What is the most important element of material culture. Material culture
In science, there is the concept of primary needs, which include the body’s needs for food, sleep, warmth, etc. Man satisfies these material needs not like an animal, but on the basis of cultural traditions. It is no coincidence that the concept « material culture» was introduced into cultural studies by ethnographers and anthropologists, who understood material culture as the characteristic features of the culture of traditional societies. According to B. Malinovsky's definition, human material products are artifacts that constitute the most tangible and visible part of culture.
Material culture usually includes tools and means of labor, equipment and structures, production (agricultural and industrial), routes and means of communication, transport, household items. Starting with primitive society, the entire human culture - the way of obtaining food, as well as customs, mores, etc. are determined, directly or indirectly, by material grounds. The creation of a “second”, “artificial” nature begins in the material sphere. We classify those elements of man that serve his organic needs as material culture.
The role of technology in material culture is unusually high. Once upon a time it replaced man in the field of physical activity, in the 20th century. it can, to a certain extent, replace it in the analytical, intellectual field, which has long been considered uniquely human. The word “technology” often means machines, mechanisms, instruments, devices, tools of any branch of production. But in in a broad sense The word technology represents the skills and techniques of any activity and coincides in meaning with skill, art (the term “technology” itself is of ancient Greek origin and once meant precisely art or skill). Technology permeates the entire culture and as a term is often used as a synonym for it, for example: sports equipment, construction equipment, musical technology etc. We can say that all material culture is organized or exists according to the principle of technology. Some manifestations of people's material activities turned out to be so significant in culture that their very designation is terminologically defined as culture. Thus, at the end of the 20th century, technical and technological, technotronic, screen and other cultures emerged.
Material culture is not only human activity and its results, but also the culture of reproduction of the human race. The sphere of sexual relations cannot be considered in purely biological terms; it is an undoubted element of culture; they cannot be excluded from the sphere material relations. Since all material practice of a person is of a social nature, it requires social and organizational support. This distinguishes two more areas of material culture: physical and socio-political. Physical Culture includes cultivation physical capabilities of a person, harmonization of his bodily manifestations, physical qualities, motor skills and abilities (sports, gymnastics, etc.). This should also include medicine, which makes it possible to preserve, restore and reproduce the human body. The socio-political field of material culture includes a variety of institutions and practical activities ( organizational activities, establishment of new orders, etc.), which constitutes the real “body” of social existence.
The result of the impact on nature production activities the person who creates material values, there was a decrease in life expectancy, an increase in mortality from cancer, an increase in the number of genetic deformities and allergic diseases. And the state of people's health is the most important indicator of the social efficiency of society. All this makes it relevant to highlight its ecological component in the sphere of material culture.
Thus, material culture includes several forms.
Production. This includes all means of production, as well as technology and infrastructure (energy sources, transport and communications).
Life This form includes the material side of everyday life - clothing, food, housing, as well as traditions and customs family life, reproduction of the human race, etc.
Body culture. A person's attitude towards his body - special shape culture, which is very closely related to forms of spiritual culture, reflects moral, artistic, religious and social norms.
Socio-political culture- policy and practice in the material sphere; state, public institutions (parliament, green parties or similar societies), organizational activities of various departments and production institutions.
Ecological culture- human relationship to the natural environment.
Material culture and its types.
Culture is an integral system object with a complex structure. At the same time, the very existence of culture acts as a single process that can be divided into two spheres: material and spiritual. Material culture is divided into: - production and technological culture, which represents the material results of material production and methods of technological activity public person; - reproduction of the human race, which includes the entire sphere intimate relationships between man and woman. It should be noted that material culture is usually understood not so much as the creation objective world people, as much as activities to shape the “conditions of human existence.” The essence of material culture is the embodiment of various human needs, allowing people to adapt to biological and social conditions life.
