The richness and diversity of genres and trends in Russian literature of the 20th century. Grade VII (68 hours) Genres and genres of literature Riches and variety of genres

Among the artistic wealth of the people, oral folk art - folklore - occupies a significant place. From a long time ago it brings to a contemporary the thoughts, dreams, expectations of the people, recreates their struggle against oppressors or foreign enslavers. We can say that oral folk art represents the poetic biography of the people, their history working life and the struggle for freedom and independence, the history of the military exploits of his famous sons. The oral creativity of the people is marked by the richness and diversity of genres. Oral folklore is also called folklore, which translated means folk wisdom. Folklore is taken from sources based on direct observations of life around us. It recreates the history, culture, way of life, traditions, and beliefs of the people. The genres of folklore are extremely diverse - these are fairy tales, proverbs, riddles, songs, thoughts, etc. One of the most ancient and interesting genres of folklore are fairy tales. Fairy tales depict for the most part fictitious events. This is understandable, because the people in these works expressed their dreams, for example, to get rich, to live fair trial. Ukrainian folk tales are extremely diverse. There are fairy tales actors, which are animals, but extraordinary animals: they can speak, think, feel. There are fairy tales in which people act or historical figures. The world of fairy tales is not only magical, fantastic, but also instructive: fairy tales provide answers to simple questions that always worry people - what is the meaning human life? What is good and evil, life and death? A riddle is also one of the types of oral folk art, in which a certain phenomenon or creature is described, but not named, and the interlocutor must guess what it is about we're talking about in a riddle. Riddles compiled by the people are noted for their wit, originality, and poetry. They help develop imagination and creative thinking. An interesting page of oral folk art consists of proverbs and sayings. They reflect the centuries-old wisdom of the people, practical experience in different periods human activity, natural phenomena are revealed, dreams are conveyed. Ukrainian has received worldwide recognition folk song- a brilliant work of the people. In Ukrainian folk songs, poetically reproduced historical events, sadness and joy, dreams and desires of people. The song reveals the spiritual roots, the greatness of the people's soul. Writer M..G. Stelmakh wrote: “Ukrainian folk song has survived all difficult times and from the depths of centuries has brought into our present the thoughts and feelings, pains and expectations of the people.” A folk song, sometimes joyful, sometimes sad, was composed and sung by a shepherd, a serf, a girl in love, a courageous Cossack - the defender of his homeland. And the song lived on, passed on from generation to generation. The Ukrainian folk song has grown like a gigantic tree. And each branch of this mighty tree is an integral part of multifaceted life people. Folk songs associated with work, leisure, holidays and rituals, farm labor, part-time work, recruitment, the people’s struggle for freedom and independence. Ukrainian folk song is the most luxurious and most fragrant of all the branches on the tree of world folk art. Dumas are an original and popular type of oral folk art. These are large narrative works of predominantly heroic content. Most often, thoughts tell about events related to the heroic struggle of the people against foreign invaders. * Our thought, our song * He will not die, he will not perish. * This, people, is where our glory is, Glory!

VII class (68 hours)

Types and genres of literature

Riches and variety of genres

The richness and diversity of genres of all three types of literature. Constant renewal of genres, the emergence of new ones and the extinction of old ones. Enrichment and fusion of genres. New content and old forms. New content and new forms.

Methodology. Use of materials studied in V-VI classes and elementary school.

Theory. Types and genres of literature.

Ancient literature

Heroic epic of antiquity. The Iliad is a poem about the Trojan War. Achilles is the hero of the poem. "Odyssey" is a story about the travels and the hard way home of one of the heroes of the legendary Trojan War. Odysseus at the Cyclops.

Theory. Heroic epic.

Methodology. Using materials learned in history lessons.

Folklore

Life of folklore genres. The most ancient and youngest genres. Living genres of oral folk art.

Circumstances of the emergence of new genres. Modern life small genres of folklore. The fate of school folklore. Dramatic works of folklore.

Theory. Genres of modern folklore.

"Master." People's Theater at fairs and festivities. Folk plays on the stage of a fair and an ordinary hut. Elements of acting in folk plays. Satirical drama"The Master" as a play and as folk game. The plot, characters and participants of the play-game are all present, who are called “fofans”.

Theory. Genres of folk theater.

Methodology.

Renaissance literature

W. Shakespeare. "Romeo and Juliet". Tragedy as a genre dramatic work. Reflection in tragedy " eternal themes": love, devotion, enmity, revenge. The main conflict of the tragedy. The fate of young lovers in a world of injustice and malice. The meaning of the ending of the tragedy. The concept of catharsis.

Sonnets. (“her eyes don’t look like stars...”, etc.).

Theory. Tragedy. Sonnet.

From the history of the sonnet. Sonnet as one of the popular forms of verse in literature different countries for several centuries: . “Sonnet” (“The stern Dante did not despise the sonnet...”; . “Interruption of rhythm”; . “Praise to the sonnet”; . “Sonnet to form”; . “Sonnet”; Igor Severyanin “Bunin”, etc.) (at the teacher’s choice) .

Methodology. Turning to the history of the sonnet, during the lesson you can turn to one or two works. The remaining proposed texts will be read by those who are interested in poetry and want to take part in a competition on the history of the sonnet.

Literature of the Age of Enlightenment.

Moliere. “A tradesman among the nobility” (scenes). Comedy as a genre of dramatic work. A satirical image of Mr. Jourdain.

Theory. Comedy.

Methodology. When studying comedy, it is necessary to actively use commented reading by roles.

LiteratureXIXcentury.

The most popular genres literature of the 19th century. The Golden Age of Russian Poetry. The heyday of the fable genre at the beginning of the century. Classic genres Russian prose XIX centuries: novel, story, story. Genres of drama. Connection of genres.

Theory. Genres of epic, lyric, drama.

From the history of the fable. fable in ancient literature Greece and Rome. Fables by J. de Lafontaine. Russian fable of the 18th century. Great fabulist. Fables of Kozma Prutkov.

Theory. Fable and parable.

Methodology. Since the genre of fables is well known to students, during lessons you can hold a competition for the best performance and commentary on a fable created on the same topic, but by different authors (for example, “The Crow and the Fox”).

Theory.

Methodology. Comparison of the story and novel.

. “Death of a Poet”, “Elegy”, “Stanzas”, “Song”, “Romance”, “Duma”, “Prayer” (“In a difficult moment of life...”), epigrams and madrigals, epitaph. Various genres in the poet’s work: rich genres of lyric poetry, lyric epic works (ballads, poems). Features of the composition of the poem. The brightness of the style conveys the strength of the author’s feelings.

"Mtsyri". The hero of the poem and his confession. Unusual plot. Features of the landscape. The perfection of the poet's verse. Rhyme in lyrics and poems.

Theory. Rhyme. "Rhyming Dictionary".

Methodology. It is advisable to introduce students to the rhyming dictionary, which is located in the Lermontov Encyclopedia. You can give a number of individual tasks using this dictionary.

