Can one-part sentences be incomplete? Syntactic analysis of single-component and incomplete sentences.

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing that is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of the given sentence.

Missed sentence members can be restored by communication participants from knowledge of the situation discussed in the sentence.

For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming!”, the rest of the passengers can easily restore the missing subject: Bus coming.

Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues.

For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? - asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's response is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, adverbial place and adverbial time are missing (cf.: My the company is assigned to the forest tomorrow ).

Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences:

Everything is obedient to me, I mean nothing (Pushkin). The second part of a complex non-union sentence ( I mean nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is missing (cf.: I'm disobedient nothing).

Note!

Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena.

IN one-part sentences one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning.

For example, the plural form of the predicate verb in an indefinite-personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown ( There was a knock on the door), not important ( He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding ( They told me a lot about you yesterday).

IN incomplete sentence Any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: My; I don't care).

In the Russian language there is one type of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the “missing” members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even without context or situation:

(Peskov).

These are the so-called "elliptical sentences". They usually contain a subject and a secondary member - a circumstance or an addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot say which predicate is missing.

Wed: Behind the back is / located / visible forest .

And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.

Note!

Elliptical incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part nominal sentences ( Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, expressed indirect case of a noun or adverb with a zero connective ( All the trees are in silver). To distinguish between these structures, the following must be taken into account:

1) one-part nominal sentences cannot contain adverbials, since the adverbial is always connected with the predicate. Among the minor members in denominative sentences, the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions.

Spring Forest; Entrance to the hall;

2) The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate - a noun or adverb in a two-part complete sentence indicates a state-attribute.

Wed: All trees are in silver. - All trees are silver.

The omission of a member within a sentence in oral speech can be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is placed in the letter:

Behind is a forest. To the right and left are swamps(Peskov); Everything obeys me, but I obey nothing(Pushkin).

Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases:

in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and adverbial place, an object - only if there is a pause in oral speech:

There is fog outside the night window(Block);

in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (sameness of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts:

in incomplete sentences constructed according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonation division of the sentence into parts:

For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits;

in an incomplete sentence forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause:

The nights have become blacker, the days have become cloudier(in the second part the ligament is restored become).

Plan for parsing an incomplete sentence

1. Indicate the type of proposal (complete - incomplete).
2. Name the missing part of the sentence.

Sample parsing

Men - for axes(A.N. Tolstoy).

The sentence is incomplete; predicate missing grabbed.

One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.

One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.

One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:

definitely personal;

vaguely personal;

generalized-personal;

impersonal;

Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of singular or plural verbs.

The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.

I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);

In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.

For example:

They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);

They drove an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);

And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);

It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).

The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.

Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).

Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.

The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.

You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.

Business before pleasure.

You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)

Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.

A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”

According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).

The main term can be expressed:

The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);

Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);

In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).

By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);

Short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);

Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).

Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:

nominative;

genitive.

nominative.

Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).

Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)

Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.

The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.

Types of nominative sentences

Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...

Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here's a sofa, lie back and relax (Gr.).

Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.

Preferably denomination express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.

Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without naming.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).

The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language; they are widely used in fiction, both in conveying dialogue and in description.

Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).

Among the contextual proposals stand out:

Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups). Lack of subject:

- Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.

- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Pol.).

Absence of predicate:

- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?

- No,she me(Shol.).

Absence of both subject and predicate:

- Does the baker Konovalov work here?

- Here!- I answered her(M.G.).

Absence of predicate and circumstances: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Khor - to people, to society(T.).

Lack of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Pol.).

Absence of a minor member of a sentence (addition, circumstance) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).

Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.

- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What do you want? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.

Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.

In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.

In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.

In a non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.

Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).

Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.

- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.

- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).

Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extra-linguistic factors also appear as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.

Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.

Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:

- Go get a bandage.

- Will kill...

- Crawling.

- You won’t be saved anyway(New.-Pr.).

Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:

- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?

“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.

- Wow! Where did you get them?

