K. Paustovsky's biography is a large Russian encyclopedia. Literary Encyclopedia - Paustovsky

Pasha"ting Victor Vasilievich, Russian scientist, one of the founders of the pathophysiological school in Russia and pathophysiology as an independent scientific discipline. In 1868 he graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg; student I.M. Sechenov. Since 1874, he was a professor at the Department of General Pathology at Kazan University, where he founded the first experimental pathology laboratory in Russia. Since 1879, professor at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Since 1890, head of the Military Medical Academy; since 1889 chairman of the medical council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Major works on the problems of metabolic disorders and thermoregulation, oxygen starvation, vitamin deficiency, etc. He created a large scientific school (A. V. Reprev, N. P. Kravkov, etc.).

Works: Selected works, M., 1952.

Lit.: Veselkin P.N., V.V. Pashutin, M., 1950.

Pashuto" Vladimir Terentyevich (b. April 19, 1918, Leningrad), Soviet historian, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Member of the CPSU since 1947. Graduated from the Faculty of History of Leningrad State University (1941), professor at the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya (since 1970). Since 1948 he has been working at the Institute of History (since 1969 - Institute of History of the USSR) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1969 head (sector of the history of the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR, since 1977 simultaneously head of the department of the history of pre-capitalist formations. Main works on the history of the USSR of the era of feudalism, source studies and historiography. Awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals.

Works: Essays on the history of Galicia-Volyn Rus', [M.], 1950; Formation of the Lithuanian State, M., 1959; The Old Russian state and its international significance, M., 1965 (co-author); Foreign policy of Ancient Rus', M., 1968; Ways of development of feudalism. (Transcaucasia. Central Asia, Rus', Baltic states), M., 1972 (co-author).

Lit.: Likhachev D.S., Narochnitsky A.L., Shchapov Ya.N., To the 60th anniversary of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.T. Pashuto, “History of the USSR”, 1978, No. 2.

V. D. Nazarov.

Pae"gle Leon Martynovich, Latvian writer. Member of the Communist Party of Latvia since 1917. Graduated from the Valmiera Teachers' Seminary (1910), worked as a teacher. In 1914-1917 he studied at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the A. Shanyavsky People's University. The first book is “Gods and Men” (1914). He published several poems: “Roll Call of Young Falcons” (1921), “Banners” (1922), “Prison will not help” (1923, the collection was confiscated in 1925), which ideologically served the cause of the liberation struggle of the working class of Latvia. In his prose works, P. depicted the life of the Latvian village; his drama was directed against bourgeois reality.

Works: Kopoti raksti, sej. 1-5, Riga, 1956-1958; in Russian lane - Selected, Riga, 1955; Stories, M., 1965; Waiting for the sun, Riga, 1967.

Lit.: History of Latvian literature, vol. 2, Riga, 1971; Latviešu literaturas darbinieki, Riga, 1965.

"Pae"ze se"ra"("Paese Sera" - "Country in the Evening"), Italian daily evening progressive newspaper. Published in Rome. Founded in 1949. Circulation (1973) 180.5 thousand copies.

Blowtorch, a heating device in which heat is released during the flaming combustion of liquid fuel (alcohol, kerosene, gasoline); combustion products in P. l. form an elongated torch. P.l. are used for heating parts and melting solder during the soldering process at temperatures up to 1000-1100 ° C, as well as for heating soldering irons and other bodies. The most widespread are P. l. nozzle type (see. Nozzle). Gasoline P.L. are more convenient to use and have higher heat output than other engines. Tank capacity P. l. 0.1-2 l.

