:
· nominative;
· communicative;
· pragmatic;
· cumulative;
· stylistic;
· Emotionally expressive;
· aesthetic.
The nominative function of phraseological units with an indifferent-evaluative meaning is to identify the properties of the denoted; idioms with the qualification of the properties of the denoted include evaluative and emotive connotations in their semantics.
→ Phraseological adhesions, unities, combinations and expressions
Phraseological adhesions, unities, combinations and expressions
Phraseological phrases from the point of view of the merging of their constituent parts
Phraseological phrases existing in Russian literary language, are currently an extremely complex and diverse phenomenon. They differ from each other in their origin, stylistic and artistic-expressive qualities and in what they represent in terms of structure, lexical and grammatical composition and the fusion of their constituent parts into a single semantic whole.
From the point of view of merging the parts that make up phraseological units, they can be divided into four groups:
The first two groups make up semantically indivisible phrases. They are equivalent in terms of their meaning to one word. The third and fourth groups, i.e. phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions, are already semantically distinct phrases. Their meaning is equivalent to the semantics of their constituent components.
Phraseological adhesions
Phraseological fusions are those semantically indivisible phraseological units in which the holistic meaning is completely incompatible with the individual meanings of their constituent words. This kind of meaning phraseological units is as unmotivated and completely conventional as the semantics of words with a non-derivative base.
For example, phraseological units “” (idle) and “headlong” (recklessly) are just as unmotivated and symbols phenomena of objective reality, such as compound words such as “imitate”, “peer”, “headlong”, etc., where the derivativeness is not felt at all and the meaning of the word is absolutely inconsistent with the meanings of their constituent parts. Indeed, just as the meaning of the word “headlong” is not derived from the meaning of the parts strem- down (cf.: rapids, swift etc.) and chapters(cf.: chief, head etc.), and the meaning of the expression “headlong” is not derived from the meaning of the words roughly And head.
Thus, phraseological fusions are such designations of certain phenomena of reality that are similar to what we observe in words with a non-derivative base, in words in which the attribute underlying the name is no longer felt. The feature underlying the name, both in non-derivative words and in phraseological units, can only be revealed from a historical point of view.
In phraseological fusions, there are essentially no words with their independent meanings. The words they contain do not have any separate meanings. The meaning of the whole is not derived here and does not follow from the meaning of its constituent components.
The expression “the hour is uneven,” which is a phraseological fusion, has the same meaning as “what if” (for example, the hour is uneven, he will notice it). In its semantics, it is completely incompatible with the meanings inherent in the words “uneven” and “hour”.
A phrase such as “and no nails” is equal in meaning to the words “that’s enough”, “that’s enough”, “nothing more”. Its integral meaning as a phraseological unit is not made up of the meanings of words and no nails and does not follow from those individual meanings that are inherent in these words in their free use.
If the elements that make up a phraseological fusion have words that sound the same as them, then this relationship is purely homonymous.
So, for example, the combination of the words “wash the bones”, on the one hand, may appear to us as a phraseological fusion, the meaning of which does not follow from the actual meanings of the individual words “wash” and “bones” (gossip), and on the other hand, it may be free use of these words in their direct, nominative meaning.
Thus, phraseological adjuncts - these are equivalents of words, subsumed under certain grammatical categories as single, absolutely indecomposable semantic units. As examples One can cite such phraseological combinations as “get into trouble”, “sharpen the balusters”, “beat the thumbs”, where there are outdated words that have fallen out of use: screw up(machine for twisting ropes), balusters(turned railing posts), thumbs up(chocks for making small chips).
Secondly, due to the presence of grammatical archaisms within the phraseological fusion.
As examples, we can point out the phraseological adjuncts “at the drop of a hat”, “at breakneck speed”, in which the archaic form will be the gerunds “after”, “breakdown” (in modern Russian, perfective participles are formed, therefore it should be “down”, “ having broken”, and not “later”, “breaking”; the phrase “now you let go” (cf. you let go), “dark is the water in the clouds” (cf. in the clouds) and etc.