. "Inspector". The history of comedy. Reflection of 19th century Russia in the plot and characters of the comedy. The power of exposing social evil in comedy. Mayor and city officials I. Khlestakov. Famous scenes and famous lines of comedy. Women's images comedies. Mastery of composition and speech characteristics. Author's remarks in the play. Gogol about comedy. "Khlestakovism." Stage history of comedy (theater, cinema).

Theory. Comedy poster. Features of the reflection of reality in a dramatic work. The structure of a dramatic work and the image of the hero. Stage directions in a play as one of the techniques for creating an image.

Methodology. Traditionally, during the study of “The Inspector General” - the performance of the play or its individual scenes. It is possible to refer to video sequences (fragments of films), demonstrate visual material (illustrations, photographs, sketches of scenery and costumes of characters). this helps to master the specifics of a dramatic work.

. “Date”, “Prose Poems” (“Russian Language”, “Dog”, “Fool”, “Shchi”, etc.). Last years creativity and latest works Turgenev - “Poems in Prose.” Creative laboratory writer and the history of the creation of “Prose Poems”. Moral pathos and artistic features these works.

Theory. Poem in prose.

Theory. Style.

- Shchedrin. “The story of how one man fed two generals”, “Bogatyr”, “Crucian carp - an idealist”. Satirical tales writer. Heroes of fairy tales and their plots. Social urgency of the problem and artistic features of fairy tales. Features of creating a satirical image. Explanation of the author's title “The Tale of That...” (why the fairy tale is called a story). Genre definition works and its conventions. The plot of a fairy tale is a story. The heroes are two generals and one man. The hero of the fairy tale “The Bogatyr”. Moral issues in the depiction of fairy tale heroes (“Crucian carp is an idealist”) and the persuasiveness of the author’s judgments. Satire and grotesque. Satire is “like thunder of indignation, a thunderstorm of the spirit” ().

Theory. Grotesque. Satire is a form of comedy in lyric and prose. Satire in the works of Russian classics.

. "Lefty." The plot and characters of the tale. Features of the prose style of Leskov, “subtly knowing the Russian language and in love with its beauty” (M. Gorky). The pathos of creative work in a work. Heroes of the tale: Lefty, Platov, kings of the Russian state and officials of various ranks.

Stage history of skaz productions.

Theory. Tale as a genre of epic.

Mark Twain. "How I Edited an Agricultural Newspaper." America and its people in the mirror of Mark Twain's satire. The work “How I Edited an Agricultural Newspaper” as a pamphlet. Features of Mark Twain's satire. Plot, characters and depiction techniques. Grotesque as a technique.

Theory. Pamphlet.

. “Surgery”, “Book of Complaints”, “Death of an Official”. Humorous stories by Chekhov. The rapid development of the plot of “Surgery”. A funny set of remarks that characterize the authors of the Book of Complaints. Unbridled humor and love of life in the story. Sympathy for funny characters in stories. The story “The Death of an Official” as a social sketch. The heroes of the story and their destinies.

Theory. Humoresque.

Portrait of a hero in works of art various genres.

The art of portraiture in creativity writers of the 19th century century. Portrait in epic works: novel, story, story. Portrait in a lyrical work. Portrait in a poem. Portrait in the art of words and in other forms of art.

Theory. Portrait.

Landscape in works of art of various genres.

The art of depicting nature paintings in various genres. Landscape and author. Landscape lyrics. Landscape in a large epic work. The role of landscape in the studied works; the poem “Mtsyri”, the story “The Young Lady - Peasant Woman” and other works.

Theory. Scenery.

Methodology. Throughout the year, students observe the characteristics of various genres. Wherein Special attention is paid to the hero and the plot (in the literature course proposal in grades V - V). However, students may not notice the role of artistic descriptions that permeate each work. Therefore, you need to refer to portraits and landscapes throughout the year, using the instructions from the previous sections of the program. Thus, the portrait of the hero is successfully recreated when analyzing the novel “Dubrovsky” (let’s compare the description of the hero’s appearance in the gendarme’s documents and in the words of the frightened lady). The specificity of genres helps to grasp the features of descriptions in literary texts.

LiteratureXXcentury.

Moral issues in the lyrics of the 20th century. The richness and diversity of genres and forms of verse. Epic works as the basis of reading hobbies. Epic and lyrical works. Dramaturgy and the reader. The role of cinema and television in expanding the sphere of influence of literature. Traditional genres and the search for new genres in the literature of the 20th century. Connection various arts and their influence on the enrichment of types and genres of works of verbal art.

Methodology. Comparison and analysis of various genres. Observing their richness and diversity.

Reflection of a person’s spiritual questXXcenturies in lyrics.

. “Praise to man”, “Labor”; . “Exile”, “The bird has a nest...”; . “God created the world out of nothing...”; Igor Severyanin. “Don’t envy your friend...”; R. Kipling. “If ...” (translation by S. Marshak), “Commandment” (translation by M. Lozinsky); . “Like after the March snowstorms...”, “July is the peak of summer...”; . "The storm is coming"; . "I do not like…"; M. Karim. “Europe - Asia”, etc. (at the choice of the teacher and students).

Theory. Theme of the lyrics. New genres in art.

Methodology. Possible organization of study poetic works taking into account their topics.

M. Gorky. “Song about the Petrel”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “ Old year. Maxim Gorky, his work and role in the destinies of Russian culture. "Song of the Petrel". A romantic song is a call. The meaning of a hero's life. The technique of contrast in a romantic work. “Old Woman Izergil” as one of the writer’s early works. A combination of realistic storytelling and legends about Danko and Lara. “The Legend of Danko” is a statement of feat in the name of people. The plot of the legend and its place in the work “The Old Woman Izergil”. Romantic plot and romantic image Danko. The abundance and variety of works of epic genres in the writer’s work. The fairy tale "Old Year" and its heroes. Elements of a parable in the fairy tale genre.

Theory. Place epic genres in the works of writers of the 20th century.

“An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Hymn to lunch”. An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha” as a lyric epic work. The problem of creativity. Mayakovsky's innovation. Poet and the Sun. Mayakovsky's world is a world of hyperbole. Satirical hymns of the poet. "Hymn to Lunch" New designs for old genres. Features of Mayakovsky's verse.

Theory. Mayakovsky's tonic verse.

Theory. Dramatic scene.

Methodology. When getting acquainted with the work, students are convinced that a well-known plot can be used in a different setting without losing its satirical coloring.

. "The Birth of a Story." Poetic prose of Paustovsky. The world of the writer's heroes and the world of creativity. An attempt by writers to recreate the creative process in literary words (“ Golden Rose"). "The Birth of a Story." The hero of the story and his painful search for creative inspiration and inspiration. Nature and the surrounding people as the cause of the creative impulse.

Theory.

. "What do horses cry about?" Aesthetic, moral and ecological problems, raised by the writer in the story. Redhead and her dialogue with the narrator - the author. The logic of the history and development of connections between nature and man.

