Read "Unconquered" online. Summer: about the nature of the occasion (temperature, humidity, etc.)

On the highway they always talk about grenades, and Stepan thought more than once that if every Russian heart that hated Hitler threw one grenade at the enemy - only one - there would be no wet spot left from the German army. But naked hatred does not throw grenades, he also knew that. Courage throws grenades.
Stepan was now lying by the fire, looking into the fire, and in front of him, all these months of struggle and suffering passed, noisily.
7
The Road to Calvary? No, it would be wrong to say that. There was, there was torment. And there were doubts, cold, prickly. And sometimes despair would grab you by the throat. Everything was! But in moments of delight, extraordinary, complete happiness, when suddenly somewhere on the road, in the darkness, you meet an unfamiliar but dear person, and he opens up to you, trusting, all the wealth of his soul, the unconquered, beautiful Russian soul, and asks : “What should I do, comrade? Teach me what to do?” - and you will put the weapon into his yearning hands. No, not walking through torment. The old father said it well: “the search for unruined souls.” Yes, searching...
When in July he and his wife stood on the road and the last convoys passed by them, shrouded in dust, to the east, he suddenly felt for a minute - but this minute was long - how the earth was slowly and inevitably creeping away from under his feet...
- Valya! - he said without looking at his wife. - It's not too late for you! A?..
She laughed quietly.
- Why are all of you husbands like this? By God, worse than my mother. Mother would bless...
And he felt the earth, on which it was so easy and familiar to live, creeping away, creeping away from under his feet.
- You should have left, Valya, huh? And everything will be done without you.
“But I don’t want to be without me,” she said, frowning. - Now there are no non-partisans...
He put his arm around his wife's shoulders and stroked her graying hair. The last convoys passed to the east and disappeared in the dust...
That same evening, Stepan and Valya Yatsenko went underground, it was like moving to another world. It was much more difficult for Stepan than for Valya.
He did not immediately realize what had happened. Just yesterday he, Stepan Yatsenko, walked densely, confidently, powerfully on the ground - today he must sneak around secretly. On your own land!
This land... He knew it all, for hundreds of miles around, its wrinkles, its folds and scars, its wealth visible to everyone and illnesses and needs known only to him... He built cities on it, cut new mines, he planned , where and what to give birth to the fields, and stood over them tender, like a husband, and caring, like a builder. And for this she invested him with power over herself and over the people living on her, and called him master.
He was a restless and strict master. He liked to get involved in everything himself. He forgave neither himself nor people. He often stopped his car on the road at night, got out of it and shouted: “You’re plowing the wrong way! You’re building the bridge wrong! You’re driving the wrong way! Do this and that. In front of me! So that I can see.” And people did not ask by what right this unfamiliar, overweight man was ordering them. A current of power emanated from his large, powerful body. There was authority in his voice, thick and strong. There was power in his eyes, tenacious, sharp, hot. And people obediently obeyed her.
And now Stepan needs to bend his big body. You have to become invisible. Learn to speak in a whisper. Be silent, even if your soul screams and cries. Put out your eyes, hide your rebellious soul in a submissive body.
Only Stepan knows how much work and torment it cost him. Yes Valya knows. Never, in many years of family life, have they been as close as they are now. Valya saw everything, understood everything.
- Where do we start, Valya? - he asked on the very first day of their underground life. He asked casually, carelessly, as if not her, but himself out loud, and she heard and understood: Stepan was confused, doesn’t know... is suffering...
Yes, I'm confused...
Previously, he always knew where to start, how to put into motion the large, bulky machine of his apparatus. Day and night the engine of the dusty, mud-splattered Blue Express trembled and snorted at the entrance. The young ladies at the telephone exchange were trembling. Hundreds of people were on hand, waiting for orders.
And now Stepan was alone. He and Valya. A small, thin woman. Yes, somewhere out there, in the darkness of the night, a dozen more like him are sitting, huddled in the cracks, waiting: a man will come who will tell him how to start a business. They don't know who this person is. They only know: he must come.
This man is Stepan.
Against him is a strong and merciless enemy. He, not Stepan, has power. He, not Stepan, has the land. He, not Stepan, has an army.
“That’s it, Valya,” he said hesitantly, “perhaps we’ll do it this way... You stay here... as the center... And I’ll go to the people.”
- Well! - she said, looking at him carefully. - Go. This is right.
They sat until the morning, side by side, as if it was their first night. But they didn't talk about love. They generally spoke little, but each knew what he was thinking about, what the other was silent about, and what he was trying not to think about. Of the words spoken that night, few survived in Stepan’s memory - and there were none, significant words! - but Valya’s hand, warm and calm, will forever be remembered; how this hand lay on his shoulder and calmed him, and encouraged him, and blessed him: go.
In the morning he went, and she stayed here, on the farm, with her old people. Saying goodbye, he told her:
- People will come to you here... So you accept them... talk...
“Okay,” she said.
He told her all this ten times during the night.
He still lingered on the threshold.
- Well, goodbye, mistress.
- Go!
He walked away without looking back. But, even without looking back, he knew: with his hand raised, his wife was standing on the threshold. He walked and thought about this hand.
He didn’t have to ask for directions - he walked along his own land. Never left her. He was with her at feasts and at times of suffering. Here he is with her in the days of her grief. He was no longer her master, but he remained her faithful son.
And the earth answered him with warm and quiet affection. Like a sigh, the morning fog rose above it and melted, and then the whole steppe opened up before Stepan without end and without edge. And she rang, and sang, and fawned at his feet. And he walked through the silver feather grass and greedily inhaled its smells - thick, viscous, hot. Bitter wormwood mixed with honeyed clover, cemetery thyme with delicate mint, the smell of greasy, black damp earth with the sultry breath of the steppe wind. And on the horizon were the distant sharp cones of gley mountains, and from there came the smell of smoldering coal. All childhood is in it, in this smell, all life is in it - for a person born on the smoky land of Donetsk. She is good even in grief, her native land! In grief you love her more carefully.
- Halt! Halt!
Stepan stopped.
Two Germans approached him.
-Where is ishel?
“I’m coming from the trenches... I was digging trenches...” he answered.
- Papir?
He held out the papers. He had good, reliable information. He wasn't afraid of patrols. The Germans began to twirl the pieces of paper. Stepan waited silently: “Here they are, the Germans!”
- Boots! - the German suddenly said.
Stepan didn't understand.
- Hey! Throw it! - the soldier shouted impatiently.
Stepan took off his boots. The German, the larger one, tried them on. They were a little too big for him, but he happily said: “Gut!” - and patted his boots with his hand.
“That’s how they got into our land, like into my boots,” impudently! “Stepan thought bitterly and clenched his fist. “Grab this one by the throat and strangle him. At least one of them! At least this one!”
But then he remembered Valya’s hand and seemed to feel her warm, calm fingers on his shoulder. He hunched over and walked away. The Germans looked after him suspiciously. He still needs to learn to walk.
By the end of the third day, he finally arrived at the Sverdlov mine - the first point of his route. He walked around the village - they knew him here. In the square, a huge, gloomy shadow of a gallows suddenly fell on him. He involuntarily screamed and looked up. There were corpses hanging on the gallows, and among them the man to whom he had come: Vasya Pchelintsev, a curly-haired Komsomol leader.
“Let’s sing, comrades,” he used to say at meetings, when everyone was nodding off from fatigue, and the heap of things was not drying up. After all, as they say: “A song helps to build and sit together.” Well? - and, not paying attention to the disapproving glances of his respectable comrades, the first began to sing.
Here he hangs, curly-haired Vasya Pchelintsev, crouched, blue, not looking like himself...
- How did he get caught? - Stepan asked old man Pchelintsev, whom he found that same evening.
“They gave it away...” the old man answered dully.
- Who gave it away?
- I guess, Filikov.
- How, Filikov? - Stepan almost shouted.
- There is no one else. Filikov now serves them.
- The Germans? Filikov?
It seemed to Stepan that the world had rocked... Filikov! Pre-Mine Committee! He also has a goatee with a spatula. When Vasya would begin to sing, Filikov would be the first to join in with his good-natured, rattling bass voice. Here Pchelintsev is hanging, and Filikov is serving the Nazis...
This was the first gallows that Stepan saw, and the first betrayal he heard about. Then there were a lot of them. All along the way, his comrades swung on the gallows, looking at him with glassy eyes...
Remember, Stepan, remember,” the gallows creaked. - Take revenge!
“I’ll remember,” he answered in his soul. - I’ll remember both faces and names.
They told him about traitors, about those who renounced the party and the people, betrayed their comrades, went to serve the fascists... He frowned and asked again: “What’s your last name?” - and repeated the name to himself. - I'll remember!
- Do you remember the typist in our executive committee? Klava Pryakhin? - He strained his memory, wrinkled his forehead. I remembered something quiet, unanswered... Indeed, when he came to this executive committee, there was some girl... He heard her knocking on her underwood. He had never heard her voice.
“When they hanged her,” they told him, “she shouted: “Don’t kill, you black bastards, our truth. The people are immortal!”
- Klava Pryakhina? - Stepan whispered in surprise. And he can’t even remember her.
- And Nikita Bogatyrev...
- What, what Nikita? - he asked worriedly. He knew Nikita. Huge, wearing a gray duster, a robe, and boots that always smelled of tar, he used to make noise in Stepan’s office: “I’m not afraid of you, secretary, I’m not afraid of anyone! And as I cut the truth, so I will cut it.” Stepan intended to appoint Nikita as commander of a partisan detachment.
“When Nikita was dragged to the Gestapo,” said the stooped Ustin Mikhalych, head of the district committee, wiping his glasses, “he crawled on the floor, kissed the officer’s boots, cried...
- Nikita?!
This means you didn’t know people well, Stepan Yatsenko. But he lived with them, ate, drank, worked... And he knew their habits, their characters, their whims, and who liked tobacco... But he didn’t know the main thing about them - their souls. Or maybe they didn’t know the main thing about themselves? Klava considered herself a timid quiet person, and Nikita Bogatyrev considered herself a fearless fighter. He was not afraid of our power - there is nothing to be afraid of! - and trembled before the enemy. But Klava was afraid of the chairman’s gaze - but she wasn’t afraid of the enemy, she spat in his face...
- A great test of people is coming! - Ustin Mikhalych shook his head. - Great fire cleansing.
- What about Tsyplyakov? - asked Stepan.
- I don’t know about Tsyplyakov! - Ustin Mikhalych said carefully. - Tsyplyakov lives in a special way.
- Doesn’t he come to see you?
- He doesn’t go to anyone... He sits locked up...
That same evening Stepan went to Tsyplyakov and knocked on his shutters and doors for a long time.
- Who? Who? - Tsyplyakov asked through the door in fear.
- I am it. I! Open it!
- Who am I? I don't know anyone.
- Yes, it’s me, Stepan.
- Which Stepan? I don’t know any Stepan! Go away!
- Yes, open it! - Stepan wheezed furiously and heard the locks clanking in fear and falling.
- You? It's you! - Tsyplyakov backed away when he saw him, and the candle in his hands trembled...
Stepan slowly walked into the room.
- Why are you greeting me unkindly? - he asked, smiling bitterly. - Are you not happy with your guest?
- Why are you?.. Why did you come? - Tsyplyakov groaned, clutching his head.
“I’ve come for your soul, Matvey,” Stepan said sternly. - For your soul. Do you still have a soul?
“There’s nothing, there’s nothing!..” Tsyplyakov shouted hysterically, and, collapsing on the sofa, began to cry.
Stepan winced in disgust.
- Why are you crying, Matvey? I'll leave.
- Yes, yes... Go away, I beg you... - Tsyplyakov rushed about. - Everything is lost, you see for yourself. Kornakov was hanged... Bondarenko was tortured... And I told Kornakov, I said: power breaks straw. Why are you hiding? Go, go to the Gestapo! Show up. Forgive. And I’ll tell you, Stepan,” he muttered, “as a friend... Because I love you... Whoever comes to them of his own free will and registers, they don’t touch him... I became one too... Party card buried it, and got... registered... And bury it, I ask you... immediately... Save yourself, Stepan!
- Wait, wait! - Stepan disgustedly pushed him away. - Why did you bury your membership card? Once you have renounced, tear it up, tear it up, burn it...
Tsyplyakov lowered his head.
- A-ah! - Stepan laughed evilly. - Look! Yes, you don’t believe us or the Germans. You don’t believe that they will stand on our land! So who do you believe, Cain?