Paya flax, a tool used in soldering to heat the parts being joined, melt and introduce liquid solder into the gap. For better thermal conductivity, the working part of the P. is usually made of copper. The toe of the P. is sharpened at an angle of 30-40°, and the working edge is rounded. The heating temperature of copper solders should not exceed 400 °C, since otherwise the sock will dissolve in the liquid solder. The shape, dimensions and weight of the welding joint are determined by the type of weld being soldered, the configuration and weight of the product. For soldering parts of electronic equipment, P. is used weighing 0.1-0.2 kg, and for soldering large-sized products - up to 5 kg. According to the heating method, heaters are divided into 3 groups: without constant heating, with continuous heating in a flame, and with electrical heating. Household electric solders are classified according to heating modes (continuous, intermittent, forced and pulsed), by type of soldering rod, rated power (from 10 to 250 Tue) and heating time to a temperature of 280 °C. A special type of P. includes ultrasonic P., in which vibrations of a heated rod destroy the oxide film on the surface of the soldered metal under a layer of molten solder. The main advantage of ultrasonic soldering is the possibility of flux-free soldering. They are mainly used for soldering aluminum with low-melting solders.

V. P. Frolov.

Solder fluxes, non-metallic substances used to remove the oxide film from the surface of the solder and the soldered material and to prevent its formation during the soldering process, as well as to reduce the surface tension of the solder. Apply P. f. in powder form, in the form of pastes and in the form of aqueous, alcohol or glycerin solutions. Action of P. f. appears only in a certain temperature range. Some of them can be successfully used for soldering various materials, others have only a highly specialized purpose. The most universal for high-temperature soldering of steels and copper alloys are P. f. based on Na 2 B 4 7 and H 3 BO 3 ; for low-temperature soldering - P. f. based on ZnCl 2. For soldering aluminum alloys, a flux containing 8% ZnCl 2, 10% NaF, 32% LiCI and 50% KCI is widely used.

Lit.: Petrunin I. E., Physico-chemical processes during soldering, M., 1972.

Pasha"ting Victor Vasilievich, Russian scientist, one of the founders of the pathophysiological school in Russia and pathophysiology as an independent scientific discipline. In 1868 he graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg; student I.M. Sechenov. Since 1874, he was a professor at the Department of General Pathology at Kazan University, where he founded the first experimental pathology laboratory in Russia. Since 1879, professor at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Since 1890, head of the Military Medical Academy; since 1889 chairman of the medical council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Major works on the problems of metabolic disorders and thermoregulation, oxygen starvation, vitamin deficiency, etc. He created a large scientific school (A. V. Reprev, N. P. Kravkov, etc.).

Works: Selected works, M., 1952.

Lit.: Veselkin P.N., V.V. Pashutin, M., 1950.

Pashuto" Vladimir Terentyevich (b. April 19, 1918, Leningrad), Soviet historian, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Member of the CPSU since 1947. Graduated from the Faculty of History of Leningrad State University (1941), professor at the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. N.K. Krupskaya (since 1970). Since 1948 he has been working at the Institute of History (since 1969 - Institute of History of the USSR) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1969 head (sector of the history of the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR, since 1977 simultaneously head of the department of the history of pre-capitalist formations. Main works on the history of the USSR of the era of feudalism, source studies and historiography. Awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals.

Works: Essays on the history of Galicia-Volyn Rus', [M.], 1950; Formation of the Lithuanian State, M., 1959; The Old Russian state and its international significance, M., 1965 (co-author); Foreign policy of Ancient Rus', M., 1968; Ways of development of feudalism. (Transcaucasia. Central Asia, Rus', Baltic states), M., 1972 (co-author).

Lit.: Likhachev D.S., Narochnitsky A.L., Shchapov Ya.N., To the 60th anniversary of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.T. Pashuto, “History of the USSR”, 1978, No. 2.

V. D. Nazarov.

Pae"gle Leon Martynovich, Latvian writer. Member of the Communist Party of Latvia since 1917. Graduated from the Valmiera Teachers' Seminary (1910), worked as a teacher. In 1914-1917 he studied at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the A. Shanyavsky People's University. The first book is “Gods and Men” (1914). He published several poems: “Roll Call of Young Falcons” (1921), “Banners” (1922), “Prison will not help” (1923, the collection was confiscated in 1925), which ideologically served the cause of the liberation struggle of the working class of Latvia. In his prose works, P. depicted the life of the Latvian village; his drama was directed against bourgeois reality.

Works: Kopoti raksti, sej. 1-5, Riga, 1956-1958; in Russian lane - Selected, Riga, 1955; Stories, M., 1965; Waiting for the sun, Riga, 1967.