. "The Incomparable Tips." Vaudeville solution to the problem of choosing a vocation. Nakechnikov, Eduardov and other heroes. Psychological accuracy and humor of dialogues. Mastery of stage directions. Serious problems of the funny genre. The idea of ​​an unfinished vaudeville

Theory. Vaudeville.

From the history of the essay. The birth of a genre. Popularity of the genre in modern literature. . "The joy of creativity."

Theory. Essay.

The Great Patriotic War in fiction.

Lyric poem. Poem. Song. Feature article. Novella. Story. Tale. The novel is an epic. general review the wealth of genres through which the theme of war was revealed over the course of a decade (repetition using previously studied works). . "Russian character". Events and heroes of the Great Patriotic War in the story. The theme of patriotism.

. “They fought for their homeland” (fragments). Battles in the first months of the war. Tragic events ramie retreats. Episodes of fighting in the southern steppes of the country. The tenacity and heroism of the participants in the battles. Theory. Art's lively response to the events of the war.

. "French lessons". Difficult years in the life of the country during the war years. The curiosity of a young hero. The warmth of the teacher, her ability to help the student. The meaning of the story's title. The humanism of the story.

Theory.

Fantasy genres.

R. Sheckley. "The smell of thought." The short story genre in science fiction literature. The story “The Smell of Thought.” Hero - Leroy Clevy and the inhabitants of planet 3 - M - 22. What helped the hero of the story to escape. Types of communications and telepathy.

Features of humor in fiction.

Theory. Science fiction genres.

Genres of detective fiction.

A classics reader and a detective reader. Features of works of the detective genre.

A. Conan Doyle. "Dancing Man" Conan Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes in the assessments of readers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Features of the composition of short stories about Holmes. The plot of “The Dancing Men” and the heroes of the novel. The reasons for the creative longevity of the hero of Doyle's short stories.

Theory. Novella.

From the history of parody. Parody as a genre of criticism - satirical literature. Parody and its role in the history of literature. Parody in literature different eras(from antiquity to the present day). Parody and caricature. Parody and cartoon.

Theory. Parody. Feuilleton., Caricature.

Results.

Methodology. A review of works of different types and genres studied in grades V – VII, showing the diversity of life and the richness of forms of its reflection in art.

Types and genres of literature

Richness and variety of genres.

The main types of verbal art: epic, lyricism and drama. Genus as a historically established variety of artistic works. The fate of the genres of epic, lyricism and drama in the literature of different nations.

The richness and diversity of genres of all 3 types of literature. Constant renewal of genres, the emergence of new ones and the extinction of old ones, the enrichment and merging of genres. New content and old forms. New content and new forms.

Methodology. Use of materials studied in grades 5-6 and elementary school.

Theory. Types and genres of literature.

Ancient literature

Homer. "Iliad", "Odyssey" (fragments).

Heroic epic of antiquity. The Iliad is a poem about the Trojan War. Achilles is the hero of the poem. "Odyssey" is a story about the wanderings and difficult journey home of one of the heroes of the legendary Trojan War. Odysseus at the Cyclops.

Theory. Heroic epic.

Methodology. Using materials learned in history lessons.

Folklore

Life of folklore genres. The most ancient and youngest genres. Living genres of oral folk art. Life of small genres of folklore. The fate of school folklore. Dramatic works of folklore.

Theory. Genres of modern folklore.

"Master." Folk theater at fairs and festivals. Folk plays on fairgrounds and in an ordinary hut. Elements of acting in folk plays. Satirical drama "The Master" as a play and as a folk game. The plot, the hero and the participants of the play - the games - are all present, who are called “fofans”.

Theory. Genres of folk theater.

Methodology. Pupils in the role of “fofans”. Acquaintance with various genres of folk drama and their features through direct participation in performances.

Renaissance literature

W. Shakespeare. "Romeo and Juliet". Tragedy as a genre of dramatic work. Reflection in the tragedy of “eternal themes”: love, devotion, enmity, revenge. The main conflict of the tragedy. The fate of young lovers in a world of injustice and malice. The meaning of the ending of the tragedy. The concept of catharsis.

Sonnets (“Her eyes don’t look like stars...”, etc.)

Theory. Tragedy. Sonnet.

From the history of the sonnet. The sonnet as one of the popular forms of verse in the literature of different countries for several centuries:. “Sonnet” (“The stern Dante did not despise the sonnet...”); "Praise to the Sonnet"; . "Sonnet to Form"; . "Sonnet"; Igor Severyanin “Bunin” and others (at the teacher’s choice).

Methodology. Turning to the history of the sonnet, during the lesson you can turn to one or two works. The remaining text sentences will be read by those who are interested in poetry and want to take part in a competition on the history of the sonnet.

Literature of the Age of Enlightenment

Moliere. “Mash-blood among the nobility” (scenes). Comedy as a genre of dramatic work. A satirical image of Mr. Jourdain.

Theory. Comedy.

Methodology. When studying comedy, it is necessary to actively use commented reading by roles.

19th century literature

The most popular genres of the 19th century. The Golden Age of Russian Poetry. The heyday of the fable genre at the beginning of the century. Classic genres of Russian prose of the 19th century: novel, story, short story. Genres of drama. Connection of genres

Theory. Genres of epic, lyric, drama.

From the history of the fable. Fable in ancient Greek literature and Rome. Fables by J. de Lafontaine. Russian fable of the 18th century. . The heyday of Russian fables at the beginning of the 19th century. Great fabulist. fables of Kozma Prutkov.

Theory. Fable and parable.

Methodology. Since the fable genre is well known to students, during the lesson you can hold a competition for the best performance and commentary on a fable created on the same topic, but by different authors (for example, “The Crow and the Fox”).

From the history of the ballad. Origins of the ballad genre. Zhukovsky in contemporary literature. Ballads of writers of the 19th – 20th centuries. Ballad by E. Poe “Annabel Lee”. Ballad in oral folk art, including school folklore.

A. Zhukovsky. "The Glove", "Svetlana". Ballads. Tragic subjects and exactingness moral position author. Ease of style in the presentation of events. "Glove". The knight's courage and self-esteem. Heroes and plot in translations by Zhukovsky and Lermontov. "Svetlana". Plot and folk beliefs(folklore basis of the ballad). The romantic appearance of the heroine. The heroine's organic connection with the natural world.

Theory. Ballad.

Methodology. The plots of ballads usually attract young readers. You can use this interest by conducting a class discussion of ballads you have read yourself.

. “Elegy”, “To the portrait of Zhukovsky”, “K***” (“I remember wonderful moment..."), "On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night..", "I loved you: love is still there, perhaps...", "Cloud", "Friends", "October 19" ("The forest is dropping its crimson attire...") , “Demons”, “My Epitaph”. A wealth of topics and a variety of genres in creativity. Genres of the poet's lyrics: message, elegy, stanzas, epigram, etc. Emotional brightness and perfection of the form of the poet's lyrical works.

Prose genres.

“The young lady is a peasant woman” (“Belkin’s Tales”). The heroine of the story is Lisa (Betsy). The author and his solutions to the issues of story composition. Plot and characters. Story or story?

