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Biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Place of birth: Moscow

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a famous Russian writer, philosopher and thinker. He was born in Moscow in October 1821. The family in which he was born and grew up was wealthy.

The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, was a wealthy nobleman and landowner, he was a doctor who at one time graduated from the Moscow Medical-Surgical Academy. For a long time his father worked at the Mariinsky Hospital. His medical practice brought him a good income, so over time he bought the village of Darovoye in the Tula province. However, he had a bad habit - an addiction to alcohol. While drinking, the writer's father mistreated his serfs, punished and offended them. This was precisely the reason for his death - in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs.

The writer's mother, Maria Feodorovna Dostoevskaya (maiden name Nechaeva), came from a wealthy merchant family. However, after the war, her family became impoverished and practically lost their fortune. A 19-year-old girl was married to Mikhail Dostoevsky, the writer’s father. The writer remembers his mother with warmth; she was always a good housewife and loving mother. She had 8 children - 4 boys and 4 girls. Fyodor Mikhailovich was the second child in the family. Fyodor Dostoevsky's older brother, Mikhail, also became a writer. Dostoevsky developed warm family relationships with his sisters and brothers. The writer's mother died early, when the boy was only 16 years old. Her death was caused by a common disease in those days - consumption (tuberculosis).

After the death of their mother, the father sent his two eldest sons (Mikhail and Fedor) to one of the boarding houses in St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, Fyodor Dostoevsky studied at the Main Engineering School, which he entered at the age of 17

After graduating from college, in 1842 the writer received the rank of engineer-second lieutenant, after which he was sent to serve. From his youth, Fedor was interested in literature, history and philosophy. He, like his older brother, respected the work of the great Russian writer A.S. Pushkin, the young man regularly attended Belinsky’s literary circle, where he communicated with writers and poets of his time.

In 1844, Dostoevsky retired and wrote his first meaningful story called “Poor People.” This work received the highest praise in domestic and world literature. Even critics of Russian society reacted favorably to this story.

The year 1849 became a turning point for the writer. He was arrested along with his accomplices for participating in a socialist conspiracy against the government (the “Petrashevsky case”), he was under investigation for a long time (8 months), after which he was convicted by a military court and sentenced to death. However, this sentence was not implemented and the writer remained alive. As punishment for what he had done, he was deprived of his nobility, all existing ranks and fortune, after which the writer was exiled to Siberia for hard labor for 4 years. It was a difficult time, at the end of which Dostoevsky was to be enlisted as an ordinary soldier. The preservation of civil rights for Dostoevsky after punishment was not accidental; Emperor Nicholas I appreciated the talented young writer; before, political conspirators were most often executed.

Dostoevsky served his sentence in Siberia (Omsk), then in 1854 he was sent as an ordinary soldier to serve in Semipalatinsk. Just a year later he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and in 1856 he again became an officer, this was the reign of Emperor Alexander II.

Dostoevsky was not a completely healthy person; all his life he suffered from epilepsy, which in the old days was called epilepsy. The disease first appeared in the writer when he was working in hard labor. For this reason, he was dismissed and returned to St. Petersburg. Now he had enough time to seriously study literature.

His older brother, Mikhail, began publishing his own literary magazine called “Time” in 1861. In this magazine, the writer publishes for the first time his novel “The Humiliated and Insulted,” which society accepted with understanding and sympathy. Somewhat later, another work of the author was published - “Notes from the House of the Dead”, in which the writer, under an assumed name, told readers about his life and the lives of other people serving time at hard labor. All of Russia read this work and appreciated what was hidden between the lines. The magazine "Time" was closed after three years, but the brothers released a new one - "Epoch". On the pages of these magazines, the world first saw such wonderful works of the author as: “Notes from the Underground”, “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions” and many others.

In 1866, his brother Mikhail died. This was a real blow for Fedor, who had a very close family relationship with him. During this period, Dostoevsky wrote his most famous novel, which today is the main calling card of the writer, “Crime and Punishment.” Somewhat later, in 1868, his other work “The Idiot” was published, and in 1870 his novel “Demons” was published. Despite the fact that the writer treated Russian society cruelly in these works, it recognized all three of his works.

Later, in 1876, Dostoevsky had his own publication, “The Diary of a Writer,” which literally gained great popularity within a year (the publication was represented by multiple essays, feuilletons and notes and was produced in a small circulation - only 8 thousand copies).

Dostoevsky did not immediately find his happiness in his personal life. He was first married to Maria Isaeva, whom he married in 1957. Maria used to be the wife of an acquaintance of Dostoevsky. When her husband died, in August 1855, she married a second time. The couple was married in a church, since Dostoevsky was a deeply religious person. The woman had a son from her first marriage, Pavel, who later became the writer’s adopted son. It is unlikely that this woman loved her new young husband; she often provoked quarrels, during which she reproached him and regretted marrying him.

Appolinaria Suslova became the writer’s second beloved woman. However, she was a feminist who had different views on life, which most likely was the reason for the separation.

Anna Grigorievna Snitkina is the writer’s second and last wife; he married her in 1986. With this woman, he finally found happiness and peace. Dostoevsky was a gambling man; there was even a period in his life when, during one of his trips abroad, he became interested in playing roulette and regularly lost money. Anna Snitkina was initially Dostoevsky's partner and stenographer. It was this woman who helped the writer compose and dictate the novel “The Player” in just 26 days, thanks to which it was delivered on time. It was this woman who seriously took charge of the writer’s well-being and took upon herself all the worries about his economic condition. Anna helped Dostoevsky quit gambling.