Thirdly, due to the absence within its boundaries of a living syntactic connection between its constituent words, the presence of syntactic disorder and lack of differentiation. Compare, for example, phraseological combinations “than light”, “how to drink”, “a joke to tell”, was not”, “anywhere”, “on your mind”, in which there are clear and precise syntactic connections between words, motivated from the point of view of modern grammatical rules, does not exist.
Phraseological unities
The second group of phraseological units consists of phraseological unities. They are phraseological units that, like phraseological fusions, are semantically indivisible and integral, but in them, unlike phraseological fusions, their integral semantics is already motivated by the individual meanings of their constituent words. The indecomposable meaning of phraseological unities arises as a result of the merging of the meanings of their individual constituent parts into a single, generalized, figurative semantics of the whole.
The semantic indivisibility of this kind of phraseological units brings them closer to phraseological units, and their semantic derivativeness, the conditionality of their meaning by the meaning of individual words, distinguishes them from phraseological units.
If we take as examples phraseological unities: “”, “pull the strap”, “bury talent in the ground” “seven Fridays a week” “floats shallowly”, “suck it out of your finger”, “the first pancake is lumpy”, “put your teeth on shelf”, etc., then their meanings, unlike phraseological adjuncts, are derivative, motivated and resulting from the semantics of the words forming them. In this respect, they are similar to words with a derived stem, that is, a stem divisible into morphological parts. However, it should be noted that this motivation, the derivativeness of the phraseological units under consideration, is not direct, but indirect. All very numerous phraseological units in the Russian language are figurative expressions, composite units, the understanding of which is necessarily connected with the understanding of the internal figurative core on which they are built.
The property of really existing imagery is the main property of phraseological unities. This is what distinguishes them from homonymous free combinations of words.
Such combinations of words as: “soap your hair”, “take it into your own hands”, “tuck it into your belt”, “take it for a ride”, etc., are equally possible as phraseological units (then these will be figurative expressions) and as ordinary free combinations of words (then these words will be used in their direct, nominative meanings).
Unlike phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities do not represent a completely frozen mass: their constituent parts can be separated from each other by insertions of other words. This property of phraseological unities sharply separates them not only from phraseological fusions, but also from most phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions.
Phraseological adhesions and phraseological unities as equivalents of words are often combined into one group. In such cases they are usually called idioms or idiomatic expressions. Phraseological adhesions and phraseological unities (“ate the dog”; “in full Ivanovo”, “break into the open door”; “neither to the village nor to the city”; “to grind into powder”; “Siamese twins”, etc.) opposed to phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions, which are not semantically indivisible equivalents of words, but are semantically divisible phrases, the meaning of which fully corresponds to the meaning of the words that form them (“furrow eyebrows”; “sworn enemy”; “checking performance”; “struggle for peace” and etc.).
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations are stable combinations of words in which there are words with both free use and bound ones.
Consider the phrase “bosom friend.” Before us is a phraseological combination made up of two words. Among them, the word “friend” is used freely. It can be combined not only with the word “bosom”, but also with a number of other words, very different in their lexical meaning, expressive-stylistic coloring, etc. As for the word “bosom”, it is, as it were, attached to the word “friend” and can only be used in speech with it.
Another example: phraseological combinations “delicate question”, “delicate situation” - combinations of the word “delicate” with the words “question” and “position”.
The word “ticklish” in the corresponding meaning appears only in combination with these two words, that is, it has a related use. As for the words “question” and “position”. then they have free use and can be combined with a wide variety of words.
Let us give some other examples of phraseological combinations: “break your nose”, “fragile boat”, “pitch hell”, “pitch darkness”, “sudden death”, “grind your teeth”, “bitter frost”, “furrow your eyebrows”, “hang your nose” " etc.
Consequently, phraseological combinations are those kinds of turns that are stable in their composition, which are formed from words with a free and phraseologically related meaning.
Phraseological combinations have almost no free phrases homonymous to them. their peculiarity is that the words included in their composition with phraseologically related meanings can be replaced by synonymous ones ( sudden death - sudden death, break your nose - break your nose etc.). The wider the circle of words with which a member of a phraseological combination that has a non-free meaning can be linked, the closer this phraseological combination is to the category of phraseological expressions.