- Who to believe? Who to believe? - Tsyplyakov squealed. - Our army is retreating. Where is she? For Don? The Germans are hanging. And the people are silent. Well, they’ll hang you, they’ll hang us all, but what’s the benefit? But I want to live! - he screamed and grabbed Stepan’s shoulder, breathing hotly into his face. “After all, I didn’t betray anyone, I didn’t change anyone...” he whispered pleadingly, looking for Stepan’s eyes. - And I won’t serve them... I just want, understand me, to survive! Survive, wait out.
- Sneaky! - Stepan hit him in the chest with his fist. Tsyplyakov fell onto the sofa. - Why wait? Ahh! Wait for our people to return! And then you will open your party card, clean off the dirt from it and go out instead of us, the hanged, to meet the Red Army? So you're lying, you scoundrel! We’ll come back from the gallows and tell the people about you... - He left, slamming the door behind him, and that same night he was already far from the village. Somewhere ahead, a soapy rope had already been laid out for him, and a gallows had already been put together for him. Well! He did not shy away from the gallows.
But Tsyplyakov’s whisper kept whining and whining in my ears: “They are hanging us to no avail; but what to believe in?”
He walked along the roads and country roads of tormented Ukraine and saw: the Germans had harnessed the peasants to a yoke and were plowing on them. And the people are silent, only moving their necks tightly. Thousands of ragged, exhausted prisoners are driven along the road - the dead fall, and the living wander, obediently wander over the corpses of their comrades further, to hard labor. The Polonyan women cry in the lattice cars, they cry so much that the soul breaks, but they go. The people are silent. And the best people swing on the gallows... Maybe to no avail?
He was now walking along the Don steppes... This was the northernmost corner of his area. Here Ukraine met Russia, the border was not visible either in the steppe feather grasses, equally silver on both sides, or in the people...
But before turning west, along the ring of the region, Stepan, grinning, decided to visit another familiar person. Here, away from the main roads, in a quiet wooded gully, the apiary of grandfather Panas was hidden, and Stepan, when visiting these parts, always turned here to eat fragrant honey, lie on the fragrant hay, hear the silence and smells of the forest and relax both soul and body from worries.
And now Stepan needed a break - from the eternal fear of pursuit, from the long journey on foot. Straighten your back. Lie under the high sky. Think about your doubts and worries. Or maybe don’t think about them, just eat the golden honey in the apiary.
- Is there still an apiary? - he doubted, already approaching the beam.
But there was an apiary. And there was fragrant hay, lying in a heap. And, as always, it smelled sweet here with the aching smells of the forest, linden blossom, mint and for some reason pickled pears, like in childhood - or did it seem like that to Stepan? And a thin, transparent silence trembled all around, only the bees hummed amicably and busily. And, as always, sensing a guest, the dog Serko ran forward, followed by thin, white, little grandfather Panas in a linen shirt with blue patches on his shoulder and shoulder blades.
- A! Good health! - he shouted in his thin voice, like the hum of a bee. - You're welcome! You're welcome! We haven't been here for a long time! You offend!
And he placed in front of the guest a plate of honey in a comb and a sieve of wild berries.
“There’s still your bottle left,” he hastily added. - A whole bottle of chimpansky. So don't doubt it - it's intact.
- A-ah! - Stepan smiled sadly. - Well, give me a bottle!
The old man brought glasses and a bottle, wiping the dust off it with his sleeve along the way.
- Well, so that our good life returns and all the soldiers go home healthy! said the grandfather, carefully taking a full glass from Stepan’s hands. Closing his eyes, he drank, licked the glass and coughed. - Oh, delicious!
The two of them drank the entire bottle, and grandfather Panas told Stepan that today had been a rich, generous summer, fruitful in everything - bees and berries, and the Germans had not yet visited the apiary here. God protects, but they don’t know the road.
And Stepan was thinking about his own things.
“Tell you what, grandfather,” he said suddenly, “I’ll write a paper here, put it in this bottle and bury it.”
“Well, well...” without understanding anything, he agreed.
- And when our people return, you give them this bottle.
- Yeah! Good good...
“Yes, we need to write,” thought Stepan, taking a pencil and notebook from his pocket. “Let at least the news reach our people about how we... died here. Otherwise, not a trace will remain. The Tsyplyakovs will cover up our trace.”
And he began to write. He tried to write restrainedly and dryly, so that they would not notice a trace of doubt in his lines, would not mistake bitterness for panic, would not shake their heads mockingly at his anxieties. Everything will seem different here when they return. And he didn’t doubt for a minute that they would return. “Maybe they won’t find our bones in the ditches, but will return!” And he wrote to them sternly and restrainedly, like a warrior to a warrior, about how the best people died in dungeons and on the gallows, spitting in the enemy’s face, how cowards crawled before the Germans, how traitors betrayed them, went underground, and how the people remained silent. He hated it, but was silent. And every line of his letter was a testament. “And don’t forget, comrades,” he wrote, “I ask you, don’t forget to erect a monument to Komsomol member Vasily Pchelintsev, and the old miner Onisim Bespaly, and the quiet girl Klavdia Pryakhina, and my friend, secretary of the city party committee Alexei Tikhonovich Shulzhenko, they died like heroes. And I also demand from you that in the joy of victory and in the bustle of construction affairs you do not forget to punish the traitors Mikhail Filikov, Nikita Bogatyrev and all those about whom I wrote above. And if Matvey Tsyplyakov comes to you with a party card - “Don’t trust his party card, it’s stained with dirt and our blood.”
It was necessary to add, Stepan thought, about those who, without sparing themselves, gave shelter to him, the underground worker, and fed him, and sighed over him when he fell asleep in a short and sensitive sleep, as well as about those who locked him in front of him. doors, drove him away from his threshold, threatened to let the dogs loose. But you can't write everything.
He thought for a moment and added: “As for me, I continue to fulfill the task entrusted to me.” He suddenly wanted to add a few more words, hot as an oath - that he was not afraid of the gallows or death, that he believed in our victory and was glad to give his life for it... But then he thought that this was not necessary. Everyone already knows this about him.
He signed, folded the letter into a tube and put it in a bottle.
“Well,” he said, grinning, “a message to eternity.” Give me the shovel, grandpa.
They buried the bottle under the third hive, near the young sticky one.
- Remember the place, old man?
- What about it? All the places here are memorable to me...
In the morning at dawn, Stepan said goodbye to the beekeeper.
“Your honey is good, grandfather,” he said and walked towards his lonely death, towards his gallows.
That night he decided to stay in the village, in Olkhovatka, with his distant relative Uncle Savka. Savka, a nimble, disheveled, lively little man, was always proud of his noble relative. And now, when Stepan showed up to him at dusk, Uncle Savka was delighted, began to fuss and began to drag everything from the oven onto the table himself, as if Stepan from the city was still an honored guest for him.
But before they even had time to sit down at the table, the door opened without knocking and a tall, elderly man with a graying beard and sharp and wise eyes entered the hut.
- Hello! - he said, looking straight at Stepan.
Stepan stood up.
- Who is this? - he asked Savka quietly.
“Headman...” he whispered.
- Hello, Comrade Yatsenko! - the headman said, grinning and walked up to the table. Stepan turned pale. - You walk around the village boldly. I saw it from the window and recognized it. Well, hello again, Comrade Yatsenko. - And the headman hid a mocking smile in his mustache.
“That’s it!” thought Stepan. “Here is the gallows!”
But he still calmly, without moving, continued to stand at the table.
The elder sat down heavily on the bench under the icons and, placing his large, gnarled hands with black fingers on the table, looked at Stepan.
“Sit,” he said, grinning. - Why stand? There is no truth in the legs.
Stepan thought for a moment and sat down.
“Yes,” said the headman. -And you didn’t recognize me?
Stepan looked at him. “I saw it somewhere, of course,” flashed through my memory. “I must have dispossessed him... I don’t remember.”
- Where is it! - the headman laughed. - There are many of us men, and you are one. Like ears of corn in the rye... And you even had conversations with me - although in private, he reminded, - you didn’t have to alone. You encouraged me to join the collective farm. For six years everyone has been campaigning for me. But I didn’t go for six years. I disagree, I think, and that’s all. That’s how I’ve been called Ignat the Dissent ever since.
Savka chuckled obsequiously. Stepan now remembered this guy. Flint.
“I disagree,” the headman continued. - This is true. And in the seventh year I myself came to the collective farm. Why did you come? Huh?
“Well, he was agitating, that means...” Stepan shrugged.
“No,” Ignat shook his head. - It is unthinkable to persuade me. I was convinced, that’s why I came. I was convinced myself. And so he threw it, and so he put it, it turns out that it’s more profitable to go to the collective farm. And I agreed and came.
Stepan did not understand where the headman was leading his story, and impatiently fidgeted around the bench. “If they lead the village, I’ll run away and break out. I won’t let you tie your hands.”
“Now the German is throwing us leaflets,” continued the headman, “promising to give us the land for eternal and individual use.” “What do you think,” he squinted, “will he?”
“He won’t…” answered Stepan.
- Will not give? Hm... - Ignat chewed his mustache. - And I think so: it won’t! Will deceive. He will give it to his landowners. Well, maybe he’ll give it to someone, huh? For blaisir? Well, diligent men... Again, the elders... Yes, yes?
“Well, he’ll give it to someone like you,” Stepan answered angrily. - For diligence.
- Will he? Yeah! - Ignat picked up, pretending that he didn’t understand Stepan’s tone. And I figure this: it will give to someone like me. But I won't take it! - he suddenly shouted triumphantly and slammed his palm on the table. - I won’t take it! Huh?
Stepan looked at him dumbfounded.
- I won't take it. Can you understand this? Eh,” he suddenly waved his hand, “where do you understand?” You, comrade, are a city man. And I'm a man. I have grown into this earth with roots, claws, and soul. My dryness is this land. And my whole life is in it. And my fathers, and grandfathers, and great-grandfathers. I can't live without land! But, suddenly calming down, he finished, “I don’t need individual land.” It's not good for me. Doesn't fit. Trouble. And the masthead is not the same. My master's soul now has no life without the collective farm.
“Wait,” Stepan muttered, not understanding anything. - No, wait! What are you standing for?
“I stand for the collective farm,” the headman answered firmly.
- Well, then, for the Soviets? For our power?
Ignat suddenly squinted slyly, looked back at Savka, winked at Stepan and said, grinning through his mustache:
- Well, since there is no other power on earth that agrees to collective farms, besides ours, the Soviet one, there is no other power for me.
Stepan smiled and sighed with relief.
“How are you,” Ignat asked quietly, leaning towards him, “are you walking on your own?” Are you saving yourself? Or an authorized one?
“Authorized,” Stepan answered, smiling.
“I don’t need your papers,” Ignat waved his hand. - I know you. Well, since you are an authorized representative of our government, I can tell you, and you tell it: our collective farm, tell the authorities, lives! How can I say this? Lives underground. We also have a chairman. Former. Order bearer. Disguised by us. And there is an accountant who keeps books. I can show you the books. And all the collective farm property was hidden. Just ask a relative. Right, Savko?
“So, so true,” Uncle Savka confirmed, joyfully surprised. Cleverly done. State.
- But the Germans didn’t take a single grain from our village! - Ignat shouted. - What they robbed themselves, that’s it. But we didn’t give them a single grain. But as? My back knows about that,” he thought, lowering his head. He drummed his black fingers on the table. A grin crept across his lips, covered by a gray mustache. - Headman. German elder, I am in my declining years... Shame! There are animals and world-eaters all around the elders. Fists. And I tell people: “Respect! Respect my old age! I have children in the Red Army.” The men did not agree with me and begged me.
“Everyone asked in peace,” Savka sighed.
“Not by peace,” Ignat corrected him sternly, “they asked me to join the collective farm.” They say that you, Ignat, have a rebellious soul that does not agree with untruth. Stand by for everyone. And here I stand. The Germans shout to me: where is the bread, elder? And I say: there is no bread. Why is the rye falling off, elder? There is nothing to clean with! Why are the stacks standing there rotting in the rain, elder? There is nothing to thresh with! We'll give you cars, headman. I think there are not enough people, even kill them! Well, they beat me! They beat the elder to death, but there is still no bread.
- They can’t conquer his soul, that’s what! - Savka said heartfeltly and tearfully to Stepan.
- What a soul! - Ignat grinned. “They can’t conquer my back either.” “My back is unruly,” he said, straightening up. - It’s okay, he’ll survive.
- Thank you, Ignat! - Stepan said excitedly, rising from the bench and holding out his hand. - And forgive me, for God’s sake, forgive me.
- What is there to forgive? - Ignat was surprised.
- I thought badly about you... And not only about you... Well, in general - forgive me, but in what way - I myself know.
“Well, God will forgive,” Ignat smiled and affectionately hugged Stepan like a son.

