Historical story of the 17th century. Russian literature of the 17th century

Permanent epithet

a definition word that is consistently combined with one or another defined word. Denotes a characteristic, always present sign.

Example:

red maiden, desperate little head,

red-hot arrow, clear field,

dark forests

"Some constant epithets are widely used in all types of folklore: " good fellow", "clean field", "blue sea". Others are found mainly in certain genres of folk poetry, performing specific ideological and artistic functions. For example, constant epithets of a fantastic nature are widely used in fairy tales: "golden palace", "crystal bridge" (S. Lazutin).

"A special group of epithets includes constant epithets, which are used only in combination with one specific word: " living water", "good fellow." Constant epithets are characteristic of works of oral folk art" (L. Krupchanov).

Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in literary criticism. From allegory to iambic. - M.: Flinta, Science. N.Yu. Rusova. 2004.

Synonyms:

See what a “permanent epithet” is in other dictionaries:

permanent epithet- noun, number of synonyms: 1 epithet (4) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

Permanent epithet- one of the tropes of folk poetry: a definition word that is consistently combined with one or another defined word and denotes in the subject some characteristic, always present generic sign (pole path, red maiden, well done... ... Pedagogical speech science

permanent epithet- CONSTANT EPITHET See epithet... Poetic dictionary

permanent epithet- s. In lexical stylistics: an epithet that is firmly associated with a noun or verb and indicates a normative feature of an object or action in a given picture of the world; found mainly in folklore texts. *The winds are violent, the sea... ... Educational dictionary stylistic terms

permanent epithet- type of trope: a definition that is steadily combined with the word being defined and forms, in combination with it, a figuratively poetic expression: blue sea, good fellow, red maiden, red-hot arrow, sugar lips, burning tears, wide steppe, white... Dictionary of literary terms

epithet- Cm … Synonym dictionary

epithet- a, m. épithète f. gr. epithetos attached. Simplest form poetic trope, which is a definition that characterizes what kind of l. property, feature of an object, concept, phenomenon. ALS 1. Often from a change, omission or... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

epithet- EPI´TET (Greek ἐπίθετον application) in the proper sense, a figurative characteristic of a person, phenomenon or object through an expressive metaphorical adjective. How artistic detail E. cannot be mixed with determinatives... ... Poetic dictionary

Epithet- (from the Greek epitheton application) an artistic, figurative definition of an object, i.e. one that not only indicates any of its qualities, but creates a picture, an image based on the transfer of meaning. So, in Pushkin's lines: “On the winter road... Pedagogical speech science

epithet- a, m. 1) lit. A word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes which words. its properties, qualities or characteristics. Pushkin meant by the name mob approximately the same thing as we do. He often attached the epithet secular to this noun,... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

An epithet is a kind of verbal definition that can update the overall semantic load of a word or enhance one of its characteristic features.
The epithet is characterized by constancy or attachment to certain archetypes. That is, it can be constantly used along with certain words. So, for example, the sea is always dark, the bridle is silk, the yar is deep, the heart is sincere, the mother is dear, and spring is red.
Such constancy was formed as a result of the evolution of lyric-epic creativity with its heroic and historical songs. Using constant epithets, the author draws inspiration from the depths folk wisdom and completely trusts the charms folklore images. Such artistic media express national mentality, found in the pearls of folk song literature.
Constant epithets have a generalized meaning that characterizes the word regardless of the context. Thus, a noun, along with a definition that highlights its main feature, merges into a constant artistic technique, who travels the paths of works.
There are two significant groups permanent epithets that are tied to a Person or natural phenomena. You can often find images beautiful girl with brown eyes, a light brown braid and a delicate condition, next to which her dear guy, a brave warrior, gallops on a black horse with a sharp saber. The listed definitions act as permanent epithets that convey appearance.
The epithets “orphan girl” and “idler boy” have a social orientation, indicating the hero’s position in society. Separately, there are constant epithets with a touch of tautology: dark dungeon, stone wall, young girl. They have a bright stylistic meaning and are more pronounced for emotional perception. Epithets that are assigned to specific nouns have become abstracted over time, acquiring a generalized symbolic content. On their basis, some writers create their own neologisms with characteristic means of expression and semantics. Others use those already developed by the people in oral creativity samples that reflect the song charm native language.