Phraseological expressions
Phraseological expressions we should name such phraseological units, stable in their composition and use, which are not only semantically distinct, but also consist entirely of words with free meanings (“all ages are submissive to love”, “wholesale and retail”, “seriously and for a long time”, “ If you are afraid of wolves, don’t go into the forest”, “socialist competition”, “all that glitters is not gold”, etc.).
They differ from phraseological combinations in that they do not contain a single word with a phraseologically related meaning. The words that make them up cannot have synonymous substitutions, which are possible for words with a non-free meaning in a group of phraseological combinations (For example, open your mouth - open your mouth).
By the nature of the connections between the words that make them up and the general meaning, they are no different from free phrases.
main specific trait, which distinguishes them from free combinations of words, lies in the fact that in the process of communication they are not formed by the speaker, like the latter, but are reproduced like finished units With permanent staff and meaning.
The use of the phraseological expression “All ages are submissive to love” differs from the use, for example, of the sentence “The poems captivated readers with their sincerity and freshness” in that they are extracted from memory in their entirety, just like a separate word or phraseological units equivalent to a word, while the sentence “The poems captivated the reader with their sincerity and freshness” is created by the speaker according to the laws of Russian grammar from individual words in the very process of communication.
Among phraseological expressions, there are both predicative phrases equal to a sentence and combinations that are part of a sentence: “and Vaska listens and eats; “we are destined for good impulses”, “man - this sounds proud”; “labor success”; “at this stage”; “catch up and overtake”; “without difficulty you can’t even pull a fish out of the pond”; “he looks at a book and sees nothing”; “horseradish is not sweeter than radish”, etc.
The classification of phraseological units, as a rule, is often limited to considering them only from the point of view of the degree of fusion of their constituent parts. However, phraseological units do not represent uniformity in their structure and lexical and grammatical composition.
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. It is not for nothing that the Russian language is considered “great and powerful”.
It contains not only words with which you can describe the reality of what is happening, but also words whose meaning does not correspond to the words used in them.
Such phrases (these are phraseological units) cannot be understood “head-on” (literally), because the words used in them sometimes create completely ridiculous picture. For example, “making a molehill out of a molehill,” “sit in a puddle,” “lead by the nose,” “like water off a duck’s back,” etc. They are used only in figuratively and this.
What is it (with examples)
Phraseologisms are set expressions(everyday used in this form), one of the features of which is that they are almost impossible to translate into other languages. And if you do it verbatim, you get real gobbledygook.
For example, how do you translate the phrases to a foreigner:
With a gulkin nose
Where the eyes look.
Shot sparrow.
At the same time, we, as native speakers of Russian, will immediately understand what we are talking about.
“With a gulkin’s nose” - not enough, just a little bit.
“Where the eyes look” - directly, without a specific goal.
“Shooted Sparrow” is experienced in some matters.
These are some examples of phraseological units. Here is the definition of this concept in textbooks:
“Phraseological unit is an expression that is well-established in structure and composition, which used figuratively and consists of two or more words."
Signs of phraseological units
Phraseologism is quite easy to recognize. These phrases have their own distinctive features:
- They contain two or more words;
- Have stable compound;
- Have portable meaning;
- Have historical roots;
- Are united member of the proposal.
Now let’s take a closer look at each of these distinctive criteria of phraseological units.
These are several words that are one part of a sentence
There are no one-word phraseological units at all. Most often they consist of just two words, but there are many examples of longer phrases.
Here examples of such phrases with an explanation of their meaning:
“He ate the dog” - experienced, has done something more than once.
“You can’t spill water” - very friendly.
“Wait for the weather by the sea” - do nothing and hope that everything will be resolved by itself.
“Seven Fridays a week” - constantly change your plans or decisions.
“Fight like a fish on ice” - you do something, but it doesn’t give results.
“Well, you’ve made a mess” - you did something that provoked a whole chain of events.
When parsing a sentence, phraseological units are not divided into parts. For example, the phrase “worked until we sweated” is a single predicate. Just like “counting crows” or “washing your hands.”
Phraseologisms are stable phrases in a figurative sense
Such phrases cannot be distorted, adding or removing individual words from them. AND cannot be replaced one word to another. In this way they remind House of cards”, which will fall apart if one card is pulled out of it.