“Alexandrovna Semantic-motivational organization of the lexical set “Qualitative characteristics of a person in relation to property” (based on Russian folk dialects) ...”

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‘indicative of excessive thrift, greed’ (stingy gift) [TSlRYA 2007, 893] and ‘little delivering, low income’ (stingy harvest, mine) [Dal 4, 219]. The definition from V.I. Dahl’s dictionary is another example of specialization of the meaning ‘insufficient in some way. relation’ (in relation to income-generating objects). The case considered in [TSlRYA] (stingy gift) is close to the expressions stingy tears or stingy words in relation to the structure of subject-object relations: stingy here is the subject of the action, the person, and not the objects and manifestations that belong to him / emanate from him (gift , words and tears).

Analysis of the contexts contained in [NKRYA] allows us to speak about the wide compatibility of the lexeme stingy 'insufficient in its manifestation' (about a phenomenon or object), cf.: “Her movement along the steel flooring along a row of doors was accompanied by the meager sounds of voices and the roar of iron” Andrey Rubanov.

Plant and it will grow; “And the warmth of his homeland breathed on Perry - the stingy practical reason of the faith of his fathers, which understood the futility of everything unearthly”

A. P. Platonov. Epifanskie locks; “In it one could recognize the spare geometric pattern of the Berber master and the intricate floral arabesque ornament of the Iranian artist” V. Zabelkin. Andalusian Maghreb style, etc.

It is noteworthy that the characteristic stingy does not always express disapproval, cf. an indicative context in this regard: “Tilting the bottle with a spare and precise movement of the brush, he poured the wine into three cut glasses without spilling a drop” Dean Rubin. White dove of Cordoba. These positive meanings grow from the signs of “calculation”, “concentration on something”, characteristic of the semantics of the word stingy.

GREEDY. The semantic structure of the word greedy is presented in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language as follows:

greedy 1. ‘seeking to take, get, have as much of something as possible.

’ Greedy for money // ‘gluttonous, insatiable’ Greedy for food // ‘expressing greed (in 1 value)’ “Soldiers with greedy faces... were waiting for a test” L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.

2. ‘those who devote themselves enthusiastically to an activity, business, etc.’ Greedy for knowledge. Hungry for work // ‘very strong, demanding immediate gratification’ With greedy attention.

3. ‘Stingy, self-interested’ “Don’t think she’s not greedy. She offered me money” Ehrenburg. Storm [SlRY 1, 469];

1. ‘having a strong desire for something, a strong desire for something’ “Immediately a crowd of greedy listeners formed around him”

Grigorovich. Migrants. Greedy desire, desire, attention, curiosity, etc. Greedy for something, for something, for something. “His seething nervous nature, greedy for impressions, was never satiated by the contemplation of this dark breadth, boundless, free and powerful” Gorky. Chelkash // ‘immoderately striving for food; insatiable’ “Everyone knows that wolves are greedy” Krylov. Wolf and Crane // ‘expressing a strong desire for something, a strong desire for something.’ “Soldiers with greedy faces... were waiting for the test”

L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.

2. ‘Stingy, self-interested’ “He’s not marrying Nadya for money. He is not greedy" Chernyshevsky. Master cook porridge. “You already feel sorry for the water, Kuprienko,” the major scolded fatherly, how greedy you are,” Perventsev.

Fire land.

3. outdated poet. ‘persistently pursuing’ “There are painful nights:

Without sleep, my eyes burn and cry. There is a greedy melancholy in the heart" Lermontov. Journalist, reader and writer [SSRL 4, 11–12];

1. ‘uncontrollable in one’s aspirations, desires, etc.’ Greedy for money, for profit (colloquial: for money, for profit). Greedy desire, desire, curiosity. Listens with greedy attention. Nature, greedy for impressions // ‘with enthusiasm, uncontrollably surrendering to something. business, occupation (about a person)’ Greedy for knowledge. Hungry for work. Greedy for reading // ‘gluttonous, insatiable’ “Everyone knows that wolves are greedy” Krylov.

2. ‘expressing a strong desire for something, a strong desire for something.’ The children look at the food with greedy eyes. It is unbearable to see these greedy faces.

3. ‘Stingy, selfish (about a person)’ So greedy, you can’t beg for a piece of bread. She is not greedy, she will always share with others [BTS, 298];

1. ‘imbued with an insatiable thirst, desire; greedy’ // trans.

‘full of intense interest, passionate’.

2. decomposition ‘stingy, self-interested’.

3. transfer ‘passionately striving for something, uncontrollable in the desire to satisfy some desire’.

4. ‘expressing greed’ [Efremova 1, 671];

1. ‘uncontrollable in the desire to satisfy some desire, too greedy for something’ Greedy for money. Greedy for food or before food. Eagerly (adv.) listen (trans.). Greedy curiosity. Hungry for work.

2. ‘expressing this desire’ Greedy gaze.

3. ‘stingy, selfish’ Greedy person [Ozhegov, 173];

1. ‘profit-seeking, stingy’ greedy person.

2. ‘persistent in the desire to satisfy one’s desire, expressing this desire; too greedy for anything’ greedy for money (for money), greedy for food (for food, before food), greedy for work (trans. ‘loving to work a lot’).

3. transfer ‘filled with the desire to understand, to know something’ greedy curiosity, eagerly (adv.) to listen [TSlRYA 2007, 228].

Our proposed version of the definition of the word greedy looks like this:

1. ‘having a strong desire to have something, a strong desire for something. (about a person)’ Greedy for what, for what, for what // ‘expressing such a desire’.

2. ‘stingy, self-interested’.

The lexeme greedy in the first, broadest, meaning is recorded in all dictionaries. This meaning ('having a strong desire for something') can be narrowed and specified depending on the characteristics of the object, which is characterized as greedy, cf.: greedy for food 'insatiable', greedy for work 'passionate', etc. In [SSRL 4, eleven; Ozhegov, 173; BTS, 298] these specifications are allocated within the first meaning; in [SlRYa 1, 469] are taken out as separate values, cf. greedy for knowledge ‘devoted with enthusiasm to an activity, business, etc.’. In addition, it is possible for lexicographers to highlight the meaning “expressing such a desire” (greedy gaze in [Ozhegov, 173], greedy eyes in [BTS, 298]), which is a logical continuation of the semantics “having a strong desire for something” with the only difference that the angle of view on the object changes: in one case a person has a desire, in another his face (eyes, gestures, etc.) expresses this desire.

Analysis of a number of minimal contexts given in [SSRL 4, 1112;

BTS, 298], as well as some contexts extracted from [NKRYA], allows us to note another feature concerning the first meaning of the lexeme greedy.