Starting in 1971, the author began his most fruitful period. Over the last 10 years of his life, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died in 1881 at the end of January and was buried in St. Petersburg in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, wrote many works: “Teenager”, “The Brothers Karamazov”, “The Meek” and many others. It gained the greatest popularity during these years.

Dostoevsky's main achievements

The work of this greatest writer left a significant imprint on world culture and Russian literature. Everyone perceives his works in their own way, but they are all highly valued both in our country and abroad. Being a deeply religious person, Dostoevsky tries to convey to the reader the deep meaning of human morality and ethics, calling people to honesty, justice and goodness. His way of “reaching out” to the best strings of the human soul is not always standard, but is almost always effective and leads to a positive result.

Important dates in Dostoevsky's biography

1834 – studying at the private boarding school of L.I. Chermak.

1838 - beginning of studies at the Engineering School.

1843 – graduation, receiving the rank of officer, enlistment.

1844 - dismissal from military service.

1846 - the novel "Poor People" was published.

1849 – arrest of the writer (Petrashevsky case).

1854 - end of hard labor.

1854 - the writer enlisted as an ordinary soldier in the Siberian Line Battalion (Semipalatinsk).

1855 - promotion to non-commissioned officer.

1857 - wedding with Maria Isaeva.

1859 – resignation due to health reasons.

1859 - move to Tver, followed by a move to St. Petersburg.

1860 - the beginning of publication of the magazine "Time".

1860 - 1863 – publication of “Notes from the House of the Dead” and “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions”.

1863 - publication of the magazine "Time" was prohibited.

1864 - the beginning of the publishing of the magazine "Epoch".

1864 - death of Dostoevsky's wife.

1866 - Dostoevsky’s meeting with his future second wife, A.G. Snitkina.

1866 - completion of Crime and Punishment.

1867 - wedding of Dostoevsky and A.G. Snitkina.

1868 - 1973 - the end of the novels "The Idiot" and "Demons".

1875 - the novel "The Teenager" was written.

1880 – completion of the novel “The Brothers Karamazov”.

Interesting facts from the life of Dostoevsky

In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky very accurately describes the topography of St. Petersburg, especially the description of the courtyard where Raskolnikov hid the things stolen from the old woman.

The writer was extremely jealous, constantly suspecting his beloved women of treason.

The latter, the writer’s wife, Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, loved her husband so much that even after his death she remained faithful to her beloved until the end of her life. She served the name of Dostoevsky and never married again.

Many films (documentary and feature) have been made about Dostoevsky, which tell about important events that happened in the writer’s life: “The Life and Death of Dostoevsky”, “Dostoevsky”, “Three Women of Dostoevsky”, “26 Days in the Life of Dostoevsky” and many others.

[around November 8 (19), 1788, p. Voytovites of Podolsk province. - June 6 (18), 1839, p. Darovoye, Tula province]

The writer's father. He came from a large family of Uniate priest Andrei in the village of Voitovtsy, Podolsk province. On December 11, 1802, he was assigned to the theological seminary at the Shargorod Nikolaevsky Monastery. On October 15, 1809, already from the Podolsk Seminary, to which by that time the Shargorod Seminary had been annexed, he was sent, after completing the rhetoric class, through the Podolsk Medical Council to the Moscow branch of the Medical-Surgical Academy for government support. In August 1812, Mikhail Andreevich was sent to a military hospital, from 1813 he served in the Borodino infantry regiment, in 1816 he was awarded the title of staff physician, in 1819 he was transferred as a resident to the Moscow military hospital, in January 1821. after his dismissal from military service in December 1820, he was assigned to the Moscow Hospital for the Poor as a “doctor in the department of incoming sick women.”<ого>floor." On January 14, 1820, Mikhail Andreevich married the daughter of a merchant of the III guild. On October 30 (November 11), 1821, their son Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born. (For more information about the biography of Mikhail Andreevich before the birth of Dostoevsky, see: Fedorov G.A.“Landowner. They killed my father...", or the story of one fate // New World. 1988. No. 10. P. 220-223). On April 7, 1827, Mikhail Andreevich was awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, on April 18, 1837 he was promoted to collegiate adviser with seniority and on July 1, 1837 he was dismissed from service. In 1831, Mikhail Andreevich bought an estate in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, consisting of the village of Darovoye and the village of Cheremoshna.

The large family of a Moscow doctor at a hospital for the poor (the family of children included four brothers and three sisters) was not rich at all, but was only very modestly provided with the basic necessities and never allowed themselves any luxuries or excesses. Mikhail Andreevich, strict and demanding of himself, was even stricter and more demanding of others, and above all of his children. He can be called a kind, wonderful family man, a humane and enlightened person, which is what his son talks about, for example, in his stories.

Mikhail Andreevich loved his children very much and knew how to raise them. The writer owes his enthusiastic idealism and desire for beauty most of all to his father and home education. And when his elder brother wrote to his father as a young man: “Let them take everything from me, leave me naked, but give me Schiller, and I will forget the whole world!” - He knew, of course, that his father would understand him, since he was no stranger to idealism. But these words could have been written to his father by Fyodor Dostoevsky, who, together with his older brother, was raving about I.F. in his youth. Schiller, who dreamed of everything sublime and beautiful.

