What properties does a typical romantic hero have? Genres of Romantic Literature and the Romantic Hero

There are many different syntactic units in the Russian language, the most frequently used of which is the sentence. But did you know that they can be very different from each other? In this article we will talk in detail about what types of sentences exist regarding the purpose of the statement and how they differ.

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A proposal is called basic syntactic unit, in which there is some information about something, a question or a call to action. Offer differs from availability grammatical basis, which consists of a subject and a predicate. The main function of this structure is communication.

Important! The phrase should always be complete both in meaning and intonation!

In order for speech to be literate, you first need to understand the types and. This will make it easier to understand the meaning of what was said or written and to place the necessary punctuation marks.

First you need to determine what the purpose of the statement is? Maybe you want to find out something from your interlocutor or, conversely, convey some information to him? Or do you need the person to do something? That the result you want to achieve from your interlocutor, using phrases of a certain type will be considered a goal.

Sentences differ in types of utterance and intonation. Very varied offers them various classifications, one of which is the division of these syntactic units according to the purpose of the utterance. So what types of phrases are there?

Constructions based on the purpose of the statement are:

narrative;
incentive;
interrogative.

In addition, they differ in intonation and can be:

exclamation marks;
non-exclamatory

Exclamation marks are needed to give expression. special emotional coloring. In writing they are highlighted with an exclamation mark, and in oral speech pronounced with a special intonation. Very often an exclamation is added to incentive structures. If you need to add more emotionality, then at the end you can put three exclamation marks: “Look, the moose is running!!!” This phrase will perfectly decorate the text.

Non-exclamative words are used to convey everyday information and facts. They do not imply the presence of emotional connotation and are highlighted in writing simply by a dot. However, if you want to add a little mystery or an incompleteness effect to your statement, then it would be more appropriate to use an ellipsis: “You know, I’ve been wanting to tell you for a very long time...”.

Types of offers

Narrative constructions

This type of statement is very common. They are necessary for reporting any facts, in this case, the information conveyed can be either affirmed or denied.

Important! A declarative sentence is always a complete thought.

When pronouncing a narrative statement, the main word must be emphasized in the voice, and towards the end of the phrase the tone must be lowered, making it calmer. There are many examples of narrative constructions: “I ate chicken for dinner today,” “In spring, you can often see schools of migratory birds.”

The narrative can be pronounced either with an exclamatory intonation, for example: “Sergey is an excellent student!”, or without an exclamation, for example: “I like to eat ice cream.” In writing, exclamatory narrative sentences are formalized with an exclamation mark, and non-exclamatory statements are marked with a period at the end.

Incentive structures

So what is an incentive offer? These statements are needed in order to motivate a person to take some action. Various phrases are used:

plea: “I beg you, don’t!”;
request: “Please, stop chewing!”;
wish: “Please get well soon.”

Very often, in motivating statements, particles such as “let”, “come on”, “I beg”, “I ask” and so on appear. In oral speech they stand out using intonation, very often they are pronounced with an exclamation, and in writing they are highlighted with an exclamation mark.

There are also non-exclamatory incentive offers. They, like ordinary sentences, end in writing with a period.

Important! It is in incentive-type constructions that one can find (an indefinite form of a verb), a verb in an imperative form, or an appeal to the person to whom the expression is addressed. Such a sentence has no subject and can only consist of one predicate!

Incentive offers

Interrogative constructions

They are necessary to transmit questions different types. Each interrogative sentence can have its own purpose, so there are several different groups such expressions.

Groups of interrogative sentences

General issues. They can only be answered “Yes” or “No”. Examples: “Do you breed aquarium fish?”, “Do you have a dog?”
Private questions. Used when you need to find out more about a person, circumstance or object. Example: “Who will go to the theater today?”, “When will the new shopping center open?”

Interrogative constructions also differ in character. It is very important to take into account the nature of the issue, since it will depend on it the answer you receive from your interlocutor.

Interrogative sentences

Classification by the nature of the issue

Actually interrogative. Needed to obtain unknown information; an answer is required from the interlocutor. For example: “How to get to the library?”
An interrogative-affirmative statement should be used if you already have some information and you need to confirm it. For example: “Didn’t he really know that?”
Using interrogative negatives, you can express the negation of the statement that was originally embedded in the question. For example: “Well, why did I do this?!”
Interrogatives contain a requirement or request to perform some action: “Perhaps we should go on a ferry ride?”
There is no need to give an answer to interrogative rhetorical statements, since the phrase itself already contains the answer to the question. Usually these sentences serve as a real decoration for speech, for example: “Who doesn’t like to listen to nightingales singing on warm summer evenings?”