It lies in the fact that the adjective greedy, appearing in the attributive function of a noun, often does not mean 'possessing / expressing a strong desire for something', but enhances the degree of quality or indicates the intensity of the action, cf.: greedy curiosity 'very strong curiosity, that which is difficult to satiate/satisfy', greedy scope 'strong scope'; here comes greedy desire, greedy desire, greedy attention, etc. Cf. also: “Obviously, there was something about him that attracted their greedy boyish curiosity” Yu. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of unnecessary things; “I absorbed all this with greedy bewilderment; after months in the hospital, simply being on the street, even behind the glass of a taxi, was an event,” I. Grekova. Fracture, etc.

The second meaning of the lexeme greedy ‘stingy, selfish’ represents a specialization of the first meaning in the field of material property: ‘having a strong desire to have money / material property; strong desire to possess funds/property’. Analysis of contexts from [NKRYA] shows that the word greedy, used in this meaning, does not require the use of a prepositional case construction that specifies the object of the “application” of greed, for example, for money (unlike cases such as greedy for books / for impressions and under .). Compare: “Your brother, doctors, every single one of them is greedy” by I. Grekova.

Fracture; “And in general, peaceful devils, forced to pay people undeserved rent, for some reason were more pleasant to me than both the self-confident Baldy and the greedy priest” Fazil Iskander. Martyrs of the stage, etc.

It seems necessary to distinguish between the lexemes greedy (in the 2nd meaning) and stingy (in the 1st meaning) in accordance with the definitions we have proposed.

Despite their almost complete synonymy, differences still exist.

The main thing is that the direction of actions is not the same: a stingy person does not want to give what is his, a greedy person wants to take as much as possible for himself.

Proof of this is the semantics of the synonyms greedy and stingy, given in lexicographical sources. Thus, the word greedy is often defined using the adjective self-interested (cf.

self-interested ‘striving primarily for personal gain, acquisitiveness, profit; loving self-interest' [SSRLYA 5, 1485] self-interest 'benefit, profit, material benefit' [SSRLYA 5, 1486]), and the lexeme stingy is defined through the adjective thrifty (cf. thrifty 'spending something prudently and carefully; prudent, thrifty ' [SSLRYA 1, 489]). At the same time, selfish and thrifty are not synonymous.

This multidirectionality of the “vectors” of the actions of stingy and greedy is also characteristic of their derivatives, the verbs stingy and greedy, which often cannot be interchangeable. Wed: “In order to avoid further shocks, Doronin and Kondratyev decided not to be greedy and take their own sixteen-plus million from Mosgorteplo” Sergei Sherstennikov. Thaw; “Don’t be greedy, everyone will get it, Pencil looked reproachfully at the robbers” Valentin Postnikov.

Pencil and Samodelkin in the land of cannibals; “Look what you are, it turns out... trained! It's not good to be so stingy! I know your boss has a whole collection of lighters, and he brings me some lousy Belgian matches.”

Yu. O. Dombrovsky. The Monkey Comes for His Skull, Part 3; “By doing this you are depriving me of great joy. You can't be stingy in love. Love is extravagance” Lydia Vertinskaya. Blue bird of love. The verb not to be greedy in the first two contexts is equal in meaning to the construction of not taking much; it cannot be replaced by the verb to stingy, which is equal in meaning to the construction not to give something away. In the second pair of contexts, the opposite example is presented, when the verb to stingy cannot be replaced in meaning by the verb to be greedy.

Another point at which the semantic disparity between greedy and stingy is revealed, the “quantitative” characteristic of the phenomena defined with the help of these words. The word stingy is used to convey the semantics of insufficiency (cf. stingy with words 'saying few words', stingy smile 'weak expression of emotions'), and the word greedy to express the semantics of redundancy (cf. greedy for work 'strong desire to work', greedy look ' showing strong emotion')16.

GENEROUS. The semantic structure of the word generous is presented in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language as follows:

generous 1. ‘willingly sharing one’s means, property, etc. with others.

P.; not sparing to spend, spend something” “I saw in Petronius not In this case, we rely on the third meaning of the word stingy ‘insufficient in some way.

attitude’ and the meaning of the word greedy ‘expressing a strong desire, desire for something’.

only a generous benefactor, but also a friend” Pushkin. A Tale from Roman Life // translated. ‘easily, willingly giving something, squandering, distributing something’ Generous with something. “[Makarovna] patiently listened to the good advice that her rich relatives were so generous with” Mamin-Sibiryak. Breadwinner. Generous in all “Not very generous in expressing his feelings, Nemeshaev wrote little about love”

Kremlin. Bolsheviks. With a generous hand ‘without sparing, without stinting’.

2. ‘large in size, significant in value’ “The blessed soil everywhere brings generous rewards to the cares of the villagers” V. Sollogub. Tarantas. Generous help, generous alms, generous reward, generous gift, etc. // translation. ‘immoderate; exaggerated (in assessment)’ “I sincerely thank you for your generous review of me in Trud”

Chekhov. Letter to I. I. Yasinsky.

3. ‘rich, abundant (about nature, life, time, etc.)’ “Today has been a rich, generous, fruitful summer in everything” Gorbatov. Unconquered.

Generous with what, in smth. // ‘very strong, intense in its manifestation, action’ [SSRLYA 17, 1652–1653];

not sparing to spend, spend something’ “Despite his limited means, he [Tit Nikonich] had the appearance of a generous gentleman; he threw away a hundred rubles so easily and cordially, as if he were throwing away thousands.” Goncharov. Break // transfer for what and in what ‘easily, willingly distributing, lavishing something’ Generous in praise.

2. ‘large in size, significant in value’ Generous reward.

3. ‘rich, abundant in something’ Generous nature [SLR 4, 740];

1. ‘willingly sharing his means, property, etc. with others;

not sparing to spend, spend smth.’ A generous person. He was generous to the point of extravagance. Generous with gifts. Generous client.

2. for what, in what ‘easily, willingly giving something, lavishing something.’ Generous with praise. He was not generous with his words. Generous in expressing feelings.

Generous with your tears.

3. ‘large in size, significant in value’ Generous reward. Generous gifts. Generous help.

4. ‘rich, plentiful’ Generous land. Generous nature. The year was generous with apples // ‘strong in its manifestation’ Generous rain.

Generous sun. The generous shine of the stars. He rewarded with generous blows (ironically).

With a generous hand, in the know. adv. ‘without sparing, without stinting’ [BTS, 1509];

1. ‘willingly providing assistance with money, property; not stingy'.

2. a) ‘valuable, rich’; b) transfer ‘intense in its manifestation, action’; c) transfer ‘immoderate, exaggerated (in assessment)’.

3. ‘willingly distributing, squandering something’ [Efremova 3, 901];

1. ‘willingly spending on others, not stingy’ generous relative;

to give something away with a generous hand (without stinginess); someone is generous with promises (translated: about someone who easily makes promises to do something, disapproved).

2. ‘valuable, rich’ generous gifts; to generously reward, to endow someone with something.

3. ‘abundant, frequent’ generous rains [TSLRYA 2007, 1116];

A possible version of the generalized definition of the word generous is as follows:

1. ‘willingly sharing his funds and property with others; not afraid of material costs’.

2. ‘easily endowing something, squandering something’.

3. ‘large in size, immoderate, valuable’.

4. ‘abundant // intense in its manifestation’.

The semantic structure of the word generous as a whole is symmetrically opposite to the structure of the meaning of the lexeme stingy: the first and third meanings of generous are opposed to the first and second meanings of stingy ('excessively, thrifty to the point of greed, avoiding expenses in every possible way', 'restrained in something, moderate in something -l.'); the difference is only in the “areas of application”

corresponding qualities. The first meaning refers only to material property, money, and the second is related to the intangible sphere (a person generous with praise, tears, etc.). If there is no qualifying word in the context (depending on the adjective generous), we are, as a rule, talking about a materially generous person (and by material object we mean, of course, not only money, cf.: “Nowadays there are not those generous ice cream makers there , nor those strict platform controllers"

Marina Paley. Remembrance).

The second meaning of the lexeme generous, 'easily endowing something, squandering something', can probably be considered (as is done in [SSRLYA 17, 1652] and [SLRYA 4, 740]) a variant of the first, because the subject of the action and the general intention of the action (a person easily gives something of his own to other people) is preserved. It is interesting that in a stable combination to give smth. generous hand The characteristic generous formally refers to somatism hand, although in general the combination names a generous person (cf. the implementation of the same model in the combination of living in grand style).

The lexeme generous in the third meaning ('large in size, immoderate, valuable') characterizes not the subject of the action (a generous person), but the object that he (the person) gives: a generous gift ('valuable gift'), a generous piece of cake (' a large piece of cake'), generous praise ('immoderate praise'), etc. Wed. here: “But not only the Fuhrer is interested in your works,” he continued after a generous pause, as if letting me enjoy the pleasant side of the matter, the enemies of the Reich are also interested in them” Fazil Iskander.

Summer day.

The fourth meaning of the word generous and the compatibility features of the latter are the result of transferring the property of “being generous” from a person (the main subject of the action) to some other subject of the action (generous nature, generous land, generous harvest, generous sun, etc.).

THRIFTY. The semantics of the adjective thrifty directly depends on the meaning of the motivating verb berech', which in modern Russian literary language has the following meanings:

Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.

2. ‘not to let anything be wasted; spend carefully, prudently’ “[Katyusha] did not know how to save money and spent it on herself and gave it to everyone who asked” L. Tolstoy. Resurrection.

3. ‘carefully protect, protect from something’ Protect health [SLR 1, 80].

The development of the meanings of the word thrifty is similar to the development of the meanings of the producing verb, cf. Definition options presented in explanatory dictionaries:

thrifty ‘thrifty, prudent’ “I’m not stingy, but thrifty, sir,” answered Chizhik [to the bride]” Saltykov-Shchedrin. Chizhikovo Mountain [SSRL 1, 395];

1. ‘thrifty, prudent’ “[Vronsky] was extremely thrifty and prudent about household details” L. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.

2. ‘the same as careful: caring, careful’ “Natasha’s health began to improve, and she ceased to arouse in him the previous feeling of thrifty pity” L. Tolstoy. War and Peace [SlRYA 1, 79];

1. ‘spending smth. carefully and carefully; prudent, economical'.

2. ‘based on prudence, economy, moderate spending of something’ [Efremova 1, 150];

‘careful of property, prudent, economical’ Thrifty owner [TSlRYA 2007, 40];

‘careful of property, prudent, economical’ Thrifty owner // ‘based on such an attitude’ Thrifty expenditure of public funds. Lean use of transport [BTS, 71].

Our version of the definition coincides with that presented in [SlRYA 1, 79]:

1. ‘economical, prudent’.

2. ‘same as careful: caring, careful’.