This characteristic can be applied to the entire Dostoevsky family. The father not only never used corporal punishment on children, although the main means of education in his time was the rod, but he also did not put children on their knees in the corner and, with his limited means, still did not send anyone to the gymnasium for the sole reason that they flogged them .

The life of the Dostoevsky family was full, with a tender, loving and beloved mother, with a caring and demanding (sometimes overly demanding) father, with a loving mother. And yet, what is much more important is not the actual situation in the Mariinsky Hospital, accurately reproduced in “Memoirs” by A.M. Dostoevsky, but the writer’s perception of this situation and the memory of it in his work.

Dostoevsky's second wife said that her husband loved to remember his “happy and serene childhood,” and, indeed, all his statements testify to this. This is how, for example, Dostoevsky later spoke about his parents in conversations with his younger brother, Andrei Mikhailovich: “You know, brother, these were advanced people... and at the present moment they would be advanced!.. And they are so You and I won’t be family men, such fathers, brother!..” Dostoevsky noted: “I came from a Russian and pious family. Ever since I can remember, I remember my parents’ love for me. In our family, we knew the Gospel almost from early childhood. I was only ten years old when I already knew almost all the main episodes of Russian history from Karamzin, which my father read aloud to us in the evenings. Every time visiting the Kremlin and Moscow cathedrals was something solemn for me.”

The father forced the children to read not only N.M. Karamzin, but also V.A. Zhukovsky, and the young poet A.S. Pushkin. And if Dostoevsky, at the age of 16, experienced the death of the poet as a great Russian grief, then to whom did he owe this, if not to his family, and above all to his father, who early instilled in him a love of literature. It is in childhood that one should look for the origins of that amazing admiration for the genius of A.S. Pushkin, which Dostoevsky carried throughout his life. And the inspired, prophetic word about him, spoken by Dostoevsky six months before his death, in June 1880, at the opening of the monument to A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, its roots go back to the writer’s childhood, and is associated with the name of his father.

Dostoevsky retained fond memories of his childhood throughout his life, but what is even more important is how these memories were reflected in his work. Three years before his death, having begun to create his last brilliant work, Dostoevsky put into the biography of the hero of the novel, Elder Zosima, echoes of his own childhood impressions: “From my parents’ house I took only precious memories, for a person has no more precious memories than from his first childhood in the parental home, and this is almost always the case, even if there is even just a little love and union in the family. Even from the worst family, precious memories can be preserved, if only your soul itself is capable of searching for the precious. Along with the memories of home I also add memories of sacred history, which in my parents’ house, even as a child, I was very curious to know. I had a book then, a sacred history, with beautiful pictures, called “One Hundred and Four Sacred Stories of the Old and New Testaments,” and from it I learned to read. And now I have it here on the shelf, preserving it as a precious memory.”

This trait is truly autobiographical. Dostoevsky really studied, as A.M. testifies in his Memoirs. Dostoevsky, read from this book, and when ten years before his death the writer took out exactly the same edition, he was very happy and kept it as a relic.

“The Brothers Karamazov” ends with Alyosha Karamazov’s speech addressed to his fellow schoolchildren at the stone after the funeral of the boy Ilyushechka: “Know that there is nothing higher, and stronger, and healthier, and more useful for life in the future, like some good memory.” , and especially taken from childhood, from the parental home. You have been told a lot about your upbringing, but some wonderful, holy memory preserved from childhood may be the best upbringing. If you take a lot of such memories into your life, then a person will be saved for life. And even if only one good memory remains in our heart, then even that may one day serve as our salvation” (Memories of a serene childhood helped Dostoevsky subsequently endure the scaffold and hard labor).

Parents had long thought about the future of their eldest sons, knew about the literary hobbies of Fyodor and Mikhail and encouraged them in every possible way. After studying at one of the best boarding houses in Moscow, famous for its “literary bias,” Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoevsky were supposed to enter Moscow University, but the death of their mother and financial need changed these plans.

After the death of a thirty-seven-year-old woman from consumption, her husband was left with seven children. The death of his wife shocked and broke Mikhail Andreevich, who passionately loved his wife to the point of madness. Not yet old, forty-eight years old, citing shaking in his right hand and deteriorating eyesight, he finally refused a promotion with a significant salary that was finally offered to him. He was forced to resign before reaching his twenty-fifth birthday and leave the apartment at the hospital (they did not have their own house in Moscow). Then, somehow suddenly, the family’s financial crisis becomes apparent; It's not just a matter of poverty - ruin is foreseen. One of their small estates, more valuable, was mortgaged and remortgaged; now the same fate awaits another estate - a completely insignificant one.

Moscow University provided education, but not position. For the sons of a poor nobleman, a different path was chosen. Mikhail Andreevich decided to send Mikhail and Fedor to the Main Engineering School in St. Petersburg, and in mid-May 1837, the father took the brothers to St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky would never see his father again. Two years later, a letter from his father will arrive about his impending ruin, and after the letter - the news of his untimely death. Dostoevsky “...Now our condition is even more terrible<...>Are there any more unfortunate brothers and sisters in the world than ours?”

In the image of Varenka Dobroselova’s father in Dostoevsky’s first work, one can see the features of Mikhail Andreevich, and the style of Makar Devushkin’s letters is akin to the style of the letters of the writer’s father.” “I feel sorry for the poor father,” Dostoevsky wrote from St. Petersburg to Revel to his elder brother Mikhail. - Strange character! Oh, how many misfortunes he suffered. It’s bitter to the point of tears that there is nothing to console him.”