Material culture - surrounding a person Wednesday. Material culture is created by all types of human labor. It creates the standard of living of society, the nature of its material needs and the possibility of satisfying them. The material culture of society falls into eight categories:
1) animal breeds;
2) plant varieties;
3) soil culture;
4) buildings and structures;
5) tools and equipment;
6) communication routes and means of transport;
7) communications and means of communication;
8) technology.
1. Breeds of animals constitute a special category of material culture, because this category does not include the number of animals of a given breed, but precisely the carriers of the breed.
This category of material culture includes not only animals for economic use, but also decorative breeds of dogs, pigeons, etc. The process of transferring wild animals into domestic ones through directed selection and crossing is accompanied by a change in their appearance, gene pool and behavior. But not all tame animals, for example, cheetahs used for hunting, belong to material culture, because did not undergo directed crossing processes.
Wild and domestic animals of the same species can coexist in time (as, for example, pigs and wild boars) or be only domestic.
2. Plant varieties are developed through selection and targeted education. The number of varieties is constantly increasing in each plant species. Unlike animal breeds, plants can be stored in seeds, which contain all the qualities of an adult plant. Seed storage allows you to collect collections of seeds and save them, systematize, classify, etc. conduct all types of activities characteristic of cultural work. Since different types plants different relationships between seeds and an adult plant, since many plants are propagated by layering and cuttings, crop-forming functions are combined with the distribution of varieties in a given area. This is done by nurseries and seed farms.
3. Soil culture is the most complex and vulnerable component of material culture. Soil is the upper productive layer of the earth, in which saprophytic viruses, bacteria, worms, fungi and other living elements of nature are concentrated between inorganic elements. The productive power of the soil depends on how much and in what combinations these living elements are found with inorganic elements and among themselves. It is important to note that to create a soil culture, it is processed to increase its fertility. Soil treatment includes: mechanical tillage (turning over the top layer, loosening and transferring the soil), fertilizing with humus of organic plant residues and animal waste, chemical fertilizers and microelements, the correct sequence of cultivation of different plants in the same area, water and air regime of the soil (reclamation, irrigation, etc.).
Thanks to cultivation, the soil layer increases in volume, life in it is activated (thanks to the combination of saprophytic living beings), and fertility increases. The soil, being in the same place thanks to human activity, improves. This is the culture of the soil.
Soils are classified according to their quality, location and their productive capacity. Soil maps are being compiled. Soils are rated by their productive power through comparison. A land cadastre is compiled that determines the quality and comparative value of the soil. Inventories have agricultural and economic uses.
4. Buildings and structures are the most visual elements of material culture (the German verb “bauen” means “to build” and “to cultivate the soil”, as well as “to engage in any culture-forming activity”; it well expresses the meaning of the combination of basic forms of material and cultural development of places - ness).
Buildings are the places where people live with all the diversity of their activities and life, and structures are the results of construction that change the conditions of economic activity. Buildings usually include housing, premises for monetary, administrative activities, entertainment, information, educational activities, and to the structures of the reclamation and water management systems, dams, bridges, premises for production. The boundary between buildings and structures is mobile. Thus, the theater room is a building, and the stage mechanism is a structure. A warehouse can be called both a building and a structure. What they have in common is that they are the result of construction activities.
The culture of buildings and structures, as well as soils, is real estate that should not be destroyed in its functional qualities. This means that the culture of buildings and structures consists of maintaining and constantly improving their useful functions.
Authorities, especially local ones, monitor the maintenance and development of this culture. The role of chambers of commerce and industry is especially great, which, being public organizations directly engaged in this work (of course, where they are, and where they function correctly). Banks can play a significant role in this cultural creative work, which, however, do not always act correctly, forgetting that their future well-being is connected, first of all, with the correct exploitation of real estate.
5. Tools, devices and equipment - a category of material culture that provides all types of physical and mental labor. Οʜᴎ represent movable property and differ based on the type of activity they serve. Most full list diversity different instruments, fixtures and equipment are trade nomenclatures.