Lit.: History of Latvian literature, vol. 2, Riga, 1971; Latviešu literaturas darbinieki, Riga, 1965.

"Pae"ze se"ra"("Paese Sera" - "Country in the Evening"), Italian daily evening progressive newspaper. Published in Rome. Founded in 1949. Circulation (1973) 180.5 thousand copies.

Blowtorch, a heating device in which heat is released during the flaming combustion of liquid fuel (alcohol, kerosene, gasoline); combustion products in P. l. form an elongated torch. P.l. are used for heating parts and melting solder during the soldering process at temperatures up to 1000-1100 ° C, as well as for heating soldering irons and other bodies. The most widespread are P. l. nozzle type (see. Nozzle). Gasoline P.L. are more convenient to use and have higher heat output than other engines. Tank capacity P. l. 0.1-2 l.

Paya flax, a tool used in soldering to heat the parts being joined, melt and introduce liquid solder into the gap. For better thermal conductivity, the working part of the P. is usually made of copper. The toe of the P. is sharpened at an angle of 30-40°, and the working edge is rounded. The heating temperature of copper solders should not exceed 400 °C, since otherwise the sock will dissolve in the liquid solder. The shape, dimensions and weight of the welding joint are determined by the type of weld being soldered, the configuration and weight of the product. For soldering parts of electronic equipment, P. is used weighing 0.1-0.2 kg, and for soldering large-sized products - up to 5 kg. According to the heating method, heaters are divided into 3 groups: without constant heating, with continuous heating in a flame, and with electrical heating. Household electric solders are classified according to heating modes (continuous, intermittent, forced and pulsed), by type of soldering rod, rated power (from 10 to 250 Tue) and heating time to a temperature of 280 °C. A special type of P. includes ultrasonic P., in which vibrations of a heated rod destroy the oxide film on the surface of the soldered metal under a layer of molten solder. The main advantage of ultrasonic soldering is the possibility of flux-free soldering. They are mainly used for soldering aluminum with low-melting solders.

V. P. Frolov.

Solder fluxes, non-metallic substances used to remove the oxide film from the surface of the solder and the soldered material and to prevent its formation during the soldering process, as well as to reduce the surface tension of the solder. Apply P. f. in powder form, in the form of pastes and in the form of aqueous, alcohol or glycerin solutions. Action of P. f. appears only in a certain temperature range. Some of them can be successfully used for soldering various materials, others have only a highly specialized purpose. The most universal for high-temperature soldering of steels and copper alloys are P. f. based on Na 2 B 4 7 and H 3 BO 3 ; for low-temperature soldering - P. f. based on ZnCl 2. For soldering aluminum alloys, a flux containing 8% ZnCl 2, 10% NaF, 32% LiCI and 50% KCI is widely used.

Lit.: Petrunin I. E., Physico-chemical processes during soldering, M., 1972.

Lit.: Ivanenko O.F., Legal ideology of the American bourgeoisie, [Kazan], 1966, p. 32-50; Tumanov V. A., Bourgeois legal ideology. Towards criticism of the doctrines of law, M., 1971, p. 284-300.

Pa"und(Pound) Ezra Loomis (October 30, 1885, Haley, Idaho - November 1, 1972, Venice), American poet, historian and art theorist. Studied at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1908 he left for Europe, and since 1924 he lived in Italy. He studied and propagated medieval poetry of the Romanesque countries; in his transcriptions, the English-speaking reader first became acquainted with the poetry of China and Japan. During World War II 1939-1945 he performed in Italy in fascist radio broadcasts to Allied troops. In 1945 he was convicted in the United States on charges of treason. P.'s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in a mental hospital. After his release (1958) he returned to Italy. P. made his debut as a poet in 1909 (the collection “Faded Light”). One of the theorists imagism. In P.’s work (collections “Attacks in response”, 1912, “Masks”, 1912, “Old China”, 1915) already in the 1910s. sentiments of an anarchic nature were reflected, which later pushed him to an alliance with right-wing opposition forces (the poem “Hugh Selwyn Moberly”, 1920). P. expanded the thematic range of English-language poetry, enriched the arsenal of its artistic means, but extreme formal complexity made his main work “Cantos” (“Songs”, 1917-68, unfinished) a characteristic example of modernist poetry, breaking all ties with the reader. The last thirty years of P.'s life were creatively barren.