"Dubrovsky". Unfinished novel"Dubrovsky". Plot features of an unfinished work, which combines the signs of love and social novel. Vladimir Dubrovsky as romantic hero. Masha. Their surroundings. The fate of heroes.

From the history of the novel. The rise of the novel genre. A wealth of options for this genre. Disputes about his role in modern literature.

Theory. Genres of lyric and epic (story, novel).

Methodology. Comparison of the novel's story.

. “Death of a Poet”, “Elegy”, “Stanzas”, “Song”, “Romance”, “Duma”, “Prayer” (“In a difficult moment of life...”), epigrams and madrigals, epitaph. Various genres in the poet’s work: a wealth of lyric genres, lyric-epic works (ballads, poems). The poem “The Death of a Poet” and its role in the fate of the author. Features of the composition of the poem. The brightness of the style conveys the strength of the author’s feelings.

"Mtsyri". The hero of the poem and his confession. Unusual plot. Features of the landscape. The perfection of the poet's verse. Rhyme in lyrics and poems.

Theory. Rhyme "Dictionary of Rhymes".

Methodology. It is advisable to introduce students to a rhyming dictionary,

Which is in the Lermontov Encyclopedia. You can give a number of individual tasks using this dictionary.

. "Inspector". The history of the creation of comedy. Reflection of 19th century Russia in the plot and characters of the comedy. The power of exposing social evil in comedy. Mayor and city officials. N. Khlestakov. Famous scenes and famous lines of comedy. Female images of comedy. Mastery of composition and speech characteristics. Author's remarks in the play. Gogol about comedy. "Khlestakovism." Stage history of comedy (theater, cinema).

Theory. Comedy poster. Features of the reflection of reality in a dramatic work. The structure of a dramatic work and the image of the hero. Stage directions in a play as one of the techniques for creating an image.

Methodology. Traditionally, during the study of “The Inspector General” - the performance of the play or its individual scenes. It is possible to refer to video sequences (fragments of films), demonstrate visual material (illustrations, photographs, sketches of scenery and costumes of characters). All this helps to master the specifics of a dramatic work.

. “Date”, “Prose Poems” (“Russian Language”, “Dog”, “Fool”, “Shchi”, etc.). The last years of creativity and the last works of Turgenev - “Poems in Prose”. The writer’s creative laboratory and the history of the creation of “Prose Poems.” Moral pathos and artistic features of these works.

Theory. Poem in prose.

. « Railway", "Reflections at the front entrance." Civil lyrics Nekrasova. The fate of the people in lyrical and lyric epic works. Plots and composition of Nekrasov’s lyric epic works and their heroes. Author's position. Style that matches the theme.

Theory. Style.

- Shchedrin. “The story of how one man fed two generals”, “Bogatyr”, “Crucian idealist”. Satirical tales of the writer. Heroes of fairy tales and their plots. Social urgency of the problem and artistic features of fairy tales. Features of creating a satirical image. Explanations of the author's title "The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals" (why the fairy tale is called a story) the plot of the fairy tale - the story. The heroes are two generals and one man. The hero of the fairy tale “The Bogatyr”. Moral problems in the depiction of fairy tale heroes (“Crucian carp is an idealist”) and the persuasiveness of the author’s judgments. Satire and grotesque. Satire is “like thunder of indignation, a thunderstorm of the spirit” ().

Theory. Grotesque. Satire is a form of the cosmic in lyric and prose. Satire in the works of Russian classics.

. "Lefty." The plot and characters of the tale. Features of the prose style of Leskov, “subtly knowing the Russian language and in love with its beauty” (M. Gorky). The pathos of creative work in a work. Heroes of the tale: Lefty, Platov, kings of the Russian state and officials of various ranks. Stage history of skaz productions.

Theory. Tale as a genre of epic.

Mark. Twain. "How I Edited an Agricultural Newspaper." America and its people in the mirror of Mark Twain's satire. The work is like a pamphlet. Features of Mark Twain's satire. Plot; heroes and depiction techniques. Grotesque as a technique.

Theory. Pamphlet.

“Surgery”, “Book of Complaints”, “Death of an Official”. Humorous stories by Chekhov. The rapid development of the plot of “Surgery”. A funny set of remarks that characterize the authors of the “Complaint Book.” Unbridled humor and love of life in the story. Sympathy for funny characters in stories. The story “The Death of an Official” as a social sketch. The heroes of the story and their destinies.

Theory. Humoresque.

Portrait of a hero in works of art of various genres.

The art of portraiture in the works of writers of the 19th century. Portrait in epic works: novel, story, story. Portrait in lyrical works. Portrait in a poem. Portrait in the art of words and in other forms of art.

Theory. Portrait.

Landscape in works of art of various genres.

The art of depicting nature paintings in various genres. Landscape and author. Landscape lyrics. Landscape in a large epic work. The role of landscape in the works studied: the poem “Mtsyri”, the story “The Young Lady - Peasant Woman” and other works.

Theory. Scenery.

Methodology. Throughout the year, students observe the characteristics of various genres. In this case, special attention is paid to the hero and the plot. However, students may not notice the role of artistic descriptions that permeate each work. Therefore, you need to refer to portraits and landscapes throughout the year, using the instructions from the previous sections of the program. Thus, the portrait of the hero is successfully recreated when analyzing the novel “Dubrovsky”. The specificity of genres helps to grasp the features of descriptions in literary texts.

Literature of the 20th century.

Moral issues in the lyrics of the 20th century. The richness and diversity of genres and forms of verse. Epic works as the basis of reading hobbies. Epic and lyrical works. Dramaturgy and the reader. The role of cinema and television in resolving the sphere of influence of literature. Traditional genres and the search for new genres in literature of the 20th century. The connection between various arts and their influence on the enrichment of types and genres of works of verbal art.

Methodology. Comparison and analysis of various genres. Observing their richness and diversity.

Reflection of the spiritual search of a person of the 20th century in lyrics.

. “Praise to man”, “Labor”; . “Exile”, “The bird has a nest...”; . “God created the world out of nothing”; Igor Severyanin. “Don’t envy your friend”; R. Kipling “If ...” (translation by S. Marshak), “Commandment” (translation by M. Lozinsky); “Like after the March snowstorms...”, “July is the peak of summer...”; . "The storm is coming"; . "Arbat Romance"; . "I do not like…"; M. Karim. “Europe - Asia”, etc. (at the choice of the teacher and students).

Theory. Theme of the lyrics. New genres in art.

Methodology. It is possible to organize the study of poetic works taking into account their themes.

M. Gorky. “Song about the Petrel”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Old Year”. Maxim Gorky, his work and role in the destinies of Russian culture. "Song of the Petrel". A romantic song is a call. The meaning of a hero's life. The technique of contrast in a romantic work. “Old Lady Izergil” as one of the writer’s early works. A combination of realistic storytelling and legends about Danko and Larra. “The Legend of Danko” is a statement of feat in the name of people. The plot of the legend and its place in the work “The Old Woman Izergil”. Romantic plot and romantic image of Danko. The abundance and variety of works of epic genres in the writer’s work. The fairy tale "Old Year" and its heroes. Elements of a parable in the fairy tale genre.