Dostoevsky’s isolation and solitude at the Engineering School was facilitated not only by an earlier premonition of his destiny as a writer, but also by the terrible news he received in the summer of 1839: the serf peasants of the estate in Darovoye killed Mikhail Andreevich in a field on June 6, 1839 for cruel treatment of them. This news shocked the young man. After all, his mother died just recently. He remembered how she loved her father with a real, ardent and deep love, remembered how endlessly her father loved her, remembered his serene childhood, his father, who instilled in him a love of literature, of everything lofty and beautiful (A.M. Dostoevsky writes that his father they were “always cordial and sometimes cheerful in the family”). No, he could not believe in the violent death of his father until the end of his days, he could never come to terms with this thought, for the news of the reprisal against his father - a cruel serf-owner - contradicted the image of his father - a humane and enlightened man, which Dostoevsky forever preserved in his life. your heart. That is why on March 10, 1876, in a letter to his brother Andrei, Dostoevsky spoke so highly of his parents: “...Notice to yourself and be imbued with the fact that the idea of ​​​​an indispensable and highest aspiration to become better people (in the literal, highest sense words) was the main idea of ​​both our father and mother, despite all their deviations...”, and to the husband of Varvara’s sister P.A. Dostoevsky to Karepin: “...Be sure that I honor the memory of my parents no worse than you honor yours...”

On June 18, 1975, an article by G.A. appeared in Literaturnaya Gazeta. Fedorov “Speculations and Logic of Facts”, in which he showed, on the basis of found archival documents, that Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky was not killed by peasants, but died in a field near Darovoy by his own death from an “apoplectic stroke.”

Archival documents about the death of Mikhail Andreevich indicate that the natural nature of death was recorded by two doctors independently of each other - I.M. Shenrok from Zaraysk, Ryazan province, and Schenknecht from Kashira, Tula province. Under pressure from a neighboring landowner, who expressed doubt about the natural death of Mikhail Andreevich, after some time retired captain A.I. turned to the authorities. Leibrecht. But the additional investigation confirmed the initial conclusion of the doctors and ended with the “suggestion” of A.I. Leibrecht. Then a version appeared about bribes that “covered up” the case, and many different authorities had to be bribed. A.M. Dostoevsky considers it impossible that poor peasants or helpless heirs could influence the course of the matter. The only argument left in favor of covering up the murder: the verdict would have entailed the men's exile to Siberia, which would have had a negative impact on the Dostoevskys' poor household, so the heirs hushed up the matter. However, this is also incorrect. No one hushed up the case, it went through all authorities. Rumors about the massacre of peasants were spread by P.P. Khotyaintsev, with whom Dostoevsky’s father had a land dispute. He decided to intimidate the men so that they would be submissive to him, since some of the peasant households of P.P. Khotyaintsev were located in Darovoye itself. He blackmailed the writer’s grandmother (maternal), who came to find out about the reasons for what happened. A.M. Dostoevsky points out in his Memoirs that P.P. Khotyaintsev and his wife “did not advise filing a case about this.” This is probably where the rumor began in the Dostoevsky family that not everything was clear with the death of Mikhail Andreevich.

The incredible assumption of the writer’s daughter that “Dostoevsky, creating the type of Fyodor Karamazov, probably remembered his father’s stinginess, which caused his young sons such suffering and so outraged them, and his drunkenness, as well as the physical disgust that it inspired in him children. When he wrote that Alyosha Karamazov did not feel this disgust, but felt sorry for his father, he may have recalled those moments of compassion that fought with disgust in the soul of the young man Dostoevsky,” gave impetus to the appearance of a whole series of Freudian works that falsely and tendentiously played up this the fact of the imaginary similarity between the writer’s father and the old man Karamazov; see, for example: Neufeld I. Dostoevsky: Psychological essay. L., 1925), which, by the way, was published under the editorship of the famous psychiatrist and, finally, the sensationally absurd article “Dostojewski un die Vatertotung” in the book “Die Urgestalt der Bruder Karamazoff” (Munchen, 1928) by Sigmund Freud himself, proving that Dostoevsky himself wanted his father dead (!).

Critic V.V. Veidle rightly notes in this regard: “Freud said clearly: “We have no other way to overcome our instincts than our reason,” so what place is left here for such an anti-rational thing as transformation? However, without transformation there is no art, and it cannot be created by instincts or reason alone. The darkness of instinct and rational “enlightenment”, only this was what Tolstoy saw when he wrote “The Power of Darkness,” but his artistic genius nevertheless suggested to him in the end Nikita’s unreasonable, although not instinctive, repentance. Art lives in the world of conscience, rather than consciousness; this world is closed to psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis knows only that it is to hunt for instincts, to grope in the darkness of the subconscious for the same universal mechanism<...>. In one of his recent works, Freud not only attributed to Dostoevsky the desire for parricide, carried out through the mediation of Smerdyakov and Ivan Karamazov, but also the prostration of the elder Zosima<...>explained it as an unconscious deception, as anger disguised as humility. Of these two “revelations,” the first, in any case, does not explain anything in Dostoevsky’s plans as an artist, the second exposes a complete misunderstanding of the act and the entire image of Elder Zosima. Psychoanalysis is powerless against The Brothers Karamazov" ( Veidle V.V. The Dying of Art: Reflections on the fate of literary and artistic creativity. Paris, 1937. pp. 52-53).

