Performed:

6th year student

correspondence department

Shangaraeva I.Ch.

Checked:
Dmitrieva I.S.

Naberezhnye Chelny

Introduction

The behavior of animals, insects, and birds is programmed by a system of instincts: they are naturally given instructions on how and what to eat, how to survive, how to build nests, when and where to fly, etc. In humans, the system of instincts has faded away, although researchers argue as to whether which grade. The function that instincts perform in nature is performed by culture in human society. It gives each individual an approximate program for his life, while defining a set of options.

A lot of people live with the illusion that they themselves have chosen the purpose of their life, their behavior patterns. Meanwhile, when comparing people's lives in different cultures Ah, it’s hard not to be amazed at the uniformity of “free” choice in one country and era, while the same need in another culture is satisfied in completely different forms. The reason is that culture is the environment that predetermines the choice of our behavior options. Just as in water the set of behavior options for the same people differs from the options for their movement on land, in a swamp, etc., so culture dictates our “free” choice. Each culture is a micro universe. Culture is very important for the functioning of an individual. Culture strengthens solidarity between people and promotes mutual understanding.

We are dependent on our habits and living conditions. Our well-being certainly depends on where we are, who and what surrounds us. When a person finds himself in an unfamiliar environment and finds himself cut off from his usual surroundings (be it a change of apartment, job or city), his psyche usually suffers shocks. It is clear that when it comes to moving to another country, we get it all together. The experiences and sensations that a person experiences when changing familiar living conditions to new ones are called culture shock by scientists...

The choice of topic is determined, first of all, by my personal desire to try to understand, both independently and with the help of competent authors, the conflict of several cultures when representatives of one culture collide with representatives of another, when a person leaves his usual environment, changes his way of life, makes new friends.

This topic is especially relevant today, when everything more people travels abroad (to live, study, work, relax). Some are interested in beaches, others - mountains, where you can breathe fresh air and ski, others - historical and cultural monuments. There is also VIP tourism for the business elite, combining leisure with business events, extreme tourism for thrill-seekers, honeymoon tourism for newlyweds and much more.

This paper attempts to characterize the phenomenon of culture shock and explain its causes. In this connection, let us consider the influence of culture on social groups and their relationships, features of mentality.

To write this work, a number of sources on cultural studies, sociology and tourism, as well as information from the Internet, were used.

Chapter 1. The meaning of culture for humans

1.1.The concept of culture

In order to define “culture shock,” let’s first find out the meaning of the word “culture” itself. So, the word “culture” (from the Latin colere) means “processing”, “farming”. In other words, this is cultivation, humanization, changing nature as a habitat. The concept itself contains a contrast between the natural course of development of natural processes and phenomena and the “second nature” artificially created by man - culture. Culture, therefore, is a special form of human life, qualitatively new in relation to previous forms of organization of living things on earth.

In the Middle Ages of the last century this word began to mean progressive method cultivating grain, this is how the term agriculture or the art of farming arose. But in the 18th and 19th centuries. it began to be used in relation to people, therefore, if a person was distinguished by grace of manners and erudition, he was considered “cultured.” The term was then applied mainly to aristocrats to distinguish them from the "uncultured" common people. The German word Kultur also meant a high level of civilization. In our lives today, the word “culture” is still associated with opera house, excellent literature, good education.

Modern scientific definition culture discarded the aristocratic shades of this concept. It symbolizes the beliefs, values ​​and expressions (as used in literature and art) that are common to a group; they serve to organize experience and regulate the behavior of members of this group. The beliefs and attitudes of a subgroup are often called a subculture.

In history and in the modern era, a huge variety of types of cultures existed and exists in the world, both locally - historical forms communities of people. Each culture, with its own spatial and temporal parameters, is closely connected with its creator – the people (ethnic group, ethno-confessional community). Culture expresses the specifics of the way of life, the behavior of individual peoples, their special way of perceiving the world in myths, legends, systems religious beliefs and value orientations that give meaning to human existence. Culture, therefore, is a special form of people’s life activity, which allows the manifestation of a variety of lifestyles, material ways transformation of nature and creation of spiritual values.