Both formulations can be framed as separate meanings, as in [Efremova 1, 150; SlRYA 1, 79], or presented within one meaning as in [BTS, 71; TSLRYA 2007, 40; SSRLYA 1, 395]. The second meaning is related to the first based on the basic component of “attentive attention to something”; in this case, the differentiating feature is the object of application of frugality: in the first case it is the material sphere, in the second there are no restrictions (thrift in relation to health, speech, transport, etc.).

WASTEFUL. This adjective directly inherits the semantics of the producing verb squander, which has the following meanings:

1. ‘use recklessly, waste (money, property, strength, etc.)’.

2. ‘to express something immoderately, to express feelings, thoughts’ [SlRYA 3, 675].

The list of variant meanings of the word wasteful, presented in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, is as follows:

wasteful 1. ‘spending something a lot and unreasonably’ “Money flowed like water from the hands of a wasteful princess” Melnikov-Pechersky. Princess Tarakanova // translation. ‘too generous with praise, unrestrained in showing good feelings’ Wasteful with words and expressions.

2. ‘requiring large expenses, expenses’ “In separate offices, wasteful revelries began to boil, filled with champagne, with gypsies, with chansonettes” Serafimovich. Lost Breakfast [SSRL 12, 916–917];

‘one who spends a lot and recklessly, spends something;

thrifty’ “Being wasteful and ambitious, he allowed himself luxurious whims”

[SLRYA 3, 675];

1. a) ‘showing excessive generosity, spending a lot and unreasonably’;

b) transfer ‘too generous with praise, immoderate in expressing, expressing, revealing feelings’.

2. ‘requiring large expenses, expenses’ [Efremova 3, 87];

1. ‘spending a lot and unreasonably, spending something.’ Being wasteful, he allowed himself to buy expensive things. Money, like water, left the hands of a wasteful person.

2. ‘requiring large costs, expenses’ Wasteful litigation [BTS, 1101];

‘spending a lot and inappropriately, spending something’ To spend money wastefully [TSLRYA 2007, 817].

A possible version of the generalized definition of the word wasteful is as follows:

1. ‘spending something a lot and unreasonably’.

2. ‘requiring large expenses, expenses’.

The second meaning, highlighted separately in [SSRL 12, 917; Efremova 3, 87;

BTS, 1101], is connected with the first on the basis of the general characteristic of “excessiveness”;

the specificity of the meaning is created by the semantic component “the subject initiating the process” (for example: a person who wastes something himself; a court that requires large expenses).

This is the structure of lexical meanings and semantic content of the words under study in the common language. Their consideration helps to better understand the content of the studied dialectal language units, since popular semantics is the source for the meanings of words in folk dialects.

1.4. SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE FIELD

“QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN

IN RELATION TO PROPERTY"

The question of the structure of the semantic field has a rich history of development.

Many researchers offer their own options for grouping lexical units within a field (see [Vasiliev 1971, 106; Karaulov 1976, 314; Shmelev 1973, 105–108; Shchur 1974] and many others), but the essence remains the same: any semantic field has a complex multi-stage hierarchy (it may include smaller lexical-semantic fields, lexical-semantic groups, synonymous series, paradigmatic pairs, etc.).

In the field “Qualitative characteristics of a person in relation to property”, five semantic zones can be distinguished, corresponding to the main designated characteristics; each of these zones can be considered as an independent lexical-semantic field: “Stinginess”, “Greed”, “Wastefulness”, “Thrift”, “Generosity”. Each subfield (zone) includes phraseological and lexical units of different grammatical affiliations (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs) and belonging to different subsystems (idioms) of the language (dialects, vernacular, national language), having a common basic semantic component “that or other qualitative characteristic of a person in relation to property.” The heterogeneity of the lexical and phraseological units that make up the field allows us to talk about its heterogeneity.

Another feature of the structure of the lexical-semantic field is that its constituent groups are characterized by nonlinearity, i.e.

lexical units of a field can simultaneously belong to different lexical-semantic series. So, for example, the verb to be stingy, included in the field “Qualitative characteristics of a person in relation to property”, can be combined with the verb to be generous based on the unity of the attribute “to show this or that quality in relation to one’s property when interacting with other people” or with the verb to save - on based on the unity of the attribute “preserve one’s property,” etc.

The set of basic semes in all studied lexical-semantic subfields is the same. These are the semes “attribute” (for example, ‘miserly’, ‘wasteful’), “carrier of attribute” (for example, ‘miser’, ‘spendthrift’, ‘spendthrift’), “action”

(for example, ‘to be stingy’, ‘to waste’), “a sign of action” (for example, ‘stingy’, ‘wasteful’) and “a quality called by attribute” (for example, ‘stinginess’, ‘wastefulness’). However, in each subfield the distribution of material among them and the emphasis are different.

–  –  –

17 Within the framework of vocabulary, it is legitimate to consider parts of speech as a systemic-structural formation, since this principle of selection of linguistic material corresponds to the method of component analysis (leading in the study of vocabulary), which in the hierarchy of the semantic structure of a word identifies a categorical feature (categorial-grammatical) at the highest level. This approach allows us to identify the main system-forming connections between the vocabulary components of each zone.

–  –  –

This group also contains meanings with the modification component “degree of manifestation of the characteristic”, cf. perm. tight-lipped, raven. shaggy ‘stingy’ [SPG 1, 287; SRNG 10, 247].

A large part of the lexical-semantic subfield is formed by verbs with the meaning ‘to skimp’ (97 units): without decree. m. sberidmnichat ‘to skimp’ [SRNG 36, 170], Western Sib. to be stingy ‘to be stingy, to be greedy, to act like a miser’ [SRNG 1, 273], perm. to be poor ‘to be sorry to give, to be stingy’ [SPG 1, 41], Tver. rot, fire eldyzhnichat ‘to be stingy, to be stingy’ [SRNG 6, 247; 8, 339], arch. zhirnichat ‘to be stingy’ [SRNG 9, 199], etc.

Only 3 linguistic units have the meaning of the action attribute: without decree. m.

skilyazhno ‘sparingly, too economically’ [SRNG 37, 415], Vyat., Kirov. tightly ‘sparingly’ [SRNG 10, 87], perm. because of the cannon ‘very sparingly, meagerly (to feed)’ - “I fed the horse from behind the belt - it didn’t carry anything” [SPG 2, 496].

Finally, only 4 units name the quality of a person according to the corresponding attribute and have the meaning ‘stinginess’: yarosl. kotyrstvo, kotyrnichestvo ‘stinginess, stinginess’ [SRNG 14, 187, 188], yarosl. skilyazhenie ‘thrift, stinginess’ [SRNG 37, 415], Psk., Tver. “Stinginess” is strong [SRNG 15, 220]. Such a meager implementation of this concept is probably due to its abstractness (cf. the segment of the subfield, which is strikingly different in volume, the units of which denote a specific subject - the bearer of quality - a stingy person).

Thus, the focus of the nominator describing the situation of stinginess is on the subject - the bearer of the attribute. The abstract meanings of “sign of action” (sparing) and “quality” (sparing) are practically not expressed in the vocabulary of this subfield.

1.4.2. Lexico-semantic subfield “GREED”

In this subfield, the largest number of lexical units contains the seme “subject, bearer of attribute” (149 out of 285 lexical units of the zone): northern dvin. is, bonfire, rage. glot, arch. satiate, arch. grabn ‘greedy man’ [SRNG 1, 218; 6, 201; 21, 96; SGRS 3, 118], Bryansk, Orl. bolshekrm ‘greedy, selfish and envious person’ [SRNG 3, 88], north-dvin. Vron ‘greedy, evil person’ [SRNG 5, 111], etc.

Modifications of this meaning are carried out taking into account the following parameters: a) gender of the subject (olon. zaberkha 'greedy woman who loves to seize, take more than others' [SRNG 9, 253], sverdl. zadarnitsa 'envious , greedy woman' [SRNG 10, 64], Leningrad Bolsha 'greedy woman' [SRGK 1, 95]); b) intensity of manifestation of the sign (raven.

rake ‘very greedy person’ [SRNG 7, 105], Karelian. zagrebsvet ‘about a very greedy, self-interested person’ [SRGK 2, 109]); c) “sphere of application”

sign (resin., Kaluzh. zhabrvka 'a person greedy for food, glutton' [SRNG 9, 53], perm. abdominal, abdominal 'a person who shows immoderation, greed in food' [ChPI 2007, 63 ], Perm. soft belly 'about a person greedy for food' [FSPG, 18], etc.).

The seme “sign” (‘greedy’) is represented by 69 lexical units. To express this meaning in the definitions offered by the authors of dialect dictionaries, various definitions are used: greedy, greedy, greedy for something. For example: vologist. fierce, sev. worldly ‘greedy, greedy’ [SRGK 3, 170; SRNG 18, 172], architect. makhovty ‘greedy for other people’s things, greedy’ [SRNG 18, 49], ver. ohby, greedy ‘greedy’ [SRNG 25, 22; 28, 235], etc. At the same time, the degree of manifestation of the trait can vary, which is conveyed using the quantitative indicator ‘very’, cf. Psk., Tver. greedy, bitter.

cross-earth ‘very greedy’ [SRNG 9, 57; 38, 150], yarosl. sighted ‘very greedy, envious’ [SRNG 11, 12], etc.

Another section of the subfield is filled with verbs and phraseological units (35 units), most of which have the meaning ‘to show greed’, cf.

yarosl. Alshbnit, resin. to be greedy ‘to be greedy’, Vlad. to earn money, Yakut.

chykoy to give, perm. enough for two glasses [SRNG 1, 242; 9, 59; 12, 77; SRGS 5, 254; FSPG, 391], vologist. snort with your mouth and ass ‘to show greed, greed’ [BSRP, 571], etc.

–  –  –

19 Of course, this entire block can be placed in the lexical-semantic field “Greed”

only with a large degree of convention, since in the lexical units that make it up,

–  –  –

1.4.3. Lexico-semantic subfield “WASTETHNESS”

In this subfield, the numerical ratio of representatives of different semes differs from the corresponding indicators in the lexical-semantic subfields presented above. This is due to the specificity of the central concept of “wastefulness” for the subfield. The situation in which wastefulness manifests itself involves an assessment of the subject’s behavior, that is, it is based on a process. Behind the characterization of the subject in such a situation there is always an action (cf. typical context: don. “She has nothing, such a waste, she let her go to waste, she was a waste” [BTDC, 454]). Processuality is also embedded in the internal form of all the main national representatives of the concept of “wastefulness”, since all of them are either verbs (waste, squander, squander, not take care, spend, etc.), or are motivated by them (spender, spendthrift, unthrifty, wasteful, etc. .).

The “strongest” position of all the semes represented in the vocabulary of this subfield is occupied by the seme “action”, which appears in 267 lexical and phraseological units (a total of 426 units in the field).