The peculiarity of correctly compiled trade nomenclatures is that they reflect the entire history of improvement of tools, devices and equipment. The principle of culture formation in the development and differentiation of functions and the preservation of early functional analogues.
The difference between tools, fixtures and equipment is that the tool directly affects the material being processed; fixtures serve as an addition to the tool, allowing them to operate with greater accuracy and productivity. Equipment - complexes of tools and devices located in one place of work and everyday life.
Material culture and its types. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Material culture and its types." 2017, 2018.
Material culture is based on a rational, reproductive type of activity, is expressed in an objective form, and satisfies the primary needs of a person.
Composition of material culture:
Work culture (equipment and tools, energy sources, production facilities, communication systems and energy infrastructure);
Everyday culture is the material side of human life (clothing, furniture, utensils, Appliances, utilities, food);
Culture of the topos or place of settlement (type of dwelling, structure and characteristics of settlements).
Material culture usually refers to artificially created objects that allow people to optimally adapt to natural and social conditions of life.
Objects of material culture are created to satisfy various human needs and are therefore considered as values. When speaking about the material culture of a particular people, we traditionally mean such specific items as clothing, weapons, utensils, food, jewelry, housing, architectural structures. Modern science, by studying such artifacts, is able to reconstruct the lifestyle of even long-vanished peoples, of which there is no mention in written sources.
With a broader understanding of material culture, three main elements are seen in it.
The actual objective world created by man is buildings, roads, communications, instruments, objects of art and everyday life. The development of culture is manifested in the constant expansion and complexity of the world of artifacts, the “domestication” of the human environment. Life modern man it is difficult to imagine without the most complex artificial devices - computers, television, mobile phones etc., which lie at the basis of modern information culture.
Technologies are means and technical algorithms for creating and using objects of the objective world. Technologies are material because they are embodied in specific practical methods of activity.
Technical culture is the specific skills, abilities, and abilities of a person. Culture preserves these skills and abilities along with knowledge, transmitting both theoretical and practical experience from generation to generation. However, unlike knowledge, skills and abilities are formed in practical activities, usually a present example. At each stage of cultural development, along with the complexity of technology, skills also become more complex.
Culture and technology
Engineering and technology as terms and concepts. Technology and sociocultural values: the categorical imperative of culture in technical civilization. The essence and values of technology-and-technology. The nature of the connection between technology and nature, society, and culture. Models further development technology. Assessments of technology as part of culture: optimism and pessimism. Model of a new type of person and technical culture.
The word technology (from ancient Greek - skill, art) designates or defines a set of means, created by people to optimize your activities.
According to the philosopher of technology F. Rappe, two types of definitions of the concept “technology” can be distinguished. Technique in in the narrow sense words are engineering activity, in broad terms – any effective methodological human activity. It should be kept in mind that in Western tradition the concept of technology is moving closer to the concept of technology or, according to F. Rappe, technology in the broad sense of the word. In the East, the word “technology” means a machine. For example, educational technology is a typical concept Western culture, and in the East there may be a cultural protest about this: the formation of a person is likened to a machine assembly line?!
Why in place of technology in the sense Greek culture comes the technique-and-technology of Western culture? Equipment and technology have existed as long as humanity can remember. Among the diversity of ancient civilizations there is one type of technical toolkit; technology here is something from the periphery of culture. Only in recent centuries, within the framework of the Euro-Christian culture of the West, technique and technology have acquired special meaning. Technology becomes a universal phenomenon modern world, significantly influencing changes in all human cultures. Supporters of technical civilization claim that the origins of modern global problems not so much the consequences of the last decades of spontaneous development of technology, but rather the boundless faith of Christianity in human genius, the Christian idea of a man-god, a co-creator of the God-man. Hence the optimistic opinion about the fundamental solvability of global problems of our time.