The assimilation of culture is carried out through learning. Culture is created, culture is taught. Since it is not acquired biologically, each generation reproduces it and passes it on to the next generation. This process is the basis of socialization. As a result of the assimilation of values, beliefs, norms, rules and ideals, a person’s personality is formed and his behavior is regulated. If the process of socialization were to cease on a mass scale, it would lead to the death of culture.

How important culture is for the functioning of an individual and society can be judged by the behavior of people who have not been socialized.

The uncontrolled, or infantile, behavior of the so-called jungle children, who were completely deprived of communication with people, indicates that without socialization people are not able to adopt an orderly way of life, master a language and learn how to earn a living.

Cultural values ​​are formed based on the selection of certain types of behavior and experiences of people. Each society carried out its own selection of cultural forms. Each society, from the point of view of the other, neglects the main thing and deals with unimportant matters. In one culture, material values ​​are barely recognized, in another they have a decisive influence on people's behavior. In one society, technology is treated with incredible disdain, even in areas essential to human survival; in another similar society, ever-improving technology meets the needs of the times. But every society creates a huge cultural superstructure that covers a person’s entire life - youth, death, and the memory of him after death.

1.2 Tendency of ethnocentrism

Man is so constructed that his ideas about the world seem to him to be the only true ones; Moreover, they seem natural, logical and self-evident to him.

There is a tendency in society to judge other cultures from a position of superiority to our own. This tendency is called ethnocentrism. The principles of ethnocentrism find clear expression in the activities of missionaries who seek to convert the “barbarians” to their faith. Ethnocentrism is associated with xenophobia - fear and hostility towards other people's views and customs.

Ethnocentrism marked the activities of the first anthropologists. They tended to compare all cultures with their own, which they considered the most advanced. According to American sociologist William Graham Sumner, culture can only be understood by analyzing its own values, in its own context. This view is called cultural relativism.

Cultural relativism promotes understanding of subtle differences between closely related cultures. For example, in Germany, the doors in an institution are always tightly closed to separate people. The Germans believe that otherwise employees are distracted from their work. On the contrary, in the United States, office doors are usually open. Americans who work in Germany often complained that closed doors made them feel unwelcoming and alienated. A closed door has a completely different meaning for an American than it does for a German.

Each culture is a unique universe created by a person’s specific attitude to the world and to himself. In other words, when we study different cultures, we study not just books, cathedrals or archaeological finds, - we discover other human worlds in which people lived (and live) and felt differently than we do. Every culture is a way of human creative self-realization. Therefore, understanding other cultures enriches us not only with new knowledge, but also with new creative experience.

Members of the same cultural group experience mutual understanding and trust each other to a greater extent than strangers. Their general feelings reflected in slang, jargon, favorite foods, fashion and other aspects of culture.

Culture not only strengthens solidarity among people, but also causes conflict within and between groups. This can be illustrated by the example of language, the main element of culture. On the one hand, the possibility of communication contributes to the unity of members of a social group. A common language unites people. With another - mutual language excludes those who do not speak the language or speak it somewhat differently. In Great Britain, representatives of different social classes use slightly different forms in English. Although everyone speaks “English,” some groups use “more correct” English than others. There are literally a thousand varieties of English in America. In addition, social groups differ from each other in the uniqueness of their gestures, style of clothing and cultural values. All this can cause conflicts between groups.

Every human group in every culture considers its own cultural baggage to be the only valuable thing and expects the most respectful attitude towards it from every sane person.

When two such “self-evident” ideas collide, and this is what happens during the first contacts of emigrants with the native population, a conflict inevitably arises, for which the term “culture shock” was coined. The term was coined by Calvero Oberg in 1960.