Interrogative constructions in oral speech must be highlighted with special intonation. Can also be used special signal words (who, where, where, from and others), You can also change the word order in questions. For example: “Does he eat fish?”, “Who eats fish?”, “What does he eat?” In writing, a question mark is placed at the end of any interrogative expression, but if you want to add a more emotional connotation to the phrase, it would be more appropriate to use an interrogative and a question mark together. Exclamation point and, as in the example: “Is it really so difficult for you to come to terms with this?!” In this case, the exclamation mark is placed after the question mark.

L. F. Berdnik

Interrogative sentences in modern Russian language

In studies on the syntax of the Russian language, interrogative imperative sentences are qualified as a special semantic type of interrogative statements. The similarity between interrogative and imperative sentences has been noted in the science of language for a long time; so, also F.F. Fortunatov, and after him A.M. Peshkovsky considered interrogative sentences as one of the varieties of incentive speech. In the book “Essays on the Theory of Syntax” (Voronezh, 1973) I.P. Raspopov talks about a certain similarity between interrogative and incentive sentences: interrogative sentences also contain an expression of will, encouraging an answer. However, these and similar scattered remarks do not provide a holistic picture of the structural, semantic and stylistic features of interrogative-motivating constructions. In this article we will turn to the specifics of expressing motivation in the form of a question.

An interrogative sentence is already by its nature close to an incentive sentence, since it contains an expression of will, encouraging an answer, but this is an incentive to special action- speech. Wed:

Where are you going? - Tell me where you are going.

What are you doing? - Tell me what you are doing.

The meaning of these sentences is interrogative. But in one case, this meaning receives a grammaticalized expression using an interrogative structure with a question word, and in the other, the question is expressed lexically - by a verb with the meaning of speech in the imperative mood. An incentive phrase like Tell me... can be substituted for almost any question. But the use of the incentive part is redundant, since the question, by its form, itself encourages the interlocutor to answer, although such “redundant” incentive-interrogative constructions occur quite often. They strengthen the question, emphasize it, and require a mandatory answer, for example:

- Tell me, Yakov, why are you knocking? - I asked. (Korolenko); - And like this,- says Mitriy Vasily, - answer truthfully: how many souls are you paying taxes for?(He is the same); - Well, tell me, you guys, how did you get the idea to repair the temple?- But how? No way. (V. Shukshin).

So, the meanings of a question and a call to action are very close, both of them relate to emotional-volitional language, therefore in certain conditions an interrogative sentence can encourage not speech, but ordinary action (which, in fact, is what incentive statements are aimed at). General condition The appearance of incentive meaning in the interrogative form is the breadth of the grammatical semantics of the interrogative sentence, its polysemy: the ability to have different meanings in different conditions. The potential ambiguity of interrogative sentences was pointed out in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky,

O. Espersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, N.I. Zhinkina, E.I. Schendels et al. In the meaning of an interrogative sentence, three semes are distinguished: the question seme, the message seme and the incentive seme (a seme is understood as the minimum element of grammatical meaning).

Particular conditions conducive to the appearance of the motivating seme in the form of a question are lexical content, context, situation and intonation. Therefore, the meaning of incentive is not realized by all structural elements in a sentence, but only by some with a certain lexical content, in a certain situation and with a special intonation. Keeping general meaning question, these constructions can also express a call to action. Let's consider the features of such proposals.

Both pronominal and non-pronominal interrogative sentences can have the meaning of an inducement to action.

In non-pronominal interrogative sentences, the meaning of incentive often arises in interrogative structures with a particle isn't it... which, as it were, frames the predicate expressed by modal verbs want, wish, be able, sometimes combined with a polite address to the listener You, explicitly or implicitly expressed, for example:

Here are the juicy slices! Would you like?(Mayakovsky); - Would you like,- he suddenly whispered to me, - Shall I introduce you to the first wit here?(Turgenev).

In addition to modal verbs, full-nominal verbs are also used in these constructions, for example:

Would you like some milk for the road?- said Yakov. (M. Gorky); Would you buy another piece of forest from me?(A.N. Ostrovsky).

The meaning of incentive can be expressed by infinitive interrogative sentences with a particle isn't...isn't it? At the same time, the motivating meaning is enhanced due to the interaction of the infinitive with the particle A at the beginning of the sentence and indicating the addressee in the dative case form of the 2nd person singular or plural pronoun:

Shouldn't we go warm up?(A.N. Tolstoy); Shouldn't we go have dinner?(M. Gorky); Listen, shouldn't you have another operation?(P. Nilin).