The modern understanding of technology suggests several characteristic points. Technology is of artificial origin, that is, it is created by people in the process of materialization ideal models. The technique is rational, that is, it can be reproduced quite quickly in a given community. It has a utilitarian character, that is, technology is related to the practical needs of people and serves to satisfy these needs.
Technology is a cultural phenomenon that exists on the border between nature and culture. Technology is a part of nature transformed by man to influence nature. The social character of technology is given by its dependence on the level of cultural development of society. Technical progress, expanding human capabilities to influence natural processes, entails sociocultural changes. The cultural assimilation of new technological achievements by a specific community is quite complex and time-consuming; the process of assimilation is determined by cultural traditions, including the sociocultural attitude towards the perception of innovation.
Technology is a set of methods for processing and producing objects and things. Technology is a systemic education; it is related to the technology and culture of a given community. Among the characteristics of technology are: rational methods of activity; promoting the development of society; subordination to the dominant values of a given culture.
So, technology is the tools of human activity, and technology is a system developed by man effective methods its purposeful activities.
Technology and sociocultural values. In the conditions of modern technical civilization, the evolution of technology, primarily the introduction of new technologies, depends on the sociocultural factors of a given community. So, traditional form social competition of peoples (“if you want to live peacefully, prepare for war”) asserts the priority of the development of the military-industrial complex. There is sufficient basis for the statement: the essential characteristics of technology most often become a reflection of the community’s value system. The variability in the use of technology poses the leading moral problem of technical civilization - the responsibility of scientists for the possible application of their discoveries in technology. Hence the categorical imperative of culture in technical civilization: the principles of humanism and ecology are higher than economic efficiency, technical feasibility and political gain. It should be noted that in traditional societies known to modern science, technology is always subordinated to the values of life. It is possible that violations of this principle became one of the reasons (or the reason) for the disruption of ecological balance in the local region and the disappearance of civilizations and cultures.
The rapid development of technology, its transformation into a powerful component of modern planetary civilization, brought to life different interpretations essences and values of technology-and-technology. The problem of the consequences of computerization of society and the creation artificial intelligence is one of the most popular in discussions. The controversy between supporters and opponents led to the realization of the need for new research into the nature of the mind, consciousness (spirit) of man. A special place in modern philosophical literature are occupied by works devoted to the evaluation of technology; Before designing and financing innovative projects, it is necessary to know the totality of consequences of the introduction of a particular innovation. Understanding the problems of axiology of technology at a philosophical level has acquired general cultural significance. In particular, it is noted that perfect planning of technical progress is impossible even in the conditions of a technocratic society, which, as is known, turns the individual into an element of a machine. The position has gained recognition that the criteria for the rationality of planning technical innovation should be developed outside of technical, economic or political factors. The fact is that the sociocultural problem of technology is its use, and technology is used, as a rule, in the interests of a group of people.
Among the leading philosophical problems techniques and technologies refer to the question of the origin of technology and the nature of its connection with nature, society, and culture. So, there are concepts about merger modern science and technology, in which the property of primacy is given to natural sciences or technology; accordingly, technology or natural science is recognized as a consequence. This discussion has a fundamental basis: scientific and technological progress begins with large-scale theoretical understanding or random discoveries, which are then given the appearance of a solid justification. If the latter, then it is possible that after testing the next technical innovation created by inquisitive technology fans at random, there will be no one to justify it. Thus, the action of a life-threatening thing that falls into the hands of a child for whom the whole world is a toy can lead to a fatal result for many. The paradigm of technological progress as a conveyor belt for improving human existence, limitless in its capabilities, developed by European thinking a couple of centuries ago, was based on the ideas of unlimited natural resources and the perfection of man, existing autonomously from nature. These ideas have been refuted by life. Is there a future for a technical person? Is there a future for culture, society, civilization with or without technology? These and similar philosophical and worldview questions give different answers.