By the way, "House of cards" also an example of a phraseological unit, it is used when they want to say that “something broke very easily or is about to break”.
For example:
“Between heaven and earth” means being in limbo, not knowing what to do.
And in this phrase it is impossible to replace “sky” with, for example, “clouds”, or “earth” with “field”. The result will be a completely different expression than others people won't understand.
More examples of stable phraseological units with an explanation of their meaning:
“To muddy the waters” means to come up with something strange; it is not good to influence others.
“Sloppy” - doing something poorly.
“Roll up your sleeves” - work well and quickly.
“Counting crows” means being distracted, inattentive.
“Staying with your nose” means being deceived.
“Come to your senses” - change your behavior or attitude towards something.
These phrases always have a figurative meaning
As you may have already noticed, all phraseological units have a figurative meaning. That is why they simply cannot be translated into another language.
For example, try translating to English phrase "disservice". It will sound like “bear service”, and any foreigner will literally understand that “a particular bear provides some kind of service”, and will rather decide that we're talking about about a trained bear.
But we understand perfectly well this phraseological unit, which means “to help in such a way that it became even worse”.
The same can be said about other expressions:
“Grated Kalach” is a man with experience and who cannot be deceived.
“On the topic of the day” - something relevant that this moment attracts a lot of attention.
“I got into a galosh” - I did something absurd, I made a mistake.
“Losing your head” means doing unreasonable things.
“Wash the bones” - discuss someone behind his back.
History of the origin of phraseological units
Some philologists argue that all phraseological units have some historical roots. It’s just that not everything managed to survive before us. But there are phrases about which we know exactly where they came from.
For example, the expression "beat the buck", which means "To do nothing". In the old days, small ones were called baklushi wooden blocks, from which spoons were most often made. It was very easy to make blanks; this was trusted to the most inept apprentices. And everyone around believed that they weren’t really working.
Or phraseological unit "like water off a duck's back", meaning that “everything is forgiven to a person.” This phrase was created by nature itself. Not only a goose, but also any bird, loses water really quickly, since their feathers have a thin layer of fat.
And here is the expression "Trishkin caftan" is not as widely known, although it means “an unsuccessful attempt to solve some problem that only leads to more problems.” The phrase appeared thanks to Krylov's fable:
Trishka’s caftan was torn at the elbows.
Why take so long to think here? He took up the needle:
I cut off the sleeves by a quarter -
And he paid in elbow grease. The caftan is ready again;
My arms became only a quarter bare.
But what about this sadness?
And here is the phraseological unit "Monomakh's hat", which means "too much responsibility", gave us Pushkin in his drama "Boris Godunov".
Examples of phraseological units and their meaning
And this is not the only example when common expressions appear in the Russian language thanks to literature. For example, a lot came to us from ancient myths and epics, and even from the Bible.
Brief summary
In conclusion, I will say that phraseological units are found in any language in the world. But so many catchphrases, as in Russian, nowhere else.
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
You can watch more videos by going to");">
You might be interested
Phraseological adhesions
Exploring this concept, T.I. Vendina believes that phraseological fusions are “phraseological units with absolute semantic cohesion of parts.” In her opinion, “the meanings of adjuncts are perceived as completely unmotivated, i.e. they represent semantically indivisible phraseological units, the integral meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent words” ( goof) .
M.I. Fomina defines phraseological fusions as “such lexically indivisible phrases, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of its constituent components.”
N. F. Alefirenko sees in phraseological fusion “a semantically indecomposable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the straightforward nominative meanings of its lexical components” ( kill the worm) .
Having examined the definitions of phraseological fusion, we can say that the scientists we have examined basically have the same understanding of the content of this type FE. The main thing when defining a concept is that the lexemes included in the fusion do not have independent meaning, and therefore, “phraseological fusions are characterized by highest degree semantic unity of parts".
B. N. Golovin writes about this: adhesions are “phraseological units, all the elements of which, taken individually, are understandable; however, the phraseological meaning is not “composed” of the meanings of individual words included in the fusion, and is not motivated by them, but is perceived as a single whole: white crow, lead by the nose, ninth wave...» .