Theory. The place of epic genres in the works of writers of the 20th century.

. “An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha” as a lyric-epic work. The problem of creativity. Mayakovsky's innovation. Poet and the Sun. Mayakovsky's world is a world of hyperbole. Satirical hymns of the poet. "Lunch Hymn" New designs for old genres. Features of Mayakovsky's verse.

Theory. Mayakovsky's tonic verse.

. “The Inspector with a Knockout” (new production). Gogol is Bulgakov's favorite writer. The connection between a real event and the plot of Gogol’s “The Inspector General”. Participants in a humorous skit. “The Inspector with the Knockout” is a satire on the topic of the day and on the ignorance of the heroes of the “new production.” An unusual connection between the epigraph and the text.

Theory. Dramatic scene.

Methodology. When getting acquainted with the work, students are convinced that a well-known plot can be used in a different setting without losing its satirical coloring.

. "The Birth of a Story." Poetic prose of Paustovsky. The world of the writer's heroes and the world of creativity. The writer’s attempt to recreate the tale in fiction.” The hero of the story and his painful search for creative inspiration and inspiration. Nature and the surrounding people as the cause of the creative impulse.

Theory. The idea and its implementation in a work of art.

. "What do horses cry about?" Aesthetic, moral and environmental problems raised by the writer in the story. Redhead and her dialogue with the narrator - the author. The logic of the history and development of connections between nature and man.

Theory. Plot and allegorical characters.

. "The incomparable Tips." Vaudeville solution to the problem of choosing a vocation. Nakechnikov, Eduardov and other heroes. Psychological accuracy and humor of dialogues. Mastery of stage directions. Serious problems of the funny genre. The idea of ​​an unfinished vaudeville.

Theory. Vaudeville.

From the history of the essay. The birth of a genre. Popularity of the genre in modern literature. "The joy of creativity."

Theory. Essay.

Great Patriotic War in fiction.

Lyric poem. Poem. Song. Feature article. Novella. Story. Tale. Novel. The novel is an epic. A general overview of the wealth of genres through which the theme of war has been revealed over the decades (repetition with the involvement of previously studied works).

. "Russian character". Events and heroes of the Great Patriotic War in the story. The theme of patriotism.

. “They fought for their homeland” (fragments). Battles in the first months of the war. The tragic events of the army's retreat. Episodes of fighting in the southern steppes of the country. The tenacity and heroism of the participants in the battles.

Theory. Art's lively response to the events of the war.

. “French lessons.” Difficult years in the life of the country during the war years. The curiosity of a young hero. The warmth of the teacher, her ability to help the student. The meaning of the story's title. The humanism of the story.

Theory. War on the pages of post-war prose.

Fantasy genres.

R. Sheckley “The Smell of Thought.” A genre of short story in science fiction literature. The story “The Smell of Thought.” The hero is Leroy Clevy and the inhabitants of the planet Z – M – 22. which helped the hero of the story to escape. Types of communications and telepathy. Features of humor in fiction.

Theory. Science fiction genres.

Genres of detective fiction.

A classics reader and a detective reader. Features of detective genre works

A. Conan Doyle. "Dancing Men" Conan Doyle and his hero Sherlock Holmes as assessed by readers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Features of the composition of short stories about Holmes. The plot of “The Dancing Men” and the heroes of the novel. The reasons for the creative longevity of the hero of Doyle's short stories.

Theory. Novella.

From the history of parody. Parody as a genre of critical and satirical literature. Parody and its role in the history of literature. Parody in literature of different eras (from antiquity to the present day). Kozma Prutkov and his “creativity”. A modern parody. Parody and caricature. Parody and cartoon.

Theory. Parody. Feuilleton. Cartoon. Caricature.

Results.

Methodology. A review of works of different types and genres studied in grades 5–7, showing the diversity of life and the richness of forms of its reflection in art.

The student must know:

basic theoretical concepts provided by the program, and their correspondence with the characteristics of the type and genre of the work:

create creative works that promote mastery of genres of oral and written speech;

distinguish poetic speech and its features, syllabic-tonic verse from tonic;

attract information on literary theory in the process of discussing and evaluating both studied and independently read works:

work with reference materials, including encyclopedic publications:

discover the connection between different types of art and use their comparison, taking into account the genre of the compared works.

Learning to take notes.
Assignment: read the lecture and highlight the main points.
The original character of ancient Russian literature. Richness and variety of genres. Lecture.
Old Russian literature arose in the 11th century and developed over seven centuries, until the Peter the Great era.

Kievan Rus was replaced by the time of the principalities of North-Eastern Rus' with its center in Vladimir, the chronicled Russian land survived the Mongol-Tatar invasion and was freed from the yoke.

The Grand Duke of Moscow became Tsar, Sovereign of All Great, White, and Little Rus'. The last scion of the “tribe of Rurik” died, and the Romanov dynasty reigned on the throne. Rus' became Russia, passing on the richest literary traditions to its successor.

The term “Old Russian literature” is conditional. Starting from the 13th century, the literature we study is East Slavic literature of the Middle Ages.

Continuing to use the term that has historically been assigned to the named phenomenon, let us not forget about its real semantic content.

Old Russian literature is divided into several periods (according to D. S. Likhachev):

Literature of Kievan Rus (XI-XIII centuries);

Literature of the XIV-XV centuries;

Literature of the 16th century;

Literature of the 17th century.

During the era of Kievan Rus, the formation took place literary genres, the foundations of all East Slavic literatures were laid - Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian.

At this time, the genres of Greek and Byzantine literature began to develop on a national basis. In the process of formation of the Old Russian literary language, not only living colloquial of that time, but also another language, closely related to it, although foreign in origin - the Old Church Slavonic language.

The literature of the next two periods is already the literature of the Russian people themselves. This is the time of the creation of traditions, the development of new ideas in Russian culture and literature, the time that is called the Pre-Renaissance.

The 16th century was the time of development of journalistic genres of literature. “Domostroy” is being created - vault life rules and instructions, reflecting the principles of patriarchal life. “Domostroy” requires strict home life.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the “Great Menaions of the Chetya” were created - a set of twelve books, including readings for each month. Each of the twelve books contains from one thousand five hundred to two thousand large format sheets. The compilation of white lists lasted about twenty-five years. The books include works of various genres, in the creation, translation and editing of which we were involved a large number of Russian writers, translators, scribes and copyists.

At the same time, a “Facial Vault” is created, which contains the position world history from the creation of the world to the 15th century. The surviving ten volumes contain about ten thousand sheets, decorated with 17,744 miniatures (color illustrations).

The 17th century is an era when people’s worldviews change, old literary forms disintegrate, new genres and ideas emerge. A transition to the literature of Peter's time is planned. Satirical and household literature, the focus gradually shifts to life common man- not a prince, not a saint.

Old Russian literature is not similar to the literature of modern times: it is permeated by different thoughts and feelings, it has a different way of depicting life and man, a different system of genres.