Chapter 2. Culture shock

2.1. Definition of culture shock

When scientists talk about culture shock as a phenomenon, we are talking about the experiences and sensations common to all people that they experience when changing their usual living conditions to new ones.

Similar sensations are experienced when a child moves from one school to another, when we change apartment or job, or move from one city to another. It is clear that if we get all this together when moving to another country, the culture shock will be a hundred times stronger. This is true for all emigrants, no matter where they come from or where they move, regardless of age and gender, profession and level of education. When foreigners in an unfamiliar country gather to grumble and gossip about the country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.

The degree to which culture shock affects a person varies. Not often, but there are those who cannot live in a foreign country. However, those who have met people going through culture shock and adjusting satisfactorily may notice stages in the process.

In order to ease culture shock or shorten its duration, you need to realize in advance that this phenomenon exists and that you will have to face it one way or another. But the main thing to remember is that it can be dealt with and it won’t last forever!

A person finds himself in an unfamiliar country, and everything still seems rosy and beautiful to him, although some things cause bewilderment. Or, a person has been living in a foreign country for a long time, knows the habits and characteristics of the local residents. In one case or another, he is in a state of so-called “culture shock”, which no one has yet managed to avoid.

We are dependent on living conditions and habits. Our well-being, of course, depends on where we are, on the sounds and smells around us, and on the rhythm of our lives. When a person finds himself in an unfamiliar environment and finds himself cut off from his usual surroundings, his psyche usually suffers shocks. He or she is like a fish out of water. It doesn't matter how widely educated and well-meaning you are. A number of pillars are knocked out from under you, followed by anxiety, confusion and a feeling of disappointment. Adapting to a new culture requires going through a difficult adjustment process called “culture shock.” Culture shock is the feeling of discomfort and disorientation that occurs when encountering a new and difficult to understand approach to business. Culture shock is a natural response to a completely new environment.

General symptoms

· feelings of sadness, loneliness, melancholy;

Excessive concern about one's own health;

· allergies, irritations;

· sleep disturbance: desire to sleep more than usual or, conversely, lack of sleep;

Frequent mood swings, depression, vulnerability;

· idealization of one’s previous place of residence;
inability to self-identify;

· too much enthusiasm for connecting with a new culture;

· inability to solve minor everyday problems;

· lack of self-confidence;

· lack of feeling of security;

· development of stereotypes regarding a new culture;

· longing for family.

Phases of culture shock

The most famous concept that conveys the state of an individual upon entering a foreign culture is considered to be K. Oberg’s stepwise model of cultural adaptation ( Oberg , 1960), differentiating four main stages in the acculturation process. Any person who finds himself outside his native lands goes through the following phases of culture shock.

Picture 1. Model of intercultural adaptation.

Phase 1. “Honeymoon”.

Most people start their life abroad with a positive attitude, even euphoria (finally got out!): everything that is new, exotic and attractive. During the first few weeks, most are fascinated by the new. During the honeymoon stage, a person notices the most obvious differences: differences in language, climate, architecture, cuisine, geography, etc. These are concrete differences and are easy to appreciate. The fact that they are concrete and visible makes them not scary. You can see and evaluate, thereby you can adapt to them. People stay at the hotel and interact with those who speak their language, who are polite and welcoming to foreigners. If “he” is a VIP, then he can be seen at “spectacles”, he is pampered, he is treated kindly and during interviews he speaks passionately about goodwill and international friendship. This honeymoon can last from a few days or weeks to 6 months depending on the circumstances. But this mentality usually does not last long if the “visitor” decides to stay and face the real living conditions in the country. Then the second stage begins, characterized by hostility and aggressiveness towards the “receiving” party.

Phase 2: Crisis (Anxiety and Hostility).