To this absolutely correct remark of V.V. Weidle can only add that psychoanalysis is generally powerless against the Christian spirit, against Christian art, which is all the art of Dostoevsky. A.M. Dostoevsky wrote in his diary: “Father is buried in the church fence [in Monogarovo], next to Darov. On his grave lies a stone without any signature and the grave is surrounded by a wooden lattice, rather dilapidated.” Currently, the grave has not survived and the church has been destroyed (see: Belov S.V. Five trips to the places of Dostoevsky // Aurora. 1989. No. 6. P. 142). There is an assumption that the character of Varenka’s father in “Poor People” resembles the character of Mikhail Andreevich, and the antagonism between Varenka’s father and Anna Fedorovna reproduces the real relationship between Mikhail Andreevich and his wife’s sister A.F. Kumanina.

Known are written jointly with his brothers (3 of them by Dostoevsky’s hand, the rest were written by M.M. Dostoevsky) and 6 letters to him from Dostoevsky himself for 1832-1839, as well as two letters from Mikhail Andreevich to Dostoevsky for 1837 and 1839. - one to both eldest sons, the other separately to Dostoevsky.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky opened to the world new facets of knowledge of worldly vanity and spiritual nobility. All his works are close to the people, each hero plays the role of himself, and sometimes it seems that it is I who live on the pages of the writer’s famous novels.

His great “Pentateuch” is known to everyone from his student days, because such large-scale works are forever etched into the reader’s subconscious.

We will forever remember the plots of the works "Crimes and Punishments"(1866), where the main character tries to get out of everyday poverty and commits a terrible murder. Self-affirmation of the individual, the desire for power, the right to selfishness - such were the mindsets of that period, this book tells the story of the fall and resurrection of the human soul, the history of liberation from the circles of hell and the triumph of goodness, truth and love.

"The Brothers Karamazov" is the writer’s last novel, which was completed in November 1880. Four months after the publication of this work, Dostoevsky died.

Critics consider this painting to be the most authentic and majestic. The whole of Mother Russia is represented in the person of the main characters, the three brothers.

Mitya is a broad soul, capable of high and low actions, the complete opposite is Ivan, a cold mind and reason, every action is balanced and calculated. What can we say about Alyosha? A pure, pious, kind and merciful young man. The novel is highly artistic and based on real events.

Novel "Idiot"(1868) is still positioned incorrectly by many readers; you can often find on the shelves of bookstores an announcement of the work with the following content: “A vivid and almost painful story of the unfortunate Prince Myshkin, the frantic Parfen Rogozhin and the desperate Nastasya Filippovna.” But this is not all, just the tip of the iceberg, but inside there are global thoughts about divine powers, the purpose of man on this earth, the life story of the great messiah Jesus Christ. How society influences a healthy person, turning him into a sick person. Idiot.

"Humiliated and Offended"(1861) - all the established morals and character traits of the writer are clearly visible here. Severe psychological and emotional stress, pain and acute perception of reality, permanent hysteria and a gripping plot that makes it impossible to stop reading and horrifies with its long-lasting pathos. A deep and painful novel that lifts the curtain on the soul of a thinker and a mournful writer.

"Player"(1866) is a large-scale work that was not included by critics in The Pentateuch. The topic of excitement of the Russian public is insignificant and anecdotal. Yes, the book was written in a hurry in order to quickly complete the order to receive a large sum that Dostoevsky lost at cards. But readers were still able to discern the psychology of a gambler who has the literary gift and insight of the great writer of Rus'.

Tale "White Nights"(1848) revealed to readers the heartbreaking nature of Dostoevsky. The poetic image of the dreamer evokes sympathy and compassion at the end of the book.

The atmosphere of the white nights of St. Petersburg is so alluring and captivating that many filmmakers took up the film adaptation of this story. The sharp stoicism and exciting beauty of Mother Earth still surprises the modern reader, but Fyodor Mikhailovich himself experienced this drama!

Tale "Notes of a Dead House"(1860) - is an intriguing real document that reveals to the reader the life and customs of criminals who were sent to cold and distant Siberia. The characters of the people and the actions of the main characters spoke about the elusive reality and truthfulness of the essay written by the creator.

It is impossible to erase from the writer’s biography the moment when he spent many years in exile, in prison, so why should he remain silent and not pour out his soul on paper. This is how Dostoevsky’s exciting and raging work “Notes of a Dead House” came about.

(1864) - is one of the writer’s works that must be read after reading the great Pentateuch. The problem described in the novel is close and familiar to many contemporaries. The “underground” where the St. Petersburg official drives himself makes you think about your life and actions as a person of rank, representing the features of society. Complete inaction, despair, reflexive panic, cruelty and moral deformity of the main character represents the top of the proletariat, topical and uncontrollable.

Two years later, Dostoevsky will write “Crime and Punishment,” where he will reveal the essence of the moral Raskolnikov and his views on reality. It is here that the nature of the writer and the characteristic personality traits of Fyodor Mikhailovich can be traced.

Vaudeville "Someone else's wife and husband under the bed", written in 1860, surprised audiences with Dostoevsky's humorous nature and sarcastic writing style. Let's say, he did not often resort to this type of composition, which adds even more gloss and respect to his work.

The work did not go unnoticed by film directors, and already in 1984 a film adaptation of this vaudeville was made with Oleg Tabakov in the title role. This once again emphasizes the deep power of thought and high writing talent of the author.