In the Middle Ages it was impossible to draw a clear boundary between secular and ecclesiastical literature. They developed together, not denying, but enriching each other.

The main genres of Old Russian literary creativity are chronicle writing, hagiography, eloquence (which includes teaching, genres of praise and words), military stories, walks (walkings) and epistles. There was no poetry, drama, novel, or story in the modern understanding of these genres in the 11th–16th centuries. They appear only in the 17th century.

All genres of ancient Russian literature develop in close connection with oral folk art.

Most of all, the folklore element influenced the chronicle. Like folklore, ancient Russian literature did not know the concept of copyright: every scribe could use everything that was written before him. This was manifested in widespread textual borrowing. Scribes sought to leave only the texts of liturgical books and legislative acts unchanged.

The main role of books in culture Ancient Rus'- serve as a means of saving the soul. In this regard, the most important books were considered the Gospel, Holy Bible, patristic works, hagiographic literature and church traditions. Historical works and monuments of business writing were also considered important. The least valued were secular works that did not pursue didactic purposes. They were considered "vain."

At the beginning of its development, ancient Russian literature was very closely connected with everyday life, especially liturgical life. The works, in addition to literary significance, also have practical, applied significance. Only gradually over time does the artistic and aesthetic function separate from the everyday, applied one.

Old Russian literature is pre-realistic, medieval; studying it shows us how different our perception of the world is from the perception of our ancestors.

In the minds of the inhabitants of Ancient Rus', the book was a symbol of Christianity, enlightenment and a special way of life.

When Christianity was tested by idolaters, the book was first tested. The Life of Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir tells how the pagans demanded that Patriarch Photius put into the fire a book that teaches the Christian faith. The gospel did not go up in flames. The amazed pagans believed in the truth of the new teaching and were baptized. Both the book and writing itself are surrounded by an aura of miracle. Slavic alphabet was given to Constantine after his prayer as a Divine revelation.

The concepts of Christianity, book and miracle were closely intertwined.

The miracle of the Russian language is that a person, even with little philological training, can read ancient Russian texts almost a thousand years ago. But often words that seem familiar to us have a different meaning, there are many incomprehensible words, and syntactic structures are difficult to perceive. The names of objects, names, details of everyday life, the very logic of events - everything requires comment. If you don’t think about the meaning of the work, a modern reader may think, for example, “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom” to be a funny fairy tale, and its theological problematics and philosophical depth will go unnoticed.

Over the past centuries, stereotypes of social consciousness, norms of behavior, human thinking have radically changed, old words have acquired a new meaning, actions have been filled with a different content. Already with the invention of printing, books began to be treated differently.

Initially, all written literature was exclusively church literature. The themes and ideas of the works could be different, but the worldview of the authors and readers was deeply religious. This is manifested not only in liturgical and theological texts, but also in the description of history, in military stories and secular subjects.

In the minds of the Orthodox Middle Ages, “book reverence” was a moral merit and virtue that brought a person closer to the comprehension of God. To do this, it was necessary to read and re-read spiritual literature “night and day.” The Tale of Bygone Years writes that this is exactly what Yaroslav the Wise did. The art of reading consisted of slow, concentrated and deliberate perception of what was written “with all my heart.” The reader stopped, re-read important passages, carefully peering into the depth of meaning. Such a culture of reading taught to recognize the hidden nature of things behind the outer shell, to comprehend with “spiritual eyes” the world invisible to the naked eye.

The book is a microcosm in which “lovers of soul-nourishing words” enjoy eternal truths and receive spiritual medicine - consolation and instruction. It was necessary to read not in a hurry, but taking refuge from the bustle of life and empty worries. It was believed that if you turn to a work with sinful thoughts, you cannot extract from it anything useful for the soul.

To this day, the ancient belief in the miraculous power of the word remains in our minds.

Subject: The original character of ancient Russian literature. Richness and variety of genres.

Target: briefly introduce students to the circumstances of the emergence of ancient Russian literature; to form an idea of ​​the specifics of ancient Russian literature, the features of its traditions; provide an overview of the genres of ancient Russian literature

Tasks:

Subject: Know: the main features and genres of ancient Russian literature, stages of its development; genre features. Understand: patriotic pathos of the works of Ancient Russia Be able to: build detailed statements based on what you read; argue your point of view

Metasubject: develop motives and interests of cognitive activity

Personal: formation of motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity.

Interdisciplinary connections: history, Russian language.

Lesson type: a lesson in mastering new knowledge and forming new concepts.

Equipment: textbook

During the classes

I .Organizing time.

II. Learning new material.

Teacher's word.

You already know that the emergence of literature in Rus' is associated with the adoption of Christianity as state religion. Today our goal is to get the most general idea about ancient Russian literature and get acquainted with one of its monuments.

The concept of “Old Russian literature” includes literary works written in the 11th-17th centuries. They come in different genres. A genre is a historically established type of literary work, an abstract pattern on the basis of which the texts of specific literary works are created. The system of genres of literature of Ancient Rus' differed significantly from the modern one. Old Russian literature developed largely under the influence of Byzantine literature and borrowed from it a system of genres, reworking them on a national basis: the specificity of the genres of Old Russian literature lies in their connection with traditional Russian folk art. The genres of ancient Russian literature are usually divided into primary and unifying.

Among them are chronicles, walks, teachings, lives, epistles, works of the oratorical genre, etc. The very first ancient Russian monument It is impossible to indicate, since the first monuments, the first books have not survived to this day. The first monument of ancient Russian literature that has reached us is

"The Tale of Bygone Years."

It is known that in addition to church books In Rus', books devoted to the history of the country and its connections with world history became widespread. Records were kept about everything important that happened in the country: about princes and their struggle for power, about attacks by enemies and the fight against them. Such books were called chronicles.

The word “chronicle” comes from two words: summer, and write. Thus, chronicle- this is an essay, the narrative is presented on a yearly basis. The basis of the narrative in the chronicle is the annual record ( short message about the event, without description), chronicle story ( a detailed story about the event) and obituary description (description of the prince and praise to him).

Being authored, literary works are, as a rule, anonymous, since, on the one hand, ancient Russian authors rarely indicated their names in manuscripts, considering them only executors of the highest Divine will; on the other hand, ancient Russian texts were distributed in handwritten form, and ancient scribes, when rewriting them, could rework the texts and become “co-authors.” This explains the existence of different editions of the same literary monument.

Chronicle writing began in Rus' in the 11th century. The first chronicler was the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nikon, whom he called the Great. His life was full of turbulent events, he was actively involved in the political struggle against those Kyiv princes who put their own interests above all-Russian interests, was twice forced to flee to Tmutarakan. At the end of his life, Nikon became abbot of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. It was then, apparently, that he worked on the chronicle.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the monk of the same monastery, Nestor, compiled “The Tale of Bygone Years” - one of the remarkable works of Russian literature. This story has reached us, rewritten and partly revised by the monk of the neighboring Vydubetsky monastery Sylvester. This “Tale...” is the fruit of the creativity of several generations of chroniclers. After all, there was no printing in those days; books were copied by hand, and this work was entrusted to a select few, learned scribes. When rewriting the chronicles, followers inevitably made some additions, amendments, and sometimes even made mistakes. In addition, new information was added, since the chronicles were kept strictly by year, and everything important that happened during the year was entered into the chronicle.