Most of them have a grammatical meaning of the perfect form, and this may indicate the one-time action performed: Kursk.

What is reflected is not a person’s attitude towards property as such, but his emotional, “physiological” state, which is qualified as greed.

squander ‘to squander, squander (money, fortune, etc.)’ - “I squandered my last money in who knows where,” Samar. use your sleeve to spread ‘the same’ [SRNG 34, 243, 44], Kursk., Don., Tersk., Voron., Ryaz., Smol., Kaluga. zabelsht ‘to spend, squander something’ - “I zabelshti money” [SRNG 9, 251], perm. waste ‘to squander, to spend unreasonably, uncalculatingly (about money)’ [SPG 1, 368], perm.

rastonzt ‘to squander, squander’ [SPG 2, 277], etc. Less common are imperfective verbs indicating an indefinite duration of action: perm. look ‘to spend money in vain, unnecessarily; shake’ [SRNG 18, 295], nov. ash ‘it’s pointless to spend, waste, squander money’ [SRNG 25, 348], volog. throw money into the heat, fire. markitnit ‘to spend without benefit, to squander money’ [BSRP, 185; SRNG 17, 374], Prikam.

call money ‘unreasonably, spend unwisely, waste money’ [SRNG 13, 307], Tomsk. arrange ‘to spend, squander’ [SRNG 20, 47], etc.

Units of this group can “increase” additional meanings and indicate: a) phase of the process (Irkutsk, Sib. zagrzit 'to begin to lead a wasteful or dissolute life' [SRNG 10, 30], Voron. zalaskat 'to begin to squander, to live (money, sometimes things)' [SRNG 10, 226], chitin.

squander ‘to waste (money) to no avail’ - “I squandered all my money”

[SRNG 32, 168]); b) about the object on which money is spent (Kursk, Orl.

raskhrchit ‘eat, drink (everything, a lot); spend up, spend everything on food, eat up’ [SRNG 30, 50], Moscow. to drink down ‘to drink something, to waste something on drunkenness’ [SRNG 10, 317], bonfire. whisper, whisper, whisper, whisper ‘to spend, spend everything, a lot on tobacco;

waste away by smoking’ [SRNG 33, 54], etc.); c) s p o c r a c t i n g (without an indication, m. unmask 'to sell off, squander something' [SRNG 34, 11], northern dvin., tamb. to trump 'to squander, to squander' [SRNG 32, 160], tamb., Krasnoyarsk nachichk to get close 'to squander, flaunting and reveling' [SRNG 20, 290], etc.).

The seme “carrier of a characteristic” is represented in the subfield by 113 lexical units. In their definitions there are such popular exponents of meaning as a wasteful person, a spendthrift, a spendthrift, a carouser, an unthrifty person, an inefficient person, as well as various other descriptions.

For example: Psk., Tver. prrva ‘spendthrift, wasteful person’ [SRNG 32, 216], Kyrgyz. (Russian) swing ‘mot’ [SRNG 34, 14], volog. prokhvst ‘mot, reveler’ [SRNG 33, 25], Kaluzh. spafy ‘reveler, squandered person’ [SRNG 40, 123], yarosl.

nberezh 'mot, spender; uncalculating person’ [SRNG 20, 316], Yakut. old ‘about someone who spends money unwisely and unscrupulously’ [SRNG 36, 151], Karelian.

prokhva korobinitskaya ‘about a person who easily and uselessly spends money and lives well’ [SRGK 5, 314], kazan. matrix ‘thrifty, wasteful person’ [SRNG 18, 24], nov. confusion ‘about a mismanaged, careless person’ [SRNG 34, 256], etc.

Noteworthy are the many nominations of a wasteful woman (25 lexemes out of 113): Vlad. prozhikha ‘wasteful, unthrifty woman’ [SRNG 32, 137], res. rassriha, eagle grinder, resin rastavschkha ‘spender, reel’ [SRNG 34, 219, 244, 271] and so on. The relative number of references to a woman’s extravagance, and therefore the special emphasis on the corresponding reality, is further evidence that deviations from norms accepted in traditional society (cf. here the fundamental role of women in the well-being and prosperity of the household) are assessed sharply negatively. A woman is called wasteful if she:

light minded (Vlad. prognka 'frivolous woman, spender' [SRNG 32, 113], Karelian makhvka 'woman who frivolously spends money, spender' [SRGK 3, 205], arch. shake 'about a wasteful, careless woman' [SRNG 30, 312]), beskhozyaistvenna (bitter goldfish 'about a wasteful, careless woman' [SRNG 35, 296 ], Vit. l u b i v a (architectural development 'careless, wasteful housewife, spendthrift' [SRNG 33, 286]).

This “sign” contains 33 lexical units with the meanings ‘wasteful’, ‘unthrifty’, ‘uneconomical’, ‘uneconomical’, ‘mismanagement’: ryaz.

Rasptny ‘unthrifty, wasteful’ [SRNG 34, 192], tver. wasteful ‘spending a lot of money, resources, uneconomical’ [SRNG 33, 271], Tyumen. unwinding ‘uneconomical, wasteful’ [SRNG 34, 27], ver. swing ‘uncalculating’ [SRNG 34, 113], rage. rahmlny ‘mismanagement, wasteful’ [SRNG 34, 341], Ryaz. ryskvyy ‘wasteful, uneconomical’ [SRNG 35, 317], arch. shibty ‘spending a lot of money’ [SRGK 6, 865], etc.

A total of 7 units denote a quality called by the attribute: volog.

ease ‘wastefulness’ [SRNG 16, 315], p. Ural prorshka ‘extravagance, extravagance’ [SRNG 32, 219], sib. promt ‘spending, drinking, partying’ [SRNG 32, 189], Psk., Tver. dedicated ‘squandering, extravagance’ [SRNG 30, 192], etc.

The vocabulary of the subfield contains 5 units with the meaning of the action attribute:

without decree m. through (live) ‘it’s a bit wasteful, to carry everything through’ [Dal 4, 200], arch., Perm. unshaken ‘abundantly, generously, wastefully’ - “He paid me without shaking” [SRNG 21, 105], Ryaz. rahmnno ‘broadly, generously, wastefully’ [SRNG 34, 343] 20, etc. Only one linguistic unit nominates the object of waste: psk. pieces of paper are like little birds ‘about quickly wasted money’ - “At least ten thousand, these pieces of paper are like little birds” [POS 2, 213].

1.4.4. Lexico-semantic subfield “THRUGALITY”

The distribution of lexemes – carriers of semes across semantic blocks and the numerical ratio of the latter in the “Thrift” subfield are similar to the indicators identified for the “Extravagility” lexical-semantic subfield. This is due to the commonality of meanings developed in the vocabulary of both subfields. It is noteworthy that in the definitions of some lexemes there are indications of extravagance and generosity, which indicates the undoubted closeness of the corresponding concepts.

The center of the frugality situation is also an action, a process. All the main national representatives of the concept of frugality also have a verbal basis (thrifty to save; prudent to count; thrifty to save, as well as to store, accumulate, make money, etc.).

The strongest position of all the semes presented in the subfield is occupied by the seme “action”, which contains 136 lexical and phraseological units with the meanings “save”, “save”, “keep”, “save”, etc. (in total in the subfield, according to our data , 248 units). Wed: volog. reap ‘save, preserve’ [SRGK 2, 40], Volg. tie in a knot ‘spend economically, save money’ [BSRP, 681], Tver. cherish ‘save, preserve, save up’ - “For children cherishes a penny”

[SRNG 16, 344], eagle. squeeze a penny ‘save, save money’ [BSRP, 311], Volg.

drive grain after grain ‘save, be thrifty’ [Ibid., 254], Ivan. kadt ‘spend something economically, prudently; pull’ - “They gave us half a pound of bread, we need to burn it incense for a whole month” [SRNG 12, 299], arch.

rstit ‘to save, save’ [SRGK 5, 565], dial. lat. distribution sgonosht ‘to accumulate, collect, save’ [SRNG 34, 35], Middle Urals. skukbit ‘to accumulate, accumulate something, save by running a household’ [SRGSU 4, 333], etc.

The seme “sign” is represented in the subfield by 45 units, which have the meanings ‘thrifty’, ‘non-wasteful’, ‘thrifty’, ‘prudent’, ‘thrifty’, ‘economical’: volog., arch., raven. bezhny ‘thrifty, non-wasteful’ [SRNG 2, 250], Penz. saucer, don. gondbny ‘thrifty’ [BTDC, 112; SRNG 3, 32], tamb. credit ‘economical, thrifty, economical’ [SRNG 15, 206], volog. not unique ‘prudent, economical’ [SRGK 4, 5], arch., Murman. tidy, tidy ‘economic, thrifty’ [SRNG 31, 120], arch. primdy ‘economical, zealous’ [Ibid., 194], etc.

The next section of the subfield is formed by lexical units - carriers of the seme “subject” (37 words in total): north-west. rachya ‘thrifty person’ [SRNG 34, 347], Kursk. kukbnik ‘thrifty owner’ [SRNG 16, 38], Karelian. bereg-zhit ‘about an economical, thrifty person’ [SRGK 1, 67], Tver. kaznody ‘a resourceful, hardworking person who makes money and saves’ [SRNG 12, 321], volog. hoarder ‘a thrifty person who does not waste money’ [Dilaktorsky 2006, 462], raven. domch ‘a thrifty, sensible owner who knows how to take care of everything homemade’ [SRNG 8, 117] and so on.

A significant part of these lexemes (13 units) denote a thrifty, thrifty woman, while such features of her image as thriftiness and diligence are updated: Leningr. kukvnitsa ‘thrifty housewife’ [SRNG 16, 39], Tomsk. obikhdka ‘hardworking, clean woman; thrifty housewife’ [SRNG 22, 68], cauldron. skopidmka ‘thrifty, thrifty housewife’ [SRNG 38, 79], Buryat. ukbnitsa ‘good, thrifty housewife’ [SRGS 5, 142], middle Urals. ekonmnitsa ‘thrifty, thrifty housewife’ [SRGSU 5, 378], etc.

Another section of the subfield is formed by linguistic units with the meaning of quality, called on the basis of ‘thrifty’ (14 words in total): tver. coastline, Middle-Urals economy ‘thrift’ [SRNG 2, 246; SRGSU 5, 378], Kursk.

pristzhinka ‘thrift, economy, prudence’ [SRNG 31, 423], yarosl.

skilyazhenie ‘thrift, stinginess’ [SRNG 37, 404], etc.