Just like in marriage, the honeymoon does not last forever. After a few weeks or months, a person becomes aware of problems with communication (even if his knowledge of the language is good!), at work, in the store and at home. There are problems with housing, problems with movement, problems with “shopping” and the fact that those around them are generally and mostly indifferent to them. They help, but they don't understand your enormous dependence on these problems. Therefore, they seem to be indifferent and callous towards you and your concerns. Result: “I don’t like them.”

But at the stage of alienation, you will be influenced by differences that are not so obvious. It is not only the tangible, “rough” aspects that are alien, but also the relationships between people, the ways of making decisions and the ways of expressing their feelings and emotions. These differences create much more difficulty and are the cause of most of the misunderstandings and frustrations that leave you feeling stressed and uncomfortable. Many familiar things simply do not exist. Suddenly all differences begin to be seen in exaggerated terms. A person suddenly realizes that he will have to live with these differences not for a couple of days, but for months or years. The crisis stage of diseases called “culture shock” begins.

And in what ways do we – our body and psyche – fight them? Criticizing local residents: “they are so stupid”, “they don’t know how to work, they only drink coffee”, “everyone is so soulless”, “intellect is not developed”, etc. Jokes, anecdotes, sarcastic remarks about local residents become medicine. However, these are not all the signs of the “disease”. According to research, culture shock has a direct impact on our mental and even physical well-being. Typical symptoms: homesickness, boredom, reading, watching TV, desire to communicate only with Russian speakers, loss of ability to work, sudden tears and psychosomatic illnesses. Women are especially prone to all this.

In any case, this period of culture shock is not only inevitable, but also useful. If you get out of it, you stay. If not, you leave before you reach the stage of a nervous breakdown.

Phase 3. Recovery (Final habituation).

If the visitor is successful in acquiring some knowledge of the language and begins to move independently, he begins to open paths into a new social environment. The newcomers still experience difficulties, but “they are my problems, and I have to bear them” (their attitude). Usually at this stage, visitors acquire a sense of superiority towards the inhabitants of the country. Their sense of humor shines through. Instead of criticizing, they joke about the inhabitants of this country and even gossip about their difficulties. Now they are on the road to recovery.

Getting out of the crisis and gradual addiction can occur in different ways. For some it is slow and imperceptible. For others it is violent, with dedication to local culture and traditions, to the point of refusing to recognize themselves as Russians (Americans, Swedes, etc.). But no matter how this stage goes, its undoubted advantage is in understanding and accepting the “code of behavior”, achieving special comfort in communication. However, even at this stage you may still be faced with the pitfalls of change. Once you reach this stage, sometimes there will be days when you will go back to previous stages. It is important to recognize that all these different sensations are a natural part of adapting to a new environment.

Phase 4. Adaptation (“Biculturalism”).

This last phase represents a person’s ability to “function” safely in two cultures - his own and the adopted one. He for real comes into contact with a new culture, not superficially and artificially, like a tourist, but deeply, and embracing it. Only with complete “grasping” of all signs social relations these elements will go away. For a long time a person will understand what the native says, but not always understand what he means. He will begin to understand and appreciate local traditions and customs, even adopt some “codes of behavior” and generally feel “like a fish in water” with both the natives and “his own”. The lucky ones who find themselves in this phase enjoy all the benefits of civilization, have a wide circle of friends, easily settle their official and personal affairs, while at the same time not losing self-esteem and being proud of their origin. When they go home on vacation, they can take things with them. And if they leave well, they usually miss the country and the people they are used to.

It turns out that an adapted person is, as it were, divided: there is his own, native bad, but his own way of life and another, alien, but good. Of these two evaluative dimensions, “friend - foe”, “bad - good”, the first is more important than the second, which is subordinate to it. For some people, these constructs apparently become independent. That is, a person thinks: “So what, what’s alien. But, for example, it’s more comfortable, more money, more opportunities,” etc. The problem is that “what’s yours” doesn’t go anywhere simply by definition. You cannot throw away, forget your life story, no matter how bad it may be. As A.S. Pushkin said: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery.” As a result, you are a perpetual stranger. Of course, you can fall in love with this culture, literally, otherwise a less strong feeling will not overcome the gap of foreignness, and then the alien will become your own.