A. A. Girutsky and E. V. Kuznetsova talked about the same thing, but they did not see the difference between such concepts as “phraseological fusion” and “idiom”: “phraseological fusions are semantically indivisible stable phrases, the meanings of which are not at all derived from the meanings of its constituent components... adjuncts are sometimes called idioms”; "phraseological units (idioms in in the narrow sense words), in which motivation has been lost, are not recognized by ordinary native speakers.”
So, when defining the term “phraseological fusion,” the opinions of all scientists boil down to the fact that these are phraseological units whose meaning does not follow from the meanings of the elements included in it.
Phraseological unities
T. I. Vendina represents phraseological unities as such “phraseological units, the integral meaning of which is to one degree or another metaphorically motivated by the meanings of the words included in it” (cf. bury talent in the ground...) .
M.I. Fomina believes that “phraseological unities are such lexically indivisible phrases, the general meaning of which is potentially equivalent to words and can be partially motivated by the semantics of the constituent components.”
According to N.F. Alefirenko, phraseological unity is “a semantically indecomposable, holistic turnover, the figurative meaning of which is motivated figurative meanings its lexical components" ( take water into your mouth) .
A. A. Girutsky writes: “phraseological unities are semantically indivisible combinations, the integrity of which is motivated by the words included in their composition: henbane has eaten too much, the shot sparrow is like water off a duck’s back...» .
As you can see, all the definitions of phraseological unities discussed above do not contradict each other, but different shapes they claim the same thing.
The least complete, in our opinion, are the definitions given by B. N. Golovin and E. V. Kuznetsova: “phraseological unities are such phraseological units, constituent elements which, taken individually, are understandable and whose phraseological meaning exists as figurative, arising on the basis direct meaning combinations of elements that form a phraseological unit: alpha and omega, henbane to overeat..." ; “phraseological unities are phrases in which the internal form and motivation by the meaning of the original phrase are well understood: take by the gills, run aground". This, it seems to us, is explained by the fact that they do not note in their definitions the fixed composition of phraseological units.
So, having examined and analyzed the definitions of phraseological units given by linguists, we can say that they all note a much greater (compared to phraseological units) independence of the meanings of words included in phraseological units. Some researchers also mention the integrity of the component composition inherent in phraseological adhesions (i.e., combinations of elements in unity are not yet allowed).
Phraseological combinations
Many researchers, when defining the concept of “phraseological combination,” note only the complete independence of the component composition in it.
So, for example, T.I. Vendina claims that phraseological combinations are such “phraseological units, the meanings of which are composed of the meanings of its constituent components.”
M.I. Fomina, characterizing phraseological combinations, speaks of them as stable, non-free phrases, the general meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of the constituent components [see. 24.323].
B. N. Golovin states: “phraseological combinations are phraseological units whose constituent elements are understandable and together express a common logical content equal to or close to the content of individual words, simple or complex: provide assistance - help, take part - participate, five-year plan - five-year plan...» .
In addition, considering the nature of phraseological combinations, N. F. Alefirenko speaks about the ability to decompose this phraseological unit: “A phraseological combination is a semantically decomposable phrase of an analytical nature, the component composition of which contains words with phraseologically related (non-free) meanings and words with direct meanings ".
In addition to the definition of N.F. Alefirenko, A.A. Girutsky also writes about the possibility of replacing one of the components of a phraseological combination with another: “phraseological combinations are the most free stable phrases in terms of the degree of semantic cohesion of the components, in which understanding the meaning of individual words is mandatory for understanding whole, and replacement of components is also possible: look down (look, eyes, head), horror takes over (fear, melancholy, envy, annoyance)…» .
E.I. Dibrova also notes that “phraseological combinations are an analytical (semantically and syntactically divided) unit, where only one of the components has a phraseologically related meaning.”
So, when defining the term “phraseological combination”, the opinions of all scientists boil down to the fact that these are phraseological units, the meaning of which must necessarily follow from the meanings of the elements included in it. Some researchers note semantic decomposability and instability of the component composition.
Thus, we came to the conclusion that many researchers of phraseology, firstly, define the number of types of phraseological units differently, and secondly, the definitions of this kind of units are essentially the same as each other, however contain additions that help to better understand and comprehend their specific features.