Works: Selected poems, L., 1964; Literary essays, L., 1960.

Lit.: Zasursky Ya. N., American literature of the 20th century, M., 1966, p. 164-69; Ezra Pound perspectives. Essays in honor of his eightieth birthday, Chi., 1965; Kenner N., The poetry of Ezra Pound, Norfolk (Conn.) - N. Y., 1968; New approaches to Ezra Pound, L., ; Stock N., The life of Ezra Pound, N. Y., ; Ezra Pound. The critical heritage, L.-Boston, ; Gallup D.C., A bibliography of E. Pound, L., 1969.

A. M. Zverev.

Pa"uni, a confederation of four North American Indian tribes speaking the Caddo language (Caddo-Iroquoian family). In the 16th-18th centuries. There were about 10 thousand P. Indians. P. occupied a vast territory from the modern state of Nebraska to Texas (USA). The basis of the economy was bison hunting and farming. After the seizure of their lands by colonialists (which began in 1800), the Indians of Papua New Guinea were settled on a reservation in Oklahoma in 1876. Their current number is less than 1200 people, of which about 2/3 are mestizos.

Pauperism(from Latin pauper - poor, poor), poverty of workers, lack of the most necessary means of subsistence among the broad masses of the population in societies based on private ownership of the means of production, property inequality and exploitation of some classes by others. In a capitalist society, P. is the inevitable result of action the universal law of capitalist accumulation.“Pauperism,” noted K. Marx, “is the invalid home of the active labor army and the dead weight of the industrial reserve army. The production of pauperism is presupposed by the production of relative overpopulation; the necessity of the former lies in the necessity of the latter; together with relative overpopulation, pauperism constitutes the condition for the existence of capitalist production and the development of wealth” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23, pp. 658-59). In the era general crisis of capitalism

When mass unemployment has become chronic, and the so-called creeping inflation has become an integral feature of the capitalist economy, placed on the rails of militarization, the robbery of workers by monopolies is intensifying and thereby giving rise to poverty.

Pauropods

Pauropo"dy(Pauropoda), a class of small terrestrial arthropods; formerly considered a subclass of the class centipedes. Body elongated or oval, length up to 1.5 mm. Covers without inclusions of calcium carbonate. There are a pair of antennae on the head, bibranched at the top (unlike other centipedes). 2 pairs of jaws - mandibles And maxillae Torso of 11 segments; walking legs are usually 9, less often 7 or 11 pairs. Skin breathing. Over 200 species. P. live in moist soil and rotting wood, mainly in areas with a mild climate. Predators, they feed mainly on small ticks.

Pausto"vsky Konstantin Georgievich, Russian Soviet writer. The first story “On the Water” was published in 1912. He studied at Kiev University (1911-13). After the October Revolution of 1917, he collaborated in newspapers, then in ROSTA - TASS (1924-29). P.'s early works (collections of stories and essays "Sea Sketches", 1925, "Minetoza", 1927, "Oncoming Ships", 1928; the novel "Shining Clouds", 1929) are distinguished by a sharp, dynamic plot. Their heroes are beautiful-hearted dreamers, burdened by everyday life, hating routine, thirsting for romantic adventures. P.'s fame came from the story “Kara-Bugaz” (1932), in which documentary material is organically fused with fiction. By the 30s. include stories of various themes and genres: “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” (1933), “Colchis” (1934), “Black Sea” (1936), “Constellation of Hounds” (1937), “Northern Tale” (1938; eponymous film 1960), as well as biographical stories about people of art: “Isaac Levitan”, “Orest Kiprensky” (both 1937), “Taras Shevchenko” (1939). In “Summer Days” (1937), “Meshcherskaya Side” (1939), “Tenants of the Old House” (1941), the artistic style of the writer, peering intently into everyday human existence, into the natural world and telling about what he saw with lyrical inspiration, becomes complete. His favorite genre is a short story, lyrically colored, in the center of which are people of a creative nature, great spiritual strength, actively doing good and opposing evil. In 1955, P. published the story “Golden Rose” about “the beautiful essence of writing.” For many years he worked on the autobiographical “Tale of Life,” in which the author’s fate is shown against the backdrop of the processes that took place in Russia in the late 19-30s. 20th centuries The narrative consists of six closely related books (“Distant Years”, 1945; “Restless Youth”, 1955; “The Beginning of an Unknown Century”, 1957; “Time of Great Expectations”, 1959; “Throw to the South”, 1960; “Book wanderings,” 1963) and can rightfully be considered the result of the writer’s creative and moral quest. P.'s books have been translated into many foreign languages. Awarded the Order of Lenin, 2 other orders and a medal.