In my opinion, what is called good adaptation is the ability to operate with the signs of another culture on an equal basis with one’s own. This requires certain abilities, memory for example, and a person’s strong ability to resist being “pulled away” by a hostile environment, emotional self-reliance. That is why children adapt well, they quickly grasp everything, talented people who live by their creativity, and do not care about pressing problems and, strange as it may seem, housewives, “protected” from the environment by caring for their children and home, and not by caring about ourselves.

2.2. Factors influencing the adaptation process

The severity of culture shock and the duration of intercultural adaptation are determined by many factors, which can be divided into individual and group. Factors of the first type include:

1. Individual characteristics - demographic and personal.

Quite a strong influence on the adaptation process age. Young children adapt quickly and successfully, but for schoolchildren this process often turns out to be painful, since in the classroom they must be like their classmates in everything - and appearance, and manners, and language, and even thoughts. Changing the cultural environment for older people is a very difficult test. Thus, according to psychotherapists and doctors, many elderly emigrants are completely unable to adapt to a foreign cultural environment, and they do not necessarily need to master a foreign culture and language if they do not have an internal need for this.

The results of some studies indicate that women have more problems in the adaptation process than men. True, the objects of such studies most often were women from traditional cultures, whose adaptation was influenced by a lower level of education and professional experience than their male compatriots. On the contrary, the Americans gender differences, as a rule, is not detected. There is even evidence that American women adapt to a lifestyle in another culture faster than men. In all likelihood, this is due to the fact that they are more focused on interpersonal relationships with the local population and show greater interest in the peculiarities of its culture.

Education also affects the success of adaptation: the higher it is, the less symptoms of culture shock appear. In general, it can be considered proven that young, highly intelligent and highly educated people adapt more successfully.

2. The circumstances of the individual's life experience.

Migrants’ readiness for change is of no small importance. Visitors in most cases are susceptible to changes, since they have motivation to adapt. Thus, the motives of foreign students to stay abroad are quite clearly focused on the goal - obtaining a diploma that can provide them with a career and prestige in their homeland. To achieve this goal, students are ready to overcome various difficulties and adapt to their environment. An even greater readiness for change is characteristic of voluntary migrants who strive to be included in an alien group. At the same time, due to insufficient motivation, the adaptation process of refugees and forced emigrants, as a rule, turns out to be less successful.

The “survival rate” of migrants is favorably affected by the presence of prior contact experience - familiarity with the history, culture, and living conditions in a particular country. The first step to successful adaptation is knowledge of the language, which not only reduces the feeling of helplessness and dependence, but also helps to earn the respect of the “masters”. Previous stay in any other foreign cultural environment, familiarity with “exotics” - etiquette, food, smells, etc. also have a beneficial effect on adaptation.

One of the most important factors that favorably influences the adaptation process is establishing friendly relations with local residents . Thus, visitors who have friends among local residents, learning the rules of behavior in a new culture, have the opportunity to obtain more information about how to behave. But informal interpersonal relationships with compatriots can also contribute to successful “settlement”, since friends from their group perform the function of social support. However, in this case, limited social interaction with representatives of the host country can increase the feeling of alienation.

Among the group factors influencing adaptation, it is necessary to highlight characteristics of interacting cultures:

1. The degree of similarity or difference between cultures. The results of numerous studies indicate that the severity of culture shock is positively correlated with cultural distance – the degree of similarity or difference between cultures. The more the new culture is similar to the native one, the less traumatic the adaptation process turns out to be. To assess the degree of similarity between cultures, the cultural distance index proposed by I. Babiker et al. is used, which includes language, religion, family structure, level of education, material comfort, climate, food, clothing, etc.