For the existence of culture, it is fundamentally important to pose fundamental questions on the problem, indicating that humanity is growing out of technical childhood. In this sense, the need to develop ideals (models) for further development is essential. This problem is normative and brings the philosophy of technology to the level of sociocultural forecast. The traditional model (the model of the scientific and technological revolution) is based on the principles of technological determinism, popular in the West. She is characterized by her belief in limitless possibilities human mind, which solved and will solve any development problems. The general model dominant in the West is based on limiting technical projects for reasons of their possible harm. Technological progress is inevitable because it is vital, but technical, economic and political personnel must be educated and controlled by external institutions. This model focuses on the development of sociocultural methods for assessing technology. The constraint model is based on the need to limit human needs and the scope of technological innovation. The limitation criterion proposes a threshold beyond which the satisfaction of needs or the use of technology does more harm than good. Radical (not very popular among sensible people) variants of this model suggest a return to the way of life of our ancestors for all of humanity or the population of the so-called developing countries, where technology has not yet become a necessity of everyday culture.
Technology as a part of culture is viewed in a range of optimistic and pessimistic opinions. The concept of technical (technological) determinism includes opposing interpretations. Technocratic (power of technology) interpretations tend to be associated with optimistic views of the role of technology in culture. Technocratic thinking prefers to explain the negative sociocultural consequences of the introduction of scientific and technological progress by the inhibition of technological development on the part of culturally backward people or groups. Catastrophic changes in the life and culture of the peoples of entire continents, brought about by scientific and technological progress, are hushed up or interpreted differently. An essential component of an optimistic interpretation of the role of technology in society and culture is technocracy - a theory of power based on scientific and technical knowledge and foresight, and the scientific and technical competence of the political elite. The founder of the theory of industrial society, R. Aron, believes that the reality of the modern world is not a set of different social systems, and one industrial society with a variety of ideologies. As the industrial component develops, ideological differences will move to the periphery of culture. The contradictions of scientific and technological progress, the culturologist believes, are not an essential, but a temporary characteristic inherent initial stage development. At the next stage of development, in the so-called information society, the negative aspects of the technical environment will be overcome. Pessimistic views represented primarily by philosophers, writers, artists and leaders religious organizations, view technology as a threat to humanity. Critics of technical civilization emphasize its mechanicalness, unnaturalness, and the suppression of personality, nature, and life by technology. Pessimists - supporters of views about negative impact technology on socio-cultural processes - for centuries they have been calling for a return to traditional types of human economic activity with strict control of the life of the individual by the community. In the last century, a variant of active counteraction to technical culture appeared. Opponents of technical civilization called for organizing a counterculture to fight against the repressive mind of “power-knowledge” and the alienation of man.
Representatives of the technocracy - scientists, economic and political leaders - joined in the criticism negative aspects technical civilization. They paid attention to ecological problems, to turn a person into a servant and hostage of the spontaneous development of the technical environment. According to scientists, the source of the problem is man’s inability to use technology for the benefit of humanity and nature. It is necessary to form a different interaction between man and technology, a different type of person, capable of integrating with people, existing in unity with technology and nature.
One of them components The model of a new type of person is technical culture. The technical background of the existence of modern man is the same for all humanity. It assumes two normative parameters of people’s behavior: handling equipment according to the operating instructions and a certain tradition use of technical means. Abilities and attitudes towards work, technological discipline and labor discipline, forms of hard work and work skills are derived from the cultural traditions of society. Conscious inclusion of technical culture in sociocultural characteristics of a specific community and individual allows us to understand and accept technology as an organic part of human interaction with humanity and nature.