- Near the dam(Shol.).

There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:

- Do you have a woman?

- No way.

- And the uterus?

- Eat(New.-Pr.).

Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?

- First(M.G.).

And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?

- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).

- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.

- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).

A large number of errors in the analysis of simple sentences are associated with a lack of understanding of the specifics of one-part and incomplete sentences, with the inability to distinguish between these types of constructions.

One-part sentences- these are sentences in which the grammatical basis consists of one main member. This main member of a sentence is grammatically independent and is expressed by verb forms, nouns, and adverbs. The grammatical and lexical meaning of the main term is such that the presence of a second main term is excluded.
The type of one-part sentence is determined by the value of the main member. All one-part sentences are divided into two types: verbal and nominal. Verbal sentences include definite-personal, indefinite-personal, generalized-personal, and impersonal sentences. The nominal type is represented by nominal sentences.

IN definitely personal proposals the main member indicates that the action belongs to a specific person - the speaker or the listener. Only 1st or 2nd person verbs have this meaning in Russian: I go hunting. Give me your paw, Jim, for luck.

IN indefinitely personal sentences the main member has the meaning of an indefinite person: Unpainted floors here are washed with grit. The meaning of an indefinite person allows one to correlate an action with either one single person or a large group of persons. The meaning of the verb form is, as it were, generally abstracted from the specification of the bearer of the action. In the Russian language, verbs in the 3rd person plural form, verbs in the plural form of the past tense and the subjunctive mood can receive this meaning.

Generalized-personal proposals have a main member, the meaning of which represents the action as relating to all persons without exception. Such meanings are widely represented in proverb sentences and aphorism sentences: You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.. Generalized personal meaning is expressed in Russian by verbs of the 2nd person singular of the present tense and imperative mood, as well as by verbs of the 3rd person plural of the indicative mood: They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.
The expression of this type of meaning using the 2nd person verb form leads to the fact that the speaker, among all the persons to whom he attributes the action, involuntarily distinguishes himself and his interlocutor. Therefore, the meaning of a generalized personal type can be conventionally represented as “I + you + all others.”
It is no coincidence that sentences of this type are not used in a scientific and official business style.

Impersonal offer has a main member that expresses an action or state regardless of the person: The streets are clean; The bus bounced more and more often; It's already getting dark.
Impersonal meaning in Russian can be expressed by impersonal verbs, personal verbs with impersonal meaning, and adverbs. Some of these adverbs can only be used as the main member of an impersonal sentence: it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time and etc.

Denominative sentences speak about the existence, being of an object.
The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by a noun in the nominative case:

Night. Street, flashlight, pharmacy, meaningless and dull light.

Nominative sentences may include demonstrative particles:

Here's the house Petrovs.

Of the minor members of the sentence in nominative sentences, one can most often find agreed and inconsistent definitions

One-component sentences are simple sentences, the grammatical basis of which is represented by only one main member, which expresses a sign of predicativity

Definitely, indefinitely and generalized personal one-part sentences.

Sentences with a nonverbal subject.

Definitely personal proposals

The predicate - the personal form of the verb - indicates a specific person. This is the 1st or 2nd person in the present or future tense - and never in 3rd person or past tense! And also verbs in the imperative mood: Let's think, Read poetry

Vaguely personal proposals

Here the subject is not defined - this is a certain group of persons that is known to the speaker or is not important to him. In such sentences, the speaker’s attention is focused not on the subject of the action, but on the action itself. The predicate is expressed in the 3rd person plural form (They say, they said, they will talk, they are calling you, they knock on the door, they push on the subway)

Varieties of N.L.P:

Instructions: There is no smoking here, This is how it is prepared,

The rest - They brought a bouquet of lilacs and put it on the table

NLP never describes the actions of objects!

Generalized-personal proposals

The predicate denotes an action that can be attributed to all people in general, and to the speaker among them, that is, to a generalized subject, although the form of the verb itself can be 1st, 2nd or 3rd person (you come and see - ..., we willingly give what we ourselves do not need, etc.)