13 lexical units represent the seme “sign of action”, for example:

Murman. narrow ‘thrifty, economical’ [SRGK 4, 20], yarosl. rachmo ‘economical’ [SRNG 34, 348], Leningrad. tgo ‘prudently, spending carefully’ - “You have to hold your money tightly” [SRGK 6, 528], Odessa. tonchko, tonko ‘economically, not generously’ [SRNG 44, 228], perm. to the point ‘prudently, economically, little by little’ [SPG 1, 277].

Only 3 lexemes nominate an object of savings: Psk., Tver. observation ‘what is preserved, accumulated’ [SRNG 19, 121], Tver. sbinka, sbinka ‘set aside, saved money’, ‘something saved for oneself’ [SRNG 39, 158], smol. khva ‘cash savings’ [SRNG 43, 63].

1.4.5. Lexico-semantic subfield “GENEROSITY”

The lexical-semantic subfield “Generosity” includes the smallest number of units - only 78. And this can be explained from two positions: firstly, it is a known fact that positive phenomena and especially human qualities are conceptualized in language, as a rule, less intensively than negative ones; secondly, it seems that generosity is more “narrow”

concept in comparison with others studied in the work, and it is often difficult to distinguish it from the closest ones, which are, for example, extravagance and kindness.

The seme of the attribute (‘generous’) can be called the most significant: this semantic section of the subfield is represented by 26 lexemes, which indicates the desire of the nominator to primarily characterize the subject who shows generosity. To express this meaning in the definitions given in the studied dialectological sources, various definitions are used: generous, non-greedy, stingy, unselfish. Wed. yarosl.

generous’ - “I gave all the money, I’ve become so generous that I have it, I’ll give it all away”

[SRGK 6, 437], volog. magnanimous ‘generous, generous’ [Dilaktorsky 2006, 575], etc.

Interest in the subject of generosity is confirmed by the relative prevalence of a group of lexemes indicating the bearer of the attribute (16 units): arch. simpleton ‘generous man’ [SRNG 32, 257], Leningrad.

rahmanyaga ‘one who is generous, hospitable’ [SRGK 5, 500], volog. sokhozb ‘about a hospitable, generous owner’ [SRNG 40, 84], without decree. m. shchedrovtel ‘generous giver’ [Dal 4, 672], raven. rastpsha ‘a compliant, weak-willed, soft, generous person’ [SRNG 34, 265], Psk. the last rubha is dedicated to ‘about a responsive, generous person’ [SPP, 66] and so on.

Particularly noteworthy is the section of the subfield that consists of units with action semantics - verbs, most of which have a grammatical meaning of the perfect form. Indications of the one-time action performed (cf. become generous) probably reflect ideas about the impossibility of constantly showing generosity: such behavior is qualified as wasteful. Each individual act of generosity, gratuitous giving, attracts attention and entails the need for a nomination. Hence a relatively large number of words and expressions (27 units) with meanings like ‘to be generous’, ‘to show generosity unexpectedly’, ‘to fork out’, cf., for example: without decree. m.

get excited ‘be generous’ - “The old man got excited, gave a hundred rubles!” [Dal 3, 327], no indication. m. to break up ‘to become generous, to fork out’ [Dal 4, 21], arch. razdobrt ‘to unexpectedly show generosity’ [SRNG 33, 328], Psk., Tver. loosen ‘become generous’ [SRNG 34, 67], p. Ural to take off your shirt (for someone) ‘to show extreme generosity’ [SRNG 35, 217], Moscow. to splurge ‘to be generous, to spend a lot (of money) on someone, something’ [SRNG 34, 196], without decree. m., Nizhny Novgorod, Vyat. to become generous, to become generous ‘to become generous, to become generous’ - “Why are you so generous, have you given a lot?” [Ibid., 314] and others.

Another small section of the subfield contains units denoting quality, called on the basis of ‘generous’ (4 units): Yarosl., Novosibirsk.

joyful ‘kindness, generosity’ [SRNG 33, 247], Kursk. razvyt, psk., tver. rasteryah ‘generosity’ [SRNG 33, 297; 34, 280] etc.

Only 5 nominations have an action attribute value: Moscow. without obmru ‘without measuring, generously’ [SRNG 22, 125], volog. unapologetically ‘without stinginess, very generously, very much’ - “I put some tea without apologizing” [SRNG 21, 98], arch., Perm.

without shaking ‘abundantly, generously, wastefully’ - “He paid me without shaking”

[SRNG 21, 105], Ryaz. rahmno ‘broadly, generously, wastefully’ [SRNG 34, 343], etc.

1.4.6. Semantic connections between lexical-semantic subfields in the field “Qualitative characteristics of a person in relation to property”

All subfields (zones) of the field under study are in certain relationships with each other, which we will try to describe using the example of a section of each of the subfields - “subject, bearer of a characteristic.”

Depending on the type of relationship between the subfields, they are able to form unique “pairs”. Thus, the pairs “wasteful person” - “thrifty person” are connected in relation to the situation; ‘stingy person’, ‘greedy person’ - ‘generous person’.

The elements of the pair ‘wasteful person’ - ‘thrifty person’ implement the attribute “a person’s attitude towards his property”21. The meaning ‘wasteful’ enters into a relationship of “negative symmetry” with the meaning ‘thrifty’. Wed. here, for example, there is “proportionality” of meanings in which there is a motive of taking care of one’s household: arch. razdavha ‘a thrifty person, a spendthrift; bad master, mistress’ [SRNG 33, 320], novg. confusion ‘about a mismanaged, careless person’ [SRNG 34, 256], Penz. develop ‘careless owner, spendthrift, spendthrift’ [SRNG 33, 283] and raven. domch ‘a thrifty, intelligent owner who knows how to take care of everything homemade’ [SRNG 8, 117], Sverdl. gonoshn ‘good owner’, ‘prudent owner’ [SRNG 7, 12], Kursk. kukba ‘thrifty owner, thrifty housewife’ [SRNG 16, 38].

The next opposition is formed by the meanings of “a stingy person”, “a greedy person” - “a generous person” (cf. here the indicative definition of the lexeme arch., volog. prostinsche “not stingy, generous person” [SRGK 5, 304]). This opposition has more complex grounds: the given meanings include not only the component “a person’s attitude towards property (including that of others),” but also the component “a person’s position relative to other people.”

There is a peculiar transformation of bilateral relations into tripartite ones: the binomial “person, object of possession, influence (property / property)” is often transformed into the triangle “person, object of possession, influence of another person.” For someone who is stingy, greedy and 21 That is why these situations most often do not imply the presence of a second subject, can be carried out without his direct participation, therefore we can say that they are the least socialized.

selfish, characterized not only by a passion for acquiring and increasing property, but also by an unwillingness to spend and give this property to others.

Such a person is turned “inward”, focused only on his own well-being and, as a result, is closed to others. A generous person is characterized in exactly the opposite way: he does not regret spending, spending anything, willingly sharing his funds, property, etc. with others.

Another type of relationship into which the values ​​of the studied areas enter is the relationship of “intensity,” i.e., the degree of manifestation of a particular feature. In this case, pairs are constructed as follows: ‘thrifty person’ ‘stingy person’; ‘generous person’ ‘wasteful person’.

In this case, the transition from one meaning to another occurs due to the addition of “intensity” to the structure of the first seme, which also entails a change in assessment from positive to negative. Compare, for example, the following semantic chain: thrifty overly thrifty stingy.

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Thousands of ragged, exhausted prisoners are driven along the road - the dead fall, and the living wander, obediently wander over the corpses of their comrades further, to hard labor. The Polonyan women cry in the lattice cars, they cry so much that the soul breaks, but they go. The people are silent. And the best people swing on the gallows... Maybe to no avail?

He was now walking along the Don steppes... This was the northernmost corner of his area. Here Ukraine met Russia, the border was not visible either in the steppe feather grasses, equally silver on both sides, or in the people...

But before turning west, along the ring of the region, Stepan, grinning, decided to visit another familiar person. Here, away from the main roads, in a quiet wooded gully, the apiary of grandfather Panas was hidden, and Stepan, when visiting these parts, always turned here to eat fragrant honey, lie on the fragrant hay, hear the silence and smells of the forest and relax both soul and body from worries.

And now Stepan needed a break - from the eternal fear of pursuit, from the long journey on foot. Straighten your back. Lie under the high sky. Think about your doubts and worries. Or maybe don’t think about them, just eat the golden honey in the apiary.

Is there still an apiary? - he doubted, already approaching the beam.

But there was an apiary. And there was fragrant hay, lying in a heap. And, as always, it smelled sweet here with the aching smells of the forest, linden blossom, mint and for some reason pickled pears, like in childhood - or did it seem like that to Stepan? And a thin, transparent silence trembled all around, only the bees hummed amicably and busily. And, as always, sensing a guest, the dog Serko ran forward, followed by thin, white, little grandfather Panas in a linen shirt with blue patches on his shoulder and shoulder blades.

A! Good health! - he shouted in his thin voice, like the hum of a bee. - You're welcome! You're welcome! We haven't been here for a long time! You offend!

And he placed in front of the guest a plate of honey in a comb and a sieve of wild berries.

There’s still your bottle left here,” he added hastily. - A whole bottle of chimpansky. So don't doubt it - it's intact.

Ahh! - Stepan smiled sadly. - Well, give me a bottle!

The old man brought glasses and a bottle, wiping the dust off it with his sleeve along the way.

Well, may our good life return and all the soldiers go home healthy! said the grandfather, carefully taking a full glass from Stepan’s hands. Closing his eyes, he drank, licked the glass and coughed. - Oh, delicious!

The two of them drank the entire bottle, and grandfather Panas told Stepan that today had been a rich, generous summer, fruitful in everything - bees and berries, and the Germans had not yet visited the apiary here. God protects, but they don’t know the road.

And Stepan was thinking about his own things.

That’s it, grandfather,” he said suddenly, “I’ll write a paper here, put it in this bottle and bury it.”

So, so... - without understanding anything, he agreed.

And when our people return, you give them this bottle.

Yeah! Good good...

“Yes, we need to write,” thought Stepan, taking a pencil and notebook from his pocket. “Let at least the news reach our people about how we... died here. Otherwise, not a trace will remain. The Tsyplyakovs will cover up our trace.”

And he began to write. He tried to write restrainedly and dryly, so that they would not notice a trace of doubt in his lines, would not mistake bitterness for panic, would not shake their heads mockingly at his anxieties. Everything will seem different here when they return. And he didn’t doubt for a minute that they would return. “Maybe they won’t find our bones in the ditches, but will return!” And he wrote to them sternly and restrainedly, like a warrior to a warrior, about how the best people died in dungeons and on the gallows, spitting in the enemy’s face, how cowards crawled before the Germans, how traitors betrayed them, went underground, and how the people remained silent. He hated it, but was silent. And every line of his letter was a testament.