MATERIAL CULTURE is part of the general system of culture, which includes the entire sphere of material activity and its results. The division of culture into spiritual and material corresponds to two main types of production - material and spiritual. As the main part of material culture, housing, clothing, consumer goods, food and settlement methods, etc. are considered, which in their totality, development and use determines certain forms life, . K.m. can be considered as a way of adapting the society to biophysics. environment through its appropriate transformation. K.m. embodies the degree of practicality. man's mastery of the forces and riches of nature. K.m. - the material basis of culture, the achievements of which are inextricably linked with the level of development of K.m. The formation of science, philosophy, art in each era requires certain economics. prerequisites. Historical continuity in the development of K.m. forms the basis of continuity and culture as a whole. I.B. Orlova
Russian sociological encyclopedia. - M.: NORM-INFRA-M. G.V. Osipov. 1999.
See what “MATERIAL CULTURE” is in other dictionaries:
MATERIAL CULTURE- the embodiment of materialized people. needs. Includes all material artifacts and technologies created by man. inform you. In K.m. humanity's desire to adapt to biol is being realized. and social living conditions... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
MATERIAL CULTURE- English culture, material; German Kultur, materielle. The totality of materialized results human activity, which includes both physical objects created by man and natural objects, used by him. Antinazi. Encyclopedia... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
MATERIAL CULTURE- English culture, material; German Kultur, materielle. The set of materialized results of human activity, including both physical objects created by man and natural objects used by him... Explanatory dictionary of sociology
CULTURE MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL- CULTURE is a MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL form of classification of facts and cultural phenomena, popular in philosophy of the 19th and most of the 20th centuries. At the same time, material culture is understood as the variety of objects produced by humans (tools, machines,... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
CULTURE- (lat. cultura cultivation, education, veneration) a universe of artificial objects (ideal and material objects; objectified actions and relationships), created by humanity in the process of mastering nature and possessing structural, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
SPIRITUAL CULTURE- one of the aspects of the general culture of mankind, contrasted and corresponding with material culture. If material culture is understood as objectively physical. the world of culture (means of labor, housing, clothing, processed by hands... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
culture- 1. A set of material and spiritual values created by society and characterizing a certain level of its development. Here there is a difference between material and spiritual culture. In a narrower sense, the term refers specifically to spiritual culture.... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
Material culture- 1) includes “artifacts” of various types and forms, where natural material and the object turns into a real one, i.e. into an object created creative activity person. Material culture is assessed from the point of view of created... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
Culture of the Peoples of the East- “Culture of the Peoples of the East” (“Culture of the Peoples of the East. Materials and Research”) book series of the Main Editorial Board of Oriental Literature (GRVL) of the publishing house “Nauka” (Moscow), and then of the Publishing Company “ Eastern literature» RAS. Founded in 1969... ... Wikipedia
Culture Walterniburg-Bernburg- Culture Walterniburg Bernburg is an archaeological complex of Middle Neolithic cultures that existed in the German regions of Saxony, Anhalt, Thuringia and Franconia around 3200-2800. BC e. Consisted of two... ... Wikipedia
Books
- , Simonova Evgenia Nikolaevna. The book for the first time systematically introduces scientific circulation materials Slavic monuments VII - XI centuries from the Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg region. The catalog of researched items is of great value... Buy for 953 UAH (Ukraine only)
- Material culture of the Slavic population of North-Eastern Hungary of the 7th-11th centuries, Simonova E.N.. In the book, for the first time, materials from Slavic monuments of the 7th - 11th centuries are systematically introduced into scientific circulation. from the Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg region. The catalog of researched...
Any culture is multifaceted and multifaceted. But conditionally it can be divided into two spheres of activity, into two forms. These are the material and spiritual spheres of culture.
TO material culture include the entire area of human material and production activity and its results - tools, homes, everyday items, clothing, vehicles, methods of practical activity to create means of production and consumption, etc.
Spiritual culture includes the sphere of spiritual production (production of ideas, knowledge, spiritual values) and its results embodied in science, philosophy, art, religion, morality, etc.
The basis of existence material culture things are the result of human material and creative activity. Things in their totality create a complex and branched structure of material culture. It contains several important regions.
Agriculture (breeding, plant varieties, animal breeds, cultivated soils). Human survival is directly related to these areas of material culture, since they provide food as well as raw materials for industrial production.