For example, for more successful adaptation of people from former USSR in Germany compared to Israel, among many other factors, the fact that Europe does not experience such severe climate discrepancies is also influential. On the contrary, here are the same pine trees, birches, fields, squirrels, snow.

But it is also necessary to take into account that the perception of the degree of similarity between cultures is not always adequate. In addition to objective cultural distance, it is influenced by many other factors:

The presence or absence of conflicts - wars, genocide, etc. - in the history of relations between two peoples;

The degree of familiarity with the cultural characteristics of the host country and competence in a foreign language. Thus, a person with whom we can freely communicate is perceived as more similar to us;

Equality or inequality of status and the presence or absence of common goals in intercultural contacts.

Naturally, the adaptation process will be less successful if cultures are perceived as less similar than they actually are. But difficulties during adaptation can also arise in the opposite case: a person finds himself completely confused if the new culture seems very similar to his own, but his behavior looks strange in the eyes of local residents. Thus, Americans, despite a common language, fall into many “traps” in Great Britain. And many of our compatriots, finding themselves in America in the late 80s, during the period of greatest rapprochement between the USSR and the USA, were amazed and annoyed when they discovered that the lifestyle and way of thinking of Americans was very different from the established ones - not without the help of the media communication - stereotypes about the similarities between two “great nations”.

2. Features of the culture to which migrants and visitors belong.

Representatives of cultures where the power of tradition is strong and behavior is largely ritualized - citizens of Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries - adapt less successfully. For example, Japanese people worry excessively about misbehaving when abroad. It seems to them that they do not know the “code of conduct” in the host country. The difficulties of Japanese living in Europe are evidenced by many data, including statistics on suicide among foreigners.

Representatives of the so-called “great powers” ​​often adapt poorly because of their inherent arrogance and the belief that it is not they who should learn, but others. For example, many Americans and Russians believe that they do not need to know any language other than their own. And residents of small states are forced to study foreign languages, which facilitates their interaction with foreigners. When conducting a survey in the countries of the European Union, it turned out that the smaller the state, the more languages ​​its residents know, which means they have more opportunities for successful intercultural adaptation. Thus, 42% of Luxembourg citizens and only 1% of the French, English and Germans indicated that they could communicate in four languages.

3. Features of the host country, First of all, the way in which the “hosts” influence visitors: whether they strive to assimilate them or are more tolerant of cultural diversity. Or - like the Japanese - they fence themselves off from them with a wall that is difficult to break through. In the book by V. Ya. Tsvetov “The Fifteenth Stone of the Ryoanji Garden” there are many examples of such attitude towards “strangers” in Japan. Among them is the cry from the heart of a French journalist who has been traveling around our planet for almost a quarter of a century: “I have seen many strange peoples, heard many strange languages ​​and observed many completely incomprehensible customs, but there was no place in the world where I felt like such a stranger, like in Japan. When I come to Tokyo, it feels like I'm landing on Mars.” (Colors, l99l).

It is easier to adapt in countries where a policy of cultural pluralism has been proclaimed at the state level, which implies equality, freedom of choice and partnership between representatives of different cultures: the Canadian government has been pursuing such a policy since 1971, and the Swedish government since 1975.

Situational factors also have a serious impact on adaptation - the level of political and economic stability in the host country, the level of crime, and therefore the safety of migrants, and much more. The characteristics of migrants and interacting cultures have interrelated influences on adaptation. For example, individuals with a willingness to change who find themselves in a multicultural society will have more contact with local residents, and therefore will find themselves in to a lesser extent susceptible to culture shock.

Chapter 3. Culture shock is over... What's next?

3.1. Ways to resolve intercultural conflict

American anthropologist F. Bock, in the introduction to a collection of articles on cultural anthropology (called “CultureShock”) gives the following definition of culture: "Culture is at its core" in a broad sense words are what make you a stranger when you leave your home. Culture includes all the beliefs and all the expectations that people express and demonstrate... When you are in your group, among the people with whom you share general culture, you don’t have to think about and design your words and actions, because all of you - both you and they - see the world in principle the same way, you know what to expect from each other. But being in a foreign society, you will experience difficulties, a feeling of helplessness and disorientation, which can be called culture shock.”