The incentive meaning is often found in non-pronominal interrogative sentences with modals May be (Maybe) in combination with perfective verbs and indicating the addressee. The addressee of speech is always recognizable from the context, even if it is not formally expressed. Usually such statements express a gentle request, advice, for example:

Maybe you're washing yourself from the road, dad?(G. Nikolaeva); Mmaybe we can discuss this issue?(V. Tendryakov); Maybe you could stand up and walk around a little? Let me take you around the hut.(V. Shukshin).

Pronominal interrogative sentences can also have a motivating meaning. Thus, the motivating meaning of advice contains infinitive sentences with question words why, why with a particle would, negation Not and the dative case of the addressee, for example:

Listen, my dear, why don’t you try performing on stage?(Kuprin); Then why don’t we try to look at everything that surrounds us, as they say, with a fresh look?(Com. Pravda. - 1977.

Usually in such sentences the perfect form of the verb predominates, which contributes to a softer expression of the impulse.

Interrogative sentences with pronouns What, which, as a rule, contain a negative particle Not, can express the meaning of an invitation, a proposal, for example:

Why don't you sit? I'll heat up the samovar.(K. Fedin); Why aren't you having fun... well?(L. Leonov).

In colloquial speech, the following invitation questions are often encountered: Why don't you come to us? Why don't you come?

Negative particles are often found in interrogative sentences. Not, which does not have a negative meaning, but, as it were, introduces new expressive shades into the semantics of incentives and actualizes the incentive meaning of the interrogative form.

The incentive meaning is manifested in infinitive interrogative sentences with pronominal phraseology What if, For example:

What if you try?(D. Granin); What if you call Krylov now?(He is the same); What if we go to Kuban, further away... far... far away.(M. Sholokhov).

In these constructions, the addressee is not formally expressed, but from the context it is clear that the impulse is addressed to the first person.

The main sign of motivation is the appeal to the addressee. The address of the impulse can be directed to the interlocutor (2nd person), to oneself (1st person), to the 3rd person, as well as to induce a joint action between the speaker and the interlocutor. Addressability is expressed in personal forms of pronouns and verbs.

In infinitive interrogative-motivative sentences, when the incentive is addressed to the 2nd person, an obligatory component of the structural diagram is an indication of the addressee in the dative case form of the 2nd person singular or plural pronoun.

When the impulse is addressed to oneself, the dative case of the addressee is absent.

What incentive meanings can interrogative-incentive sentences express and how do they differ from incentive statements themselves?

There are three main types of imperative meaning: a) categorical motivation with particular meanings of demand, order, command, instruction, prohibition; b) softened incentive with particular meanings of request, entreaty, persuasion, entreaty; c) the so-called “neutral” impulse, which is a transitional stage between a softened categorical impulse: advice, invitation, permission, warning. These shades of meaning cannot always be clearly distinguished, because intonation, context, situation, and lexical content play a big role. The same can be said about interrogative-motivating sentences. Moreover, in them the meaning of the question does not completely disappear, it seems to be relegated to the background, and its presence is manifested in the shades of the transmitted impulse: the impulse can be softer, informal, since the speaker does not know how his advice will be received, so this advice takes the form of interrogation: it is both advice and a question ( Why don't you go to the doctor?), invitation and question ( Maybe we'll go to the cinema?). Sometimes the speaker is unable to give advice or express another type of motivation due to the situation; in this case, the impulse also takes the form of a question ( Your Excellency, would you allow me to take you?- Kuprin). Thus, a soft incentive in the form of a question is used where the relationship between the interlocutors is unequal, where one interlocutor, for various reasons, cannot afford to express the incentive more categorically. This is one of the reasons for using interrogative and incentive sentences instead of actual incentive sentences.

On the other hand, some types of incentives in the interrogative form are more categorical than in the imperative sentence. This refers to the prohibition of an action, which in interrogative form comes close to a threat:

My aunt got tired of my walking around. - Will you give peace to the doors today? Well, sit down, take up the yarn.(Ch. Aitmatov).

In interrogative sentences expressing the prohibition of an action, there is a rethinking of the meanings of interrogative pronouns ( What in the meaning of “why”), violation of direct relationships and connections between words ( Will you give peace to the doors today?). This leads to the fact that the action, which is directly indicated by the verb, is thought of as undesirable and even prohibited by the speaker. Such a rethinking of the content of the statement is closely connected with a certain intonation, close to exclamation, with the peculiarities of lexical content. In these sentences the particle Not is absent, whereas in an incentive sentence the prohibition is usually expressed in the form of an imperfective verb with negation Not:

Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia...(Pushkin).

So, interrogative sentences can have the meaning of a simple incentive (suggestion), request, advice, invitation to action, prohibition of action and cannot express the meaning of a call, instruction, order. Interrogative-motivating sentences are capable of expressing many particular meanings of all three types of motivation: categorical, neutral and softened, while the quality of the motivation changes: it either intensifies, becomes tougher, categorical, or, conversely, softens.