Buildings and structures (housing, offices, places of entertainment, educational activities; workshops, docks, bridges, dams, etc.).
Tools, devices and equipment designed to support all types of human physical and mental labor.
Transport and communications.
Communications (mail, telegraph, telephone, radio, computer networks)
Technologies - knowledge and skills in all listed areas of activity.
Spiritual culture is a multilayered formation. Its basis knowledge, which are products of human cognitive activity, recording the information he receives about the world around him and himself, his views on life and behavior. Knowledge satisfies certain human needs, primarily related to the need to ensure the lives of people in society. For the same purposes, various value systems, allowing a person to realize, choose or create forms of behavior approved by society. Culture is the way and sphere of creating cultural values. The concept of values as an important, fundamental element of culture was first formulated I. KANTOM. One of the founders of the theory of values, in which they are presented as cultural phenomena, is G. RICKERT.
Under values is understood as a life guideline that encourages a person to take actions and actions of a certain kind. Cultural values- a set of historically and nationally determined objects, phenomena, ideas that have social and cultural significance for humans and society. Value is not the object itself, but special kind the meaning that a person sees in it. When a person knows nothing about an object, it has no value for him. The concept of “value” is not equal to the concept of “usefulness” (value can be useless, and vice versa), it differs from the concept of “cost” (value is a monetary expression of value; a penny item can be valuable).
The selection of values in society occurs in the process of practical activity.
The world of values is very diverse. Among this variety, the following can be distinguished: TYPES OF VALUES:
Final values(close concept vital values, from the Latin concept of life) – the highest values and ideals, more important than which there is nothing. This is life, health, happiness, love, friendship, honor, dignity, legality, humanism... These Cs are necessary in themselves.
Economic values – entrepreneurship, the presence of equal conditions for commodity producers, favorable conditions for production, etc.
Social values – social status, hard work, family, tolerance, gender equality, personal independence, etc.
Political values – patriotism, civic engagement, legitimacy, civil liberties, etc.
Moral values – goodness, goodness, love, duty, selflessness, loyalty, honesty, fairness, decency, respect for elders, etc.
Religious – God, faith, salvation, grace, Holy Scripture, etc.
Aesthetic values – beauty, harmony, style, etc.
It is on the basis of values that those that exist today are formed. varieties of spiritual culture: 1) morality, 2) politics, 3) law, 4) art, 5) religion, 6) science, 7) philosophy.
Spiritual material culture is always interconnected, since it cannot exist in complete isolation from one another. Material culture is always the embodiment of a certain part of spiritual culture. And spiritual culture can exist only by being reified, objectified, and having received one or another material embodiment. Example: any book, painting, musical composition, like other works of art, need a material carrier - paper, canvas, paints, musical instruments etc.
It is often very difficult to understand what type of culture - material or spiritual - a particular object or phenomenon belongs to. Thus, we will most likely classify any piece of furniture as material culture. But if we talk about a three-hundred-year-old chest of drawers exhibited in a museum, we can talk about it as an object of spiritual culture. And a book, an indisputable object of spiritual culture, can be used to light a stove instead of firewood. Cultural objects can change their purpose. How then to distinguish them? The criterion can be an assessment of the meaning and purpose of an object - if an object or phenomenon satisfies the primary (biological) needs of a person, it is classified as material culture, but if it satisfies secondary needs associated with the development of human abilities, it refers to spiritual culture.
In addition, between material and spiritual culture there are transitional forms – signs - material objects that represent something other than what they themselves are. The most famous form of sign is money, used by people to denote all kinds of services. Money is a universal market equivalent that can be spent on buying food or clothing (material culture), or we can use it to buy a ticket to a theater or museum (spiritual culture). Money is a universal intermediary between objects of material and spiritual culture. This is their serious danger, since they equate these objects with each other, depersonalizing objects of spiritual culture.