The following genres of ancient Russian literature are also distinguished:
Life
Word
Teaching
Tale
This also includes weather records, chronicle stories, chronicle legends and church legends.

Life
The genre of hagiography was borrowed from Byzantium. This is the most widespread and beloved genre of ancient Russian literature. Life was an indispensable attribute when a person was canonized, i.e. were canonized. The life was created by people who directly communicated with a person or could reliably testify to his life. Life was always created after the death of a person. It performed a huge educational function, because the life of the saint was perceived as an example of a righteous life that must be imitated. In addition, life deprived a person of the fear of death, preaching the idea of ​​​​immortality human soul. Life was built according to certain canons, from which they did not deviate until the 15-16 centuries.

Canons of Life
The pious origin of the hero of the life, whose parents must have been righteous. The saint's parents often begged God.
A saint was born a saint, not made one.
The saint was distinguished by an ascetic lifestyle, spending time in solitude and prayer.
A mandatory attribute of the life was a description of the miracles that occurred during the life of the saint and after his death.
The saint was not afraid of death.
The life ended with the glorification of the saint.
One of the first works of the hagiographic genre in ancient Russian literature was the life of the holy princes Boris and Gleb.
Teaching- a type of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. Teaching is a genre in which ancient Russian chroniclers tried to present a model of behavior for any ancient Russian person: both for the prince and for the commoner. The most striking example of this genre is the “Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh” included in the Tale of Bygone Years. In the Tale of Bygone Years, the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh are dated 1096. At this time, the strife between the princes in the battle for the throne reached its climax. In his teaching, Vladimir Monomakh gives advice on how to organize your life. He says that there is no need to seek the salvation of the soul in seclusion. It is necessary to serve God by helping those in need. When going to war, you should pray - God will definitely help. Monomakh confirms these words with an example from his life: he took part in many battles - and God protected him. Monomakh says that one should look at how the natural world works and try to organize social relations according to the model of a harmonious world order. The teaching of Vladimir Monomakh is addressed to descendants.

Word
The word is a type of genre of ancient Russian eloquence. An example of the political variety of ancient Russian eloquence is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” This work is the subject of much controversy regarding its authenticity. This is because the original text of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” has not been preserved. It was destroyed by fire in 1812. Only copies have survived. From that time on, it became fashionable to refute its authenticity. The word tells about the military campaign of Prince Igor against the Polovtsians, which took place in history in 1185. Researchers suggest that the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was one of the participants in the described campaign. Disputes about the authenticity of this work were conducted in particular because it stands out from the system of genres of ancient Russian literature due to the unusual nature of the elements used in it. artistic means and techniques. The traditional chronological principle of narration is violated here: the author is transported to the past, then returns to the present (this was not typical for ancient Russian literature), the author makes lyrical digressions, inserted episodes appear (Svyatoslav’s dream, Yaroslavna’s cry). The word contains a lot of elements of traditional oral folk art and symbols. One can clearly feel the influence of a fairy tale, an epic. The political background of the work is obvious: in the fight against a common enemy, Russian princes must be united, disunity leads to death and defeat.
Another example of political eloquence is the “Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land,” which was created immediately after the Mongol-Tatars came to Rus'. The author glorifies the bright past and mourns the present.
An example of the solemn variety of ancient Russian eloquence is the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion, which was created in the first third of the 11th century. The word was written by Metropolitan Hilarion on the occasion of the completion of the construction of military fortifications in Kyiv. The word conveys the idea of ​​​​the political and military independence of Rus' from Byzantium. By “Law” Hilarion understands the Old Testament, which was given to the Jews, but it does not suit the Russian and other peoples. Therefore, God gave the New Testament, which is called “Grace.” In Byzantium, Emperor Constantine is revered, who contributed to the spread and establishment of Christianity there. Hilarion says that Prince Vladimir the Red Sun, who baptized Rus', is no worse than the Byzantine emperor and should also be revered by the Russian people. The work of Prince Vladimir is continued by Yaroslav the Wise. The main idea of ​​“The Word of Law and Grace” is that Rus' is as good as Byzantium.

Tale
A story is a text of an epic nature, telling about princes, military exploits, about princely crimes. Examples of military stories are “The Tale of the Battle of the Kalka River”, “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu Khan”, “The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky”.

Message - usually used for journalistic purposes.

Walking is a genre that describes all kinds of travel to other lands and adventures.

Chronicle is a narration of historical events. This is the most ancient genre ancient Russian literature. In Ancient Rus', the chronicle played a very important role, because not only reported historical events of the past, but was also a political and legal document, testifying to how to act in certain situations. The oldest chronicle is the “Tale of Bygone Years,” which came to us in the lists of the Laurentian Chronicle of the 14th century and the Ipatiev Chronicle of the 15th century. The chronicle tells about the origin of the Russians, the genealogy of the Kyiv princes and the emergence of the ancient Russian state.

Literature of ancient Rus'
General characteristics of the period

Old Russian literature went through a long period of development, which amounts to 7 centuries: from the 9th to the 15th centuries. Scientists associate the formation of ancient Russian literature with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' in 988. This year is the starting point for the periodization of literature. It is reliably known that writing existed in Rus' even before the adoption of Christianity. But very few monuments of pre-Christian writing have been discovered. Based on the available monuments, it cannot be said that before the adoption of Christianity, literature and book learning existed in Rus'.
The spread of the Christian religion in Rus' involved the study of holy scripture and Christian rituals. To preach Christian canons, it was necessary to translate religious books from ancient Greek and Latin languages into a language that the Slavs understood. The Old Church Slavonic language became such a language. Scientists talk about the special status of the Old Church Slavonic language. Old Church Slavonic is literary language all Slavs. They did not speak it, but only wrote and read books. The Old Church Slavonic language was created by Christian preachers Cyril and Methodius on the basis of the Solunsky dialect of the ancient Bulgarian language specifically in order to make the canons of the Christian religion understandable to the Slavs and to preach these canons in the language of the Slavs. Books in the Old Church Slavonic language were copied in different territories inhabited by the Slavs, where they spoke differently: in different dialects. Gradually, the peculiarities of the speech of the Slavs began to be reflected in writing. Thus, on the basis of the Old Church Slavonic language, the Church Slavonic language arose, reflecting the peculiarities of speech Eastern Slavs, and then the Old Russian man.
Christian preachers arrived in Rus' and created schools. The schools taught reading, writing and the canons of Orthodox Christianity. Over time, a layer of people appeared in Rus' who knew how to read and write. They rewrote holy scripture and translated it into Old Church Slavonic. Over time, these people began to record historical events that took place in Rus', make generalizations, use images of oral folk art, and evaluate the events and facts described. This is how original ancient Russian literature gradually took shape.
Old Russian literature was fundamentally different from what we are accustomed to understanding as literature at the present time. Literature in Ancient Rus' was closely connected with the spread of the Christian religion and served as a tool for preaching and consolidating Christianity in Rus'. This determined special treatment to the book as a sacred object, and to reading as a sacred process of communion with God’s Word.