The essence of culture shock is the conflict between old and new cultural norms and orientation, old - inherent in the individual as a representative of the society he left, and new, that is, representing the society to which he arrived. Strictly speaking, culture shock is a conflict between two cultures at the level of individual consciousness.

According to Bock, there are 4 ways to resolve this conflict.

First way can be called ghettoization .

It is realized in situations when a person arrives in another society, but tries or is forced (due to ignorance of the language, natural timidity, religion, or for some other reason) to avoid any contact with a foreign culture. In this case, he tries to create his own cultural environment - an environment of fellow tribesmen, fencing off this environment from the influence of a foreign cultural environment.

In almost any major western city there are more or less isolated and closed areas inhabited by representatives of other cultures. These are Chinatowns or entire Chinatowns, these are neighborhoods or areas where immigrants from Muslim countries, Indian neighborhoods, etc. settle. For example, in the Berlin district of Kreuzberg, in the process of many decades of migration of Turkish workers and intellectuals - refugees, not only a Turkish diaspora arose, but kind of a ghetto. Here, the majority of the inhabitants are Turks and even the streets have a Turkish appearance, which is given to them by advertising and announcements - almost exclusively on Turkish, Turkish snack bars and restaurants, Turkish baths and travel agencies, representative offices of Turkish patria and Turkish political slogans on the walls. You can live your whole life in Kreuzberg without speaking a word of German.

Similar ghettos - Armenian, Georgian - existed before the revolution in Moscow. In Toronto, such areas are so nationally specific that North American filmmakers prefer to film scenes in Toronto that take place in Calcutta, Baghkok or Shanghai, so clearly the inner world, traditions and culture of the inhabitants of these ghettos are expressed in the external design of their life in Canada.

Second way resolving cultural conflicts – assimilation, essentially the opposite of ghettoization. In the case of assimilation, the individual, on the contrary, completely abandons his own culture and strives to fully assimilate the cultural baggage of a foreign culture necessary for life. Of course, this is not always possible. The cause of the difficulties turns out to be either the insufficient plasticity of the personality of the person being assimilated, or the resistance of the cultural environment of which he intends to become a member. Such resistance occurs, for example, in some European countries (France, Germany) towards new emigrants from Russia and Commonwealth countries who want to assimilate there and become normal French or Germans. Even if they successfully master the language and achieve an acceptable level of everyday competence, the environment does not accept them as one of their own; they are constantly “pushed out” into that environment, which, by analogy with the invisible college (a term from the sociology of science), can be called an invisible ghetto - into the circle of fellow tribesmen and “co-culturalists.” ", forced to communicate only with each other outside of work. Of course, for the children of such emigrants, included in a foreign cultural environment with early age, assimilation is not a problem.

Third way resolving cultural conflict – intermediate, consisting of cultural exchange and interaction. In order for the exchange to be carried out adequately, that is, to benefit and enrich both sides, benevolence and openness are needed on both sides, which in practice, unfortunately, is extremely rare, especially if the parties are initially unequal: one is autochthonous, the other is refugees or emigrants.

However, examples of this type of successful cultural interaction there is in history: these are the Huguenots who fled to Germany from the horrors of St. Bartholomew’s Night, settled there and did a lot to bring French and German cultures; these are German philosophers and scientists who left Germany after the Nazis came to power and managed to make a significant contribution to the development of science and philosophy in English-speaking countries, significantly changing the intellectual climate there and influencing the development of public life in general. In general, the results of such interaction are not always obvious at the very moment of its implementation. They become visible and significant only after a significant period of time.

The fourth method is partial assimilation when an individual sacrifices his culture in favor of a foreign cultural environment partially, that is, in one of the spheres of life: for example, at work he is guided by the norms and requirements of a foreign cultural environment, and in the family, at leisure, in the religious sphere - by the norms of his traditional culture.