An unusual story by Dostoevsky from 1865. This nasty joke amazes with its wisdom and courage; the main character, an official, swallowed whole by a crocodile, remained alive after the attack and did not change his social and political views. Even being in this cavernous, cold and wretched place, he absurdly talks about the new prospects and opportunities that have opened up for him.

It is in this work that Fyodor Mikhailovich does not skimp on expressions; with a caustic grin he attacks his political opponents from the liberal camp. This is where the minds and leaders of socialism are born.

Anyone who has read Gogol’s nose or is familiar with the work of the surrealist Kafka should understand where the legs of their works “grow from.” The topic of bureaucracy, unjust and insignificant, has always been and will be the first on the pages of describing the political history of the public. Dostoevsky's thoughts still excite the minds of modern readers.

What genres represent the list of the writer’s works?

The list of Dostoevsky's works is long and extensive. Here you can find prose and poetry, journalism and novels, short stories and vaudeville, it is simply impossible to list everything.

Hidden images

According to leading critics of our time, in the works of Fyodor Mikhailovich one can find encrypted pages of the sacred Gospel when reading the novel “Poor People”. The theme of egoism and the second “I” is carried out in the story “Double” and can be traced in many images of the writer’s heroes.

The criminal storyline is vividly represented in Dostoevsky’s novels “The Adolescent,” “Crime and Punishment,” and “The Brothers Karamazov.” The image of Supremacy and terrifying realism demonstrates the essence of the developing Russian social democracy, the complete cynicism of populist ideology.

When mentioning crime themes, it would be wrong to omit the novel “Demons,” written in 1872. Unfortunately, it is practically unknown to the modern reader, due to the strictest ban. But today each of us can discover the soul of the writer and look into the vastness of the cynical ideology that led to Bolshevism.

List of works by F. M. Dostoevsky

Eight novels:

• (1846)
• (1861)
• Player (1866)
• Crime and Punishment (1866)
• (1869-69)
• (1871-72)
• (1875)
• (1879-80)

Novels and stories:

• Double (1846)
• A Novel in Nine Letters (1847)
• Sliders (1848)
• Uncle's Dream (1859)
• Another Man's Wife and Husband Under the Bed (1860)
• A Bad Joke (1862)
• Notes from Underground (1864)
• Crocodile (1865)

In 1834, Fedora and his brother Mikhail, after preparatory classes outside the home, were sent to the Chermak boarding school, which at one time was famous in Moscow. The brothers entered there as full boarders and only came home on holidays. Not long before, Fyodor Mikhailovich’s father acquired a small estate in the Tula province, where the family spent the summer and where the boys’ first acquaintance with the peasant people began. These holidays in the village always made the most gratifying impression on Dostoevsky, but did not distract him from reading, which, when he entered the Chermak boarding school, under the influence of literature lessons, took on a more systematic character. Pushkin is in the foreground, then Walter Scott, Zagoskin, Lazhechnikov, Narezhny, Karamzin, Zhukovsky - they were read and re-read constantly.

Fedor Dostoevsky. Portrait by V. Perov, 1872

Early creative attempts date back to the same time. “Poor People” was written by Dostoevsky at night at school. The attraction to literature grew by leaps and bounds, his head was full of a wide variety of plans and literary enterprises, which, in the opinion of Dostoevsky, who was impractical in organizing his financial affairs, should have brought him fame, a secure position, a guarantee from creditors and annoying little things in life . The service, as he writes, “bored him like potatoes,” and in the fall of 1844 he retired, expecting to “work like hell,” but not yet having a penny for a civilian dress. Continuing to work on “Poor People” and translate George Sand, he wrote to his brother: “I am extremely pleased with my novel. I couldn't be happier. I’ll probably get money from him, but then”...

In the spring of 1845, the novel, at the direction of D. V. Grigorovich, was given to Nekrasov. The poet was delighted with the work of the “new Gogol” and gave the manuscript to Belinsky. She made a very strong impression on the critic. “The truth was revealed and proclaimed to you, as an artist, it was given to you as a gift,” he told Fyodor Mikhailovich. “Appreciate your gift, and remain faithful to it, and you will be a great artist.” This was the most memorable moment of Dostoevsky’s entire youth, which he recalled with emotion even in hard labor. “I left him in rapture,” the writer later said. “I remembered with all my being that a solemn moment had occurred in my life, a turning point forever.”

Fyodor Dostoevsky as a mirror of the Russian soul

In 1849, literary activity was unexpectedly interrupted. On April 22, 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested in the Petrashevsky case, this “conspiracy of ideas,” which, according to Baron Korff, the commission itself found it difficult to judge: “for if facts can be discovered, then how can one convict one of thoughts when they have not yet been realized by any means?” manifestation, no transition into action? However, Dostoevsky was charged with participating in meetings at Petrashevsky's, where on one Friday he read Belinsky's letter to Gogol. Fyodor Mikhailovich was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and 8 months later, after hearing the death sentence and pardon, he was exiled to hard labor, from where 4 years later he was sent as a private to one of the Siberian battalions.

Be that as it may, Dostoevsky returned to literature 5 years after his arrest and remained faithful to it until his death. But circumstances were difficult in the second era of his life. In 1857 he married a widow and took upon himself the upbringing of her son. Funds were needed, but there were none; Dostoevsky was supported by the hope of literary talent, but for some time he languished in uncertainty as to whether he should be allowed to publish. “If they don’t allow me to print for another year, I’m lost,” he writes about this. “Then it’s better not to live!” Permission to print was given around 1858, and new torments began for Dostoevsky: he had to write too much, constantly rush, and before he had time to finish one work, he started on the second. (See Dostoevsky in Semipalatinsk.)