How were ancient Russian books written?
Old Russian books were huge tomes, the pages of which were made of cowhide. The books were bound into boards, which were covered with leather and decorated. Cured cowhide was an expensive material that had to be saved. That is why ancient Russian books were written in a special way: There were no spaces between words in the books. Naturally, reading such books was very difficult. In addition, many frequently used words were not written in full. For example, BG - God, BGC - Mother of God, NB - heaven. Above such words they put a “title” sign - an abbreviation. Because of the high cost of the material, books cost entire villages. Only rich princes could afford to have books.

The book is a source of Divine grace
One of the differences between ancient Russian literature and modern literature is that ancient Russian books do not and could not have an author. In Ancient Rus', the concept of authorship did not exist at all; it appeared much later. It was believed that God guided the hand of the book writer. Man is only an intermediary through whom God conveys his Word to people. Putting your name in a book was considered a great sin. The belief in this was strong, so for a long time no one dared to put their name in the books. But some could not resist and put an inconspicuous, but so important for them, inscription like “I am a great sinner (name) had a hand in this.”
There was a strong belief that the book had a miraculous effect on a person, giving him divine grace. Communicating with a book old Russian man believed that he was communicating with God. That is why it was customary to fast and pray for at least a week before reading books.

Historicism of Old Russian Literature
Old Russian authors were aware of their special historical mission - the mission of witnesses of time. They believed that they were obliged to record all the events that took place on their land in order to convey history to their descendants through the book. In addition, the texts included many traditions and legends that had oral existence. Thus, in ancient Russian texts, pagan deities are mentioned along with Christian saints. This meant that Christianity existed in Rus' with the original religion of the Slavs, which is usually called paganism, although the pagans themselves did not call themselves that. Folklore significantly enriched ancient Russian literature.
There were no lyrics in ancient Russian literature. Old Russian literature, being exclusively religious in nature, placed the preaching of the laws of Christian morality at the forefront. That is why it did not pay any attention privacy person. Maximum objectivity is one of the main canons of ancient Russian literature. Among the genres in ancient Russian literature, the lives of saints, chronicles, chronographs, chety-menaion, patericon, and apocrypha predominated. Old Russian literature distinguished between religiosity and historicism.
Many ancient Russian books have not reached us: they were destroyed by fires, some were taken to Poland and Lithuania, and some were destroyed by the scribes themselves - the old inscriptions were washed off and new ones were written on top. This was done in order to save the expensive material from which the books were made.

IIIJobWithstatement

Useful when the soul asks for something unusual"

A. S. Demin

Monuments to Peter and Fevronia:

Installation location: in front of the building of Ulyanovsk State University.

Sculptors: Oleg Klyuev and Nikolai Antsiferov.

The monument to Peter and Fevronia in Ulyanovsk is made of bronze and represents the young princes Peter and Fevronia with a dove, symbolizing love and fidelity.

The monument in Ulyanovsk was erected as part of the national program “In the Family Circle”.

In Samara:

The monument was erected as part of the “In the Family Circle” program, which appeared in 2004 with the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II. As part of the same program, monuments to Saints Peter and Fevronia have opened today in Vladivostok and Omsk, and over the past three years sculptural compositions Murom saints have already been installed in Arkhangelsk, Ulyanovsk, Yaroslavl, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk.

On July 8, Orthodox believers celebrate the day of remembrance of Russian saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom, patrons of marital fidelity and love.

Saints Peter and Fevronia are princes who ruled in Murom in the 13th century. The couple were models of fidelity and love for each other; in old age they became monks and soon died in the same hour. Being buried in different graves, their bodies miraculously ended up side by side, the legend says. After this, the couple was buried in Murom near the Church of the Nativity Holy Mother of God. In 1547, the Church canonized them as saints.

IV. Reinforcing the material covered

1. Conversation.

Late XIX - early XX centuries. became a time of bright flourishing of Russian culture, its " silver age"(Pushkin's time was called the "golden age"). In science, literature, art, new talents appeared one after another, bold innovations were born, competitions different directions, groupings and styles. At the same time, the culture of the “Silver Age” was characterized by deep contradictions that were characteristic of all Russian life of that time.

Russia's rapid breakthrough in development and the clash of different ways of life and cultures changed the self-awareness of the creative intelligentsia. Many were no longer satisfied with the description and study of visible reality, analysis social problems. I was attracted by deep, eternal questions - about the essence of life and death, good and evil, human nature. Interest in religion revived; religious theme had a strong influence on the development of Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century.

However, the turning point not only enriched literature and art: it constantly reminded writers, artists and poets of impending social explosions, that the entire familiar way of life, the entire old culture. Some awaited these changes with joy, others with melancholy and horror, which brought pessimism and anguish into their work.

On turn of the 19th century and 20th centuries literature developed in other historical conditions than before. If you look for a word that characterizes the most important features period under review, then the word “crisis” will be used. Great scientific discoveries shook the classical ideas about the structure of the world and led to the paradoxical conclusion: “matter has disappeared.” A new vision of the world, thus, will determine a new face of realism of the 20th century, which will differ significantly from classical realism predecessors. The crisis of faith also had devastating consequences for the human spirit (“God is dead!” exclaimed Nietzsche). This led to the fact that the person of the 20th century began to increasingly experience the influence of irreligious ideas. The cult of sensual pleasures, the apology for evil and death, the glorification of the self-will of the individual, the recognition of the right to violence, which turned into terror - all these features indicate a deep crisis of consciousness.

In Russian literature of the early 20th century, a crisis of old ideas about art and a feeling of exhaustion of past development will be felt, and a revaluation of values ​​will take shape.

The renewal of literature and its modernization will cause the emergence of new trends and schools. The rethinking of old means of expression and the revival of poetry will mark the advent of the “Silver Age” of Russian literature. This term is associated with the name of N. Berdyaev, who used it in one of his speeches in the salon of D. Merezhkovsky. Later art critic and the editor of Apollo, S. Makovsky, consolidated this phrase by calling his book about Russian culture at the turn of the century “On Parnassus of the Silver Age.” Several decades will pass and A. Akhmatova will write “...the silver month is bright / Cold over the silver age.”

Chronological framework The period defined by this metaphor can be designated as follows: 1892 - exit from the era of timelessness, the beginning of social upsurge in the country, manifesto and collection "Symbols" by D. Merezhkovsky, the first stories of M. Gorky, etc.) - 1917. According to another point of view, the chronological end of this period can be considered 1921-1922 (the collapse of former illusions, the mass emigration of Russian cultural figures from Russia that began after the death of A. Blok and N. Gumilyov, the expulsion of a group of writers, philosophers and historians from the country).