Types of Ob.L.P. :

Proverb (Chickens are counted in the fall, live and learn)

Narrative-usual (you enter and see, there are days when you give up)

Evaluative-characterizing (you’re always waiting for you, but you can’t get through to her, you won’t meet a living soul here)

Impersonal offers.

The predicate names a spontaneous, involuntary process (state) that does not have an agent, that is, without subject. The absence of an active figure is important (he can’t sleep, his grandmother is sad, he was killed by lightning).

Infinitive sentences.

Infinitive sentences have features inherent in the impersonal. The predicate is expressed by a grammatically independent infinitive: You will never see such battles!

The semantics of infinitive sentences is a designation of possible or impossible, necessary or inevitable action, but the action is always potential. Infinitive sentences are expressive. The main area of ​​use, in addition to fiction, is colloquial speech.

Nominative (nominative) sentences.

Sentences in which there is only a subject expressed in the nominative case of the nominal part of speech. Nominal sentences reflect only the present.

The following types of nominal sentences are distinguished:

Properly existential, which name phenomena, that is, that which has a temporal extension ( Petersburg twilight);

Subject-existential, which name objects located in space; laundresses, trough

Pointing-being - contain particles Here for nearby objects , and out for distant ;

Evaluative-existential - contain evaluative particles (well, what kind of, what: What an ear!).

Incomplete sentence is a sentence with lexically unsubstituted syntactic positions. The following positions may not be substituted:

1.main members:

Predicate (Dad took the newspaper. Mom took the book)

Subject (- Where is Petya? - Sitting in the library)

2.distributing members:

Additions (-Where is the book? - The neighbor took it)

There are no members of the sentence restored from the context here. The main distinguishing feature of incomplete sentences is that they are incomprehensible when used in isolation, that is, outside a communication situation or without context. In accordance with where the information about the missing word in the sentence comes from, they are divided into:

-Contextually incomplete: those that are clear from the context. Example: The road is a spoon for dinner,and denunciation - for elections.

-Situationally incomplete: those that are understandable in a communication situation; understandable only to the participants in the situation (those who speak and those who observe). May be perceived inaccurately; exist mainly in oral form. Example: (in a furniture store a person points to a cabinet: - Eight thousand? = Does this wardrobe cost eight thousand?)

A dash is usually placed in place of a word missing in an incomplete sentence (I write with a pen, and he with a pencil).

Incomplete sentences can be either one-part or two-part, depending on which structural scheme corresponds to them:

Lord, what did you use to break the window? - With a mousetrap (= I broke the window with a mousetrap - two-part incomplete);

What are you missing? - Attention (= I don’t have enough attention - one-part impersonal incomplete)

Elliptical sentences

Elliptic sentences are a special type of incomplete sentences. They always lack a predicate verb. They differ in that they are understandable without context and without a situation. In elliptical sentences, it is not customary to put a dash at the gap.

Verbs can ellipse:

verbs of being, being in space. What? Who? → where? example: A book is on the table. (lying)

verbs of motion. Who? → where? where? examples: We're going to school. We are from school. Tatyana goes into the forest, the bear follows her. (let's go)

verbs of speech, thoughts. Who? → about what? about whom? examples: Who's talking about what, and the lousy one about the bathhouse. (dreaming, thinking)

verbs of energetic, aggressive action. whom? → what? for what? examples: And you would have him by the hair! Board them, board them! As soon as the redhead passes, I’ll immediately hit him in the eye! (Grab him, hit him)

Parcellation

Parcellation is the division of a single sentence in a language using a period into a number of statements. Example: He promised to come. And he arrived. (parcel that is not an independent sentence)

The following can be parceled:

Homogeneous members (including predicates)

Minor members

Parts of a complex sentence

Purposes of use: text rhythmization; highlighting important pieces of information;