Prophecies of Dostoevsky. Read by Lyudmila Saraskina

Around mid-1859, Dostoevsky was allowed to leave Siberia, and then, after several months in Tver, settle in St. Petersburg. Here he found a circle of close people, began to work a lot and soon became the de facto editor of the magazine “Time,” founded in 1861 by his brother Mikhail. The magazine business was in full swing in his hands, and in the third year of its existence, Vremya had four thousand subscribers - a fairly large figure for that time. Dostoevsky perked up, but not for long. In April 1863, an article was published in the magazine Strakhova The "fatal question" caused by the Polish uprising. Due to some strange misunderstanding, this article, which promoted the idea that “the Poles should be fought not only with material, but also with spiritual weapons,” seemed ill-intentioned, and “Time” was banned.

The ban on the magazine had a hard impact on the Dostoevsky brothers. For Fyodor Mikhailovich, the old ordeals began - worries about loans, selling work that had not yet begun. His wife was slowly dying, he himself was ill, but he had to write, write to the deadline, exhausting every page. “My situation,” he wrote on April 5, 1864, “is so difficult that I have never been in such a situation.” The wife died soon after. Eight months after the cessation of Vremya, Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was allowed to publish a new magazine called Epoch (the previously proposed titles Pravda and Delo were considered inconvenient). But subscriptions were sluggish, and the magazine barely reached February 1865, introducing Fyodor Mikhailovich, following the death of his brother, into significant troubles and debts.

In the same year, Dostoevsky created one of his most important works. - “Crime and Punishment”, which immediately occupied one of the most prominent places in Russian literature. After 2 years, he entered into a second marriage, which brought him family happiness, but after that, pressed by creditors who threatened to put him in debtor’s prison, Dostoevsky went abroad, where he spent four years of painful wanderings, ending only at the end of 1871 with his return to St. Petersburg . “Crime and Punishment” appeared in 1868 in the “Russian Bulletin”; “Idiot” and “Demons” were also published there. How he lived abroad during these years can be seen from his letters. “Couldn’t he (the publisher of Zarya) realize after my two letters that I don’t have a penny of money, literally not a penny! If only he knew how I got two thalers to telegraph to him. Can I write at this moment?”... “I am again in such need that I could at least hang myself,” he writes in another letter. Irritability and suspiciousness alternate in his letters; he is tormented by the disrespect for his letters from editors and publishers, it seems to him that the police are opening his letters, that they are ordered to wait for him at the border in order to search him most strictly.

With his return to Russia, the calmest period of his life begins for Dostoevsky; material affairs are significantly improving, since both the publication of works and the sale of individual works are increasingly successful: the last sale was made in 1878 in the editorial office of the Russian Messenger, and since then it has become possible not only to live without debt, but also to think about providing for children. Since 1873, the journalistic streak began to speak again in Dostoevsky: this year, at the suggestion of Prince. V.P. Meshchersky edited the magazine “Citizen” with extreme care, but then, for unknown reasons, he refused. From 1876, his “Diary of a Writer” began to be published, under preliminary censorship (due to the lack of a deposit for uncensored publications), which began three years ago in “Citizen”. It consisted of a series of articles where the author touched on a variety of social and literary issues. During the two years of publication, “The Diary” was a great success with the public, touching on the most important aspects of Russian life in a lively, passionate tone. He discovered a significant turn in Dostoevsky's worldview. In the early 1860s, the writer still expressed respect for Belinsky, who once took part in the young author. Now, in the person of Belinsky, before Dostoevsky “there was the most stinking, stupid and shameful phenomenon of Russian life,” a weak and powerless “talent,” a man constantly hovering in dreams divorced from life. Dostoevsky now called the future reference book for all Russians “ Russia and Europe» N. Danilevsky- and prophesied about the impending capture of Constantinople by the Russians.

Two major events in Dostoevsky's life date back to 1880: his passionate speech at the Pushkin festival in Moscow, which delighted the public and sold thousands of copies - and the appearance of The Brothers Karamazov. Dostoevsky's literary fame reached its apogee. The Pushkin holiday, which put him in first place among the writers of that time, brightened up the decline of his life, but Fyodor Mikhailovich’s days were already numbered. At the end of January next year he passed away. Dostoevsky's grave is located in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Biography and episodes of life Fyodor Dostoevsky. When born and died Fyodor Dostoevsky, memorable places and dates of important events of his life. Writer quotes, Photo and video.

Years of life of Fyodor Dostoevsky:

born November 11, 1821, died February 9, 1881

Epitaph

“Longing in the world as if in hell,
Ugly, convulsively bright,
In my prophetic delirium
He has outlined our disastrous age.”
From a poem by Vladimir Nabokov dedicated to Dostoevsky

Biography

His name is known all over the world - along with other Russian writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov. Although popularity in the biography of Dostoevsky came to him only in the last years of his life, real fame fell on the writer after his death.