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What are permanent epithets?

Few of them modern people, not connected with the world of art, is familiar with this literary term, as permanent epithets, examples of such expressions are rarely found in colloquial speech of people.

However, such special epithets exist, and this gives us the opportunity to talk about them. Let us consider the emergence of these expressions, their existence and scientific study.

Definition of the phenomenon

First, let's define this literary phenomenon. If we ask ourselves what epithets are, the definition and examples of this term, we will learn that an epithet is one of the means of creating imagery literary text. That's why it's called a figurative comparison.

The constant epithet is stable in nature and manifests itself in traditional imagery.

Therefore, this group finds its vivid embodiment primarily in the folklore texts of various peoples living on earth.

Scientific understanding of the problem

It has been proven that constant epithets are most characteristic of oral folk art. Their main difference from other types of epithets is their stable character.

This tradition is continued in literary creativity, closely related to folklore material, such as, for example, experience artistic literature people. Initially, there was not much color diversity in the culture. The people's understanding of the world and man was based on two colors - white and black. The constant epithets “white” and “black” used by prose writers reflected the symbolic component of the people’s worldview. In mythological representation traditional peoples White color refers to the deities of the Upper World, and black - to the deities of the Lower World. According to mythology, the Upper World is inhabited by good creatures, and in Nizhny - evil. Therefore, each of them needs a different color.

This is where constant epithets are born, examples of which we will give below.

Thus, white means good, divine, and therefore protective. In literature, images with the epithet “black” are most often associated with dynamics - eventful or descriptive. Similar meaning The epithet “black” is also observed in Russian classics. “Black faces” are an archetype of grief, grief. “Bright face” is an image of joy.

Constant epithet: examples, types, definition, use in literature

Epithets have different specific content. However, in relation to each other they are in an antonymic connection, like the adjectives “white” and “black”.

Let's consider other meanings of the epithet “white”, not related to the idea of a pagan pantheon. In E. Aipin’s story “At the Fading Hearth” the image of the White Tsar is given: “I vividly imagined the White Tsar. He has a white-golden crown-cap on his head, like the Sun before winter weather. White hair, probably from graying. White beard. The white fur coat looks like it is made from the skin of a white deer. White mittens made of white camus. White high boots are also made of white casing. The white king in all white. That's why he's White. And white is the color of life.”

How do they manifest themselves in this text constant epithets, examples of which we just saw in the text?

IN in this case white color is the embodiment of life, natural energy, life-giving forces. It is in this sense that red is contrasted with white in E. Aipin’s story “God’s Message”, in which we're talking about about Lipetsk, who fought on the side of the whites. He does not admit his guilt and says: “No, people will stay. But not the Reds, but simply people with faith, people with God will remain...”

Epithets with negative and positive semantic meaning

Constant epithets, examples of which we see in this work, often include color characteristics as the most archetypal way of understanding the world.

For works of folklore of the peoples of the north (for example, the Khanty), the red color cannot bring life, the beginning of any positive movement, it is always the beginning of the end. In this context, the question that Joseph Sardakov asks in E. Aipin’s story “Russian Doctor” is understandable: “If a red man comes to my land, to my house with a rifle, with a machine gun, with a cannon, what should I do?”

As you can see, the epithet “red” has a negative connotation, and it is used in relation to unkind, evil people.

On the contrary, in works of Russian folklore “red” is a constant epithet with a positive semantic meaning.

Results of the study of epithets with constant meaning

What conclusion can be drawn by studying such a phenomenon as permanent epithet, examples of which are easy to find in works of oral folk art?

The conclusion is the following: archetypal constant epithets (“black”, “red”, “white”, etc.) in works of folklore do not reflect social affiliation at all, but actions and intentions towards others. So, constant epithets in literature, as in folklore, carry within themselves qualitative characteristics that the people endow with certain objects and objects; they become generally recognized archetypes.

This is how a permanent epithet is born, examples of which we examined in this article.