Most often, an interrogative sentence has the meaning of a simple incentive to a specific action that is useful for the addressee. The meaning of an invitation comes close to this meaning, for example:

Some kvass, gentlemen, would you like?(Korolenko); Maybe you'd like to have breakfast with us?(Yu. Bondarev); -Will you come with me?- he suggested. - My brother lives here.(V. Shukshin).

Interrogative-motivating sentences with the meaning of a request are distinguished by the special delicacy of expressing a request, close to begging:

- Uncle, uncle...- Andrei Ivanovich said to the man behind him, - can you give us a lift?(Korolenko).

A hesitant request is expressed by non-pronominal structures with a modal word May be (Maybe):

I'm leaving. Maybe you can accompany me?(M. Gorky).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of advice also express thoughts more delicately, unobtrusively. Advice is always justified and supported by context, for example:

- Why don’t you take this position?- asked Krylov. -You understand so well the need for self-sacrifice.(D. Granin).

Interrogative sentences often express the motivation for action of the speaker himself:

- Or maybe we should take a risk and try?- Captain Enakiev asked himself, twisting the stereoscope eyepieces over his eyes. (V. Kataev).

Interrogative-motivating sentences also express an incentive for joint action, which is also more relaxed, natural, informal compared to the impulse expressed by an incentive sentence:

Let's go together? Shall we dance?(V. Shukshin)

A sentence is the smallest semantic unit, which is a series of words that are related grammatically and in meaning. A sentence, even consisting of one word, has a complete meaning and is characterized by a certain intonation. Essentially, a sentence is a communicative unit.

What are the offers? This depends on the point of view from which the proposals are viewed.

Conducting parsing, these are defined in Russian.

1. According to the purpose of the statement, proposals are divided into:

Narrative, the purpose of which is ordinary (The flame shot up into the sky, showering the guys with a whole fireworks of golden sparks.)

Interrogative. Their goal is to formulate a question (How long can you repeat? When will summer come?)

Incentive. (Be equal! Attention! Sing me a song.) An incentive sentence expresses an order, a request, an incentive to action.

The incentive sentence differs from the others not only in its special intonation, but also in the way of expressing the predicate. It can be expressed

Most often the verb is in the imperative mood. (Tell me about the journey. Sing!)

A verb in an indefinite (infinitive) form (Sing! Break this building!)

Verbs in different forms, but expressing the will of the speaker (I demand immediate submission!)

Without a predicate. This incentive offer can be used different speeds.

A construction that begins with the conjunction “so that” and conveys a categorical order (So that your spirit is not here!)

Such an incentive expression is usually used for exhortation (You should go to the sea).

Incomplete sentence without a predicate (Newspaper! Be silent!)

Intonationally, an incentive sentence differs from others in a higher tone.

2. Intonation (by emotional coloring) distinguish between exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences (I love the beginning of spring so much! I love the beginning of spring).

3. Depending on whether there is both a subject and a predicate, any types of sentences can be two-part (with or one-part (with one main member) (Examples of two-part: Summer has come. The days have become unbearably hot).

The species is determined by the presence of the main member.

Nominative (or nominative) sentences have only a subject (Darkness. Silence. Romance).

Impersonal sentences have only a predicate, in which the subject cannot be meaningful (My head is ringing from the high temperature. It’s getting dark. It’s getting colder).

Definitely personal ones also do without a subject. Their basis is a verb of 1-2 persons, acting as a predicate. In such sentences, it is clear to whom exactly the speaker is addressing (Shut up! Give me a book. Now I’ll start drinking).

Generalized-personal constructions denote actions that everyone performs (Chickens are counted in the fall. Once you’ve done the job, go for a walk).

Indefinite personal, where the predicate (3rd person verb, standing in plural) indicates that the action in this construction is more important than its producer (Outside the window they sang loudly and beautifully about love).

4. In count minor members sentences are divided into unextended and common (I stand. I look. The sky. (unextended) I look into blue sky. (distributed)).

5. Sentences are divided into complete and incomplete, depending on whether all the necessary members are present (I carefully read the geography textbook (complete). My mother works in a hospital. My father is at school. (Incomplete)).

6. Finally, suggestions could be:

Complex (I love life, but it doesn’t seem to spoil me).

Difficult to subordinate (Swifts were flying in the sky, scared away by a cannon shot).

Difficult non-union (The teacher left the class, a hubbub immediately began).

When classifying proposals, all characteristics are indicated. For example: I'm reading a book. Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, simple.