He was born in Moscow into a fairly wealthy and prosperous family. But when Fedor was 16 years old, he lost his mother, and at 18, his father, who was killed by his own serfs, whom he treated poorly. By this time, Fedor and his brother Mikhail were already studying in St. Petersburg. Fyodor Dostoevsky graduated from engineering school with the rank of engineer-second lieutenant and went into service. But the young man’s real hobbies were literature, history and philosophy; he even attended Belinsky’s circle, and over time he became interested in revolutionary ideas. Dostoevsky wrote his first story at the age of 21 - “Poor People” was greeted warmly even by the most severe literary critics. Dostoevsky was predicted to have a great literary future, but five years later his life changed dramatically. He was first arrested for participating in a conspiracy against the government, then imprisoned and sentenced to death. Fortunately, the sentence was overturned, but Dostoevsky was deprived of his nobility, ranks, money and sent to hard labor in Siberia for four years. After hard labor he was enlisted as an ordinary soldier - the fact that Dostoevsky was not deprived of his civil rights was not accidental. Dostoevsky's talent as a writer was appreciated by Emperor Nicholas I himself, which is why the first one survived. Soon Dostoevsky regained his officer rank.

Due to Dostoevsky's health (he had epilepsy), he was dismissed, returned to St. Petersburg and took up literature. He published his novel “Humiliated and Insulted” in his own magazine “Time,” which he published together with his brother. When brother Mikhail died, it was a terrible blow for Dostoevsky; he was very attached to Mikhail. Then he wrote his most famous work, “Crime and Punishment,” followed by “The Idiot” and “Demons.” All three works were deservedly recognized by Russian society.

The good times for the writer began when he entered into his second and last marriage. Anna Snitkina became his true friend and ally. She helped him submit his works on time, took care of his financial affairs, putting them in order, and helped him get rid of his addiction to gambling. These years of life in a happy family with his beloved wife became fruitful and successful for Dostoevsky. At the same time, he gained the greatest popularity of his entire life.

Dostoevsky's death occurred on January 28, 1881. The cause of Dostoevsky's death was an exacerbation of emphysema. Dostoevsky's funeral took place on February 1, Dostoevsky's grave is located at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Life line

October 30, 1821 Date of birth of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.
1838 Admission to the Engineering School.
1843 Graduation from college, enlistment as an officer.
1844 Dismissal.
1846 Release of the novel "Poor People".
1849 Arrest of Dostoevsky in the Petrashevsky case.
1850 Exile to Omsk prison.
1854 End of hard labor, enrollment in the Siberian battalion.
February 6, 1857 Marriage to Maria Isaeva.
1859 Resignation.
1860 Publication of the magazine "Time".
1863 Ban on publication of the magazine "Time".
1864 Death of Dostoevsky's wife.
1866 Publication “Crimes and Punishments”.
February 15, 1867 Marriage to Anna Snitkina.
1869 Birth of daughter Lyubov.
1868-1873 Writing the novels "The Idiot" and "Demons".
1871 Birth of son Fedor.
1875 Publication of the novel "Teenager".
August 10, 1875 Birth of son Alexei.
1880 The end of The Brothers Karamazov.
January 28, 1881 Date of death of Dostoevsky.
February 1, 1881 Funeral of Dostoevsky.

Memorable places

1. Dostoevsky's apartment museum in Moscow, where the writer lived from birth until 1837.
2. The Darovoye estate, owned by the Dostoevskys, where the writer spent time in 1832-1836.
3. Dostoevsky’s house in St. Petersburg in 1841-1842.
4. Peter and Paul Fortress, where Dostoevsky was imprisoned from April 23 to December 24, 1849.
5. Dostoevsky’s house in Staraya Russa (now a house museum).
6. Dostoevsky’s house in St. Petersburg in 1878-1881. (now the Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky).
7. Monument to Dostoevsky in Moscow.
8. Monument to Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg.
9. Monument to Dostoevsky in Dresden.
10. Tikhvin cemetery, where Dostoevsky is buried.

Episodes of life

When Dostoevsky met his last wife, he was completely in debt. He was even forced to enter into an enslaving contract with a publisher, under which he promised to sell his works and write new ones in a short time. Friends advised him to hire a stenographer - this is how Dostoevsky met Anna, who was 25 years younger than him. Over time, Snitkina took control of the writer’s financial affairs and put them in order. When Dostoevsky died, his wife, who gave birth to the writer three children, was only 35 years old, but she never remarried, remaining faithful to her husband.

Dostoevsky was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema back in 1879. The writer was advised to avoid worries and stress. There is a version that two days before the death of Fyodor Dostoevsky, his sister came to him, with whom the writer had a stormy quarrel, which may have become the reason for the deterioration of Dostoevsky’s health. According to other information, Dostoevsky often worked at night and on one of these nights, shortly before his death, he dropped his pen, which rolled under a heavy bookcase. Dostoevsky moved it from its place, which provoked severe bleeding from the throat. On the morning of his death, Dostoevsky said to his wife: “I know, I must die today.” In the evening he died.

Covenant

“If you want to conquer the whole world, defeat yourself.”

Documentary film about Fyodor Dostoevsky

Condolences

“I had never seen this man and never had a direct relationship with him, and suddenly, when he died, I realized that he was the closest, dearest, and most necessary person to me. Some support bounced off me. I was confused, and then it became clear how dear he was to me, and I cried, and now I cry.”
Leo Tolstoy, writer

“Death took him away, truly full of plans.”
Anna Dostoevskaya, the writer's wife

“A man had to appear who would embody in his soul the memory of all these human torments and reflect this terrible memory - this man Dostoevsky.”
Maxim Gorky, writer