Works: Collection. soch., vol. 1-6, M., 1957-58; Collection soch., vol. 1-8, M., 1967-70; Lost Novels, Kaluga, 1962; Stories, essays and journalism. Articles and speeches on issues of literature and art, M., 1972; Alone with autumn, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Rodina, M., 1972.

Lit.: Lvov S., Konstantin Paustovsky. Critical-biographical essay, M., 1956; Levitsky L., Konstantin Paustovsky. Essay on creativity, M., 1963; Aleksanyan E., Konstantin Paustovsky - short story writer, M., 1969; Iln V., Poetry of Wanderings. Literary portrait of K. Paustovsky, M., 1967; Memories of Konstantin Paustovsky, M., 1975.

PAUSTOVSKY Konstantin Georgievich, Russian Soviet writer. The first story “On the Water” was published. in 1912. Studied at Kiev University (1911-13). After the October Revolution of 1917, he collaborated in newspapers, then in ROSTA - TASS (1924-29). Early production P. (collections of stories and essays "Sea Sketches", 1925, "Minetoza", 1927, "Oncoming Ships", 1928; novel "Shining Clouds", 1929) is distinguished by a sharp, dynamic plot. Their heroes are beautiful-hearted dreamers, burdened by everyday life, hating routine, craving romance. adventures. P.'s fame was brought by the story "Kara-Bugaz" (1932), in which documentary material was organically fused with art. fiction. By the 30s. include stories of various themes and genres: “The Fate of Charles Lonseville” (1933), “Colchis” (1934), “The Black Sea” (1936), “Constellation of Hound Dogs” (1937), “Northern Tale” (1938; the same name . film 1960), as well as biographical. stories about people of art: "Isaac Levitan", "Orest Kiprensky" (both - 1937), "Taras Shevchenko" (1939). In “Summer Days” (1937), “Meshchora Side” (1939), “Tenants of the Old House” (1941), the artistic style of the writer, peering intently into everyday human existence, into the natural world and telling about what he saw with lyricism, becomes complete. with inspiration. His favorite genre is a short story, lyrically colored, in the center of which are creative people. warehouse, great spiritual strength, actively doing good and resisting evil. In 1955 P. published. the story "Golden Rose" about the "beautiful essence of writing." For many years he worked on an autobiography. "The Tale of Life", in which the fate of the author is shown against the background of the processes that took place in Russia at the end. 19-30s 20th centuries The narrative consists of six closely related books ("Distant Years", 1945; "Restless Youth", 1955; "The Beginning of an Unknown Century", 1957; "Time of Great Expectations", 1959; "Throw to the South", 1960; "Book wanderings", 1963) and can rightfully be considered the result of creative work. and morals. the writer's quest. P.'s books have been translated into many languages. foreign languages. Awarded the Order of Lenin, 2 other orders and a medal. Portrait p. 287.

K. G. Paustovsky. "Selected Prose" (Moscow, 1965). Ill. B.P. Sveshnikova.

Works: Collection. soch., vol. 1 -6, M., 1957 - 58; Collection soch., vol. 1-8, M., 1967 - 70; Lost Novels, Kaluga, 1962; Stories, essays and journalism. Articles and speeches on issues of literature and art, M., 1972; Alone with autumn, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Rodina, M., 1972.

Lit. see under Art. Absolute and relative deterioration of the position of the proletariat.