Gorbatov Boris Leontievich

Unconquered

Boris Leontievich Gorbatov

Unconquered

The collection includes works by the Soviet writer Boris Leontyevich Gorbatov (1908 - 1954), telling about the fearlessness and courage of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War.

PART ONE

Everything to the east, everything to the east... At least one car to the west!

Convoys, carts with hay and empty cartridge boxes, ambulance gigs, and square radio station houses passed by; the exhausted horses walked heavily; holding on to the gun carriages, the soldiers, gray with dust, wandered - all to the east, all to the east, past the Ostaya Mogila, to Krasnodon, to Kamensk, beyond the Northern Donets... They passed and disappeared without a trace, as if they were swallowed by green and evil dust.

And everything around was filled with anxiety, filled with screams and moans, the creaking of wheels, the grinding of iron, hoarse swearing, the screams of the wounded, the crying of children, and it seemed that the road itself was creaking and groaning under the wheels, rushing in fear between the slopes...

Only one person at the Sharp Grave was seemingly calm on this July day in 1942 - old Taras Yatsenko. He stood, leaning heavily on a stick, and with a heavy, motionless gaze looked at everything that was happening around. He didn't say a word all day. With dull eyes from under his gray, furrowed eyebrows, he watched the road writhe and rush in anxiety. And from the outside it seemed that this stone man was indifferently alien to everything that was happening.

But, probably, among all the people rushing about on the road, there was no person whose soul was rushing, aching and crying as much as Taras’s. “What is this? What is this, comrades?” he thought. “And me? What about me? Where am I going with the women and little grandchildren?”

Cars rushed past him in clouds of dust - all to the east, all to the east; dust settled on the stunted poplars, they became gray and heavy.

“What should I do? Stand on the road and shout, throwing out my arms: “Stop!” Where are you going?.. Where are you going?" Fall on your knees in the middle of the road, in the dust, kiss the boots of the soldiers, beg: "Don't go! Don’t you dare leave when we, old people and small children, remain here..."?

And the convoys kept going and going - all to the east, all to the east - along the dusty humpbacked road, to Krasnodon, to Kamensk, beyond the Northern Donets, beyond the Don, beyond the Volga.

But while the string of convoys stretched along the humpbacked road, in old Taras everything flickered, hope still smoldered. Suddenly, to meet this flow of people, columns will appear from somewhere in the east, from clouds of dust, and brave guys in mighty tanks will rush to the west, crushing everything in their path. If only the thread would stretch, if only it would not dry up... But the thread became thinner and thinner. It will break, and then... But Taras was afraid to even think about what would happen then. On one bank will remain Taras with his weak women and grandchildren, and somewhere on the other - Russia, and his sons who are in the army, and everything that he, Taras, lived for and lived for for sixty long years. But it’s better not to think about it. Don't think, don't hear, don't speak.

Already at dusk Taras returned to his place on Kamenny Brod. He walked through the whole city - and did not recognize him. The city was empty and quiet. It now looked like an apartment that people had hastily moved out of. Pieces of wires dangled from telegraph poles. There was a lot of broken glass on the streets. There was a smell of burning, and the ashes of burnt papers flew in the air like a cloud and settled on the roofs.

But in Kamenny Brod everything was quiet, as always. Only the thatched roofs of the huts ruffled gloomily. In the courtyards, laundry was dangling on lines. On white shirts, sunset stains looked like blood. A samovar was blowing up on the neighbor’s porch, and the air, which smelled of burning and gunpowder, suddenly smelled strangely and sweetly of samovar smoke. As if old Taras was returning from the factory, not from the Sharp Grave, but from work. In the front gardens, towards twilight, matthiolas were blooming - flowers that smell only in the evening, flowers of working people.

And, inhaling these familiar smells from infancy, Taras suddenly thought sharply and unexpectedly: “But we must live!.. We must live!” - and went into his room.

The whole family silently rushed towards him. He looked at her with a wide glance - everyone, from his old wife Euphrosyne Karpovna to little Mariyka, his granddaughter, and realized: there is no one now, they have no one on earth now, except him, the old grandfather; he alone is responsible to the world and people for his entire family, for each of them, for their lives and for their souls.

He put the stick in the corner in its usual place and said as cheerfully as he could:

Nothing! Nothing! Will live. Somehow... - and ordered to stock up on water, close the shutters and lock the doors.

Then he looked at his thirteen-year-old grandson Lenka and added sternly:

And so that no one - no one! - didn’t go outside without asking!

At night the cannonade began. It continued for many hours in a row, and all this time the dilapidated house in Kamenny Brod was shaking, as if in a chill. The iron roof rattled subtly, the glass moaned pitifully. Then the cannonade ended, and the worst thing came - silence.

From somewhere on the street Lenka appeared, without a hat, and shouted in fear:

Oh, didu! The Germans are in the city!

But Taras, warning the screams and cries of the women, sternly shouted at him:

Shh! - and shook his finger. - This doesn't concern us!

This doesn't concern us.

The doors were locked and the shutters were tightly closed. Daylight streamed sparingly through the cracks and trembled on the floor. There was nothing on earth - no war, no Germans. The smell of mice in the closet, kneading in the kitchen, iron and pine shavings in Taras’s room.

Saving lamp oil, Euphrosyne lit the lamp in front of the icons only at dusk and every time she sighed: “Forgive me, Lord!” An ancient clock with a portrait of General Skobelev on a horse slowly ticked the time and, as before, was half an hour behind each day. In the mornings, Taras moved the arrows with his finger. Everything was as always - no war, no Germans.

But the whole house was filled with alarming creaks, sighs, and rustles. Muffled whispers and muffled sobs reached Taras from all corners. It was Lenka who brought news from the street and whispered to the women in the corners so that the grandfather would not hear. And Taras pretended not to hear anything. He wanted not to hear anything, but he could not not hear. Through all the cracks of the dilapidated house it crawled into his ears: they shot him... tortured him... drove him away... And then he exploded, appeared in the kitchen and shouted, sputtering with saliva:

Tsit, you damn women! Who was killed? Who was shot? Not us, after all. This doesn't concern us. - And, slamming the door, he went home.

He now spent whole days alone, in his room: planing, sawing, gluing. He was used to making things all his life - locomotive wheels or company mortars, it doesn’t matter. He could not live without work, just as someone cannot live without tobacco. Work was a need of his soul, a habit, a passion. But now no one needed Taras’s golden hands, there was no one to make wheels and mortars for, and he didn’t know how to do useless things.

And then he came up with the idea of ​​​​making cigarette holders, combs, lighters, needles, the old woman exchanged them at the market for grain. There was no baked bread or flour in the city. At the bazaar, only grain was sold - in glasses, like seeds used to be. To grind this grain, Taras made a hand mill from a board, gear and shaft. “A unit!” he smiled bitterly, looking at his creation. You should look at me, engineer comrade Kuchai, you should look, and cry together at what my old age and talent are wasting.” He gave the mill to the old woman and said: “Take care!” When our people return, we'll show them. We'll give it to the museum. To the cave age department.

The only thing he made with passion and inspiration were locks and bolts. Every day he came up with more and more cunning, more and more intricate and reliable locks for shutters, chains, locks and latches on the door. I removed yesterday’s ones, installed new ones, tried them, doubted them, invented others. He perfected his locking system like soldiers in the trenches improve their defenses - every day. The old woman collected outdated locks and took them to the market. They sold out instantly. Life was a wolf's life, and everyone wanted to lock themselves more securely in their den.

Carrots, potatoes, beets, cucumbers and that’s not all the crops that bloom and smell fragrant in the garden of our heroine, a resident of the village of Belaya Pashnya, Valentina Bryukhanova. In her garden you can find melons, watermelons and many different exotic fruit and vegetable crops, grown with your own hands. Moreover, they are as kind and nice as the hostess herself.

It was Valentina Sergeevna who became the absolute winner of the “Generous Summer” festival-competition, the results of which were summed up on August 7 at the cultural center of the village council.

All gardeners and gardeners, both old and young, everyone who is related to Mother Earth, became participants in the harvest festival. And this is no coincidence; it turns out that such a good tradition has roots in the distant past. Her descendants, the residents of Belaya Pashna, remembered her.

Valentina MALYSHEVA, member of the village council: My mother also told me that in the past, such holidays were very often celebrated by the whole village - cheerfully and friendly. I proposed, and the village council supported it. We thought about it, developed a scenario and held a festive meeting. People responded and took part with pleasure. Moreover, they have something to show.

The summer holiday for amateur gardeners came just in time - 2013 was declared the Year of Ecology. The public initiative of the Belopashen residents to hold an environmental holiday was supported by the oil company LUKOIL-PERM.

Oil workers not only supported financially, but became members of the jury. It was difficult to choose the best among gardeners, but still the winners were determined, and in several categories.

Olga Sharapova won in the “Breadwinner’s Vegetable Garden” category, and Irina Meshchekhina, for example, became the best landscape designer, showing creativity in her garden plot. Galina Ovchinnikova surprised everyone with her exotic plants. She really does have a Garden of Eden! The most stylish owner of her property was Nina Viktorovna Bezgodova. She has more than enough “stylish things”! The jury especially liked the fairy-tale sculptures.

According to the jury, Nadezhda Poperechnaya equipped the best place for relaxation. Her cozy oasis has everything you need to relax your mind and body after working in the garden. Well, Valentina Malysheva pleased the guests with fruits grown on her estate. Pears, plums, apples and cherries - all very tasty, environmentally friendly, nurtured with care and love.

The main winner of the competition was Valentina Bryukhanova, not only for the beautiful flowers that have been delighting fellow villagers for many years, but also for the wonderful fountain on the site. Everyone came to the same opinion that she not only has vegetables, flowers, ornamental plants and fruit and berry bushes, but also a house and a plot - everything was done with soul. Her home, by the way, is more than 150 years old - beautifully decorated. Valentina Sergeevna also received the Audience Award. Incentive prizes deservedly went to Galina Vlasova, Alevtina Pomortseva, Lyubov Melekhina and Tamara Baranova.

Valentina BRYUKHANOVA: All village residents present here will agree with me that such village events are needed. They are very educational, interesting and beautiful. And the main thing is that we pass on our experience through our example. And young people have a lot to learn. It’s good when your hard work is appreciated by someone. You can be proud of the result of your work.

Representatives of LUKOIL-PERM LLC were surprised: Belaya Pashnya not only lives, but prospers. Oil workers believe that the initiatives of public, interesting and creative people should be supported and developed. The summer holiday of a small village on the beautiful Yayva River was a success. And it all ended with a berry table and delicious and healthy herbal tea. Truly environmentally friendly! Well, another holiday is just around the corner - a generous autumn.