This practice of overcoming culture shock is perhaps the most common. Emigrants most often assimilate partially, dividing their lives into two unequal halves. As a rule, assimilation turns out to be partial either in the case when complete ghettoization is impossible, or when, for various reasons, complete assimilation is impossible. But it can also be a completely intentional positive result of a successful exchange of interaction.

3.2. Reverse culture shock

Many people are familiar with the concept of “culture shock”, which refers to the phenomenon of difficult adaptation and initial rejection local customs, the customs of the country you came to.

But specialists studying typical problems foreign students, there is also a phenomenon known as “reverse culture shock”. This phenomenon is due to the fact that you also have to re-adapt to the changed conditions of your home country, you who have changed during your long stay abroad. The meaning, depth, severity, and often the pain of this phenomenon exceed the expectations of a person to whom this phenomenon is unfamiliar. Returning home, we subconsciously expect to find everything at home as it was, and to perceive the entire environment of the house with the same eyes. However, a lot has changed in the standard of living, the political climate, in relations between relatives and friends, and you have also managed to change during the time spent abroad, and you perceive many things in a new way. It can happen, and very often it does happen, that you expected that many people would be very interested in your new experience, your adventures abroad, but it turns out that this is not so interesting to others, and you feel that this is unfair. One of the tips in this situation is to meet with those with whom you managed to become friends while living in a foreign country.

Conclusion

Culture is an integral part of human life. Culture organizes human life. In human life, culture largely performs the same function that genetically programmed behavior performs in animal life. It is culture that distinguishes man from all other creatures. A personality bears the stamp of a specific culture and a specific society. In addition, society creates conditions for mass use values ​​of culture, and, consequently, gives rise to the need to reproduce culture. This is why a person reacts this way to change environment and culture in particular.

In the individual, the values ​​of culture are transformed into behavior; culture lives in a person’s personal behavior. Society creates the conditions for this, and they may, to varying degrees, either correspond or not correspond to the transformation of cultural values ​​into acts of individual behavior. Society is developing in a search for increasingly favorable conditions for the formation of an individual as an active subject of culture, as a creator and bearer of valuable culture.

This work examined the role of culture in human life and the difficulties that a person faces in a new culture, when he has to get used to a new way of life, a new environment, and understand new rules of behavior and communication.

Currently, due to the intensive interaction of specialists different countries and in connection with the continuation of emigration from Russia, as well as migration processes within the country, the problem of culture shock is becoming increasingly relevant. The problem of sociocultural adaptation in such areas of human activity as business and entrepreneurship is very important, not only related to import or export, but also to production established in the territory of another state. According to the research of foreign scientist Y. Kim, the consequence of an individual’s adaptation under a favorable set of circumstances is his personal growth. It refers to professional activity person.

The process of a person’s “entry” into another culture depends on a number of factors. These include individual differences – personality and demographics. According to foreign sources, sociable, highly intelligent, self-confident young people with a good education face the least difficulties when entering a different cultural environment. The adaptation process is also significantly influenced by the presence of previous experience abroad, as well as knowledge of the language and cultural characteristics countries.

One of the most important factors in adapting to a different cultural environment is the establishment of friendly contacts with local residents, as well as the friendly policy pursued by the state towards emigrants. The most loyal countries in this sense are Sweden, Austria and Canada. The governments of these countries pursue a policy of freedom and equality for people of different cultures, implementing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Countries pursuing a multiculturalism policy not only recognize equal rights and the freedom of all people on the planet and contribute to the development of friendly relations between peoples, but are also enriched as a result of such an attitude towards other cultures by their content, as well as by the knowledge and skills contributed by representatives of cultures. A policy favoring the development of other cultures (without prejudice to one’s own) will benefit any country in the world and enrich humanity as a whole.

List of used literature

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