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Pauropods

Pauropoda, a class of small terrestrial arthropods; previously considered a subclass of the centipede class. The body is elongated or oval, up to 1.5 mm long. The integument is without inclusions of calcium carbonate. There are a pair of antennae on the head, two-branched at the apex (unlike the rest millipedes). 2 pairs of jaws - mandibles and maxillae. Body of 11 segments; walking legs usually 9, less often 7 or 11 pairs. Respiration is cutaneous. Over 200 species. P. live in moist soil and rotting wood, mainly in areas with soft climate.Predators, feed mainly on small ticks.

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Paustovsky Konstantin Georgievich

Paustovsky Konstantin Georgievich, Russian Soviet writer. The first story “On the Water” was published in 1912. He studied at Kiev University (1911-13). After the October Revolution of 1917, he collaborated in newspapers, then in ROSTA - TASS (1924-29). Early P.'s works (collections of stories and essays "Sea Sketches", 1925, "Minetoza", 1927, "Oncoming Ships", 1928; the novel "Shining Clouds", 1929) are distinguished by a sharp, dynamic plot.Their heroes are beautiful-hearted dreamers, burdened by everyday life, hating routine, thirsting for romantic adventures. P.'s fame came from the story "Kara-Bugaz" (1932), in which documentary material is organically fused with fiction. The 1930s include stories of various themes and genres: "The Fate of Charles Lonseville "(1933), "Colchis" (1934), "Black Sea" (1936), "Constellation of Hounds" (1937), "Northern Tale" (1938; film of the same name 1960), as well as biographical stories about people of art: " Isaac Levitan", "Orest Kiprensky" (both - 1937), "Taras Shevchenko" (1939). In “Summer Days” (1937), “Meshcherskaya Side” (1939), “Tenants of the Old House” (1941), the artistic style of the writer, peering intently into everyday human existence, into the natural world and telling about what he saw with lyrical inspiration, becomes complete. His favorite genre is a short story, lyrically colored, in the center of which are people of a creative nature, great spiritual strength, actively doing good and opposing evil. In 1955, P. published the story “Golden Rose” about “the beautiful essence of writing.” For many years he worked on the autobiographical “Tale of Life,” in which the author’s fate is shown against the backdrop of the processes that took place in Russia in the late 19-30s. 20th centuries The narrative consists of six closely related books (“Distant Years”, 1945; “Restless Youth”, 1955; “The Beginning of an Unknown Century”, 1957; “Time of Great Expectations”, 1959; “Throw to the South”, 1960; “Book wanderings,” 1963) and can rightfully be considered the result of the writer’s creative and moral quest. P.'s books have been translated into many foreign languages. Awarded the Order of Lenin, 2 other orders and a medal.

Works: Collection. soch., vol. 1-6, M., 1957-58; Collection soch., vol. 1-8, M., 1967-70; Lost Novels, Kaluga, 1962; Stories, essays and journalism. Articles and speeches on issues of literature and art, M., 1972; Alone with autumn, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Rodina, M., 1972.

Lit.: Lvov S., Konstantin Paustovsky. Critical-biographical essay, M., 1956; Levitsky L., Konstantin Paustovsky. Essay on creativity, M., 1963; Aleksanyan E., Konstantin Paustovsky - short story writer, M., 1969; Iln V., Poetry of Wanderings. Literary portrait of K. Paustovsky, M., 1967; Memories of Konstantin Paustovsky, M., 1975.

L. A. Levitsky.

K. G. Paustovsky. “Selected Prose” (Moscow, 1965). Ill. B. P. Sveshnikova.

K. G. Paustovsky.

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Cobwebs, a liquid secretion of the arachnoid glands of some arthropods (spiders, spider mites, false scorpions, embyea, etc.), capable of stretching in the form of thin threads that quickly harden in air. P. is close to the silk of silkworm caterpillars (mulberry, oak, etc. ), consists mainly of very strong fibroin, insoluble in water. P. can have not only elasticity and strength, but also stickiness and other properties; it is used by animals to build trapping nets, shelters, entangle prey, construct an egg cocoon, etc. .